Causes of World War I Nationalism: belief that ones nation or
people are better than others Led to rivalries between France,
Germany, Austria-Hungry, and Russia Several nationalities within
Austria-Hungry wanted to form their own nation-states
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Causes of WWI Imperialism: policy of extending economic and
political control over other people/territories Competition for
territory lead to conflict between nations Race to dominate Africa,
Asia, and Caribbean widens the conflict
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Causes of WWI Militarism: policy of building up armed forces is
aggressive preparedness for war or their use as a tool in diplomacy
The military dominated life in Europe People extoled the virtues of
military discipline and heroism Generals promoted the idea that it
was better to attack than to wait to be attacked Troops were often
stationed at the border to act as a deterrent to others
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Causes of WWI Entangling Alliances Nations in Europe have
formed mutual defense alliances If one nation is attacked, all
others in the alliance will come to their defense Germany, the
Ottoman Empire, and Austria- Hungry are the Central Powers Great
Britain, France, and Russia are the Allied Powers; also known as
the Triple Entente
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand There were a great many ethnic
rivalries within the Balkans Russia wanted to cross the Baltics to
get to the Mediterranean Sea Germany wanted to cross the Balkans to
link their rail system to the Ottoman-Turks Empire Austria-Hungry
had taken control of Bosnia and accused Serbia of interfering with
their rule
Slide 7
Archduke Franz Ferdinand The Archduke is heir to the Austrian
throne In June of 1914, he visits Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia A
Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated the Archduke and
his wife, Sofia Princip was a member of a nationalist group called
the Black Hand Austria-Hungry declared war on Serbia on July 28
th
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Who declared WAR on Whom? Germany declared war on Serbia and
Russia due to their alliance on August 1 st Germany declared war on
Russias ally, France on August 3 rd After Germany invaded Belgium,
Great Britain declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungry The Great
War begins!
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Allied Powers Serbia Russia Great Britain France
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Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungry Ottoman Empire (also know
as the Ottoman Turks)
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Predicting the War Military leaders on both sides predicted
that the war would be over quickly To avoid a 2 front war, German
war plans called for them to march thru neutral Belgium to take
Paris before Russia could enter the war Germany was halted before
they could get to Paris
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Trench Warfare To defend their territory, soldiers dug deep
fortified trenches These ran 100s of miles along eastern France
They became known as Germanys Western Front Trench Warfare was a
new type of fighting
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Trench Warfare The two sides trenches were separated from one
another by fields filled with: Barbed Wire Land Mines Booby
Traps
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Trench Warfare The fields between the trenches was known as no
mans land Anyone who climbed out of the trenches faced instant
death from machine gun fire Many soldiers spent years in the
trenches subjected to shelling from artillery fire for hours each
day Both sides remained stuck in their trenches
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yB9G2FFW FvQ
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New Type of War First Modern War new weapons, new techniques,
wider conflict than in the past
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Machine Guns Able to fire more rounds per minute with accuracy
and speed
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Poison Gas Germany first used poison gas as a weapon at Apres
in April 1915. Allied troops used it in retaliation In 1925, 25
nations signed the Geneva Protocol to end the use of toxic gas and
other biological weapons in warfare Gas placed in canisters that
were fired like artillery shells
Slide 27
Mustard Gas Not actually made w/ mustard, but when mixed is the
same color (called sulfur mustard gas, too) A blister agent that
causes chemical burns at the cellular level Only fatal about 5% of
the time, but incapacitated soldiers during an attack
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Mustard Gas Symptoms Skin irritation: blisters, rash, chemical
burns Eye irritation: redness, swelling, burning Shortness of
breath, inability to breathe Dizziness Severe abdominal pain,
nausea, vomiting Symptoms appear 2-24 hours after exposure
Slide 30
Tanks First introduced in WWI Too primitive to be effective in
combat
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Airplanes Not used in combat at first Used in spying on enemy
lines and carrying messages Towards the end of the war, dog fights
between pilots and the use of planes to strafe and bomb the enemy
will begin
Slide 32
Submarines Germans called them U Boats (underwater boats) Used
to sink larger ships Germans used them extensively to end
blockades, disrupt trade, and sink military vessels Could not
travel long distances or go to great depths in the oceans No sonar
or radar available yet Too small to be used as rescue vessels
Slide 33
Blockades British placed a blockade around Germany and
Austria-Hungry to starve them into submission Russia became cut off
from the West and lacked ammunition and supplies Each side tried to
mobilize all its resources turning the conflict into total war
Slide 34
American Intervention From the beginning of the war in 1914
until 1917, the U.S. remained neutral Wilson campaigned on a policy
of neutrality Most Americans are tired of war and want to focus on
the economy and jobs
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American Neutrality Despite European War Most Americans traced
their ancestry to Britain and share a common language The U.S.,
France, and Great Britain all have democratic Republics 1/3 rd of
all Americans also have German heritage
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Trade with Allies US is the main supplier for many European
countries We provided dynamite, cannon powder, submarines, copper
wire, armored cars, and FOOD to GB and France 50% of all US
manufactured goods went to GB and France The US did not try to
break any of the blockades (neutrality)
Slide 39
U.S. Shocked at Invasion of Belgium Belgium was a neutral
country, so Americans saw this as an illegal, aggressive act by
Germany Germany invaded in 1914 as part of the Schlieffen Plan
Germany needed to drive thru Belgium quickly to attack France After
the Germans defeated France (didnt happen) they would turn around
and defeat Russia The Allies were unable to stop the advance into
Belgium, so they retreated to the Marne River in France and dug
in
Slide 40
Schlieffen Plan
Slide 41
American reaction to invasion of Belgium
Slide 42
Zimmerman Telegram A secret, coded message was sent from the
German Foreign Minister to the German Ambassador to Mexico In the
note, Germany promised that if the US and Germany went to war, they
would win and give Mexico the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona if Mexico helped Germany The telegram was intercepted,
de-coded, and re- printed in US newspapers
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U Boat Strengths British blockade prevented food and weapons
from getting to Germany The US supplies arms, food, material to the
Allies for the war German army is too weak to break thru the
blockade Germany retaliates by sinking merchant ships heading to GB
U Boats are too small to rescue people from the ships that are
sunk
Slide 45
Sinking of the Lusitania The Lusitania is a British passenger
ship In 1915, it left NY to Liverpool, GB Much of the cargo was
munitions German sub fired on the Lusitania, sunk it, and killed
1,198 passengers and crew 128 passengers were US citizens US public
want to retaliate against Germany
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Propaganda
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Sussex Pledge The Sussex was a French ferry ship that took
people across the English Chanel between GB and France German sub
attacked the ship and killed 50 passengers Pres. Wilson threatened
to cut off diplomatic relations with Germany Germany pledges to not
sink any more passenger ship without a warning or providing help to
the passengers
Slide 51
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Germany is suffering from
near-starvation due to the blockade Germany announces it will sink
all ships near the blockade Unrestricted Submarine Warfare means
that the Germans will give no regard to neutral countries,
passenger vessels, or humanitarian ships
Slide 52
US Response The US believes that Germany is violating the
principle of freedom of the seas This is the right of neutral
nations to ship non- military goods without restriction When German
ships attack US merchant vessels, Wilson asks Congress to declare
war on Germany
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April 2, 1917 Congress votes to declare war on Germany and the
other Central Powers Wilson says this will be a war to make the
world safe for democracy
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American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Purpose: AEF are the
American troops sent to Europe to fight in WWI Selective Service
was created to conscript or draft men into military service; 24
million men were registered for the draft The army went from
200,000 men to 2 million 13,000 women enlisted into non-combat jobs
Women were also allowed in the Army Nurses Corp African-Americans
were allowed to fight, but only in segregated units under French
commanders
Slide 56
General John J. Pershing West Point Grad Commanded troops
against Pancho Villa Appointed to command the AEF Insisted that US
troops be fully trained before being sent to Europe Demanded that
US forces serve in their own separate units and not be used to fill
in gaps in French and British lines
Slide 57
Battle of the Argonne Forest Location: Northeast France near
Belgium border Significance: Germany has been dug in here for 4
years; France has been unable to push them out
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The Argonne Conditions: Steep terrain Heavily forested Miles of
German trenches and barbed wire Tank traps Machine gun nests
everywhere
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The Argonne General Pershing lead 600,000 men armed with 40,000
artillery pieces into the forest In 1 month, the US shattered
German defenses; German lines are breached This is the final and
most important battle of the US in WWI 117,000 Americans are
killed/wounded
Slide 61
Soldiers Recognitions One of the oldest medal given to combat
soldiers is the Purple Heart- given to those wounded in combat
During the Civil War, the Congressional Medal of Honor was created
This award is granted only to those who most distinguish themselves
by their gallantry in action. More than 3,400 have been given this
award from 1861-2013
Slide 62
Alvin York One of the most decorated US soldiers of all time He
was a very religious Quaker who opposed war He almost avoided
serving by registering as a conscientious objector He was drafted
at age 29 He was from a very poor Tennessee mountain family He had
little formal education; learned only to read the bible
Slide 63
Alvin York In the Battle of the Argonne, armed with only a
bolt- action rifle, he killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners
Pershing said he was the outstanding soldier of the war He was
promoted to Sergeant He was awarded the Congressional Medal of
Honor The French awarded him the Cross de Guerre The British
awarded him the DSA (their highest honor) He returned home as a
celebrity, but chose to go back to his farm and marry his
sweetheart
Slide 64
The Homefront Selective Service: agency responsible for draft
2,000,000 Americans were sent to Europe to fight War cost about $30
billion Was paid for by higher income taxes and the sale of war
bonds
Slide 65
Propaganda The use of language to persuade people to your point
of view
Slide 66
Espionage Act of 1917 Made it a crime to criticize the war
effort
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Schenck v. U.S. 1919 Schenck was a socialist who opposed the
draft He handed out leaflets telling men to resist He was arrested
under the Espionage Act He was convicted and appealed to the
Supreme Court His conviction was upheld His speech created a clear
and present danger
Slide 68
Wilsons Fourteen Points Speech delivered by Pres. Wilson Jan
1918 Listed the broad goals of the war Every European nationality
should have their own country (like Poland) Austria-Hungry and
Ottoman Empire divided up A-L region returned to France Freedom of
the Seas Arms reduction Removal of trade barriers End of secret
diplomacy Creation of the League of Nations
Slide 69
Ending the War War ends with Armistice on 11/11/1918 at 11:00
AM Germans surrendered Wilsons Fourteen Points was the basis for
peace talks
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War Casualties
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U.S. Deaths/Wounded 320,000+ killed in action 225,000+ wounded
3,304 missing/prisoners
Slide 72
Treaty of Versailles Peace Treaty ending WWI Germany: Lost
territory to Poland and France Gave up all overseas territories
Lost its navy Army reduced to size of police force Had to accept
total blame for war (War Guilt Clause) Had to pay huge
reparations(damages) to Allies
Slide 73
Treaty of Versailles Austria-Hungry: Divided into 9 new nations
Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Austria Hungry Estonia Latvia Prussia
Finland Lithuania
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Treaty of Versailles Ottoman/Turks Lost empire in middle East
Nations became independent Syria Lebanon Trans-Jordan Palestine
Iraq
Slide 75
Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Created as an
organization pledged to defend one another against aggressors
Weakened when US and Russia didnt join
Slide 76
Henry Cabot Lodge/League of Nations U.S. Senator that argued
against ratification of the Treaty of Versailles (didnt like League
of Nations) Thought the League of Nations would restrict the U.S.
And prevent our freedom to act around the world Wilson went on a
national speaking tour to get Americans on his side Wilson suffers
a serious stroke while on tour The U.S. ratified the Treaty, but
deleted the portion dealing with the League of Nations
Slide 77
Isolationism By 1919, most Americans are disillusioned with
world affairs World War I had ended with terrible loss of life and
cost a great deal of $ Attention turns inward to our own issues
America returns to Isolationism (separation from world
affairs)