U.S. History 1302

U.S. History 1302Unit 6Empire!Callons definitionEmpire: One group exerting political, economic, or military control over anotherTwo reasons for an empire:Barbarian hordes who have nothing better to doTo make money

Trade = MoneyTradeTrade takes something that is less valuable and turns it into something more valuableHence, generation of wealthProvides an alternative to LAND = MONEY = POWER, but only slightly at firstEmpires and TradeEmpires are all about tradeWhat makes for a successful empire?ColoniesProvide resourcesProvide a market for goodsStrong NavyWhoever has the strongest navy has the strongest empireEmpires in by the 1800sBy the 1800s ALL the major world powers were empiresBritain was the most successfulThe U.S. is outpacing Britain in industrial capacity and wants to become a major world powerThis means becoming an empireAlfred Thayer MahanWrote the influential book The Influence of Sea Power upon HistoryInspired Teddy Roosevelt (Undersecretary of the Navy) The U.S. began to modernize their navyBuilt dozens of new steel battleships and cruisersEarly Imperial AcquisitionsSewards Folly in 1867William Henry Seward was Sec. of StatePurchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 millionScoffed at at the time, but extended U.S. influence in the PacificHawaiiHawaii annexed in 1898Annexation opposed by Queen Liliuokalani and native HawaiiansQueen forced to abdicate after coup by American planters in 1893

Trouble in CubaBy 1897 the once mighty Spanish Empire was down to the lone island of CubaCubans revolted, started guerilla warSpanish cracked down, forcing Cubans into concentration campsAmerican newspapers reportedYellow JournalismNewspapers competed for circulationEspecially notoriousWilliam Randolph Hearst New York JournalJoseph Pulitzer New York WorldBegan to exaggerate and fabricate stories

Hearst vs PulitzerTensions WorsenU.S. angry over Spanish treatment of CubansSent the U.S.S. Maine to Havana to protect Americans in CubaMaine mysteriously explodedSpanish assumed guiltyAmericans demand warWe now know it was an accidentOops

MeanwhileTeddy Roosevelt anticipated war with SpainReadied the U.S. Pacific fleetAs soon as war declared Commodore George Dewey attacked the Spanish PhilippinesStunning victory for the Americans

Back in CubaArmy forced to land in CubaTarget was SantiagoAfter city taken, Spanish fleet forced to retreatDestroyed by American navy

The Treaty of ParisSpain forced to surrenderU.S. paid $20 million in exchange for the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and GuamCuba becomes a U.S. protectorateCuba forced to cede land for a naval base, GuantanamoU.S. now has an established presence across the Pacific and CaribbeanFilipino InsurrectionFilipinos were rebelling against the SpanishSwitched to the U.S. when U.S. didnt leaveLong, bloody, expensive war for the U.S.Filipinos used guerilla tacticsIronically, the U.S. tried to force them into concentration campsThe War DegradesBoth sides used tortureEventually rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in 1902Thousands dead on both sides

Open Door Policy in ChinaBy the late 1800s China was dominated by EuropeRegions of China divided into spheres of influencePrevented others from trading in their territoryThe U.S. wanted to get involved, but no areas available to trade inOpen Door Policy in ChinaU.S. proposed an Open Door policy to allow free trade throughout ChinaUnpopular with Europeans, but ultimately unopposed after the Boxer RebellionHelped protect Chinese sovereigntyAllowed the U.S. trade access to ChinaRoosevelt CorollaryTeddy Roosevelt president in 1901Reasserted the Monroe DoctrineNo new European colonies in the Western HemisphereAdded the Roosevelt CorollaryThe U.S. would intervene to protect its interests in Latin AmericaMatched Roosevelts Big Stick diplomacy

Panama CanalBest example of the Big StickThe U.S. and Europe wanted to build a canal through Central AmericaIdeal location was PanamaFrench company contracted to do the constructionThe problem was Panama was a province of Colombia, who refused the dealPanama CanalRoosevelt outragedFrench company conspired with Panama to overthrow the Colombian govt.Within hours Roosevelt recognized Panamas independence and supported it with the U.S. NavyPanama CanalTriumph of modern engineeringTook roughly 10 years to build

Dollar DiplomacyAfter Roosevelt came TaftTaft disagreed with Big Stick diplomacyTried to reform the relationship with Latin AmericaOffered trade deals to bolster the economyMoral DiplomacyAfter Taft came WilsonWilson wanted to spread democracy into Latin AmericaRefused to make agreements with non-democratic governmentsLed to trouble with MexicoProgressivismWhat is Progressivism?Progressivism = ReformSpecifically, Progressivism means reform through government interventionMeant to solve the problems of the Gilded AgeReversal of Laissez-FaireNot restricted to one political party

ProgressivismApplied to numerous areas from 1901-1920Social ReformPolitical ReformEconomic ReformEnvironmental ReformLabor ReformAnd more

MuckrakersInvestigative journalists who exposed social problemsThomas Nast helped expose Boss TweedJacob Riis exposed poverty in cities

The JungleOne of the most famous muckrakers was Upton SinclairWrote The Jungle depicting horrid conditions in meat packing plants in Chicago

The JungleIt was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.

Almost turned Teddy Roosevelt into a vegetarianEfficiencyDoing more with lessBusiness owners began to look for ways to operate more efficientlySoon spread to governmentWasteful agencies soon removed or consolidatedWould eventually lead to Henry Ford and the assembly lineTrust-BustingRoosevelt began attacking trustsReasoned they were bad for the public goodOnly went after the worst offenders, many trusts left intact if they cooperated

Coal StrikeIn 1902 Coal workers went on strikeWanted higher wages and shorter hoursRoosevelt tried to interveneInvited owners and workers to talkWorkers refused to negotiateRoosevelt infuriated and threatened to have the military take over the mineWorkers relented with only minor gainsSocial JusticeProgressives also sought social justiceCharities increasedCities cleaned upSewers installedChild labor curtailedTemperance advocatedOne of the biggest influences was the WCTU, Womens Christian Temperance UnionRacial IssuesProgressivism stalled in the SouthJim Crow laws segregated blacks and kept them from votingPlessy v. Ferguson in 1896 legalized segregation and established separate but equalDoctrine was implicitly denied by the Gentlemans Agreement with Japan in 1907Black LeadershipBooker T. WashingtonEmphasized educationFounded numerous schools for blacksArgued that over time blacks could prove themselves the equals of whites

Black LeadershipW.E.B DuBoisFirst black to earn a PhD from HarvardArgued blacks should demand and immediate end to segregationEventually lost faith, supported Black Power, and moved to Africa

ConservationRoosevelt one of the first presidents concerned with the environmentWanted long term resource management and wildlife protection for future AmericansFounded 2 million acre Yellowstone Natl. ParkConservationAlso founded dozens of wildlife preserves, parks, and national monuments, including the Grand Canyon

Roosevelt at Yosemite, 1903TaftRoosevelts Secretary of WarGroomed for the PresidencyElected in 1908 as a RepublicanNever comfortable as President

TaftUnpopular as PresidentReversed many of Roosevelts appointmentsMuch more aggressive in anti-trust legislationPrompted Roosevelt to challenge Taft in 1912

The Election of 1912

WilsonDemocrat elected President in 1912Wanted to continue Progressive reformWorked to lower tariffs to damage trustsPassed legislation to further dissolve trusts

Federal Reserve ActCreated the Federal Reserve (The Fed) in 191312 Regional Federal Reserve banksIntended to centralize and control the money supplyAlso passed next to the 16th Amendment, allowing for a federal income tax

World War IMost important event in modern historyCompletely changed the course of world historyAffects Western politics, economics, religion, and society on profound levelsCatastrophic in terms of damageWorld War I CasualtiesCountryTotal Mobilized ForcesKilledWoundedPrisoners and MissingTotal CasualtiesCasualties as % of ForcesALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERSRussia12,000,0001,700,0004,950,0002,500,0009,150,00076.3British Empire8,904,467908,3712,090,212191,6523,190,23535.8France8,410,0001,357,8004,266,000537,0006,160,80073.3Italy5,615,000650,000947,000600,0002,197,00039.1United States4,355,000116,516204,0024,500323,0187.1Japan800,00030090731,2100.2Romania750,000335,706120,00080,000535,70671.4Serbia707,34345,000133,148152,958331,10646.8Belgium267,00013,71644,68634,65993,06134.9Greece230,0005,00021,0001,00027,00011.7Portugal100,0007,22213,75112,31833,29133.3Montenegro50,0003,00010,0007,00020,00040.0TOTAL42,188,8105,142,63112,800,7064,121,09022,062,42752.3ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERSGermany11,000,0001,773,7004,216,0581,152,8007,142,55864.9Austria-Hungary7,800,0001,200,0003,620,0002,200,0007,020,00090.0Turkey2,850,000325,000400,000250,000975,00034.2Bulgaria1,200,00087,500152,39027,029266,91922.2TOTAL22,850,0003,386,2008,388,4483,629,82915,404,47767.4GRAND TOTAL65,038,8108,528,83121,189,1547,750,91937,466,90457.5Europe1914

Europe1919

Trench Warfare

Weapons

The Western Front

Technology

U.S. NeutralityWhat does all this have to do with the U.S.?Not muchMost people in the U.S. wanted to remain neutralEven if the U.S. joined it wasnt clear which side they should be onEarly U.S. InvolvementU.S. selling supplies to France and BritainWould have sold to Germany, but British were blockading the coastGermany becoming increasingly desperate as supplies choked offRetaliated with U-boats in the Atlantic

Unrestricted Submarine WarfareGermans eventually began attacking all ships off the coast of Great BritainU.S. merchants and passengers advised against travel

Lusitania128 Americans killed in July 1915

American ResponseWilson demanded that Germany cease unrestricted submarine warfareGermany wanted to avoid U.S. involvement and agreed, despite its successThe U.S. was happy to avoid the warWilson re-elected in 1916 because: He Kept Us Out of War

1917By 1917 Germany was increasingly desperateDecided to resume unrestricted submarine warfareIn order to keep the U.S. out of the war Germany tried a scheme with Mexico

The Zimmerman TelegramGermanys foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, sent a telegram to the ambassador in MexicoOffered a deal that if Mexico would attack the U.S. then Germany would help them regain territoryBritish intelligence intercepted the telegram and handed it off to the U.S.

Three Causes for U.S. Involvement in 1917Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfareGermany conspired to attack the U.S.Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

World War I in 1917French Army on the verge of collapseGermany about to get major reinforcements at Russia drops outFor the U.S. it was now or neverThe U.S. declared war on April 6, 1917Still, the U.S. had virtually no standing army and would not deploy until 1918ArmisticeGermany made two final pushes in 1918Made it again to the gates of ParisThe last push ultimately failedA faction in Germany revolted and forced the Kaiser to abdicateGermany asked for a cease-fireWent into effect Nov. 11 at 11am

The Peace ProcessGermany bewildered and starvingThe British kept the blockade until the treaty was finally signed, 7 months laterWilson wanted to show mercy to Germany with easy terms to try and prevent another warFrance and Britain wanted paybackThe 14 PointsWilsons peace plan to prevent another warAdvocated:No secret alliancesFree trade / oceansArms reductionsSelf-determination for colonies and ethnic groupsA League of NationsOnly the League of Nations was adopted, but U.S. failed to joinThe Treaty of VersaillesGermany lost significant territoryGermany prevented from keeping any significant armyTerritory on the Rhine occupied by AlliesGermany forced to admit war guilt and pay enormous reparationsAustria-Hungary dissolved and forbidden to join GermanyNumerous new nations created