Unit 8 ExPonential Logs Carli Castellano Caroline Chivily Julia Ashley Chapter 7 Exponential and logarithmic Functjons Section 71 Exploring Exponential Models
Definitions
bull An exponential function is a function with the general form y= abxa=O with bgtO and b does not = 1 In an exponential function the base b is a constant The exponent x is the independent variable with domain the set of real numbers
bull For exponential growthas the value x increases the value of y increases bull For exponential decaYas the value of x increases the value of y decreases approaching
zero bull An asymptote is a line that a graph approaches as x or y increases in absolute value
bull For exponential growth y=abx with bgt1 the value b is the growth factor bull For exponential decay 0ltblt1 and b is the decay factor
Key Concepts bull if agtO and bgt1 the function represents exponential growth bull if agt 0 and 0ltblt1 the function represents exponential decay bull in either case the y-intercept is (Oa) the domain is all real numbers the asymptote is
y=O and the range is ygtO
bull You can model exponential growth or decay with this function- A(t)=a(1+r)t bull For growth or decay to be exponentiala quantity changes by a fixed percentage each
time period
Example 1 Graphing an Exponential function
What is the graph of y=2x
Step 1 Make a table of values
x 2x Y
-4 2 116=00625 0 2deg 1
-3 2-3 18= 0125 1 21 2
-2 2-2 14= 025 2 22 4
-1 2-1 12= 05 3 23 8
Example 2 Identifying Exponential Growth and Decay
Without graphing determine whether the function represents exponential growth or decay Then find the y~intercept
f(x)= 2(O65X) -exponential decay - Y-int (02)
y=3(4X)
- exponential growth - (011)
Example 3 Modeling Exponential Growth Suppose you invest $500 in a savings account that pays 35 annual interest How much will be in the account after five years
a=500 b=(1 +0035)= 1035
y=500(1035)t _ y=500(1035)5 = $59384
Example 5 Writing an Exponential Function The table shows the world population of Iberian lynx in 2003 and 2004 If the trend continues and the population is decreasing exponentially how many Iberian lynx will there be in 2020
Year Population
2003 150
2004 120
y=abX=a( 1 +r)X
1) Define the variables x= number of years since 2003 y=population of lynx
2) Solve for a and b Use y=abx
150=abo - a= 150 120= ab1
_ 120=150b - b=08
3) Find the value of r 1+r=b _1+ r= 08 - r= -02
4) Write the model y=150(08)X
5) Use the model to find the world lynx population in 2020 x=2020-2003=17 y=150(08)17
y= 337 - 3 lynx will be left
Section 72 Properties of Exponential Functions
Essential Understanding The factor a in y=abxcan stretch or compress and possibly reflect the graph of the parent function y=bx
Concept Summary
bull Parent function bull stretch (a gt1)
compression (shrink) (0lt a lt1) Reflection (a lt0) in x-axis
y=b(X-h) +kbull Translations (horizontal by h vertical by k) y= ab(x-h) +kbull All transformations combined
Definitions
Natural base exponential are exponential functions with base e These functions are useful for describing continuous growth or decay Exponential functions with base e have the same properties as other exponential functions
Example 1 Graphing y=aJY How does the graph of y= -13 times 3xcompare to the graph of the parent function
Step 1 Make a table of values
x y=3x y=-13(3X )
-2 19 -127
-1 113 -19
0 1 -13
1 3 -1
2 9 -3
The - 113 in y= -13(JX) reflects the graph of the parent function y=3x across the x-axis and compresses it by the factor 13 The domain and asymptote remain unchanged The y-intercept becomes -13 and the range becomes -13 and the range becomes yltO
Example 2 Translating the Parent Function y=bx
How does the graph of each function compare to the graph of the parent function y= 2(x-4)
Step 1 Make a table of values
x y=2x x y=2x
-2 14 1 2
-1 12 2 4
0 1 3 8
The (x-4) in y=2(x-4) translates the graph of y=2x to the right 4 units The asymptote remains y=O
The y-intercept becomes 116
Example 3 Using an Exponential Model
Time (Min) Temp(OF) Temp - Room Temp (OF)
0 203 135
5 177 109
10 153 85
15 137 69
20 121 53
25 111 43
30 104 36
(Find an exponential function to model the data Use the list feature on the graphing calculator Assume that room temperature is 68deg)
y=1345(0956Y + 68
The initial temperature of a coffee cup of coffee is 203degF An exponential model for the temperature y of the coffee after x minutes is y=1345(0956Y + 68 How long does it take for the coffee to reach a temperature of 100 OF (Enter your function into your calculator and go to your table and locate 100 (or closest number to 100) in the y column (Go to tableset and and 4Tbl if necessary))
IN 391 MINUTES THE COFFEE WILL BE COOLED TO 1000 F
Section 73 Logarithmic Functions as Inverses
bull Recall x=bY
logbx= y
bull The inverse of an exponential function is called a logarithmic function bull For a logarithm y is the exponent that you need to raise b to get x
Example 1 Writing Exponential Equations in Logarithmic Form
1 100=102
log10100=2
2 81=34
log381=4
3) 36=62
log636=2
Example 2Evaluating a Logarithm 1) log832
8Y=32
23Y=25
3y=5 y=53
2) log5125
5Y=125 5Y=53
y=3
3 log432
4Y=32 22Y=25
2y=5 y=52
Example 3 Using a Logarithmic Scale In December 2004 an earthquake with magnitude 93 on the Richter scale hit off the northwest coast of Sumatra The diagram shows the magnitude of an earthquake that hit Sumatra in March 2005 The formula log 112=M1-M2 compares the intensity levels of earthquakes where I is the
intensity level determined by a seismograph and M is the magnitude on a Richter scale How many times more intense was the December earthquake than the March earthquake
log 112=M1-M2 (Use the formula)
log 112=93-87 (Substitue M1=93 and M2=87)
log 112=06 (Simplify)
112=10deg6 (Apply the definition of common logarithm)
=4 (Use your calculator)
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function
Recall We can graph the inverse of a function by switching the x and y coordinates
Example 4 Graphing a Logarithmic Function What is the graph of y=log4x Describe the domain range y-intercept and asymptotes
4x=y is the inverse Log Domain xgtO
Range all reals y-intercept none VA none
Example 5 Translating y=logtf
How does the graph of the function compare to the parent function 1) y=log2(X-3)+4
right 3 up 4 Domain xgt3 Range All reals
2) y=510g2x
stretch by 5 Domain xgtO Range All reals
3)y=log2(x+4)
left 4 Domainxgt-4 Range All reals
Section 74 Properties of logarithms am X an = am+n(product property) aman = am-n(quotient property) (amt = amn (power property)
Let x=109bm and y=109bn
m=bX
mn=bx bull bY
mn=bx+y
109bmn=109bm+109bn
Product Property 109bmn=109bm+109bn
Quotient Propery 109bmn=109bm-109bn
Power Property 109bmn=n 109bm
Example 1 Simplifying Logarithms Make each a sin91e 109arthim 1) 10945x+10943x
109415x2 (With product power multiply 5x and 3x to get 15x2)
2 109415x (move the 2 to the front with power property)
2) 2 10946-10949
109462-10949 (power property moves the 2 to the front)
109436-10949 (simplify 62to 36)
1094369 (quotient property to divide)
10944 (simplify)
4Y=4 (solve for y) y=1
3) 109432-10942
1094322 (quotient property of 109arithms)
109416 (divide)
109442 (write 16 as a power of 4)
2 (simplify)
Example 2 Expanding Logarithms 1) 109325037
log3250-log337(quotient property)
log32(125)-log337 (product property)
log32+log3125-log337 (product property)
log32+log353-log337 (power property)
log32+310g35-log337 (power property)
2) log39x5
IOg39+log3X5 (product property)
log39+510g3x (power property)
Change of base 10gbm=logmlogb
Example 3 Using the Change of Base Formula 1) log632
log328 16
2) log418
log184 2085
Example 4 Using a Logarithmic Scale
The pH of a substance equals -Iog[H+] where [H-] is the concentration of hydrogen ions Suppose the hydrogen ion concentration for Substance A is twice that for Substance B Which substance has a greater pH level What is the greater pH level minus the lesser pH level Explain
Substance A 2-[H+e]
Substance B [H+e]
A pH=-log[2([H+e])]
B pH=-log[H+e]
pH of A =-(Iog 2+ log [H+eD pH of A =-log2-log[H+ B]
pH of A =-log2+pH of B pH of A =pH of B-Iog 2
pH of B is bigger
Section 75 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Example 1 Solving an Exponential Equations- Common Base
1) 273X= 81 333X=34
3439x= 9x=4 (take the exponents) x=49
2) 53X=1125 53X= 5-3 (53= 125 5-3= 11125) 3x=-3 x= -1
bull When bases are not the same you can solve an exponential equation by taking the logarithm of each side
Example 2 Solve an Exponential Equation
1) 52x= 130 log52x= log 130 (Make a log with a common base of 10)
2xlog5= log 130 (Power Property moves the 2x) 2x= log13010g5 (Isolate the 2x by dividing log5 on both sides) x= (log1301l0g5)2 (Isolate x by dividing by 2 on both sides) x= 1512
2) 8 + 1OX= 1008 10x= 1000 (Isolate 10xby subtracting 8 from both sides)
log1OX= log1000 (Make a log with a common base of 10) xlog10= log1000 (Power Property moves the x) x= log10001l0g10 (Isolate x by dividing log10 on both sides) x=3
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation with a Graph or Table
1) 47x= 250 log447x= log4250 (Put log4 to cancel out the 4 and isolate the 7x)
7x= log25010g4 (Change of base) x= (log2501l0g4)7 (Divide 7 on both sides to isolate the x) x= 056898
Graphically y= 47X
y=250 (Find the pOint of Intersection using your graphing calculator)
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
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Without graphing determine whether the function represents exponential growth or decay Then find the y~intercept
f(x)= 2(O65X) -exponential decay - Y-int (02)
y=3(4X)
- exponential growth - (011)
Example 3 Modeling Exponential Growth Suppose you invest $500 in a savings account that pays 35 annual interest How much will be in the account after five years
a=500 b=(1 +0035)= 1035
y=500(1035)t _ y=500(1035)5 = $59384
Example 5 Writing an Exponential Function The table shows the world population of Iberian lynx in 2003 and 2004 If the trend continues and the population is decreasing exponentially how many Iberian lynx will there be in 2020
Year Population
2003 150
2004 120
y=abX=a( 1 +r)X
1) Define the variables x= number of years since 2003 y=population of lynx
2) Solve for a and b Use y=abx
150=abo - a= 150 120= ab1
_ 120=150b - b=08
3) Find the value of r 1+r=b _1+ r= 08 - r= -02
4) Write the model y=150(08)X
5) Use the model to find the world lynx population in 2020 x=2020-2003=17 y=150(08)17
y= 337 - 3 lynx will be left
Section 72 Properties of Exponential Functions
Essential Understanding The factor a in y=abxcan stretch or compress and possibly reflect the graph of the parent function y=bx
Concept Summary
bull Parent function bull stretch (a gt1)
compression (shrink) (0lt a lt1) Reflection (a lt0) in x-axis
y=b(X-h) +kbull Translations (horizontal by h vertical by k) y= ab(x-h) +kbull All transformations combined
Definitions
Natural base exponential are exponential functions with base e These functions are useful for describing continuous growth or decay Exponential functions with base e have the same properties as other exponential functions
Example 1 Graphing y=aJY How does the graph of y= -13 times 3xcompare to the graph of the parent function
Step 1 Make a table of values
x y=3x y=-13(3X )
-2 19 -127
-1 113 -19
0 1 -13
1 3 -1
2 9 -3
The - 113 in y= -13(JX) reflects the graph of the parent function y=3x across the x-axis and compresses it by the factor 13 The domain and asymptote remain unchanged The y-intercept becomes -13 and the range becomes -13 and the range becomes yltO
Example 2 Translating the Parent Function y=bx
How does the graph of each function compare to the graph of the parent function y= 2(x-4)
Step 1 Make a table of values
x y=2x x y=2x
-2 14 1 2
-1 12 2 4
0 1 3 8
The (x-4) in y=2(x-4) translates the graph of y=2x to the right 4 units The asymptote remains y=O
The y-intercept becomes 116
Example 3 Using an Exponential Model
Time (Min) Temp(OF) Temp - Room Temp (OF)
0 203 135
5 177 109
10 153 85
15 137 69
20 121 53
25 111 43
30 104 36
(Find an exponential function to model the data Use the list feature on the graphing calculator Assume that room temperature is 68deg)
y=1345(0956Y + 68
The initial temperature of a coffee cup of coffee is 203degF An exponential model for the temperature y of the coffee after x minutes is y=1345(0956Y + 68 How long does it take for the coffee to reach a temperature of 100 OF (Enter your function into your calculator and go to your table and locate 100 (or closest number to 100) in the y column (Go to tableset and and 4Tbl if necessary))
IN 391 MINUTES THE COFFEE WILL BE COOLED TO 1000 F
Section 73 Logarithmic Functions as Inverses
bull Recall x=bY
logbx= y
bull The inverse of an exponential function is called a logarithmic function bull For a logarithm y is the exponent that you need to raise b to get x
Example 1 Writing Exponential Equations in Logarithmic Form
1 100=102
log10100=2
2 81=34
log381=4
3) 36=62
log636=2
Example 2Evaluating a Logarithm 1) log832
8Y=32
23Y=25
3y=5 y=53
2) log5125
5Y=125 5Y=53
y=3
3 log432
4Y=32 22Y=25
2y=5 y=52
Example 3 Using a Logarithmic Scale In December 2004 an earthquake with magnitude 93 on the Richter scale hit off the northwest coast of Sumatra The diagram shows the magnitude of an earthquake that hit Sumatra in March 2005 The formula log 112=M1-M2 compares the intensity levels of earthquakes where I is the
intensity level determined by a seismograph and M is the magnitude on a Richter scale How many times more intense was the December earthquake than the March earthquake
log 112=M1-M2 (Use the formula)
log 112=93-87 (Substitue M1=93 and M2=87)
log 112=06 (Simplify)
112=10deg6 (Apply the definition of common logarithm)
=4 (Use your calculator)
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function
Recall We can graph the inverse of a function by switching the x and y coordinates
Example 4 Graphing a Logarithmic Function What is the graph of y=log4x Describe the domain range y-intercept and asymptotes
4x=y is the inverse Log Domain xgtO
Range all reals y-intercept none VA none
Example 5 Translating y=logtf
How does the graph of the function compare to the parent function 1) y=log2(X-3)+4
right 3 up 4 Domain xgt3 Range All reals
2) y=510g2x
stretch by 5 Domain xgtO Range All reals
3)y=log2(x+4)
left 4 Domainxgt-4 Range All reals
Section 74 Properties of logarithms am X an = am+n(product property) aman = am-n(quotient property) (amt = amn (power property)
Let x=109bm and y=109bn
m=bX
mn=bx bull bY
mn=bx+y
109bmn=109bm+109bn
Product Property 109bmn=109bm+109bn
Quotient Propery 109bmn=109bm-109bn
Power Property 109bmn=n 109bm
Example 1 Simplifying Logarithms Make each a sin91e 109arthim 1) 10945x+10943x
109415x2 (With product power multiply 5x and 3x to get 15x2)
2 109415x (move the 2 to the front with power property)
2) 2 10946-10949
109462-10949 (power property moves the 2 to the front)
109436-10949 (simplify 62to 36)
1094369 (quotient property to divide)
10944 (simplify)
4Y=4 (solve for y) y=1
3) 109432-10942
1094322 (quotient property of 109arithms)
109416 (divide)
109442 (write 16 as a power of 4)
2 (simplify)
Example 2 Expanding Logarithms 1) 109325037
log3250-log337(quotient property)
log32(125)-log337 (product property)
log32+log3125-log337 (product property)
log32+log353-log337 (power property)
log32+310g35-log337 (power property)
2) log39x5
IOg39+log3X5 (product property)
log39+510g3x (power property)
Change of base 10gbm=logmlogb
Example 3 Using the Change of Base Formula 1) log632
log328 16
2) log418
log184 2085
Example 4 Using a Logarithmic Scale
The pH of a substance equals -Iog[H+] where [H-] is the concentration of hydrogen ions Suppose the hydrogen ion concentration for Substance A is twice that for Substance B Which substance has a greater pH level What is the greater pH level minus the lesser pH level Explain
Substance A 2-[H+e]
Substance B [H+e]
A pH=-log[2([H+e])]
B pH=-log[H+e]
pH of A =-(Iog 2+ log [H+eD pH of A =-log2-log[H+ B]
pH of A =-log2+pH of B pH of A =pH of B-Iog 2
pH of B is bigger
Section 75 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Example 1 Solving an Exponential Equations- Common Base
1) 273X= 81 333X=34
3439x= 9x=4 (take the exponents) x=49
2) 53X=1125 53X= 5-3 (53= 125 5-3= 11125) 3x=-3 x= -1
bull When bases are not the same you can solve an exponential equation by taking the logarithm of each side
Example 2 Solve an Exponential Equation
1) 52x= 130 log52x= log 130 (Make a log with a common base of 10)
2xlog5= log 130 (Power Property moves the 2x) 2x= log13010g5 (Isolate the 2x by dividing log5 on both sides) x= (log1301l0g5)2 (Isolate x by dividing by 2 on both sides) x= 1512
2) 8 + 1OX= 1008 10x= 1000 (Isolate 10xby subtracting 8 from both sides)
log1OX= log1000 (Make a log with a common base of 10) xlog10= log1000 (Power Property moves the x) x= log10001l0g10 (Isolate x by dividing log10 on both sides) x=3
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation with a Graph or Table
1) 47x= 250 log447x= log4250 (Put log4 to cancel out the 4 and isolate the 7x)
7x= log25010g4 (Change of base) x= (log2501l0g4)7 (Divide 7 on both sides to isolate the x) x= 056898
Graphically y= 47X
y=250 (Find the pOint of Intersection using your graphing calculator)
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
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4) Write the model y=150(08)X
5) Use the model to find the world lynx population in 2020 x=2020-2003=17 y=150(08)17
y= 337 - 3 lynx will be left
Section 72 Properties of Exponential Functions
Essential Understanding The factor a in y=abxcan stretch or compress and possibly reflect the graph of the parent function y=bx
Concept Summary
bull Parent function bull stretch (a gt1)
compression (shrink) (0lt a lt1) Reflection (a lt0) in x-axis
y=b(X-h) +kbull Translations (horizontal by h vertical by k) y= ab(x-h) +kbull All transformations combined
Definitions
Natural base exponential are exponential functions with base e These functions are useful for describing continuous growth or decay Exponential functions with base e have the same properties as other exponential functions
Example 1 Graphing y=aJY How does the graph of y= -13 times 3xcompare to the graph of the parent function
Step 1 Make a table of values
x y=3x y=-13(3X )
-2 19 -127
-1 113 -19
0 1 -13
1 3 -1
2 9 -3
The - 113 in y= -13(JX) reflects the graph of the parent function y=3x across the x-axis and compresses it by the factor 13 The domain and asymptote remain unchanged The y-intercept becomes -13 and the range becomes -13 and the range becomes yltO
Example 2 Translating the Parent Function y=bx
How does the graph of each function compare to the graph of the parent function y= 2(x-4)
Step 1 Make a table of values
x y=2x x y=2x
-2 14 1 2
-1 12 2 4
0 1 3 8
The (x-4) in y=2(x-4) translates the graph of y=2x to the right 4 units The asymptote remains y=O
The y-intercept becomes 116
Example 3 Using an Exponential Model
Time (Min) Temp(OF) Temp - Room Temp (OF)
0 203 135
5 177 109
10 153 85
15 137 69
20 121 53
25 111 43
30 104 36
(Find an exponential function to model the data Use the list feature on the graphing calculator Assume that room temperature is 68deg)
y=1345(0956Y + 68
The initial temperature of a coffee cup of coffee is 203degF An exponential model for the temperature y of the coffee after x minutes is y=1345(0956Y + 68 How long does it take for the coffee to reach a temperature of 100 OF (Enter your function into your calculator and go to your table and locate 100 (or closest number to 100) in the y column (Go to tableset and and 4Tbl if necessary))
IN 391 MINUTES THE COFFEE WILL BE COOLED TO 1000 F
Section 73 Logarithmic Functions as Inverses
bull Recall x=bY
logbx= y
bull The inverse of an exponential function is called a logarithmic function bull For a logarithm y is the exponent that you need to raise b to get x
Example 1 Writing Exponential Equations in Logarithmic Form
1 100=102
log10100=2
2 81=34
log381=4
3) 36=62
log636=2
Example 2Evaluating a Logarithm 1) log832
8Y=32
23Y=25
3y=5 y=53
2) log5125
5Y=125 5Y=53
y=3
3 log432
4Y=32 22Y=25
2y=5 y=52
Example 3 Using a Logarithmic Scale In December 2004 an earthquake with magnitude 93 on the Richter scale hit off the northwest coast of Sumatra The diagram shows the magnitude of an earthquake that hit Sumatra in March 2005 The formula log 112=M1-M2 compares the intensity levels of earthquakes where I is the
intensity level determined by a seismograph and M is the magnitude on a Richter scale How many times more intense was the December earthquake than the March earthquake
log 112=M1-M2 (Use the formula)
log 112=93-87 (Substitue M1=93 and M2=87)
log 112=06 (Simplify)
112=10deg6 (Apply the definition of common logarithm)
=4 (Use your calculator)
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function
Recall We can graph the inverse of a function by switching the x and y coordinates
Example 4 Graphing a Logarithmic Function What is the graph of y=log4x Describe the domain range y-intercept and asymptotes
4x=y is the inverse Log Domain xgtO
Range all reals y-intercept none VA none
Example 5 Translating y=logtf
How does the graph of the function compare to the parent function 1) y=log2(X-3)+4
right 3 up 4 Domain xgt3 Range All reals
2) y=510g2x
stretch by 5 Domain xgtO Range All reals
3)y=log2(x+4)
left 4 Domainxgt-4 Range All reals
Section 74 Properties of logarithms am X an = am+n(product property) aman = am-n(quotient property) (amt = amn (power property)
Let x=109bm and y=109bn
m=bX
mn=bx bull bY
mn=bx+y
109bmn=109bm+109bn
Product Property 109bmn=109bm+109bn
Quotient Propery 109bmn=109bm-109bn
Power Property 109bmn=n 109bm
Example 1 Simplifying Logarithms Make each a sin91e 109arthim 1) 10945x+10943x
109415x2 (With product power multiply 5x and 3x to get 15x2)
2 109415x (move the 2 to the front with power property)
2) 2 10946-10949
109462-10949 (power property moves the 2 to the front)
109436-10949 (simplify 62to 36)
1094369 (quotient property to divide)
10944 (simplify)
4Y=4 (solve for y) y=1
3) 109432-10942
1094322 (quotient property of 109arithms)
109416 (divide)
109442 (write 16 as a power of 4)
2 (simplify)
Example 2 Expanding Logarithms 1) 109325037
log3250-log337(quotient property)
log32(125)-log337 (product property)
log32+log3125-log337 (product property)
log32+log353-log337 (power property)
log32+310g35-log337 (power property)
2) log39x5
IOg39+log3X5 (product property)
log39+510g3x (power property)
Change of base 10gbm=logmlogb
Example 3 Using the Change of Base Formula 1) log632
log328 16
2) log418
log184 2085
Example 4 Using a Logarithmic Scale
The pH of a substance equals -Iog[H+] where [H-] is the concentration of hydrogen ions Suppose the hydrogen ion concentration for Substance A is twice that for Substance B Which substance has a greater pH level What is the greater pH level minus the lesser pH level Explain
Substance A 2-[H+e]
Substance B [H+e]
A pH=-log[2([H+e])]
B pH=-log[H+e]
pH of A =-(Iog 2+ log [H+eD pH of A =-log2-log[H+ B]
pH of A =-log2+pH of B pH of A =pH of B-Iog 2
pH of B is bigger
Section 75 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Example 1 Solving an Exponential Equations- Common Base
1) 273X= 81 333X=34
3439x= 9x=4 (take the exponents) x=49
2) 53X=1125 53X= 5-3 (53= 125 5-3= 11125) 3x=-3 x= -1
bull When bases are not the same you can solve an exponential equation by taking the logarithm of each side
Example 2 Solve an Exponential Equation
1) 52x= 130 log52x= log 130 (Make a log with a common base of 10)
2xlog5= log 130 (Power Property moves the 2x) 2x= log13010g5 (Isolate the 2x by dividing log5 on both sides) x= (log1301l0g5)2 (Isolate x by dividing by 2 on both sides) x= 1512
2) 8 + 1OX= 1008 10x= 1000 (Isolate 10xby subtracting 8 from both sides)
log1OX= log1000 (Make a log with a common base of 10) xlog10= log1000 (Power Property moves the x) x= log10001l0g10 (Isolate x by dividing log10 on both sides) x=3
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation with a Graph or Table
1) 47x= 250 log447x= log4250 (Put log4 to cancel out the 4 and isolate the 7x)
7x= log25010g4 (Change of base) x= (log2501l0g4)7 (Divide 7 on both sides to isolate the x) x= 056898
Graphically y= 47X
y=250 (Find the pOint of Intersection using your graphing calculator)
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
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Section 72 Properties of Exponential Functions
Essential Understanding The factor a in y=abxcan stretch or compress and possibly reflect the graph of the parent function y=bx
Concept Summary
bull Parent function bull stretch (a gt1)
compression (shrink) (0lt a lt1) Reflection (a lt0) in x-axis
y=b(X-h) +kbull Translations (horizontal by h vertical by k) y= ab(x-h) +kbull All transformations combined
Definitions
Natural base exponential are exponential functions with base e These functions are useful for describing continuous growth or decay Exponential functions with base e have the same properties as other exponential functions
Example 1 Graphing y=aJY How does the graph of y= -13 times 3xcompare to the graph of the parent function
Step 1 Make a table of values
x y=3x y=-13(3X )
-2 19 -127
-1 113 -19
0 1 -13
1 3 -1
2 9 -3
The - 113 in y= -13(JX) reflects the graph of the parent function y=3x across the x-axis and compresses it by the factor 13 The domain and asymptote remain unchanged The y-intercept becomes -13 and the range becomes -13 and the range becomes yltO
Example 2 Translating the Parent Function y=bx
How does the graph of each function compare to the graph of the parent function y= 2(x-4)
Step 1 Make a table of values
x y=2x x y=2x
-2 14 1 2
-1 12 2 4
0 1 3 8
The (x-4) in y=2(x-4) translates the graph of y=2x to the right 4 units The asymptote remains y=O
The y-intercept becomes 116
Example 3 Using an Exponential Model
Time (Min) Temp(OF) Temp - Room Temp (OF)
0 203 135
5 177 109
10 153 85
15 137 69
20 121 53
25 111 43
30 104 36
(Find an exponential function to model the data Use the list feature on the graphing calculator Assume that room temperature is 68deg)
y=1345(0956Y + 68
The initial temperature of a coffee cup of coffee is 203degF An exponential model for the temperature y of the coffee after x minutes is y=1345(0956Y + 68 How long does it take for the coffee to reach a temperature of 100 OF (Enter your function into your calculator and go to your table and locate 100 (or closest number to 100) in the y column (Go to tableset and and 4Tbl if necessary))
IN 391 MINUTES THE COFFEE WILL BE COOLED TO 1000 F
Section 73 Logarithmic Functions as Inverses
bull Recall x=bY
logbx= y
bull The inverse of an exponential function is called a logarithmic function bull For a logarithm y is the exponent that you need to raise b to get x
Example 1 Writing Exponential Equations in Logarithmic Form
1 100=102
log10100=2
2 81=34
log381=4
3) 36=62
log636=2
Example 2Evaluating a Logarithm 1) log832
8Y=32
23Y=25
3y=5 y=53
2) log5125
5Y=125 5Y=53
y=3
3 log432
4Y=32 22Y=25
2y=5 y=52
Example 3 Using a Logarithmic Scale In December 2004 an earthquake with magnitude 93 on the Richter scale hit off the northwest coast of Sumatra The diagram shows the magnitude of an earthquake that hit Sumatra in March 2005 The formula log 112=M1-M2 compares the intensity levels of earthquakes where I is the
intensity level determined by a seismograph and M is the magnitude on a Richter scale How many times more intense was the December earthquake than the March earthquake
log 112=M1-M2 (Use the formula)
log 112=93-87 (Substitue M1=93 and M2=87)
log 112=06 (Simplify)
112=10deg6 (Apply the definition of common logarithm)
=4 (Use your calculator)
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function
Recall We can graph the inverse of a function by switching the x and y coordinates
Example 4 Graphing a Logarithmic Function What is the graph of y=log4x Describe the domain range y-intercept and asymptotes
4x=y is the inverse Log Domain xgtO
Range all reals y-intercept none VA none
Example 5 Translating y=logtf
How does the graph of the function compare to the parent function 1) y=log2(X-3)+4
right 3 up 4 Domain xgt3 Range All reals
2) y=510g2x
stretch by 5 Domain xgtO Range All reals
3)y=log2(x+4)
left 4 Domainxgt-4 Range All reals
Section 74 Properties of logarithms am X an = am+n(product property) aman = am-n(quotient property) (amt = amn (power property)
Let x=109bm and y=109bn
m=bX
mn=bx bull bY
mn=bx+y
109bmn=109bm+109bn
Product Property 109bmn=109bm+109bn
Quotient Propery 109bmn=109bm-109bn
Power Property 109bmn=n 109bm
Example 1 Simplifying Logarithms Make each a sin91e 109arthim 1) 10945x+10943x
109415x2 (With product power multiply 5x and 3x to get 15x2)
2 109415x (move the 2 to the front with power property)
2) 2 10946-10949
109462-10949 (power property moves the 2 to the front)
109436-10949 (simplify 62to 36)
1094369 (quotient property to divide)
10944 (simplify)
4Y=4 (solve for y) y=1
3) 109432-10942
1094322 (quotient property of 109arithms)
109416 (divide)
109442 (write 16 as a power of 4)
2 (simplify)
Example 2 Expanding Logarithms 1) 109325037
log3250-log337(quotient property)
log32(125)-log337 (product property)
log32+log3125-log337 (product property)
log32+log353-log337 (power property)
log32+310g35-log337 (power property)
2) log39x5
IOg39+log3X5 (product property)
log39+510g3x (power property)
Change of base 10gbm=logmlogb
Example 3 Using the Change of Base Formula 1) log632
log328 16
2) log418
log184 2085
Example 4 Using a Logarithmic Scale
The pH of a substance equals -Iog[H+] where [H-] is the concentration of hydrogen ions Suppose the hydrogen ion concentration for Substance A is twice that for Substance B Which substance has a greater pH level What is the greater pH level minus the lesser pH level Explain
Substance A 2-[H+e]
Substance B [H+e]
A pH=-log[2([H+e])]
B pH=-log[H+e]
pH of A =-(Iog 2+ log [H+eD pH of A =-log2-log[H+ B]
pH of A =-log2+pH of B pH of A =pH of B-Iog 2
pH of B is bigger
Section 75 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Example 1 Solving an Exponential Equations- Common Base
1) 273X= 81 333X=34
3439x= 9x=4 (take the exponents) x=49
2) 53X=1125 53X= 5-3 (53= 125 5-3= 11125) 3x=-3 x= -1
bull When bases are not the same you can solve an exponential equation by taking the logarithm of each side
Example 2 Solve an Exponential Equation
1) 52x= 130 log52x= log 130 (Make a log with a common base of 10)
2xlog5= log 130 (Power Property moves the 2x) 2x= log13010g5 (Isolate the 2x by dividing log5 on both sides) x= (log1301l0g5)2 (Isolate x by dividing by 2 on both sides) x= 1512
2) 8 + 1OX= 1008 10x= 1000 (Isolate 10xby subtracting 8 from both sides)
log1OX= log1000 (Make a log with a common base of 10) xlog10= log1000 (Power Property moves the x) x= log10001l0g10 (Isolate x by dividing log10 on both sides) x=3
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation with a Graph or Table
1) 47x= 250 log447x= log4250 (Put log4 to cancel out the 4 and isolate the 7x)
7x= log25010g4 (Change of base) x= (log2501l0g4)7 (Divide 7 on both sides to isolate the x) x= 056898
Graphically y= 47X
y=250 (Find the pOint of Intersection using your graphing calculator)
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
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t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
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Example 2 Translating the Parent Function y=bx
How does the graph of each function compare to the graph of the parent function y= 2(x-4)
Step 1 Make a table of values
x y=2x x y=2x
-2 14 1 2
-1 12 2 4
0 1 3 8
The (x-4) in y=2(x-4) translates the graph of y=2x to the right 4 units The asymptote remains y=O
The y-intercept becomes 116
Example 3 Using an Exponential Model
Time (Min) Temp(OF) Temp - Room Temp (OF)
0 203 135
5 177 109
10 153 85
15 137 69
20 121 53
25 111 43
30 104 36
(Find an exponential function to model the data Use the list feature on the graphing calculator Assume that room temperature is 68deg)
y=1345(0956Y + 68
The initial temperature of a coffee cup of coffee is 203degF An exponential model for the temperature y of the coffee after x minutes is y=1345(0956Y + 68 How long does it take for the coffee to reach a temperature of 100 OF (Enter your function into your calculator and go to your table and locate 100 (or closest number to 100) in the y column (Go to tableset and and 4Tbl if necessary))
IN 391 MINUTES THE COFFEE WILL BE COOLED TO 1000 F
Section 73 Logarithmic Functions as Inverses
bull Recall x=bY
logbx= y
bull The inverse of an exponential function is called a logarithmic function bull For a logarithm y is the exponent that you need to raise b to get x
Example 1 Writing Exponential Equations in Logarithmic Form
1 100=102
log10100=2
2 81=34
log381=4
3) 36=62
log636=2
Example 2Evaluating a Logarithm 1) log832
8Y=32
23Y=25
3y=5 y=53
2) log5125
5Y=125 5Y=53
y=3
3 log432
4Y=32 22Y=25
2y=5 y=52
Example 3 Using a Logarithmic Scale In December 2004 an earthquake with magnitude 93 on the Richter scale hit off the northwest coast of Sumatra The diagram shows the magnitude of an earthquake that hit Sumatra in March 2005 The formula log 112=M1-M2 compares the intensity levels of earthquakes where I is the
intensity level determined by a seismograph and M is the magnitude on a Richter scale How many times more intense was the December earthquake than the March earthquake
log 112=M1-M2 (Use the formula)
log 112=93-87 (Substitue M1=93 and M2=87)
log 112=06 (Simplify)
112=10deg6 (Apply the definition of common logarithm)
=4 (Use your calculator)
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function
Recall We can graph the inverse of a function by switching the x and y coordinates
Example 4 Graphing a Logarithmic Function What is the graph of y=log4x Describe the domain range y-intercept and asymptotes
4x=y is the inverse Log Domain xgtO
Range all reals y-intercept none VA none
Example 5 Translating y=logtf
How does the graph of the function compare to the parent function 1) y=log2(X-3)+4
right 3 up 4 Domain xgt3 Range All reals
2) y=510g2x
stretch by 5 Domain xgtO Range All reals
3)y=log2(x+4)
left 4 Domainxgt-4 Range All reals
Section 74 Properties of logarithms am X an = am+n(product property) aman = am-n(quotient property) (amt = amn (power property)
Let x=109bm and y=109bn
m=bX
mn=bx bull bY
mn=bx+y
109bmn=109bm+109bn
Product Property 109bmn=109bm+109bn
Quotient Propery 109bmn=109bm-109bn
Power Property 109bmn=n 109bm
Example 1 Simplifying Logarithms Make each a sin91e 109arthim 1) 10945x+10943x
109415x2 (With product power multiply 5x and 3x to get 15x2)
2 109415x (move the 2 to the front with power property)
2) 2 10946-10949
109462-10949 (power property moves the 2 to the front)
109436-10949 (simplify 62to 36)
1094369 (quotient property to divide)
10944 (simplify)
4Y=4 (solve for y) y=1
3) 109432-10942
1094322 (quotient property of 109arithms)
109416 (divide)
109442 (write 16 as a power of 4)
2 (simplify)
Example 2 Expanding Logarithms 1) 109325037
log3250-log337(quotient property)
log32(125)-log337 (product property)
log32+log3125-log337 (product property)
log32+log353-log337 (power property)
log32+310g35-log337 (power property)
2) log39x5
IOg39+log3X5 (product property)
log39+510g3x (power property)
Change of base 10gbm=logmlogb
Example 3 Using the Change of Base Formula 1) log632
log328 16
2) log418
log184 2085
Example 4 Using a Logarithmic Scale
The pH of a substance equals -Iog[H+] where [H-] is the concentration of hydrogen ions Suppose the hydrogen ion concentration for Substance A is twice that for Substance B Which substance has a greater pH level What is the greater pH level minus the lesser pH level Explain
Substance A 2-[H+e]
Substance B [H+e]
A pH=-log[2([H+e])]
B pH=-log[H+e]
pH of A =-(Iog 2+ log [H+eD pH of A =-log2-log[H+ B]
pH of A =-log2+pH of B pH of A =pH of B-Iog 2
pH of B is bigger
Section 75 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Example 1 Solving an Exponential Equations- Common Base
1) 273X= 81 333X=34
3439x= 9x=4 (take the exponents) x=49
2) 53X=1125 53X= 5-3 (53= 125 5-3= 11125) 3x=-3 x= -1
bull When bases are not the same you can solve an exponential equation by taking the logarithm of each side
Example 2 Solve an Exponential Equation
1) 52x= 130 log52x= log 130 (Make a log with a common base of 10)
2xlog5= log 130 (Power Property moves the 2x) 2x= log13010g5 (Isolate the 2x by dividing log5 on both sides) x= (log1301l0g5)2 (Isolate x by dividing by 2 on both sides) x= 1512
2) 8 + 1OX= 1008 10x= 1000 (Isolate 10xby subtracting 8 from both sides)
log1OX= log1000 (Make a log with a common base of 10) xlog10= log1000 (Power Property moves the x) x= log10001l0g10 (Isolate x by dividing log10 on both sides) x=3
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation with a Graph or Table
1) 47x= 250 log447x= log4250 (Put log4 to cancel out the 4 and isolate the 7x)
7x= log25010g4 (Change of base) x= (log2501l0g4)7 (Divide 7 on both sides to isolate the x) x= 056898
Graphically y= 47X
y=250 (Find the pOint of Intersection using your graphing calculator)
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
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Section 73 Logarithmic Functions as Inverses
bull Recall x=bY
logbx= y
bull The inverse of an exponential function is called a logarithmic function bull For a logarithm y is the exponent that you need to raise b to get x
Example 1 Writing Exponential Equations in Logarithmic Form
1 100=102
log10100=2
2 81=34
log381=4
3) 36=62
log636=2
Example 2Evaluating a Logarithm 1) log832
8Y=32
23Y=25
3y=5 y=53
2) log5125
5Y=125 5Y=53
y=3
3 log432
4Y=32 22Y=25
2y=5 y=52
Example 3 Using a Logarithmic Scale In December 2004 an earthquake with magnitude 93 on the Richter scale hit off the northwest coast of Sumatra The diagram shows the magnitude of an earthquake that hit Sumatra in March 2005 The formula log 112=M1-M2 compares the intensity levels of earthquakes where I is the
intensity level determined by a seismograph and M is the magnitude on a Richter scale How many times more intense was the December earthquake than the March earthquake
log 112=M1-M2 (Use the formula)
log 112=93-87 (Substitue M1=93 and M2=87)
log 112=06 (Simplify)
112=10deg6 (Apply the definition of common logarithm)
=4 (Use your calculator)
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function
Recall We can graph the inverse of a function by switching the x and y coordinates
Example 4 Graphing a Logarithmic Function What is the graph of y=log4x Describe the domain range y-intercept and asymptotes
4x=y is the inverse Log Domain xgtO
Range all reals y-intercept none VA none
Example 5 Translating y=logtf
How does the graph of the function compare to the parent function 1) y=log2(X-3)+4
right 3 up 4 Domain xgt3 Range All reals
2) y=510g2x
stretch by 5 Domain xgtO Range All reals
3)y=log2(x+4)
left 4 Domainxgt-4 Range All reals
Section 74 Properties of logarithms am X an = am+n(product property) aman = am-n(quotient property) (amt = amn (power property)
Let x=109bm and y=109bn
m=bX
mn=bx bull bY
mn=bx+y
109bmn=109bm+109bn
Product Property 109bmn=109bm+109bn
Quotient Propery 109bmn=109bm-109bn
Power Property 109bmn=n 109bm
Example 1 Simplifying Logarithms Make each a sin91e 109arthim 1) 10945x+10943x
109415x2 (With product power multiply 5x and 3x to get 15x2)
2 109415x (move the 2 to the front with power property)
2) 2 10946-10949
109462-10949 (power property moves the 2 to the front)
109436-10949 (simplify 62to 36)
1094369 (quotient property to divide)
10944 (simplify)
4Y=4 (solve for y) y=1
3) 109432-10942
1094322 (quotient property of 109arithms)
109416 (divide)
109442 (write 16 as a power of 4)
2 (simplify)
Example 2 Expanding Logarithms 1) 109325037
log3250-log337(quotient property)
log32(125)-log337 (product property)
log32+log3125-log337 (product property)
log32+log353-log337 (power property)
log32+310g35-log337 (power property)
2) log39x5
IOg39+log3X5 (product property)
log39+510g3x (power property)
Change of base 10gbm=logmlogb
Example 3 Using the Change of Base Formula 1) log632
log328 16
2) log418
log184 2085
Example 4 Using a Logarithmic Scale
The pH of a substance equals -Iog[H+] where [H-] is the concentration of hydrogen ions Suppose the hydrogen ion concentration for Substance A is twice that for Substance B Which substance has a greater pH level What is the greater pH level minus the lesser pH level Explain
Substance A 2-[H+e]
Substance B [H+e]
A pH=-log[2([H+e])]
B pH=-log[H+e]
pH of A =-(Iog 2+ log [H+eD pH of A =-log2-log[H+ B]
pH of A =-log2+pH of B pH of A =pH of B-Iog 2
pH of B is bigger
Section 75 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Example 1 Solving an Exponential Equations- Common Base
1) 273X= 81 333X=34
3439x= 9x=4 (take the exponents) x=49
2) 53X=1125 53X= 5-3 (53= 125 5-3= 11125) 3x=-3 x= -1
bull When bases are not the same you can solve an exponential equation by taking the logarithm of each side
Example 2 Solve an Exponential Equation
1) 52x= 130 log52x= log 130 (Make a log with a common base of 10)
2xlog5= log 130 (Power Property moves the 2x) 2x= log13010g5 (Isolate the 2x by dividing log5 on both sides) x= (log1301l0g5)2 (Isolate x by dividing by 2 on both sides) x= 1512
2) 8 + 1OX= 1008 10x= 1000 (Isolate 10xby subtracting 8 from both sides)
log1OX= log1000 (Make a log with a common base of 10) xlog10= log1000 (Power Property moves the x) x= log10001l0g10 (Isolate x by dividing log10 on both sides) x=3
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation with a Graph or Table
1) 47x= 250 log447x= log4250 (Put log4 to cancel out the 4 and isolate the 7x)
7x= log25010g4 (Change of base) x= (log2501l0g4)7 (Divide 7 on both sides to isolate the x) x= 056898
Graphically y= 47X
y=250 (Find the pOint of Intersection using your graphing calculator)
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
$poundCraquo
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A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
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log 112=M1-M2 (Use the formula)
log 112=93-87 (Substitue M1=93 and M2=87)
log 112=06 (Simplify)
112=10deg6 (Apply the definition of common logarithm)
=4 (Use your calculator)
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function
Recall We can graph the inverse of a function by switching the x and y coordinates
Example 4 Graphing a Logarithmic Function What is the graph of y=log4x Describe the domain range y-intercept and asymptotes
4x=y is the inverse Log Domain xgtO
Range all reals y-intercept none VA none
Example 5 Translating y=logtf
How does the graph of the function compare to the parent function 1) y=log2(X-3)+4
right 3 up 4 Domain xgt3 Range All reals
2) y=510g2x
stretch by 5 Domain xgtO Range All reals
3)y=log2(x+4)
left 4 Domainxgt-4 Range All reals
Section 74 Properties of logarithms am X an = am+n(product property) aman = am-n(quotient property) (amt = amn (power property)
Let x=109bm and y=109bn
m=bX
mn=bx bull bY
mn=bx+y
109bmn=109bm+109bn
Product Property 109bmn=109bm+109bn
Quotient Propery 109bmn=109bm-109bn
Power Property 109bmn=n 109bm
Example 1 Simplifying Logarithms Make each a sin91e 109arthim 1) 10945x+10943x
109415x2 (With product power multiply 5x and 3x to get 15x2)
2 109415x (move the 2 to the front with power property)
2) 2 10946-10949
109462-10949 (power property moves the 2 to the front)
109436-10949 (simplify 62to 36)
1094369 (quotient property to divide)
10944 (simplify)
4Y=4 (solve for y) y=1
3) 109432-10942
1094322 (quotient property of 109arithms)
109416 (divide)
109442 (write 16 as a power of 4)
2 (simplify)
Example 2 Expanding Logarithms 1) 109325037
log3250-log337(quotient property)
log32(125)-log337 (product property)
log32+log3125-log337 (product property)
log32+log353-log337 (power property)
log32+310g35-log337 (power property)
2) log39x5
IOg39+log3X5 (product property)
log39+510g3x (power property)
Change of base 10gbm=logmlogb
Example 3 Using the Change of Base Formula 1) log632
log328 16
2) log418
log184 2085
Example 4 Using a Logarithmic Scale
The pH of a substance equals -Iog[H+] where [H-] is the concentration of hydrogen ions Suppose the hydrogen ion concentration for Substance A is twice that for Substance B Which substance has a greater pH level What is the greater pH level minus the lesser pH level Explain
Substance A 2-[H+e]
Substance B [H+e]
A pH=-log[2([H+e])]
B pH=-log[H+e]
pH of A =-(Iog 2+ log [H+eD pH of A =-log2-log[H+ B]
pH of A =-log2+pH of B pH of A =pH of B-Iog 2
pH of B is bigger
Section 75 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Example 1 Solving an Exponential Equations- Common Base
1) 273X= 81 333X=34
3439x= 9x=4 (take the exponents) x=49
2) 53X=1125 53X= 5-3 (53= 125 5-3= 11125) 3x=-3 x= -1
bull When bases are not the same you can solve an exponential equation by taking the logarithm of each side
Example 2 Solve an Exponential Equation
1) 52x= 130 log52x= log 130 (Make a log with a common base of 10)
2xlog5= log 130 (Power Property moves the 2x) 2x= log13010g5 (Isolate the 2x by dividing log5 on both sides) x= (log1301l0g5)2 (Isolate x by dividing by 2 on both sides) x= 1512
2) 8 + 1OX= 1008 10x= 1000 (Isolate 10xby subtracting 8 from both sides)
log1OX= log1000 (Make a log with a common base of 10) xlog10= log1000 (Power Property moves the x) x= log10001l0g10 (Isolate x by dividing log10 on both sides) x=3
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation with a Graph or Table
1) 47x= 250 log447x= log4250 (Put log4 to cancel out the 4 and isolate the 7x)
7x= log25010g4 (Change of base) x= (log2501l0g4)7 (Divide 7 on both sides to isolate the x) x= 056898
Graphically y= 47X
y=250 (Find the pOint of Intersection using your graphing calculator)
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
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Section 74 Properties of logarithms am X an = am+n(product property) aman = am-n(quotient property) (amt = amn (power property)
Let x=109bm and y=109bn
m=bX
mn=bx bull bY
mn=bx+y
109bmn=109bm+109bn
Product Property 109bmn=109bm+109bn
Quotient Propery 109bmn=109bm-109bn
Power Property 109bmn=n 109bm
Example 1 Simplifying Logarithms Make each a sin91e 109arthim 1) 10945x+10943x
109415x2 (With product power multiply 5x and 3x to get 15x2)
2 109415x (move the 2 to the front with power property)
2) 2 10946-10949
109462-10949 (power property moves the 2 to the front)
109436-10949 (simplify 62to 36)
1094369 (quotient property to divide)
10944 (simplify)
4Y=4 (solve for y) y=1
3) 109432-10942
1094322 (quotient property of 109arithms)
109416 (divide)
109442 (write 16 as a power of 4)
2 (simplify)
Example 2 Expanding Logarithms 1) 109325037
log3250-log337(quotient property)
log32(125)-log337 (product property)
log32+log3125-log337 (product property)
log32+log353-log337 (power property)
log32+310g35-log337 (power property)
2) log39x5
IOg39+log3X5 (product property)
log39+510g3x (power property)
Change of base 10gbm=logmlogb
Example 3 Using the Change of Base Formula 1) log632
log328 16
2) log418
log184 2085
Example 4 Using a Logarithmic Scale
The pH of a substance equals -Iog[H+] where [H-] is the concentration of hydrogen ions Suppose the hydrogen ion concentration for Substance A is twice that for Substance B Which substance has a greater pH level What is the greater pH level minus the lesser pH level Explain
Substance A 2-[H+e]
Substance B [H+e]
A pH=-log[2([H+e])]
B pH=-log[H+e]
pH of A =-(Iog 2+ log [H+eD pH of A =-log2-log[H+ B]
pH of A =-log2+pH of B pH of A =pH of B-Iog 2
pH of B is bigger
Section 75 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Example 1 Solving an Exponential Equations- Common Base
1) 273X= 81 333X=34
3439x= 9x=4 (take the exponents) x=49
2) 53X=1125 53X= 5-3 (53= 125 5-3= 11125) 3x=-3 x= -1
bull When bases are not the same you can solve an exponential equation by taking the logarithm of each side
Example 2 Solve an Exponential Equation
1) 52x= 130 log52x= log 130 (Make a log with a common base of 10)
2xlog5= log 130 (Power Property moves the 2x) 2x= log13010g5 (Isolate the 2x by dividing log5 on both sides) x= (log1301l0g5)2 (Isolate x by dividing by 2 on both sides) x= 1512
2) 8 + 1OX= 1008 10x= 1000 (Isolate 10xby subtracting 8 from both sides)
log1OX= log1000 (Make a log with a common base of 10) xlog10= log1000 (Power Property moves the x) x= log10001l0g10 (Isolate x by dividing log10 on both sides) x=3
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation with a Graph or Table
1) 47x= 250 log447x= log4250 (Put log4 to cancel out the 4 and isolate the 7x)
7x= log25010g4 (Change of base) x= (log2501l0g4)7 (Divide 7 on both sides to isolate the x) x= 056898
Graphically y= 47X
y=250 (Find the pOint of Intersection using your graphing calculator)
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
$poundCraquo
ACt) os Pe)(t Anampwect A(t) -s 200 (e)COUO)
A(b) os 402 gt 1 5
A(t) - 500G(Q)o ()(3S)
ACt) S I (c5Sll 2(0
A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
SOOO pCe)o1~ eOlltO eO2foshy
P lt0 logtL
Ellt onQtytcu forn to LO acdhYC Form AnampNer~ t 100 0 3 l G G otI 000J 0 - 2 ~ 0 0 I
0 9 LO 00 gt ~ og2 0 61 ~ ~ gt
5 4ampLOO) (o2~ ~
09sQ2~ Y
~WOO) Sl - ul1 ___ logs loY $ 2
tSOC) yq s 12
log 4q - 2
$ 200)
ltamp - 00)
ltamp(cpoundO
~~)
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-l1lQJ 09[-1 tJS
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P l- S - tog [2 x 0 - 2 M1 ~H ~ 10
lt0 30 ~ _~[l-4 J - l - l
-lt0 30 09 [H 1 ]
0 -lo~G bull [H ~J - -II J s 0 gtlt 0 -1 1
~ - s - 0 9[3 1 x 0 -1 -1 )- ~ (0 3 PO - s L 0 - (0 I 4 3 ~ t S1
shy
Ye$YCO Y e2
l -1 2 ~lo 2
)( =111 e2t =-3S
2gtlt 13gt X - 103 5
2shy
S (000( (y ~hl74 ( ~A
A~6~middot eJ l
~l- e
2n lt0 - Y)liS nJcol - nl5
Y CO l 5
(6
~OOll Jn2tn~L2 e C(l 0 X - 2)
faA -- e 2shy
l b t _ Q~ 1 - ~__
log3250-log337(quotient property)
log32(125)-log337 (product property)
log32+log3125-log337 (product property)
log32+log353-log337 (power property)
log32+310g35-log337 (power property)
2) log39x5
IOg39+log3X5 (product property)
log39+510g3x (power property)
Change of base 10gbm=logmlogb
Example 3 Using the Change of Base Formula 1) log632
log328 16
2) log418
log184 2085
Example 4 Using a Logarithmic Scale
The pH of a substance equals -Iog[H+] where [H-] is the concentration of hydrogen ions Suppose the hydrogen ion concentration for Substance A is twice that for Substance B Which substance has a greater pH level What is the greater pH level minus the lesser pH level Explain
Substance A 2-[H+e]
Substance B [H+e]
A pH=-log[2([H+e])]
B pH=-log[H+e]
pH of A =-(Iog 2+ log [H+eD pH of A =-log2-log[H+ B]
pH of A =-log2+pH of B pH of A =pH of B-Iog 2
pH of B is bigger
Section 75 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Example 1 Solving an Exponential Equations- Common Base
1) 273X= 81 333X=34
3439x= 9x=4 (take the exponents) x=49
2) 53X=1125 53X= 5-3 (53= 125 5-3= 11125) 3x=-3 x= -1
bull When bases are not the same you can solve an exponential equation by taking the logarithm of each side
Example 2 Solve an Exponential Equation
1) 52x= 130 log52x= log 130 (Make a log with a common base of 10)
2xlog5= log 130 (Power Property moves the 2x) 2x= log13010g5 (Isolate the 2x by dividing log5 on both sides) x= (log1301l0g5)2 (Isolate x by dividing by 2 on both sides) x= 1512
2) 8 + 1OX= 1008 10x= 1000 (Isolate 10xby subtracting 8 from both sides)
log1OX= log1000 (Make a log with a common base of 10) xlog10= log1000 (Power Property moves the x) x= log10001l0g10 (Isolate x by dividing log10 on both sides) x=3
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation with a Graph or Table
1) 47x= 250 log447x= log4250 (Put log4 to cancel out the 4 and isolate the 7x)
7x= log25010g4 (Change of base) x= (log2501l0g4)7 (Divide 7 on both sides to isolate the x) x= 056898
Graphically y= 47X
y=250 (Find the pOint of Intersection using your graphing calculator)
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
$poundCraquo
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A(b) os 402 gt 1 5
A(t) - 500G(Q)o ()(3S)
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A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
SOOO pCe)o1~ eOlltO eO2foshy
P lt0 logtL
Ellt onQtytcu forn to LO acdhYC Form AnampNer~ t 100 0 3 l G G otI 000J 0 - 2 ~ 0 0 I
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5 4ampLOO) (o2~ ~
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$ 200)
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-lt0 30 09 [H 1 ]
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~ - s - 0 9[3 1 x 0 -1 -1 )- ~ (0 3 PO - s L 0 - (0 I 4 3 ~ t S1
shy
Ye$YCO Y e2
l -1 2 ~lo 2
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2gtlt 13gt X - 103 5
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S (000( (y ~hl74 ( ~A
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faA -- e 2shy
l b t _ Q~ 1 - ~__
Section 75 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Example 1 Solving an Exponential Equations- Common Base
1) 273X= 81 333X=34
3439x= 9x=4 (take the exponents) x=49
2) 53X=1125 53X= 5-3 (53= 125 5-3= 11125) 3x=-3 x= -1
bull When bases are not the same you can solve an exponential equation by taking the logarithm of each side
Example 2 Solve an Exponential Equation
1) 52x= 130 log52x= log 130 (Make a log with a common base of 10)
2xlog5= log 130 (Power Property moves the 2x) 2x= log13010g5 (Isolate the 2x by dividing log5 on both sides) x= (log1301l0g5)2 (Isolate x by dividing by 2 on both sides) x= 1512
2) 8 + 1OX= 1008 10x= 1000 (Isolate 10xby subtracting 8 from both sides)
log1OX= log1000 (Make a log with a common base of 10) xlog10= log1000 (Power Property moves the x) x= log10001l0g10 (Isolate x by dividing log10 on both sides) x=3
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation with a Graph or Table
1) 47x= 250 log447x= log4250 (Put log4 to cancel out the 4 and isolate the 7x)
7x= log25010g4 (Change of base) x= (log2501l0g4)7 (Divide 7 on both sides to isolate the x) x= 056898
Graphically y= 47X
y=250 (Find the pOint of Intersection using your graphing calculator)
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
$poundCraquo
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A(b) os 402 gt 1 5
A(t) - 500G(Q)o ()(3S)
ACt) S I (c5Sll 2(0
A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
SOOO pCe)o1~ eOlltO eO2foshy
P lt0 logtL
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0 9 LO 00 gt ~ og2 0 61 ~ ~ gt
5 4ampLOO) (o2~ ~
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tSOC) yq s 12
log 4q - 2
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ltamp - 00)
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lt0 30 ~ _~[l-4 J - l - l
-lt0 30 09 [H 1 ]
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~ - s - 0 9[3 1 x 0 -1 -1 )- ~ (0 3 PO - s L 0 - (0 I 4 3 ~ t S1
shy
Ye$YCO Y e2
l -1 2 ~lo 2
)( =111 e2t =-3S
2gtlt 13gt X - 103 5
2shy
S (000( (y ~hl74 ( ~A
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~l- e
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(6
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faA -- e 2shy
l b t _ Q~ 1 - ~__
Point of Intersection (056898 250)
2) 6x= 4565 log66x= log64565 (Put log6 to cancel out the 6 and isolate the x)
x= log45651og6 (Change of base) x= 47027
Graphically
y=6x
y=4565 (Find the point of intersection using your graphing calculator) Point of Intersection (47027 4565)
Example 4 Modeling with an Exponential Equation Wood is a sustainable renewable natural resource when you manage forests properly Your lumber company has 1200000 trees You plan to harvest 7 of the trees each year how many years will it take to harvest half of the trees
T(n)= a(b)n T(n)=600000 a=1200000 b= 1+ -007=093
T(n)=1200000(093t 600000=1200000(093)n
05=(093) (Divide both sides by 1200000 to isolate term with n)
logo9305= logo93(O93)n (Put logo93 to cancel out 093 and isolate n)
logO5logO93= n n= 955
Example 5 Solving a Logarithmic Equation REMEMBER bY=x
1) log2x=-1
10-1= 2x (Put into exponential form)
10-12 = x (Divide by 2 on both sides to isolate x) x= 005
2) log(3x+1)= 2 102= 3x+1 (Put into exponential form) 99= 3x (Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the 3x) x= 33 (Divide by 3 on both sides to isolate the x)
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
$poundCraquo
ACt) os Pe)(t Anampwect A(t) -s 200 (e)COUO)
A(b) os 402 gt 1 5
A(t) - 500G(Q)o ()(3S)
ACt) S I (c5Sll 2(0
A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
SOOO pCe)o1~ eOlltO eO2foshy
P lt0 logtL
Ellt onQtytcu forn to LO acdhYC Form AnampNer~ t 100 0 3 l G G otI 000J 0 - 2 ~ 0 0 I
0 9 LO 00 gt ~ og2 0 61 ~ ~ gt
5 4ampLOO) (o2~ ~
09sQ2~ Y
~WOO) Sl - ul1 ___ logs loY $ 2
tSOC) yq s 12
log 4q - 2
$ 200)
ltamp - 00)
ltamp(cpoundO
~~)
__ 1 000)
P -- SCo e An~Ne-y-~ ~ H s - 0 9) 5 )( 0 -3 M1 O-~ 2S2
l loA ~ - 09 CH ~J - l -
-l1lQJ 09[-1 tJS
Omiddotmiddot4lJII ~[H+J [- - 1~ 2 S 4 K 0 ~ S M
P l- S - tog [2 x 0 - 2 M1 ~H ~ 10
lt0 30 ~ _~[l-4 J - l - l
-lt0 30 09 [H 1 ]
0 -lo~G bull [H ~J - -II J s 0 gtlt 0 -1 1
~ - s - 0 9[3 1 x 0 -1 -1 )- ~ (0 3 PO - s L 0 - (0 I 4 3 ~ t S1
shy
Ye$YCO Y e2
l -1 2 ~lo 2
)( =111 e2t =-3S
2gtlt 13gt X - 103 5
2shy
S (000( (y ~hl74 ( ~A
A~6~middot eJ l
~l- e
2n lt0 - Y)liS nJcol - nl5
Y CO l 5
(6
~OOll Jn2tn~L2 e C(l 0 X - 2)
faA -- e 2shy
l b t _ Q~ 1 - ~__
Example 6 Using Logarithmic Properties 1) logx- log3= 8
logxl3= 8 (Quotient Property)
108= xl3 (Put in Exponential Form) x= 300000000 (Multiply 3 on both sides)
2) log2x+ logx= 11 log2x(x)= 11 (Product Property) log2x2= 11 (Simplify)
1011 = 2X2 (Put into Exponential Form)
10112= x2 (Divide 2 on both sides)
x2= 50000000000
x= 2236068 (Square Root)
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
$poundCraquo
ACt) os Pe)(t Anampwect A(t) -s 200 (e)COUO)
A(b) os 402 gt 1 5
A(t) - 500G(Q)o ()(3S)
ACt) S I (c5Sll 2(0
A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
SOOO pCe)o1~ eOlltO eO2foshy
P lt0 logtL
Ellt onQtytcu forn to LO acdhYC Form AnampNer~ t 100 0 3 l G G otI 000J 0 - 2 ~ 0 0 I
0 9 LO 00 gt ~ og2 0 61 ~ ~ gt
5 4ampLOO) (o2~ ~
09sQ2~ Y
~WOO) Sl - ul1 ___ logs loY $ 2
tSOC) yq s 12
log 4q - 2
$ 200)
ltamp - 00)
ltamp(cpoundO
~~)
__ 1 000)
P -- SCo e An~Ne-y-~ ~ H s - 0 9) 5 )( 0 -3 M1 O-~ 2S2
l loA ~ - 09 CH ~J - l -
-l1lQJ 09[-1 tJS
Omiddotmiddot4lJII ~[H+J [- - 1~ 2 S 4 K 0 ~ S M
P l- S - tog [2 x 0 - 2 M1 ~H ~ 10
lt0 30 ~ _~[l-4 J - l - l
-lt0 30 09 [H 1 ]
0 -lo~G bull [H ~J - -II J s 0 gtlt 0 -1 1
~ - s - 0 9[3 1 x 0 -1 -1 )- ~ (0 3 PO - s L 0 - (0 I 4 3 ~ t S1
shy
Ye$YCO Y e2
l -1 2 ~lo 2
)( =111 e2t =-3S
2gtlt 13gt X - 103 5
2shy
S (000( (y ~hl74 ( ~A
A~6~middot eJ l
~l- e
2n lt0 - Y)liS nJcol - nl5
Y CO l 5
(6
~OOll Jn2tn~L2 e C(l 0 X - 2)
faA -- e 2shy
l b t _ Q~ 1 - ~__
Section 76 Natural Logarithms
bull The inverse or logarithmic of the exponential function y=ex is 10geY=x -+ logex=y
bull Natural logarithmic function is y=lnx
bull Use the same properties as logarithms
Example 1 Simplifying a Natural Logarithmic Expression 1) 31n 5
In 53 (Power Property)
In125
2) In 9 + In 2 In 9(2) (Product Property)
In 18
Example 2 Solving a Natural Logarithmic Equation 1) In x= 2
e2= x (Exponential Form)
x= e2
Check Answer
In e2 = 2
2=2
2) In 2x + In 3 = 2 In 2x(3) = 2 (Product Property)
In 6x= 2
e2= 6x (Put in Exponential Form)
x= e26 (Divide 6 on both sides to isolate x)
Check Answer
In 2(e26) + In 3= 2
1m 6e26 = 2 2=2
Example 3 Solving an Exponential Equation 1) eX=18
In eX= In 18 (In cancels out the e and isolates the x) x=ln18
2) e2x= 12
In e2x = In 12 (In cancels out the e and isolates the 2x) 2x = In 12 (Divide both sides by 2 to isolate the x)
x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
$poundCraquo
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A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
SOOO pCe)o1~ eOlltO eO2foshy
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x= (In 12)2
Example 4 Using Natural Logarithms A spacecraft can attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth if it reaches a velocity of 77 kms The formula for a rockets maximum velocity v in kilometers per second is v= -00098l + c In R The booster rocket fires for l seconds and the velocity of the exhaust is c kms The ratio of the mass of the rocket filled with fuel to its mass without fuel is R Suppose the rocket shown in the photo has a mass ratio of 25 a firing time of 100 s and an exhaust velocity as shown Can the spacecraft attain a stable orbit 300 km above Earth
Let R= 25 c= 28 and t= 100 Find v
v= -00098l + c In R (Use the formula) v= -00098(100) + 28 In 25 (Substitute) v= -00098 + 28(3219) v= 80
Spacecraft can attain a stable orbit
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
$poundCraquo
ACt) os Pe)(t Anampwect A(t) -s 200 (e)COUO)
A(b) os 402 gt 1 5
A(t) - 500G(Q)o ()(3S)
ACt) S I (c5Sll 2(0
A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
SOOO pCe)o1~ eOlltO eO2foshy
P lt0 logtL
Ellt onQtytcu forn to LO acdhYC Form AnampNer~ t 100 0 3 l G G otI 000J 0 - 2 ~ 0 0 I
0 9 LO 00 gt ~ og2 0 61 ~ ~ gt
5 4ampLOO) (o2~ ~
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tSOC) yq s 12
log 4q - 2
$ 200)
ltamp - 00)
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lt0 30 ~ _~[l-4 J - l - l
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shy
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2gtlt 13gt X - 103 5
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faA -- e 2shy
l b t _ Q~ 1 - ~__
Jeopardy
Exponential Vocabl Transfonnations A(t)=P(e)rt Exponential pH scale Properties of Solving Sollling Simplifying Growth
and Decay Vocabl Vocabl
Form to Logarithmic
Form
(pH= -log[H1 Logarithms Exponential Equations
of Different and
Common Bases
Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Equations
Natural Logarithmic Expressions
$200 Determine whether it is growth or
decay y=12(O95)X
Define Exponential
growth
y=2(X-4) p= $131 r-7
increase t= 10 years
Find A(t)
103=1000 What is the pH of a solution
with aW concentration of 15 x 10-3
M
What property is
used 101432-10942
How do you use your calculator doing this problem log8127
Use your calculator to evaluate e3
Inx=2
$400 Determine whether it is growth or
Define Change of
Base
y=3(x+5) p= $5000 r- 10
increase
625= 54 What is W concentration of a solution
What property is used
1094- log16
How do you use your calculator
What is the value of log832
4e2x+2=16
decay Formula t= 35 years with a pH of doing this y=025(2)X Find A(t) 461 problem
log536
$600 Determine whether it is growth or decay and state the
Define Logarithm
y=-13(3X) Suppose you won a contest at the start of 5th grade that
deposited $3000 in an
82= 64 What is the pH of a solution with anW
concentration of2x10-2 M
What are the properties used log x29
Use the change of
base formula to evaluate
the
What is the value of log42
In(x-3)2=4
y-intercept y=3(4X)
account that pays 5
annual interest compounded continuously How much will you hallein the account
expression log3 33
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
$poundCraquo
ACt) os Pe)(t Anampwect A(t) -s 200 (e)COUO)
A(b) os 402 gt 1 5
A(t) - 500G(Q)o ()(3S)
ACt) S I (c5Sll 2(0
A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
SOOO pCe)o1~ eOlltO eO2foshy
P lt0 logtL
Ellt onQtytcu forn to LO acdhYC Form AnampNer~ t 100 0 3 l G G otI 000J 0 - 2 ~ 0 0 I
0 9 LO 00 gt ~ og2 0 61 ~ ~ gt
5 4ampLOO) (o2~ ~
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tSOC) yq s 12
log 4q - 2
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Omiddotmiddot4lJII ~[H+J [- - 1~ 2 S 4 K 0 ~ S M
P l- S - tog [2 x 0 - 2 M1 ~H ~ 10
lt0 30 ~ _~[l-4 J - l - l
-lt0 30 09 [H 1 ]
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~ - s - 0 9[3 1 x 0 -1 -1 )- ~ (0 3 PO - s L 0 - (0 I 4 3 ~ t S1
shy
Ye$YCO Y e2
l -1 2 ~lo 2
)( =111 e2t =-3S
2gtlt 13gt X - 103 5
2shy
S (000( (y ~hl74 ( ~A
A~6~middot eJ l
~l- e
2n lt0 - Y)liS nJcol - nl5
Y CO l 5
(6
~OOll Jn2tn~L2 e C(l 0 X - 2)
faA -- e 2shy
l b t _ Q~ 1 - ~__
when you enter high
school 4 years later
$800 Suppose you invest $500 in
a savings account that pays 35
Define Natural
Logarithmic Function
y=3(2X) A student wants to save
$8000 for college in five years How
49= 72 What is the W concentration of a solution with a pH of
What are the properties used log
4xfy
How do you set up
IOg8127 using a common
What is the value of log4
87
21n15-ln75
annual interest How
much will be in the account
after 5 years
much should be put into an account that pays 52
annual interest compounded
continuously
630 base
$1000 Suppose you invest $500 in a savings
account that pays 35
annual interest
When will the account contain at
least $6507
Define Exponential Equation
y=5(025)+5 How long would it take to
double your principal in an account that pays 65
annual interest compounded
10-2= 001 What is the pOH ofa
solution with anW
concentration of 37 X 10-7
M (Hint Find the
pH and subtract from
14 to find pOH)
What are the
properties used 610g2
x+ 510g2 y
What is the answer for
log8127
What is the value of log5125
In2x+ln3=2
~ZCO)
t400)
cI ~ i) (gOO)
$poundCraquo
ACt) os Pe)(t Anampwect A(t) -s 200 (e)COUO)
A(b) os 402 gt 1 5
A(t) - 500G(Q)o ()(3S)
ACt) S I (c5Sll 2(0
A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
SOOO pCe)o1~ eOlltO eO2foshy
P lt0 logtL
Ellt onQtytcu forn to LO acdhYC Form AnampNer~ t 100 0 3 l G G otI 000J 0 - 2 ~ 0 0 I
0 9 LO 00 gt ~ og2 0 61 ~ ~ gt
5 4ampLOO) (o2~ ~
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tSOC) yq s 12
log 4q - 2
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A(t) - 500G(Q)o ()(3S)
ACt) S I (c5Sll 2(0
A( ) 005(4) t 3000(2)r
ACt) 3lc (04 2l
8000 PCe)O052(S)
SOOO pCe)o1~ eOlltO eO2foshy
P lt0 logtL
Ellt onQtytcu forn to LO acdhYC Form AnampNer~ t 100 0 3 l G G otI 000J 0 - 2 ~ 0 0 I
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log 4q - 2
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