Unit 4 Section A Studying Abroad Background information Text structure analysis Summary of the...

Unit 4 Section A

Studying Abroad

Background informationText structure analysisSummary of the passageGrammar & Language pointsDifficult sentences & translationWriting skills After-reading discussion

New Horizon College English §Book 2

Host family:

A Host Family is a family or individual who opens their home to an overseas student. Hosts provide comfortable accommodations, meals and introduce foreign students to the American way of life. However, since the primary goal of the overseas students is to learn English, to adapt to life in a new country, English should be the primary language spoken in the home when the family is with the student. Hosting an international student is a great way to learn about another culture. You can also make your own contribution to international understanding and bridging different cultures. http://www.shenghuonet.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=36626

I. Background Information

Christians:

A Christian ( 基督徒 ) is a disciple ( 信徒 ), a follower of Jesus Christ, a spiritual brother or sister to others ---one who strives to be like Jesus, regardless of denominational ( 宗派的 ) background or creedal preference. Similarly, Christianity ( 基督教 ) is an ongoing journey of discipleship to Jesus. The word “brother” is the most common term for Christians in the New Testament’s 《新约》 . The church is a spiritual family, dependent upon a heavenly Father (God) and led by an elder brother (Jesus). http://

www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/openhse/christian.html


Christians:

Please listen to a short passage carefully and prepare to answer some questions.

1. Whose followers are Christians? 2. What are the three major groups of Christians?3. How important is Christianity?


Income tax:

An income tax is a tax levied on the financial income of people, corporations, or other legal entities. Income taxation can be progressive, proportional, or regressive. When the tax is levied on the income of companies, it is often called a corporate tax, corporate income tax, or profit tax. Individual income taxes often tax the total income of the individual (with some deductions permitted), while corporate income taxes often tax net income (the difference between gross receipts, expenses, and additional write-offs). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax


What is the main idea of the text?

Every year a great number of teenagers leave home to study in America. They go there for a variety of purposes, including increasing their command of English, finishing high school or understanding American ways of life. But no matter what purposes they have in mind, they can hardly avoid encountering such problems as different customs, new life style, homesick, etc., which may become a torture to them. Therefore, studying overseas is completely a cultural shock .

II. Text Analysis --- main idea

How is the text organized? The passage consists of three parts: 1. introduction to the topic – studying abroad; 2. explanation of why people study abroad; 3. analyses of problems & challenges people may encou

nter in the new land. The passage is a typical example of exposition devel

oped by narration. The first part narrates the flight to Los Angeles, thus leading the reader to the topic. Through relating/ describing the life experiences of those overseas students, the general ideas of part two and three become vivid and convincing.

II. Text Analysis --- main idea

Studying abroad(the whole passage)

Current situation(Para.1-2)

Purposes of Going abroad

(Para.3-4)

Challenges ofStudying abroad

(Para. 5-12)

A bird’s view of the whole passage:

II. Text analysis

Through narrating the flight to Los Angeles, the author naturally leads the reader to the topic of the passage – studying abroad, which indicates the start of a new experience and a life without parents’ protection for a period of time .

II. Text Analysis-- Structure

(Paras. 1-2)(Paras. 1-2)Many people study in America every year.

(Paras. 3-4)(Paras. 3-4) People study abroad for a variety of purposes.

(Paras. 5-12)(Paras. 5-12) Challenges & problems

studying abroad

The author explains the purposes of people going abroad based on statistics and direct quotation from Gloria, a Brazilian student who studies in America, thus making the exposition more reliable and vivid.

A general statement supported by specific reasons is a typical device applied to this part: the author first points out that “things are not always so easy” ， and then use 8 paragraphs to explain the challenges and problems young students are faced with in the new land.

III. III. Summary Departing for Los Angeles is no ordinary flight _________ for foreign students who are to experience living on their own for 10 months. Their ________ in studying in the US include to increase their ________ of English, to finish high school, and to understand the American way of life as much as possible. Students get a certificate granted ___ the American government if they can pass the final exams at the ___ of each term. Most of them have difficulty ______ all the necessary arrangements. Gloria succeeded in finding a host family in _______ because she wrote a detailed letter showing ___ religious and ______

whatsoeverpurposes

command

by

end making

advanceher caring

III. III. Summary

character. The teenagers parents help with ________ because they don’t have enough experience ____ tend to take many unnecessary things with them. They feel nervous _____ waiting for their domestic planes because they have to ______ themselves from now on, they are not sure _______ they can manage to adapt __ new situations. Two problems encountered ____ they arrive are bad food & ______ sick for home. Some _____ to the regulation about the time that they must be __ home on weekend nights. Students who not fluent _______ in English must take private lessons and, ________ increase total costs.

packingand

whilerely on

whetherto after

feelingobject

atenough

therefore

at first glance:at first glance: when seen for the first time 乍一看 (L2) At first glance, the price of the new product is much h

igher than that of the old one. 乍一看，新产品的价格似乎比旧的要高很多。

At first glance, she is just an ordinary woman. Yet for this child who used to be homeless, she is a great unselfish mother: she devotes all her love and energy to his growth.

乍一看 , 她只不过是一位普通的妇女。然而对于这个曾经无家可归的孩子来说 , 她是一位无私的伟大的母亲 : 她把自己所有的爱和精力都倾注到他的成长中。

IV. Grammar & Language Points

be host to: be host to: be host of be host of 接待，主办接待，主办 (L5)(L5) Beijing was host to/of the 2008 Olympic Games. Or: Beijing hosted the Olympic Games in 2008. 北京主办了 2008 年奥运会

He hosts the Morning News program on TV. 他在电视上主持一档早间新闻节目。

The research group headed by Dr. Johnson is faced with a host of difficulties.

以约翰逊博士为首的研究小组面临着很多困难。


host ：n. a) one who receives or entertains guests, or provides facilities & resources for an event 主人 , 东道主 , 主办国b) the emcee or interviewer on a radio or TV program 主持人 c) (of) great number, a lot of 很多

vt. to serve as host to or at 作东，请客

as long asas long as ：： on condition that (L8) As long as one has dreams and hopes, one is bound to h

ave future where one realizes one’s dreams and fulfills ones hopes.

只要一个人有梦想，有希望，他一定有未来。在未来他会实现自己的梦想和希望。

I am afraid of nothing as long as you stay with me. 只要你和我在一起，我什么都不怕。

See Ex VIII on P98


specifyspecify ：： (L14)IV. Grammar & Language Points

1) state explicitly or in detail 详细说明2) include in a specification 把…载入说明书3) state as a condition 把…列为条件Did you specify where the new furniture was to be put? 你是否指定了新家具该放的地点

The designer specified the size of bricks to be used. 设计师说明了所需砖头的尺寸。

It is specified that you may use a dictionary in the exam. 规定考试时可用字典。

plan on ：： prepare for; aim for (L17) Do you plan on staying here another year? 你打算在这里再呆上一年吗？

I had not planned on their early arrival, and the meal was not ready.

我没指望他们来这么早的。饭菜还没做好呢。

We were planning on just having a snack and catching the early train.

我们打算吃份快餐然后去赶早班火车。


economize on sth ：： save sth (L25)

economic → economics ( 经济学 )

economy ( 经济 ) ↗ ( 经济学的，有关经济的 )

↘economical →economize ( 节约 ) ( 经济的，节约的 ) In such a global economic crisis, people are forced to eco

nomize on fuel/water/energy, etc.

We have to economize because our income can hardly cover the expenses.

a modern, economical heating system 新型节能供暖系统 My new car is economical of fuel. 我的新汽车节省燃料 / 不费油。


hit the target ：： reach the goal, succeed (L26)

You will never hit a target unless you put efforts into it.

如果不努力，你永远也不会实现目标。

What he said hit the target. 他的话很中肯。

The journey of life is just like climbing the sky ladder. Only those who have strong willpower and great dedication can hit the final target.

人生的旅程就像爬天梯。只有那些意志坚强，勇于付出的人才能最终登上顶点。


cover: pay for; (of money) be enough for (L30) include, cover one’s own expenses for … =pay for … oneself 在…方面的开销自理

His salary can only cover his expenses for food and clothing.

他的工资仅够自己吃饭穿衣。

Health insurance doesn’t cover … 健康保险不赔付…

This book covers all the topics on financial crisis. = include 这本书涉及到金融危机的方方面面。


in the event of ：： in case of, if sth happens (L37)

In the event of a difficult and suspicious case, the specialists and experts concerned in the hospital will be called in to discuss the case together.

万一出现疑难病症，医院里有关的专家会聚在一起讨论病例。

The bank promised that he could get a loan in the event of an emergency.

银行答应万一出现紧急情况可以贷款给他。


take on ：： under take; charge oneself with (L37)

Why not have a rest? You have taken on more work than is good to your health.

为何不休息一下呢？你承担的工作太多了，对你的健康不利。

Since the boy didn’t know how to pack his bag, his parents took on the task themselves.

由于孩子不知道打包行李，他父母就亲自包揽了装箱打包的活。

Don’t take on responsibility that you cannot handle. 不要承担你所无法承担的责任。


to one’s capacityto one’s capacity ：： completely full 最大限度地 ; 最大容量地 (L39)

The elevator is filled with people over its full capacity, which is 15 persons.

电梯里挤满了人，已超出其最大核载人数 ---15 人。

pack his suitcase to its capacity 把行李塞得满满的

The auditorium was crowded to its utmost capacity. 座无虚席

to work to one’s capacity 铆足了劲儿工作


行政管理能力 →

以顾问身分 →

年生产量 →

非人力可以完成的工作

以个人身分 →

脑力 , 智力 →

Administrative capacity

In an advisory capacity

Annual capacity

a task beyond human ~

In individual/private ~

Intellectual capacity

leave behind ：： (L43)


1. forget to take; go away withoutCan you tell me the time? I’ve left my watch behind. 忘了带表2. choose not to take

I’ll leave my heavy coat behind, I won’t need it on my holiday. 不带大衣3. go away with sb remaining behind

That is the girl he left behind him. Now he has got a new girlfriend. 他甩掉的女孩4. produce sth after someone

The Bush administration has left a heap of troubles behind it for Obama to deal with.

留下一大堆麻烦 I should like to leave a name behind me when I die. 留下英名

have to do with L54

1) have a connection with

2) have something to do with

I’m interested in anything to do with music. 与音乐有关的东西我都感兴趣。

I have nothing to do with his plan to rob the bank.

与他抢银行的计划无关。


do without: L35 • live/continue in spite of lacking sb /sth• wish not to have sb/ sthThe director can not do without a secretary. 主任没有秘书不成。 I can do without any more silly suggestions from you, thank you. 你不再给我出馊主意，我就多谢了。我不希望有这个吵死人的音乐，拜托你关掉它好吗？ I could do without that loud music. Can you 　　 turn it off?

in turn: in a proper order /sequence 依次 /轮流 L59

Theory comes from practice and in turn serves practice.

理论来源于实践，又服务于实践。

The taxes are taken from the people and in turn used for the good of the people.

税收取之于民，用之于民。

As a rule, students do the routine clean work in turn. 通常，学生们依次负责教室的日常打扫工作。


Translation skills

定语从句的三种基本翻译：

11、、定语 (从句 ) 一般放在名词的前面起修饰作用，故翻译时可以放在名词的前面；亦可放在被修饰的名词后面，以避免歧义或逻辑混乱；有时置于名词前面或后面，要视具体情况而定。

V. Difficult sentences & translation

Even young students who plan on staying in the United States just long enough to finish two semesters of high school have difficulty finding a host family. (Para. 5, L.16)

即使是那些只计划短期留居美国，一完成两学期高中课程就离开的年轻学生也很难找到一个愿意收留他们的家庭。

　　 ( 定语从句前置于名词 ) Every year the US is host to an average of

78,000 foreign high school level students, of

which 3,000 are Brazilian. (Para.3, L.5)

每年，美国平均要接待 7.8万名高中水平的国外留学生，其中 3,000 人来自巴西。

　　　 ( 定语从句后置于名词 ) On the European continent there is one

subject which should be avoided — the weather.

在欧洲大陆，有一个话题人们讳莫如深，那就是天气。在欧洲大陆，有一个人们讳莫如深的话题，那就是天气。

　　　 ( 定语从句后置于或前置于名词，没有差别 )

Translation skills

　定语从句的三种基本翻译：

　 2、从主句中分离出来，单独译成一个句子。原因如下：A) 有些非限定性定语从句太长

　　 B) 有些定语从句往往是描述性，解释性的，如果一定将其译成限定性的成份，势必引起歧义。


At the end of each semester, as long as the students pass final exams, American authorities grant a certificate, which is recognized in Brazil. (P3 L8)

每学期末，只要学生通过期末考试，美国当局就会颁发一个证书，这个证书在巴西是承认的。

　　 ( 定语从句分译成一个独立的句子 ) One important regulation of the foreign study

program has to do with the time, established by the host “parents”, by which the teenagers must arrive home on weekend nights. (P11, L54)

一个由“临时父母”制定的重要规定是关于时间的。根据规定，这些年轻学生周末晚上到某个时间必须回家。

　　　 ( 定语从句分译成一个独立的句子 )His father, who is in Hongkong, will return to Taipei n

ext week. 他在香港的爸爸下星期要回台北。 ( 他还有别的爸爸吗 ?) 他爸爸现在在香港，下星期回台北。 (√)They killed four men and injured the fifth who

later died of his wounds. 他们打死四人，并打伤了后来伤重死去的第五人。× 他们打死四人，打伤一人，伤者后来因伤势过重而死去。√　（译句 1引起歧义，译句 2更符合中文的表达）

Translation skill:Translation skill: Many colleges and universities have accomm

odation officers, whose job is to help you find somewhere to live.

许多大学都有住宿管理人员，他们的工作就是帮你找到住的地方。 ( 定语从句起解释说明的作用 )

“They are really tough,” says Juliana, who is from Brazil and just has finished her first semester in America.

“他们 (那些规定 )真的很严格，” 朱莉安娜说。朱莉安娜是巴西人，在美国刚学完一个学期。

( 定语从句过长，分译成一个独立的句子 )


Translation skills

　定语从句的三种基本翻译：

　 3、许多定语从句在句中解释说明原因、结果、条件、许多定语从句在句中解释说明原因、结果、条件、让步等，翻译时不如就将其译成相对应的状语。让步等，翻译时不如就将其译成相对应的状语。


Another moment of tension descends while students await the domestic flight that will take them to their temporary home in the US.

(Para 9, L46)

另一个令人紧张的时刻是当学生们等待国内航班送他们到美国的临时住处时。

（表示目的）He likes his sister, who is warm and pleasant,

but he did not like his brother, who is aloof and arrogant.

他喜欢妹妹 , 不喜欢哥哥 , 因为妹妹热情愉快 , 哥哥冷漠高傲。 (表示原因 )After dinner, the four key negotiators

resumed their talks, which continued well into

the night.

饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，直到深夜。（表示时间） I pick them up, take them into the kitchen,

where the light is better, and study them—

they’re filtered, for which I am grateful.

我拿起香烟，走到厨房里去仔细察看，因为那里的光线好一点——谢天谢地，那是有过滤嘴的 .　（ unit 5, Para 1)

（表示原因）

Cause & Effect pattern: a statement supported by reasons

VI. Writing ---reference sample

Cause-effect paragraphs generally follow a

basic paragraph format: a topic sentence + specific supporting details Cause-effect pattern is a common method to organize or discuss ideas. Cause-effect pattern is concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). If the topic sentence introduces an effect, the supporting sentences all describe causes /reasons. In this unit, we will deal with why things happen.

A General Statement supported by Reasons

VI. Writing --- paragraph writing pattern

GS: Life is not easy during the financial crisis.

unemployment

Reason 1

lower salaries

Reason 2

Reason 3

high prices

A paragraph with a statement supported by reasons

VI. Writing ---reference sample

Life is not easy during the economic crisis. A number of factors can account for this phenomenon. For one thing, many people lose their jobs, which means they have lost their financial resources. For another, even those who are still on their jobs earn much less than before. This suggests that they have to spend less in their daily life. A third contributing factor is that the prices are soaring up day by day, so people have to budget carefully to cover their daily expenses.

More useful sentences patterns & expressions

The phenomenon is due to a couple of factors. One major factor is … … can be another factor. A third factor is ...

Two main factors contribute to … On the one hand… On the other hand…

A number of factors, both individual and social, can account for / explain/ result in the phenomenon. For one thing, … For another,… A third contributing factor is…

There are many reasons for…but generally they can come down to three. One reason for this is… Another reason is … One strong reason for my argument is…

VI. writing

More useful sentences patterns & expressionsMore useful sentences patterns & expressions

One may ascribe / attribute / owe the change to…

One may trace the phenomenon back to… A number of / A multitude of factors could

account for / conspire towards / contribute to the increase / change / success in…

The main factor underlying … is that… Beyond these obvious reasons, however, lies

a deeper cause:

VI. Writing

More useful sentences patterns & expressionsMore useful sentences patterns & expressions

One major reason is … The fact that… can be another reason. A further reason is that…

Crime is frequently connected to poverty. Social factors may also have led to… It is generally true to say that…

Reasons for … are numerous. The chief reason is that…A second good reason is that…Still another reason is that…

VI. Writing

Now try to write your own paragraph, which starts with a general statement supported by some reasons. Here are some general statements for you to choose from as topics for your own paragraph.

1. Mixed marriage encounters more problems.2. Why Do People Keep Pets?

Your Task

VI. Writing—Structure Writing

(Reference for Topic 1)(Reference for Topic 1)

There are many problems for mixed marriages. To start with, many people harbor strong reservations toward mixed marriages. They often feel shocked and have prejudices and doubts about these marriages. Besides, even children are cruel to children from mixed marriages. Mixed marriages face so many trials that mixed couples have higher divorce rates than couples of the same race.

VI. Writing—Structure Writing

Topics for further discussion:Topics for further discussion:

Work in groups to discuss the following topic.

1) Some parents in China sent their children

to foreign countries at a very early age,

even when they are still in primary school.

What do you think of this phenomenon?

2) Why do you think the Chinese government

encourage young people to study abroad?

VII. After-reading discussion

Discuss the following problems with your partner and see if you can reach an agreement with each other on these topics. 1) If you were offered a job in a joint venture enterprise and at the same time you received a letter from an American university informing you that you were admitted. What decision would you make and why?2) What do you think is the biggest challenge studying in a foreign country?

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Unit 4 Section A Studying Abroad Background information Text structure analysis Summary of the...

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