Unit 5 the industrial revolution

Unit 5The Industrial

Revolution.4th graders

(ESO)

Social Studies

Department

Almudena Corrales Marbán


VOCABULARY

https://quizlet.com/almusociales

Industrial Revolution (Revolución

Industrial)

industrialisation (industriaización)

working class (clase trabajadora)

efficient (eficiente)

work-force(fuerza de trabajo)

enclosure (cercamiento)

profitable (rentable)

steam engine (máquina de vapor)

invest (invertir)

network (red)

capitalist (capitalista)

social inequality (desigualdad social)

proletariat (proletariado)

infrastructure (infraestructura)

strike (huelga)

social insurance (seguridad social)

oppressed (oprimir)

commune (comuna)

petition (petición)


Between 1750 and 1870, two very different

revolutions took place simultaneously in

Europe: the French Revolution (unit 4),

which led to political transformation, and the

Industrial Revolution (this unit), which

brought about dramatic economic and

technological changes. These revolutions had

an enormous impact on society; in this period

and years after.

INTRODUCTION


• Between 1780 and 1850 there was a major transformation of goods production systems: the Industrial Revolution. It started in Great Britain and then it spread to Europe and the United States of America.

• Following the introduction of energy resources, coal and steam, machines gradually started to replace manual labour.

• Industrial capitalism emerged, based on private ownership of production systems and free enterprise. This prompted the groth of the bourgeoisie and the formation of the proletariat, establishing a class society.

• Towards the end of the 19th century, the industrialised countries experienced further economic growth. The introduction of energy sources, electricity and oil led to a second Industrial Revolution.


1. THE CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industria Revolution originated in Great Britain in the 1750s and continued into the 19th century expanded through Europe. During this period technological advances transformed economy..

Why Great Britain?A combination of factors made it possible.

1. Population growth2. Agricultural improvements3. Increased trade4. Technological progress5. Financial support from agriculture

and trade6. Favourable political and social

structure


1.1. Population growth

During the 18th century, living conditions

improved in Europe due to advances in

nutricion, hygiene and medicine. These

improvements led to population growth.

As a result, the demand for food and other

goods increased, which stimulated

agricultural and industrial production. In

addition, population growth also provided

a larger work-force.


1.2. Agricultural improvements1. In the 18th century a series of Enclosure Acts

(laws) were passed in Great Britain thtat enclosed open fields and common lands, which created larger and more profitable farms.

Sometimes these acts meant that many local people lost their right to cultivate the land.

2. By the early 19th century, farmers were beginning to use the Norfolk crop rotation system. It meant that no land remained fallow (unused).

3. New machinery was also introduced, along with new crops and fertiilisers. As result the population, which now had access to a richer and more varied diet, continued to grow.


1.3. Increased trade

Great Britain’s dominance of maritime

trade routes led to the rapid expansion

of transatlantic commence. Domestic

trade also increased due to the greater

demand for goods. This expansion of

trade encouraged industrialization

because the profits fom the trade were

used to finance industrial

development.


1.4. Technological progress

The most important technological innovation during the industrialisation was the introduction of machinery. Each technical advance meant an increase in productivity and reduced costs: the product became cheaper, demand increased and higher profits resulted.

The early machines were powered by humans and then later by hydroelectric energy. However, it was the steam engine, invented by James Watt in 1769, that became a symbol of the Industrial Revolution. The steam engine used coal as fuel, replacing the traditional energy resources.


THE FACTORIES

In the meantime, manufacturing systems

were moved into a large spaces called

factories, in order to house the

machinery, new energy sources and

workforce under one roof. Work in the

factories was divided up and each

worker carried out only a part of the

production process.

(Remember the film Modern Times by Charles Chaplin)


1.5. Financial support from agriculture and trade

In Great Britain, agriculture and commercial

activities provided capital that could be invested

in industry. This investment was essential

because industries required large amounts

of money to pay for factories, machinery, raw

materials, fuel and worker’s wages. (long

term process)


1.6. Favourable political and social structure

Great Britain’s allowed th bourgeoisie to

participate in the government and political

decision-making. As result, this social group was

able to promote measures that advanced its

economic interests, such as laws to liberalise

industrial production.


2. KEY ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION

During the Industrial Revolution, three areas made an especial contribution to economic growth:

1. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

2. IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION

3. THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION


2.1. Textile industry

In Great Britain, the first sector to use machines was the cotton industry. In the 18th century, Great Britain imported large quantities of cotton cloth from India. In an attempt to stimulate its domestic cotton industry, Britain decided to ban imports of finished cotton cloth products from India.

As a result, and in order to manage the increase in domestic production, new inventions appeared, notably the flying shuttle (1733) and the spinning jenny. These new machines enable large amounts of fabric to be made in less time and for less money (competitive prices)


2.2. Iron and steel productionOne factor that contributed to the development of industry in Great Britain was the nation’s large supply of coal and iron ore. For centuries, the British had converted their iron ores to iron and steel by heating the raw material with charcoal.

However, it was the use of coke (a solid fuel made by heating coal) in the blast furnaces that led to a major developmen in the production of iron as a raw material. The development of Bessemer’s converter allowed factories to produce much larger quatities of steel.


2.3. The transport revolutionThe early part of the Industrial Revolution saw improvements made to roads and canals. However, it was the use of steam engine on trains and ships that really changed transport.

The first passanger railway line was built in England and joined the cities of Manchester and Liverpool (1830). Over the next few decades lines were built throughout continental Europe. Train security and reduced the cost of transporting goods.

The first steamboats began operating in the US in 1807, and in 1847 ships could cross the Atlantic in 15 days. (Barcos transatlánticos)


THE RAILWAY(El ferrocarril)

Railways were built throught Europe at first and

later spread throught the world. It was the steam

locomotive that really revolutionised

communications. The locomotive was a moving

steam engine and it pulles carriages for passangers

or goods. The pressure of the steam moved a piston

hosed inside a cylinder.

This revolutionary mean of transport, one of the

symbols of the industrialisation, was also the protagonist of the first

film, projected by the Lumière brothers.


3. INDUSTRIALISATION IN EUROPE

During the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to other countries, including Germany, Belgium and France. This expansion took place becuse these countries had:

• ABUNDANT RESERVES OF IRON AND COAL

• GROWING POPULATION THAT DEMANDED MORE GOODS

• WELL-DEVELOPED RAILWAY NETWORKS TO FACILITATE TRANSPORT


3.1 Industrialisation in SpainIndustrialisation took place later in Spain and happened more slowly than in other countries. This was due to the following factors:

1. Spanish coal depositis were generally of poor quality

2. Spain was less technologically advanced than other countries.

(Landowners insisted on buying more land with the intention of making a living out of renting it to free peasants, instead of investing their capital on machines and factories)

3. Great Britain and France invested in the Spanish railways and the mining insdustry, for example in Río Tinto in Huelva. These investments benefited Great Britain and France, but did little to promote insdustrial development in Spain.


4. A CLASS-BASED SOCIETYAt the end of the 18th century, a

new type of social organisation was

emerging in Europe, which replced

the traditional estates system of the

Ancein Régime. In this new class-

based society, poeple’s social

status depended on their work

and their personal wealth, and

not on they family background.

• Society was divided into three groups:

upper class, the middle class and the

working class.

• People’s social class was determined by

their profession and wealth.

• Society was open, so people’s social class

could change if their personal situation

changed.

• In theory, all citizens were now equal

under the law, without special privileges.

• In practice, there were great economic

inequalities.


MIDDLE- CLASS NEIGHBOURHOODS

Middle-class neighbourhoods were

extensions of the historic city centre,

built far away from the noise and

pollution of the factories. They were

well planned with straight, wide

avenues, gas street lights, shops,

theatres and tram-lines. Homes were

usually large, well built and

comfortable, sometimes with

several floors.

WORKING-CLASS NEIGHBOURHOODS

Working-class neighbourhoods were

built in marginal areas on the outskirts of

the city, often near factories. The streets

were narrow and not well planeed,

and there was usually no lighting or

other public services. The houses in

these areas were usually small, poorly

built and uncomfortable.



5. INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

The Industrial Revolution brought about two new

ideologies: capitalism as an economic system and

liberalism as a political doctrine. Economic liberalism is

the theory that free trade and non-government

intervention are key to successful economic growth.


5.1. Liberalism and capitalism The father of economic liberalism was Adam Smith. In his work, The Wealth of Nations (1776), he established the principles of economic liberalism:

1. Self-interest and the desire for maximun benefits would drive the economy.

2. The market would self-regulate and prices would be determined by supply and demand levels.

3. Governments would not intervene in the economy.

4. Private property would be an inviolable right.


5.2. Banking and FinanceIndustrial expansion led to the

appearance of new modern credit

facilities, such as the state bank. People

were encourage by the availability of

bank loans to invest in machineries.

As the Industrial Revolution grew, new

businesses had been owned by a sole

propietor. But industrialization led to

the formation of corporations, created

in order to raise capital for expansion.


5.2. Expansion of capitalismIn the early 19th century, industrialisation spread to France and Belgium. This was mainly due to the large reserves of iron and coal which enabled the development of the steel industry. It was also largely due to government encouragement.

Between 1850 and 1870, Russia, Germany, the USA and Japan also became industrialised.

In these countries, a few powerful companies in each sector were created. The state and the banks were involved in this process.

In Southern Europe, industrialised regions and areas that remained rural coexisted. Eastern Europe did not industrialised until well into the 20th century.


6. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

In the new industrial society, a number of thinkers

emerged who denounced the injustices created by

capitalism. They proposed new models of social

organization.


6.1. The first workers’ associations

During the first two decades of the 19th century, workers expressed their opposition to the mechanisation of production systems by destroying machinery and setting fire to factories (Luddism). They blamed mechanisation for the low salaries and unemployment.

Meanwhile, some groups of workers began to be class concious. They created worker’s associations (mutual aid societies), which originated in Britain in the late 18th century, to provide mutual aid in case of illness or unemployemnet.

6.2. UNIONISM


At first, the workers’ associations were outlawed by the Liberal government. But in 1825 the laws prohibiting them were overeturned in Britain and the first unions were established. In 1834 the Great Trade union was founded, formed by workers of various trades.

The purpose of the unions was to improve working conditions. Their initial demands included the defence of the right to form unions, the reduction of the working hours , wage improvements, and child labour regulation.


6.3. MARXISM AND SOCIALISMIn the mid 19th century, Karl Marx introduced the world to a radical form of socialism called Marxism. Marx and Friedrich Engels outlined their ideas in a pamphlet called the Communist Manifesto.

Marx argued that the Industrial Revolution had enriched the wealthy (the bourgeoisie) and impoverished the working class (the proletariat). The two writers predicted that in the future the proletariat would overthrow the upper classes in a worker’s revolution which would destroy capitalism and create a classless society.

In the late 19th Marxists created social labours parties. These were introduced in the national parliaments to promote:

• Better working conditions

• Female suffrage

• Progressive income tax

• Eight- hour working day


6.4. ANARCHISMAnarchist thinkers (Proudhon, Bakunin or Kropotkin) called for freedom of the individual. They also advocated the elimination of private property, the defence of communal property and classless society or state.

One sector advocated violent direct action against the social foundations of capitalism (the army, the state, the Church, the bourgeoisie). Another sector supported the creation of revolutionary unions (anarcho-syndicalism), in order to improve workers’ conditions and foster social revolution.

Bakunin

Kropotkin


6.5. The international workersMarxists and anarchists advocated the need to unite the working class around the world in order to fight capitalism.

In 1864 the International Worker’s Association was created (the First International) which united Marxists, anarchists and trade unionists.

The Association was disolved in 1876 due to the differences that arose between Marxists and anarchists.

In 1889, socialist leaders founded the Second International or International Socialist in Paris. Its purpose was to coordinate the programmes and actions of the various socialists parties.The Second International created some of the symbols of the labour movement, such as the workers’ anthem and May Day (Workers’ Day)

7. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION


In the late 19th century new energy sources and industries prompted a Second Industrial Revolution. This new wave of industrialisation spread to GERMANY, THE USA AND JAPAN.

Electricity and oil were the new energy

sources. They invention of the dynamo

in 1869 was the first electrical

generator to deliver power for

industrial purposes. The dynamo was

the foundation for the future electrical

power conversion devices.

EDISON, New Yersey 1901


Oil was first extracted in the USA in the 19th century. It was used as fuel for the internal combustion engine, which led to the invention of the car. This had a huge impact on society even nowadays.

Henry Ford invented the family car and it use spread rapidly. Diesel engines were incorporated into ships, increasing their capacity and speed

The new metals of this Second Industrial Revolution were stainless steel and aluminium.

The chemical industry advanced in Germany and new fertilisers, pharmaceuticals and other chemical products were made.

Mass production of steel and reinforced concrete enable the construction of the first skycrapers

First extractions of oil

Henry Ford. El Ford T

http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/ford/ford_t.htm

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Unit 5 the industrial revolution

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