Unit 5 Lesson 3

The New South

After the War the South needed to be rebuilt physically, socially, and psychologically after the Civil War

Richmond, Charleston, and Atlanta and all points in between were destroyed.

Richmond, Virginia, 1865

Economically the South was in ruins. 1. Banks were ruined by runaway inflation.2. Factories were closed or destroyed.3. The transportation system… all were devastated.

Agriculture 1. Cotton fields lay

uncultivated.2. Livestock was gone after the

Union invasion.3. Agricultural output did not

return to the 1860 level until 1870; much was from the new Southwest.

Planter aristocrats were also devastated.

• The value in slaves simply disappeared with Emancipation.

• Many mansions were destroyed or ruined.

Ending slavery left a shortage of labor to re-start the agricultural economy• Freedmen didn’t know what to do• Planters didn’t know how to

employ labor• Whites were anxious about social

status between races• Agriculture provided money only

at harvest time• Paying wages was not going to

work.• No thought had been given by

anyone as to how all this was to work

•

13th Amendment (ratified Dec., 1865)Provisions:

a.Abolished slavery b.Gave Congress the

power to enforce the amendment.

76

Years

In The

Making

All southern states but two, Kentucky and Delaware, had abolished slavery prior to the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. All the former Confederate states

(except Tennessee) saw slavery abolished by the Emancipation Proclamation (in theory).

Missouri, Tennessee, West Virginia, Maryland, and part of Louisiana had abolished slavery by state action between 1863 and 1865.

13th Amendment ended slavery in the Northern

States!Prevented Future Congresses Form Changing The Law

Freedmen’s Bureau 1. General Oliver O.

Howard - Director2. Purpose: Help

unskilled, uneducated, poverty-stricken ex-slaves to survive

The Freedman's Bureau:• Built schools• Ran schools• Provided teachers

Peace Corps of Its Day

3. Provided food, clothing, medicine and education to ex-slaves and poor whites

4. Taught about 200,000 blacks to read; many freedmen were eager to read the Bible

5. Negotiated labor agreements between freedmen and planters

10

Most of the teachers were volunteers, often women The Freedmen's Bureau set the groundwork for todays public school system.

Freedmen's Bureau Bill

Authorized to provide "40 acres and a mule" from confiscated or abandoned land to black settlersa. The Bureau distributed very little

land.b. Sometimes it collaborated with

planters in expelling blacks from towns and forcing them to sign labor contracts to work for their former masters.

c. Everything depended on who was in charge

Freedman’s Bureau

Southern violence against "carpetbaggers" and blacks was significant.a. Anyone aiding African

American rights in the South during Reconstruction risked being a victim of violence.

b. In Louisiana in summer and fall of 1868, white Democrats killed 1,081 people, most of whom were either freedmen or white Republicans.

The Freedmen’s Bureau law expired in 1872.

The Plan(s) for Reconstruction and Its Legacy

LINCOLN PROPOSED HIS PLAN IN 1863:• HE OFFERED A PARDON TO ALL

SUPPORTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY IF THEY SWORE ALLEGIANCE TO THE UNION AND PLEDGED TO ACCEPT THE END OF SLAVERY. WHEN 10% OF THE MEN ELIGIBLE TO VOTE IN 1860

• DOING THIS THE STATE QUALIFIED FOR REENTRY INTO THE UNION

• NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS HAD TO OUTLAW SLAVERY

• NO PROTECTION FOR FREED AFRICAN AMERICANS

JOHNSON PROPOSED HIS PLAN AFTER LINCOLN WAS ASSASSINATED AND HE ASCENDED TO THE PRESIDENCY 1865:• AMNESTY TO WHITES WHO SIGNED

LOYALTY OATHS• STATES MUST ABOLISH SLAVERY• STATES MUST PAY WAR DEBTS• NO ROLE FOR FREED BLACKS• NO VOTE FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS

RADICAL REPUBLICANS LED BY THADDUS STEVENS PROPOSED THEIR PLAN IN 1866: EQUAL RIGHTS FOR FREED AFRICAN

AMERICANS MILITARY OCCUPATION OF THE SOUTH TO

OVERSEE CHANGES VOTING RIGHTS FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN

MALES 13TH, 14TH, 15TH AMENDMENTS

17

In 1864 Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill, a rival plan for reconstruction. It required a majority of white men in each former southern state to swear loyalty to the US.

The bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy. The bill passed both houses of Congress on July 2, 1864, but was pocket vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect

18

On April 14, 1865, just 5 days after Lee's surrender, the president attended a play at the Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. As Lincoln watched the play, John Wilkes Booth, an actor, crept into the President's box. Booth, a Southerner, blamed Lincoln for the South's defeat.

Lincoln is Assassinated

John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln at the Ford Theater

Within a few hours the President was dead. Booth fled out of Washington and was later caught and killed in a barn outside of the city.

LincolnDied at 7:22

AMAp. 15, 1865

19

The Civil War is a 1990 American television documentary miniseries created by Ken Burns about the American Civil War. It was first broadcast on PBS on five consecutive nights from September 23 to 27, 1990. Approximately 40 million viewers watched it during its initial broadcast, making it the most-watched program ever to air on PBS.

Time Stood Still

20

.Vice President Andrew Johnson became the President when Lincoln died.

The 13th amendment was ratified by the required number of states on December 6, 1865. On December 18, 1865, Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed its adoption. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War.

Andrew Johnson

17th PresidentAndrew Johnson

1865-1869

Not much liked. . . tried to walk a middle ground . . . The Country needed “Superman” . . . .

But it got Johnson

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Today the Fourteenth Amendment grants equal protection under the law to all citizens.

24

• President Johnson refused to sign and enforce the Reconstruction Acts. Republicans in Congress decided to remove Johnson from office. On February 24, 1868, the House of Representatives voted to impeach President Johnson.

• To impeach means to bring formal charges of wrong doing against an elected official.

In 1867, the Republican congress prepared to take charge of the Reconstruction. The period that followed the 14th Amendment was often called Radical Reconstruction. In 1867 Congress passed the Reconstruction Act. It threw out any state governments that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

• Andrew Johnson was actually impeached, but Johnson was acquitted in the Senate by one vote and remained in office.

Ulysses S. Grant1869-1877Republican18th President

26

In 1868 General Ulysses S. Grant became the President of the United States. About 500,000 blacks went to the polls to vote in the 1868 election.

Grant Becomes President

27

In 1869 the Republicans in Congress proposed the Fifteenth Amendment - forbade any state from denying African Americans the right to vote because of their race.

The Fifteenth Amendment

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The Fifteen Amendment was ratified (or passed) in 1870.

The 15th Amendment says:

“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United

States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”