Unit 6Chemical Reactions and

Equations

What They Represent & How to Balance Them

Chemical Reactions

Reactions are chemical changes in which new substances form.

How do you know???? If the material looks different, smells different, behaves in a new way, guess what??? It IS different!!!

A chemical reaction is simply a REARRANGEMENT of atoms.

ACTIVITYIN THIS ACTIVITY, YOU WILL

EXAMINE A VARIETY OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES IN A

ZIPLOCK BAG.

POST ACTIVITY DISCUSSION

What happens at various points in the minilab???When water is added to calcium chloride?

What kind of change is this?????

When baking soda is added to calcium chloride?

What kind of change is this?????

5 Indications of Chemical Rxn

1. Color Change2. Heat / Light Released or Absorbed3. Formation of a Solid (precipitate)4. Formation of a Gas5. Formation of an Odor

5 Types of Chemical Reactions

Synthesis (Combination) A + B AB

Decomposition AB A + B

Single Displacement A + BC B + AC

Double Displacement AB + CD AD + CB

Combustion CnHm + O2 CO2 + H2O

A, B, C, D are elements.

AB, BC, AC, CD, CB, and AD

are all compounds of elements A, B, C, and D.

CnHm is a specific hydrocarbon.

Classify the following reactions: Fe2(SO4)3 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 +

Fe(OH)3

Double displacement Al + CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + Cu

Single displacement KClO3 KCl + O2

Decomposition Mg + N2 Mg3N2

Synthesis C6H14 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Combustion

The Chemical Equation

2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) 2 FeCl3(s)

The chemical equation is a shorthand representation of the substances involved in a chemical reaction.

Reactants are on the left. Products are on the right.

The arrow means “produces” or “changes into”.

The letters in parentheses are the physical states of the substances:

(s) -- solid (l) -- liquid (g) -- gas (aq) -- aqueous

The Chemical Equation

2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) 2 FeCl3(s)

The smaller numbers within a formula are called subscripts, indicating the number of each atom in the formula for a substance.

The larger numbers are called coefficients, indicating the number of atoms or molecules of each substance reacting or being produced in the chemical change.

The Balanced Chemical Equation

What is it? A balanced chemical equation has the same

number of each type of atom on BOTH sides of the equation.

Why? All (non-nuclear) chemical reactions must

obey the law of conservation of mass. The mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products in ordinary chemical reactions.

The Balanced Chemical Equation

How?Examine the chemical equation to see if there are the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the arrow.

If not, place coefficients in front of each formula to make them equal. Re-inventory each time a coefficient is added.

When counting the atoms of each element, the coefficient gets distributed onto each atom in the formula it precedes.

Balancing Equations

Two Helpful Hints 1. Balance H & O last. (usually)

2. If there is an even # on one side and an odd # on the other side, always change odd to even by making a common multiple.

Fe + O2 Fe2O3

4 Fe + 3 O2 2 Fe2O3

Balance The Following

BF3 + H2O HF + H3BO3

1,3,3,1 SO2+ CaCO3+ O2 CaSO4 + CO2

2,2,1,2,2 C3H8 + O2 H2O + CO2

1,5,4,3

ACTIVITY

YOU WILL CLOSELY EXAMINE THE CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN SILVER NITRATE AND COPPER

WIRE.

PREDICTING PRODUCTS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

How is it done?

One must know the type of reaction.

Then, elements must be combined, separated, or switched and recombined according to the type of reaction that occurs.

Formulas for Products

The formulas for the products are determined by:

Switching charges for compounds Determining if a subscript is needed

for the stand alone elements. (Diatomic elements are H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2) Most others have no subscript like Fe, Al, Mn, Si, and Xe.

SYNTHESISA + B AB

This is the reaction where elements combine to form a compound:

H2 + Cl2 what is the product?

When hydrogen and chlorine combine, what are the subscripts?

Look up hydrogenH+1

Look up chlorineCl-1

The resulting formula is HCl, the result of the criss-cross and drop the sign method from the formula

chapter.

SYNTHESIS

The resulting unbalanced equation is:

H2 + Cl2 HCl

The balanced equation is:H2 + Cl2 2 HCl

SYNTHESISThis is the reaction where elements combine to form a

compound:Ca + N2 what is the product?

When calcium and nitrogen combine, what are the subscripts?

Look up calciumCa+2

Look up nitrogenN-3

The resulting formula is Ca3N2.

SYNTHESIS

The resulting unbalanced equation is:

Ca + N2 Ca3N2

The balanced equation is:3 Ca + N2 Ca3N2

SYNTHESIS Na + P

Na+1 P-3 = Na3P

Na + P Na3P Al + F2

Al+3 F-1 = AlF3

Al + F2 AlF3

Zn + O2

Zn+2O-2 = ZnOZn + O2 ZnO

Must go back and balance all of these!! 311, 232, and 212

DECOMPOSITIONAB A + B

This is when a compound breaks up into simpler substances.

When H2O decomposes, what are the products?

The products are hydrogen and oxygen in their elemental forms.

Check to see if either or both are diatomic elements, written with a 2 as the

subscript.H2O H2 + O2 unbalanced

2 H2O 2 H2 + O2 balanced

DECOMPOSITION

NH3

The products are nitrogen and hydrogen

Are they diatomic or not?Yes, therefore products are N2 and H2

NH3 N2 + H2 unbalanced

2 NH3 N2 + 3 H2 balanced

DECOMPOSITION CuBr

Copper is not diatomic, bromine is. CuBr Cu + Br2

GaF3

Gallium is not diatomic, fluorine is.GaF3 Ga + F2

N2O

Nitrogen and oxygen are both diatomic.N2O N2 + O2

Must go back and balance these: 221, 223, 221

SINGLE DISPLACEMENT A + BC B + AC

If A is a metal, it will replace B, the metal or H, in BC, releasing B as an element.

For the reaction to occur, A must be higher on the activity series than B. Otherwise, the reaction will not occur.

SINGLE DISPLACEMENTMg + HCl

Mg is a metal that will replace H in HCl. They switch places, releasing H as an element.

Check to see if H is diatomic. Yes, so H2. Check the charges of Mg and Cl. Mg+2 and Cl-1 , so MgCl2 is the formula. Then balance the final equation.

Mg + HCl H2 + MgCl21,2,1,1

SINGLE DISPLACEMENT A + BC C + BA

If A is a non-metal, it will replace C, the nonmetal, in BC, releasing C as an element. BA will form as a compound in a ratio that depends on the charges.

For the reaction to occur, A must be higher on the activity series than C. Otherwise, the reaction will not occur.

SINGLE DISPLACEMENT F2 + KBr

F is a non-metal that will replace Br in KBr. They switch places, releasing Br as an element.

Check to see if Br is diatomic. Yes, so Br2. Check the charges of K and F. K+1 and F-1 , so KF is the formula. Then balance the final equation.

F2 + KBr Br2 + KF

1,2,1,2

SINGLE DISPLACEMENT

Zn + Cu(NO3)2

Na + MgCl2

Cl2 + AgI

I2 + AgCl

DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT AB + CD CB +

AD

A and C switch places. C combines with B. A combines with D. The ratio of the atoms depends on

the charge. Look up charges of each ion, criss-

cross and drop the sign in the formula.

Balance the equation.

DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT KI + Pb(NO3)2

K and Pb switch places. Pb combines with I. K combines

with NO3. Pb+2 I-1 = PbI2 and K+1 NO3

-1 = KNO3

So, KNO3 and PbI2 are the products.

Balance the equation.KI + Pb(NO3)2 KNO3 + PbI2

2,1,2,1

DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT

MgCl2 + AgNO3

Na2CO3 + CaCl2

NaOH + H3PO4

K2CrO4 + PbCl2

COMBUSTIONCnHm + O2 CO2 + H2O

Simple combustion reactions involve the reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

Balance the C, H and O atoms in that order. If, in the end, there is an odd number of O atoms on the right, you may need to double the hydrocarbon by simply placing a 2 coefficient in front of the CnHm compound.

COMBUSTIONC5H12 + O2

Complete the reaction with CO2 and H2O.

Balance C, then H then O.

C5H12 + O2 CO2 + H2O

1,8,5,6

COMBUSTIONC4H10 + O2

Complete the reaction with CO2 and H2O.

Balance C, then H then O.

C4H10 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2,13,8,10