Unit 5 Bonding and Nomenclature

Unit 5: Bonding andInorganic NomenclatureChemistryNaClO3Fe(ClO3)2lithium nitratelithium nitridelithium nitritelead (II) sulfidebarium sulfidesulfur dioxideFe(ClO3)3NO2N2O4N2O5

Bonding TypesIonic Bondingwith ions (+/- charges)atoms gaining/losing e-M + NMCovalent Bondingatoms sharing e-NM + NMMetallic Bondingmetals share e- freelysea of e-good conductors

Chemical Bonding Ionic Bonds: atoms give up or gain e and are attracted to each other by coulombic attraction NaNa+ ClClloses e gains e Na+ + ClNaCl K+ + NO3KNO3 ionic compounds = salts where NO3 is a polyatomic ion: a charged group of atoms that stay together ionic bonds:M + NMcation + anion Common Polyatomic IonsNames of Common Polyatomic Ions Ion Name Ion Name

NH4 + ammoniumCO3 2- carbonate *NO2 - *nitriteHCO3 - bicarbonate NO3 - nitrate*IO3- *iodate *SO3 2- *sulfite*IO4- *periodate SO4 2- sulfate *ClO - *hypochlorite HSO4- hydrogen sulfate*ClO2 - *chlorite OH - hydroxide ClO3 - chlorate CN - cyanide *ClO4 - *perchlorate C2H3O2- acetate *BrO3- *bromate MnO4 - permanganateC2O42- oxalate PO4 3- phosphateCr2O7 2- dichromate *PO3 3- *phosphiteCrO4 2- chromate H2PO4 - dihydrogen phosphateO2 2- peroxide

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 100Memorize the BOLD ions* = you will also be responsible for knowing these4Polyatomic Ion Trends*Charges NEVER change between different forms

Normal ate formBrO3-bromateClO3-chlorateIO3-iodateNO3-nitrateCO32-carbonateSO42-sulfatePO43-phosphateBrO2-ClO2-IO2-NO2-CO22-SO32-PO33-

BrO-ClO-IO-BrO4-ClO4-IO4--1 oxygen-ite form-2 oxygenshypo___ite+1 oxygenPer____atebromitechloriteioditenitritesulfitephosphitehypobromitehypochloritehypoioditeperbromateperchlorateperiodatecarbonite5Properties of Ionic Salts 1. very hard 2. high melting points 3. brittle each ion is bondedto several oppositelycharged ionsmany bonds must be broken with sufficient force,like atoms arebrought next toeach other and repel calcite

Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds chemical formula: To write an ionic compounds formula, we need:1. the two types of ions 2. the charge on each ion Na+ and FBa2+ and O2 Na+ and O2 Ba2+ and F shows types of atomsand how many of eachNaFBaONa2OBaF2(i.e., cations and anions)has neutral charge;

O2-K+K+Mg2+Br -Br -KBrpotassium atombromine atome-e-Br -K+potassium ionbromide ionpotassium bromideKBrMgBr2K2Omagnesium bromidepotassium oxideNotice that the pink pieces are cations (metals) and the blue are anions (non-metals)1 Mg2+2 Br -Chemical Bonding Activity ExamplesNa+Pb4+OH -Mg2+OH -OH -N3-Pb4+N3-N3-Pb4+N3-Pb4+N3-Pb4+ N3-Pb3N41 Mg2+2 OH -Mg OH 21 Na +1 OH -NaOH charge on cation / anionbecomes subscript of anion / cation ** Warning: Al3+ and O2 Ba2+ and S2 In3+ and Br1 Reduce to lowest termsAl O Ba SIn Br 232231Al2O3 BaSInBr3 criss-cross rule: Writing Formulas w/Polyatomic IonsParentheses are required only when you need morethan one bunch of a particular polyatomic ion Ba2+ and SO42 Mg2+ and NO2 NH4+ and ClO3 Sn4+ and SO42Fe3+ and Cr2O72 NH4+ and N3 BaSO4 Mg(NO2)2 NH4ClO3Sn(SO4)2 Fe2(Cr2O7)3 (NH4)3N ideCalcium hydroxideCa2+OH-CaOH2Ca(OH)2Ca - OHHHO - Ca - OH vs.The Importance of ParenthesesThe formulas imply two totally different compounds!121+Charges Reminder! Group 1:Group 2:Group 3:Group 5:Group 6:Group 7:Group 8: 2+3+32101+2+3+3210Inorganic Nomenclature

potassiumnitrateKNO3sodiumhydroxide

NaOHdinitrogen monoxideN2O

copper (II)sulfateCuSO4

Nomenclature - HumorFerrous WheelFe = iron (Latin = ferrum)Fe2+ = lower oxidation state = ferrousFe3+ = higher oxidation state = ferricBaNa2BaNaNa

Fe2+Fe2+Fe2+Fe2+Fe2+Fe2+Fe2+Fe2+What weapon can you make from the elements nickel, potassium and iron?A KNiFeTeacher: What is the formula for water?Student: H, I, J, K, L, M, N, OTeacher: Thats not what I taught you.Student: But you said the formula for water wasH to O.misLittle Johnny took a drink,Now he shall drink no more.For what he thought was H2O,Was H2SO4.Under aged Pb walks into a bar and the bartender turns to the goldBouncer and says, Au, get the lead out!

"H-O-H"?! WHAT'STHAT SPELL?!WATER?16A sign outside the chemistry hotel reads Great Day Rates, Even Better NO3-1s

What do you do with a dead chemist? Barium

Perhaps one of you gentlemen would mind telling me just what is outside the window that you find so attractive..?Image courtesy NearingZero.net Ionic Compounds (cation/anion combos)Fixed-Charge Cations with Elemental AnionsThe fixed-charge cations are: groups 1, 2, 13, Ag+ and Zn2+ i.e., pulled off the Table anions 1+2+3+321Fixed-Charge ExceptionsStart with Al Go backwards down the stairsDecrease the charge aftereach stair

Al13Zn30Ag473+2++3+Li

3H

1He

2C

6N

7O

8F

9Ne

10Na

11B

5Be

4H

1Al

13Si

14P

15S

16Cl

17Ar

18K

19Ca

20Sc

21Ti

22V

23Cr

24Mn

25Fe

26Co

27Ni

28Cu

29Zn

30Ga

31Ge

32As

33Se

34Br

35Kr

36Rb

37Sr

38Y

39Zr

40Nb

41Mo

42Tc

43Ru

44Rh

45Pd

46Ag

47Cd

48In

49Sn

50Sb

51Te

52I

53Xe

54Cs

55Ba

56Hf

72Ta

73W

74Re

75Os

76Ir

77Pt

78Au

79Hg

80Tl

81Pb

82Bi

83Po

84At

85Rn

86Fr

87Ra

88Rf

104Db

105Sg

106Bh

107Hs

108Mt

109Mg

12Ce

58Pr

59Nd

60Pm

61Sm

62Eu

63Gd

64Tb

65Dy

66Ho

67Er

68Tm

69Yb

70Lu

71Th

90Pa

91U

92Np

93Pu

94Am

95Cm

96Bk

97Cf

98Es

99Fm

100Md

101No

102Lr

103La

57Ac

891234567*WFixed-charge cationsVariable-charge cationsElemental anions1+2+3+1-2-3-20A. To name, given the formula:2. Use name of anion (it has the ending ide)1. Use name of cationNaF BaO Na2O BaF2 sodium fluoride barium oxide sodium oxide barium fluoride NaBa1+2+3213+1. Write symbols for the two types of ions2. Balance charges to write formulasilver sulfidezinc phosphidecalcium iodideB. To write formula, given the name:Ag+ S2 Ag2S Zn2+ P3 Zn3P2 I Ca2+ CaI2 CaAgZn1+2+3213+Variable-Charge Cations with Elemental AnionsThe variable-charge cations are: i.e., pulled off the Table anions Pb, Sn, and the transition metals (but of course! not Ag or Zn)iron oxideA. To name, given the formula:Figure out charge on cation.2. Write name of cation.3. Write Roman numerals in ( ) to show cations charge.4. Write name of anion.FeO Fe2O3 CuBr CuBr2 iron oxideCuFeStock Systemof nomenclatureFe? O2 iron (II) oxide Fe? O2 iron (III) oxide copper bromidecopper bromideCu? Br copper (I) bromide Cu2+ Br copper (II) bromide Fe? Br O2 O2 Fe2+ Fe3+ Fe3+ Cu+ Cu? - 6B. To find the formula, given the name:1. Write symbols for the two types of ions. 2. Balance charges to write formula. cobalt (III) chloride tin (IV) oxide tin (II) oxide CoSnCo3+ Cl CoCl3 Sn4+ O2 O2 Sn2+ SnO2 SnO Ionic Nomenclature Practice sodium hydroxideHgSO43. lead (II) phosphate4. (NH4)2S5. aluminum chlorate6. Cu2CO3manganese (IV) oxideMnSO4

9. iron (III) oxide10. Mg(NO3)211. calcium sulfide K2O13. magnesium chloride Cr2O3 gold (III) bromide Zn(NO2)2NaOHmercury (II) sulfatePb3(PO4)2ammonium sulfideAl(ClO3)3copper (I) carbonateMnO2manganese (II) sulfateFe2O3magnesium nitrateCaSpotassium oxideMgCl2chromium (III) oxideAuBr3zinc nitriteTraditional System of Nomenclature used historically (and still some today) to name compounds w/multiple-charge cations To use: 1. Use Latin root of cation. 2. Use -ic ending for higher charge; -ous ending for lower charge. 3. Then say name of anion, as usual. ElementLatin root-ic-ousgold, Auaur-Au3+Au+lead, Pbplumb-Pb4+Pb2+tin, Snstann-Sn4+Sn2+copper, Cucupr-Cu2+Cu+iron, Feferr-Fe3+Fe2+Write formulas: cuprous sulfide auric nitride ferrous fluoride Write names: Pb3P4 Pb3P2 SnCl4 Cu+ S2 Cu2S Au3+ N3- AuN Fe2+ F FeF2 cuprous sulfide auric ferrous fluoride Pb3P4 Pb3P2 Sn P3 Pb? Pb? P3 Pb4+ plumbic phosphidePb2+ plumbous phosphideCl Sn4+ Sn? stannic chlorideCompounds Containing Polyatomic Ions Insert name of ionwhere it should goin the compoundsname.Write formulas: iron (III) nitrite ammonium phosphide ammonium chlorate zinc phosphate lead (II) permanganateiron (III) nitrite ammonium phosphide ammonium chlorate zinc phosphate lead (II) permanganateFe3+ NO2 Fe(NO2)3 NH4+ NH4+ P3 (NH4)3P ClO3 NH4ClO3 Zn2+ PO43 Zn3(PO4)2 Pb2+ MnO4 Pb(MnO4)2 Write names: (NH4)2S2O3 AgBrO3 (NH4)3NU(CrO4)3 Cr2(SO3)3 (NH4)2S2O3 AgBrO3 (NH4)3NU(CrO4)3 Cr2(SO3)3 ammonium thiosulfate silver bromate ammonium nitride U? CrO42 CrO42 CrO42 uranium (VI) chromate Cr? Cr? Cr3+ Cr3+ SO32 SO32 SO32 chromium (III) sulfite U6+ 4. NaClO35. Fe(ClO3)21. lithium nitrate2. lithium nitride3. lithium nitrite7. lead(II) sulfide8. barium sulfide6. Fe(ClO3)39. Never show charges in a compounds formula. (T/F)10. When writing names with Group 9 cations, you need to use Roman numerals. (T/F)11. When using an anion off the polyatomic ion sheet, change names ending to -ide. (T/F)12. A Roman numeral indicates the charge on the anion. (T/F)Self-Test Quiz

4. NaClO35. Fe(ClO3)21. lithium nitrate2. lithium nitride3. lithium nitrite7. lead(II) sulfide8. barium sulfide6. Fe(ClO3)3Self-Test QuizAnswers

sodium chlorateiron(II) chlorateLiNO3Li3NLiNO2PbSBaSiron(III) chlorate9. Never show charges in a compounds formula.10. When writing names with Group 9 cations, you need to use Roman numerals.11. When using an anion off the polyatomic ion sheet, change the names ending to -ide.12. A Roman numeral indicates the charge on the anion.Self-Test QuizAnswers

TTFFCovalent Bonds (2 nonmetals)atoms share e to get a full valence shellC1s2 2s2 2p2F1s2 2s2 2p5

Both need 8 valence e- for a full outer shell otherwise known as the octet ruleo4 valence e-7 valence e-oxooCxxxxxxFDraw the Lewis dot structure for the following elements:SiOPBArBr

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p31s2 2s2 2p41s2 2s2 2p11s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p61s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p51s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 4 valence e-6 valence e-5 valence e-3 valence e-8 valence e-7 valence e-

Notice any trends?Drawing Lewis Structures Lewis structure: 1. Two shared e make a single covalent bond,four make a double bond, etc. 2. unshared pairs: pairs of unbonded valence e3. Each atom needs a full outer shell, i.e., 8 e. Exception: H needs 2 ea model of a covalent molecule thatshows all of the valence eCFFFFLets bond two F atoms togetherEach F has 7 v.e. and each needs 1 more e-FFFFNow lets bond C and F atoms together

CFFFFcarbon tetrafluoride (CF4)F2And now, a video break

ooooN o nitrogen triiodide (NI3) carbon dioxide (CO2)x x xxxx I xxxxxxx I xxxxxxx I xxxxxx I x xxxxxxx I xxxxxxx I xooooN o oCo o oxxxxxO x xxxxxO xxxxxxO xoCo o oO = C = O x x x x x x x xxxxxxO x

butter(consist of two or morenonmetal elements)covalent compounds = molecular compounds -- have lower melting points than do ionic compounds

Dihydrogen Monoxide:A Tale of Danger and Irresponsibilitymajor component of acid rainfound in all cancer cellsinhalation can be deadlyexcessive ingestion results in acute physical symptoms:e.g., frequent urination, bloated sensation, profuse sweatingoften an industrial byproduct of chemicalreactions; dumped wholesale into rivers and lakes

monoCovalent Compounds -- contain two types of ** Key: Use Greek prefixes to indicate howmany atoms of each element, butdont use mono on first element. nonmetals nonmetals FORGET CHARGES! What to do: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ditritetrapentahexaheptaoctanonadecaEXAMPLES: carbon dioxide CO dinitrogen trioxide N2O5 carbon tetrachloride NI3 CO2 carbon monoxide N2O3 dinitrogen pentoxide CCl4 nitrogen triiodide In insulators (like wood),the v.e are attachedto particular atoms.Metallic Bonds In metals, valence shells of atoms overlap, so v.e are free to travel between atoms through material. Not so in metals.All due to free-moving v.e.Properties of Metals ductile

conduct heat and electricity

malleable

These are much weaker than ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds, but very important in determining states of matter, boiling and melting points, and molecular shape (among other things).Other Types of Forces/Attractionsdipole-dipole forces hydrogen bonds London dispersion forces ion-dipole forces DNA

boiling H2O

Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula CompoundMolecular FormulaEmpiricalFormulaglucoseC6H12O6propaneC3H8butaneC4H10naphthaleneC10H8sucroseC12H22O11octaneC8H18lowest-termsformula shows the true numberand type of atoms in a mcule CH2OC3H8C2H5C5H4C12H22O11C4H9Nomenclature Review Flow Chart

Metal + Nonmetal?Formula Name?IonicCovalentTwo Nonmetals?VariableFixedUse Prefixes!*Mono* HexaDi HeptaTri OctaTetra NonaPenta DecaWrite name of cation (metal)Determine the charge on the metal by balancing the (-) charge from the anionWrite the charge of the metal in Roman Numerals and put in parenthesesWrite name of anion(Individual anions need ide ending!)Steps 1 & 4 ONLYd,f-blockPb,SnColumns 1, 2, 13Ag+, Zn2+(Including NH4+)Metal Type?Add ide to 2nd elementName Formula?No Prefixes?Prefixes?Determine the ions present and the charge on each (Roman Numeral = cation charge, otherwise use PT)Balance formula (criss-cross)Reduce subscripts (if needed)FORGET CHARGES!!!Use prefixes to determine subscriptsDo NOT reduce subscripts!IonicCovalentTwo nonmetalsVariable-charge cationFixed-chargeRomannumeralPolyatomic ions OKRoman numeralfor name onlyPolyatomic ionsGreek prefixesChargeCriss-CrossRuleRomannumeralOKWhere would you file this?

VCrO4BaOCBr4Nb(ClO4)5SCl2Rb2SO4dinitrogen pentoxideplatinum (IV) iodateammonium chloratepotassium iodidenitrogen trichloridemanganese (V) sulfidevanadium (II) chromateVCrO4N2O5dinitrogen pentoxidebarium oxideBaOPt(IO3)4platinum (IV) iodatecarbon tetrabromideCBr4NH4ClO3ammonium chlorateniobium (V) perchlorateNb(ClO4)5KIpotassium iodidesulfur dichlorideSCl2NCl3nitrogen trichloriderubidium sulfateRb2SO4Mn2S5manganese (V) sulfide

CovalentIonic CompoundsDont know the charge from PTKnow the charge from PT fluoride

sulfide

sulfide

bromide

diphosphide

iodide

tetrachloride

oxide

phosphideiridium (III)

calcium

titanium (IV)

hydrochloric acid

barium

trinitrogen

hydrofluoric acid

zinc

nitrogen

gold (III)

sodium Ir

Ca

Ti

H

Ba

N3

H

Zn

N

Au

NaF3

S

S2

Cl(aq)

Br2

P2

F(aq)

I2

Cl4

2O3

3PIonic/variable

Ionic/fixed

Ionic/variable

Acid

Ionic/fixed

Covalent

Acid

Ionic/fixed

Covalent

Ionic/variable

Ionic/fixedOverall Nomenclature Practice54 dichromate

hydroxide

acid

acetate

acid

sulfate

cyanide

nitrite

chlorate

phosphate

acidiridium (III)

calcium

nitric

platinum (II)

bromous

strontium

potassium

zinc

manganese (IV)

gold (III)

sulfurous (Cr2O7)3

(OH)2

NO3 (aq)

(CH3COO)2

BrO2(aq)

SO4

CN

(NO2)2

(ClO3)4

PO4

SO3 (aq) Ir2

Ca

H

Pt

H

Sr

K

Zn

Mn

Au

H2Ionic/variable

Ionic/fixed

Acid

Ionic/variable

Acid

Ionic/fixed

Ionic/fixed

Ionic/fixed

Ionic/variable

Ionic/variable

AcidIonic Nomenclature Practice55Write the total number of atoms that make up each compound.Write the compound formed by the following ions:1) Al3+ S2-

2) Mg2+ PO43-

When a formula is givenwrite the proper name. When a name is givenwrite the proper formula.3) BaO

4) lithium bromide

5) Ni2S3

6) triphosphorus heptoxide

7) N2O5

8) molybdenum (VI) nitride

9) trinitrotoluene (TNT) CH3C6H2(NO2)3

10) phosphoric acid H3PO4 Extra credit: What is the formula for plumbic iodide? (Hint: lead is Pb2+ or Pb4+)56Write the total number of atoms that make up each compound.Write the compound formed by the following ions:1) Al3+ S2-

2) Mg2+ PO43-

When a formula is givenwrite the proper name. When a name is givenwrite the proper formula.3) BaO

4) lithium bromide

5) Ni2S3

6) triphosphorus heptoxide

7) N2O5

8) molybdenum (VI) nitride

9) trinitrotoluene (TNT) CH3C6H2(NO2)3

10) phosphoric acid H3PO4 Extra credit: What is the formula for plumbic iodide? (Hint: lead is Pb2+ or Pb4+)POP QUIZ

57Write the total number of atoms that make up each compound.Write the compound formed by the following ions:1) Al3+ S2-

2) Mg2+ PO43-

When a formula is givenwrite the proper name. When a name is givenwrite the proper formula.3) BaO

4) lithium bromide

5) Ni2S3

6) triphosphorus heptoxide

7) N2O5

8) molybdenum (VI) nitride

9) trinitrotoluene (TNT) CH3C6H2(NO2)3

10) phosphoric acid H3PO4 Extra credit: What is the formula for plumbic iodide? (Hint: lead is Pb2+ or Pb4+)Answer KeyAl2S3Mg3(PO4)2barium oxidenickel (III) sulfideLiBrdinitrogen pentoxideMoN2821PbI4P3O7584. S F65. Fe (NO3)31. Ni2 S32. N F33. Na BrO36. Sr SO4Writing Chemical NamesFormulaRN/GP/neitherUse poly.ion sheet?NameGPRNRNGPneitherneithernoyesnonoyesyessulfur hexafluorideiron (III) nitratenickel (III) sulfidenitrogen trifluoridesodium bromatestrontium sulfate10. oxygen difluoride4. zinc arsenate5. silver nitride1. copper (II) phosphide2. lithium phosphate3. phosphorus triiodide7. dinitrogen pentasulfide8. tin (IV) nitride6. sulfur dibromideWriting Chemical Formulas9. rubidium nitrite11. iron (III) sulfite12. ammonium oxideNameCharges matter?Use poly.ion sheet?FormulayesyesyesyesnonoyesnoyesyesyesnoyesnonoyesnonononoyesyesyesnoZn3(AsO4)2Ag3NCu3P2Li3PO4PI3N2S5Sn3N4SBr2RbNO2Fe2(SO3)3(NH4)2OOF27. S O38. Sn Br4Writing Chemical Names9. K3 PO411. C S212. Cu F10. NH4 OHFormulaRN/GP/neitherUse poly.ion sheet?NameGPneitherneitherGPRNneithernonoyesnonoyessulfur trioxidetin (IV) bromidepotassium phosphatecarbon disulfidecopper (I) fluorideammonium hydroxideyes10. oxygen difluoride4. zinc arsenate5. silver nitride1. copper (II) phosphide2. lithium phosphate3. phosphorus triiodide7. dinitrogen pentasulfide8. tin (IV) nitride6. sulfur dibromideWriting Chemical Formulas9. rubidium nitrite11. iron (III) sulfite12. ammonium oxideNameCharges matter?Use poly.ion sheet?FormulayesyesyesyesnonoyesnoyesyesyesnoyesnonoyesnonononoyesyesyesnoZn3(AsO4)2Ag3NCu3P2Li3PO4PI3N2S5Sn3N4SBr2RbNO2Fe2(SO3)3(NH4)2OOF210. oxygen difluoride4. zinc arsenate5. silver nitride1. copper (II) phosphide2. lithium phosphate3. phosphorus triiodide7. dinitrogen pentasulfide8. tin (IV) nitride6. sulfur dibromideWriting Chemical Formulas9. rubidium nitrite11. iron (III) sulfite12. ammonium oxideNameCharges matter?Use poly.ion sheet?FormulayesyesyesyesnonoyesnoyesyesyesnoyesnonoyesnonononoyesyesyesnoZn3(AsO4)2Ag3NCu3P2Li3PO4PI3N2S5Sn3N4SBr2RbNO2Fe2(SO3)3(NH4)2OOF24. S F65. Fe (NO3)31. Ni2 S32. N F33. Na BrO37. S O38. Sn Br46. Sr SO4Writing Chemical Names9. K3 PO411. C S212. Cu F10. NH4 OHFormulaRN/GP/neitherUse poly.ion sheet?NameGPRNRNGPneitherGPneitherneitherneitherGPRNneithernoyesnonoyesnonoyesyesnonoyessulfur hexafluorideiron (III) nitratenickel (III) sulfidenitrogen trifluoridesodium bromatesulfur trioxidetin (IV) bromidestrontium sulfatepotassium phosphatecarbon disulfidecopper (I) fluorideammonium hydroxide10. oxygen difluoride4. zinc arsenate5. silver nitride1. copper (II) phosphide2. lithium phosphate3. phosphorus triiodide7. dinitrogen pentasulfide8. tin (IV) nitride6. sulfur dibromideWriting Chemical Formulas9. rubidium nitrite11. iron (III) sulfite12. ammonium oxideNameCharges matter?Use poly.ion sheet?FormulayesyesyesyesnonoyesnoyesyesyesnoyesnonoyesnonononoyesyesyesnoZn3(AsO4)2Ag3NCu3P2Li3PO4PI3N2S5Sn3N4SBr2RbNO2Fe2(SO3)3(NH4)2OOF2