Unit 5: Tasks

• Readings– Chapter 26: Respiratory System Disorders

medication– Chapter 27: Circulatory System medication

• Discussion Board

• Seminar

• Assignment

Respiratory System

Lung Air Exchange

Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates

Drugs for Nasal Congestion: Antihistamines

• Antihistamines – tx for allergies! These block the H1 receptor sites, preventing histamine’s action during allergic rhinitis (see p 527 of text)

• Drug tolerance may occur– 1st Generation: -- sedating, short acting examples

-chlorpheniramine (ChlorTrimeton)

-diphenhydramine (Benadryl)– 2nd Generation: -less, or NON-sedating, and much

longer duration of action • Give me an example of a non-sedating antihistamine

Drugs for Nasal Congestion: Decongestants

• Reduce congestion by shrinking swollen mucous membranes of the nasal passage due to the common cold (see p 529-530).

• Often combined with an antihistamine• Oral and nasal preparation are available• Phenylephrine – most widely used, less

elevation of blood pressure, no METH link!• Pseudoephedrine(e.g.,Sudafed) – stimulates the

CNS causing elevated BP, insomnia, agitation … used in Crystal-Meth production!

Glucocorticoids (steroids)

• Nasal Glucocorticoids (Flonase, Nasacort)

• Most effective meds for prolonged seasonal or year-round allergic rhinitis

• Excellent relief of symptoms such as: *congestion, *runny nose, *sneezing, *itching

• What is the suffix for nasal steroids? (page 532):

• What is an antitussive? (page 533)

• What is a Mucolytic? Give me an example. (page 536)

Asthma medications• Inflammation (edema and mucous plugs)

• Constriction of bronchioles

• Drugs for prevention of symptoms– Inhaled steroids (what is the suffix p. 540)– Singular, cromolyn

• Drugs to treat acute symptoms– Epinephrine– Beta-adrenergic drugs

What is the difference between albuterol and salmeterol (page 539)?

Class exercise

• Sandy has asthma, and she has needed to use her albuterol inhaler more often.

• What questions would you ask her to get more information?

Circulatory system

Diseases of the Heart & Vessels• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)decreased blood

flow through coronary arteries from … – Atherosclerosishardening/narrowing of blood

vessels– Statins are especially useful

• Anginaspasms of the cardiac muscle as a result of ischemia (oxygen deprivation)– Nitrates are pivotal in treatment

• Myocardial Infarction (MI, heart attack) heart is deprived of blood supply and tissues become necrotic

• Hypertension (increased blood pressure) >140/90; >120/80 = pre-hypertension– Silent Killer: increased blood flow damages the artery

walls and more likely for plaque formation to occur

ACE inhibitors

• Drugs used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure.

• They stop the body’s ability to produce angiotensin II, a natural substance that causes blood vessels to tighten (contract).

• Relax and expand (dilate) blood vessels, allowing blood to flow more easily.

• Why does vasodialation lower blood pressure?

Ace Inhibitors

• What is the common suffix of generic ACE inhibitors?

• What are some brand names of ACE Inhibitors?

Beta blockers

• This specific class of drugs work to block the binding sites for epinephrine and norepinephrine on the adrenergic receptors (β1 and β2) found primarily on myocardial tissue- although they have other uses.

• By blocking the binding sites of these catecholamines, the overall effect is leads to reduced heart rate, along with increased vasodilation of blood vessels resulting in a lowering of blood pressure in the body

• What is the suffix for generic B-blockers?

Calcium Channel Blockers for HTN, angina

• Interfere with influx of calcium in vascular and smooth muscle

• Reduce ability of vessels to constrict – result is decreased blood pressure

• What is an example of a Calcium channel blocker? (page 572)

Hyperlipidemia

• We all need cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) to form cell membrane and nervous tissue!

• Excessive lipids in circulation leads to hyperlipidemia and potential for atherosclerosis (plaques which accumulate and harden the artery walls)

• HDL(‘good cholesterol’) - high density lipoproteins carry cholesterol out of blood stream and into liver for storage;

• LDL(‘bad’ cholesterol) - low density lipoproteins carry cholesterol from the liver to the blood stream

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

• Give me an example of a Statin (page 574) What is the common suffix?

• Most effective agents to lower TOTAL cholesterol and LDL levels

• Must be continued for life to reduce the progression of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

• Major side effect: rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown, symptom is muscle-aches)

• Other SE’s: Headache, cramping

Which suffix is frequently used in the generic names of a beta-blocker?

• A. -olol

• B. -ipine

• C. -statin

• D. -pril

Class exercise: Working in a medical office

• Turn to page 580 in your textbook

• Let’s review the Scenario presented in the book.

• Questions?

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