Unit 8: Meteorology · Air pressure High vs. low-pressure systems Wind Land breeze and sea breezes...

Unit 8: Meteorology

How is Earth’s weather influenced by different atmospheric variables?

How can we predict weather?

Regent’s Earth Science

Ms. Martino

Name: ____________________________________

2 Regents Earth ScienceMs. Martino

Topics

Weather

Structure of Earth’s atmosphere

Air Temperature

Air pressure

High vs. low-pressure systems

Wind

Land breeze and sea breezes

Global Winds

Moisture in atmosphere

Relative Humidity and Dew Point

Condensation and Precipitation

Synoptic weather maps

Station Models

Air masses

Weather fronts

Hazardous Weather and Emergency Preparedness


Meteorology Need to Know Facts

1. A barometer measures air pressure

2. Air pressure or barometric pressure is caused by weight of the air

3. An anemometer measures wind speed

4. Wind is named for the direction it comes from

5. Wind is caused by differences in air pressure, H L

6. Isobars close together indicate a fast wind speed --- far apart, calm winds

7. The weather in a high is / happy, nice, high and dry (sunny no precipitation)

8. The weather in a low is / lousy, bad, wet (cloudy and precipitation)

9. Cold air is high pressure because the molecules are close together, and weighs more

10. Hot air is low pressure because the molecules are far apart, and there is mad room for water

11. The circulation around a low pressure system is / CLICC, (Cyclone, Low-pressure, Inward, Counter Clockwise)

12. The circulation around a high pressure system is / AHOC (Anticyclone. High-pressure, Outward, Clockwise)

13. Sea Breeze / daytime, land is hot (Low Pressure), ocean is cold (High Pressure) winds go H L

14. Land breeze occurs at / night and is the exact opposite of the conditions above

15. Coriolis effect / winds and ocean currents deflected due to Earth’s rotation

16. Sling psychrometer has a wet and dry bulb to measure dew point and relative humidity

17. The closer air temperature is to the dew point the greater the chance of precipitation

18. Dewpoint temperature is the temperature at which the air is saturated (filled) with water

19. Relative humidity is the percent of water in the air

20. 100 % relative humidity = precipitation, clouds, and/or fog

21. Warm air is capable of holding more water vapor than cold air

22. Clouds form when warm, moist air rises, expands, cools, & condenses (at the dew point!)

23. Cloud droplets form on tiny dust particles in the air called condensation nuclei

24. Weather systems in the US usually move from west to east (with a hook to the NE)

25. The 500 rule says pressure over 500 add a 9, below 500 add a 10, and always add a decimal

26. Fronts occur where air masses meet, precipitation likely.

27. Behind a cold front air is cold and dry (cP)

28. Behind a warm front air is warm and moist (mT)

29. At the cold front air is very unstable, thunderstorm occur (short, heavy rain)

30. In front of a warm front air is stable long, drizzle occurs (long, light rain)

31. Hurricanes form over warm oceans in summer and autumn

32. Hurricanes lose strength as they move over land or cool water

33. To prepare for a hurricane: prepare an escape (evacuation) route, learn first aid, tape or board up windows, store

up food, water and candles

34. Tornadoes are short lived (a minute or less) and small in size – prepare by going to the basement


The Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere

Weather affects our lives each day; what we wear, where we go, do we have school or not? Every decision can

be affected by the weather. We ask the meteorologist to forecast (predict) the weather; sometimes they are

right and sometimes they are wrong. Forecasting the weather is not an easy task.

Weather – ___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Meteorology – ________________________________________________________________

Changes in weather are due to ________________ _________________ of land masses, oceans,

and the atmosphere

o _________ latitudes on earth receive ___________ sunlight. (_______ intense)

o _________ latitudes receive _____________ sunlight. (_______ intense)

Where does all weather on Earth? _________________________________________

The Origin of the Atmosphere

1. The gases that made up our early atmosphere likely came

from volcanoes through the process of

_________________________________.

2. Large amounts of _____________________ from

these volcanoes eventually condensed to form the oceans.

3. The first life forms converted carbon dioxide into oxygen

to form our modern atmosphere.

Today’s Atmosphere

1. Today’s atmosphere (troposphere) is made

mostly of what two gases?

_______________________

_______________________


Directions: Fill in the layers of the atmosphere, interfaces and answer the questions below.

Questions:

1. What is the temperature of the atmosphere at an altitude of 80 kilometers? _____________

2. What layer(s) of the atmosphere can the temperature be -75ºC? _____________________

3. What is the altitude of the tropopause? ______________________________________

4. What is the temperature range of the mesosphere? ______________________________

5. What layer of the atmosphere is the O-Zone found in? ____________________________

6. What is the function of the O-Zone layer? ____________________________________

7. Which statement most accurately describes the Earth's atmosphere?

a. The atmosphere is layered, with each layer possessing distinct characteristics.

b. The atmosphere is a shell of gases surrounding most of the Earth.

c. The atmosphere's altitude is less than the depth of the ocean.

d. The atmosphere is more dense than the hydrosphere but less dense than the lithosphere.

8. What do the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause all have in common?

a. Each is a point of maximum temperature in its layer of the atmosphere.

b. Each is an interface between two layers of the atmosphere.

c. Each is a region of increasing pressure within the atmosphere.

d. Each is a zone of decreasing water vapor content within the atmosphere.

“Pause” – the ___________________

(boundary) between layers is called a “pause” and

determined by where the

____________________ trend changes


Air Temperature

Temperature – ____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Instrument used to measure temperature: ____________________________

Temperature is shown on a weather map with: _____________________

Temperatures on earth following a ________________ pattern (easily predicted).

Temperature is measured in:

________________________

________________________

________________________

ESRT page ______ - “Temperature”

Convert the following temperatures

Fahrenheit (°F) Celsius (°C) Kelvin (K)

20

70

260

60

40

290

Fahrenheit (°F) Celsius (°C) Kelvin (K)

Water boils

Water Freezes

Body Temperature

Room temperature

Tem

per

atu

re

Time of Day

Sun

rise

Sun

set

NO

ON

Tem

per

atu

re

Time of Year

Jan

uar

y

Dec

emb

er

Jun

e

Northern Hemisphere

Tem

pe

ratu

re

Time of Year

Jan

uar

y

Dec

emb

er

Jun

e

Southern Hemisphere


Air Pressure

Air Pressure – ________________________________________________________________

Sometimes called: ____________________________________, or

___________________________________

Instrument used to measure pressure: ____________________________

Pressure is shown on a weather map with: _________________________

Factors affecting pressure:

Changes in air pressure, depend on ______________, ______________ and ______________.

As the air pressure pushes on the surface of the mercury in the

dish, the mercury travels up the tube.

As pressure increases, the mercury rises higher in the tube

o ___________ air sinks – causes ___________ pressure

When pressure decreases, the mercury sinks out of the tube

o __________ air rises – causes ____________ pressure

Pressure is measured in:

_____________________

_____________________

ESRT page _______ “Pressure” - Convert the following pressures

Inches of Hg Millibars

29.06

29.94

30.50

29.44

Inches of Hg Millibars

1011.0

1021.0

1035.0

991.0

Tem

per

atu

re

Pressure

Alt

itu

de

Pressure

Hu

mid

ity

Pressure

Normal pressure at sea level is ______ atmosphere and is equal to:

________ millibars and _______ inches of Hg


High vs. Low Air Pressure

Air Pressure - ____________________________________________________________

Air is a mixture of gases with molecules that are fast moving and far apart

Air pressure __________________________ as you decrease your elevation

Air pressure __________________________ as you increase your elevation

Characteristics of Low Pressure zones:

Also called: ____________________

Air temperature: __________________

Air ___________.

_________________ form.

Surface wind directions:

o ___________________________

o ___________________________

Remember: CLICC

Characteristics of High Pressure zones:

Also called: ______________________

Air Temperature: _____________

Air ____________.

No ___________.

Surface wind direction:

o ________________________

o ________________________

Remember: AHOC

L

H


Wind

Wind – ______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Winds are caused by the ______________ ________________ of Earth

o Land vs. Water: __________________________________________

o Latitude: ______________________________________________

o Color/texture: ___________________________________________

Winds always blow from regions of ___________ to ___________ pressure

o Instrument used to measure wind direction: ______________________

Wind speed is determined by pressure gradient – ____________________

_________________________________________________________

The bigger the pressure gradient, the ________________ the wind.

The smaller the pressure gradient, the ______________ the wind.

o Instrument used to measure wind speed: _______________________

o Wind speed in measured in: ____________ and _________________

Isobars close together = ________ wind Isobars far apart = ________ wind

**Remember**

Changes in air pressure cause wind movement, so the

lines on this map are called: _________________

Label the region of high and low pressure on the

map.


Practice Regents Questions:

1. The diagram below represents a section of a

weather map showing high- and low-pressure

systems. The lines represent isobars.

At which point is the windspeed greatest? _____

How do you know? ______________________

___________________________________

2. Winds are blowing from high-pressure to low-pressure systems over identical ocean surfaces. Which

diagram represents the area of greatest windspeed? [Arrows indicate wind direction.]

3. Which map best represents the surface wind pattern associated with high-pressure and low-pressure

systems in the Northern Hemisphere?

4. Within a low-pressure system, the probability of precipitation is high because the air is generally

a. dry and rising

b. dry and sinking

c. moist and rising

d. moist and sinking

5. On the map to the right, draw two additional isobars

around the outside of the 1000-mb isobar in a way that

indicates that the strongest winds are west of the low-

pressure center.

A B C D

A B C D


Land Breezes vs Sea Breezes

Sea Breeze – cool breeze from water to land

during the daytime

Land heats ______________ than water

(__________ specific heat)

The air over land to become less

__________ and ___________

Cool air over _____________ moves in to

replace the rising warm air

Wind blows from ________ to ________

Land Breeze – cool breeze from the land to

water at night

Land cools more ____________ than

water (lower specific heat)

The air over the land to becomes

________ dense and _____________

Warm air over the water __________

(less dense)

Cooler, dense air replaces the risen warm

air over the water

Wind blows from _______ to _______

Heat is circulating through

____________________________ currents.


Global Winds

Coriolis Effect – _______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Winds are deflected to the _______________ in the ________________ hemisphere

Winds are deflected to the ______________ in the ________________ hemisphere

High Pressure Low Pressure

Temperature

Air Rising or Sinking

Clouds or no clouds

Clockwise or Counterclockwise

Converging (inward) or diverging

(outward) winds

Precipitation or no Precipitation

Draw the arrows to show the

wind direction around the areas

of high and low pressure.

H

L

Planetary winds: ESRT page _______

Due the Coriolis effect, winds moving away

from a high-pressure zone are deflected.

This results in planetary wind belts where

winds generally blow in one direction –

___________________________

Fill in the diagram to the right.

1. Draw the wind arrows illustrating the direction

and deflection.

2. Label the areas that would be wet or dry.

3. Label the areas that would be high pressure or

low pressure.



1. The cross section to the right shows a sea breeze

blowing from the ocean toward the land. The air

pressure at the land surface is 1013 millibars. The

air pressure at the ocean surface a few miles from

the shore is most likely

a. 994 mb

b. 1005 mb

c. 1013 mb

d. 1017 mb

2. Why are most beaches often considerably cooler than nearby inland locations on hot summer

afternoons?

a. A land breeze develops due to the lower specific heat of water and the higher specific heat of

land.

b. A sea breeze develops due to the higher specific heat of water and the lower specific heat of land.

c. The beaches are closer to the Equator than the inland locations are.

d. The beaches are farther from the Equator than the inland locations are.

3. In the Northern Hemisphere, planetary winds deflect to the

a. right, due to the Coriolis effect

b. right, due to the Doppler effect

c. left, due to the Coriolis effect

d. left, due to the Doppler effect

4. Wind moves from regions of

a. high temperature toward regions of low temperature

b. high pressure toward regions of low pressure

c. high precipitation toward regions of low precipitation

d. high humidity toward regions of low humidity

5. A high-pressure center is generally characterized by

a. cool, wet weather

b. cool, dry weather

c. warm, wet weather

d. warm, dry weather


Moisture in the Atmosphere

Water Vapor – ________________________________________________________________

Water enters the atmosphere through _____________________ and ____________________

As temperature increases, the amount of water vapor the air can hold

_______________.

Saturation – when the air _____________________________

________________________________________________

o Saturation occurs when the rate of ____________________

is equal to the rate of _________________________

Factors affecting rate of Evaporation:

1. Temperature – as temperature increases, the rate of evaporation _______________ (T ↑ = Evap ↑)

2. Humidity – as humidity increases, the rate of evaporation __________________ (H ↑ = Evap ↓)

3. Wind – as wind increases, the rate of evaporation _____________________ (W ↑ = Evap ↑)

4. Surface Area – as surface area increases, rate of evaporation _________________ (SA ↑ = Evap ↑)

Humidity – __________________________________________________________________

Absolute Humidity – the actual amount of water vapor in the air

Relative Humidity (%) – ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

o Always given as a ______________________ (%)

o For example: 50% relative humidity means… the air is holding _________ of the water vapor

that it is ______________ of holding.

o 100% relative humidity means… the air is holding _________ of the water vapor that it can

hold. In other words, the air is ______________________.

Instruments used to measure relative humidity:

Wat

er

Vap

or

ho

ldin

g ca

pac

ity

Temperature


Changes in Relative Humidity

Relative humidity will change with a change in air temperature:

If the amount of water stays the same, but the temperature decreases, the relative

humidity will _____________________ because the water fills up the

smaller space of air.

If the amount of water stays the same, but the temperature increases, the relative

humidity will ____________________ because the water does not fill up the

larger space of air.

Relative Humidity will change with a change in moisture content:

If the moisture content of the air increases and

the temperature remains the same, the relative

humidity will increase

Rel

ativ

e H

um

idit

y

Temperature

Rel

ativ

e H

um

idit

y

Moisture

Water vapor

Warm air

moisture capacity

Cold air moisture

capacity

The warm air has the capacity

to hold more water vapor:

R.H. = __________ %

Air temp. = 70oF

The cold air is holding as

much water vapor as it can:

R.H. = __________ %

Air temp. = 50oF

R.H. = __________ %

Air temp. = 70oF

R.H. = __________ %

Air temp. = 70oF

At what time of the day is the relative humidity

highest? ___________

Is the air temperature high or low? _________

At what time of the day is the relative humidity

lowest? ____________

Is the air temperature high or low? __________


Determining Relative Humidity and Dew Point Temperatures

Dew Point Temperature – _______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Depends on: ____________________________________________________

When the air temperature and dew point temperature are the same, the air is

_____________________ and _______________________ will take place.

Instrument used to measure dew point temperature: ___________________________ or

___________________________

Parts of a psychrometer:

Dry Bulb – ______________________________________________________________

Wet Bulb – ______________________________________________________________

o When the cloth is moistened, and the psychrometer is spun, the temperature of the wet bulb

_____________ because of the ________________ effect of ____________________

o The amount of cooling depends upon how ____________ evaporation occurs (which depends

on how dry the air is)

***The web-bulb temperature is always ________________ than the dry-bulb.***

Wet-Bulb Depression – ____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


Calculating Relative Humidity and Dew Point Temperature

“Dew point Temperature” and” Relative Humidity” charts in ESRT on page ________.

When given the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures, you can determine the dew point temperature and relative

humidity by following the directions below.

Example 1: If the dry bulb temperature is 24°C and the wet bulb

is 20°C, find the dew point temperature and the relative humidity.

Dew point:

Determine the difference between dry bulb and wet bulb.

Dry bulb _______________ **

Wet bulb _______________

Difference ______________ **

Using the Dew point Temperature chart, find the dry bulb temperature on the dew point chart (left side) and

the difference between the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures (top).

o Match these places within the chart. What is the Dew Point Temperature? __________ °C

Relative Humidity:

Same as dew point, except use the Relative Humidity chart. Find the dry bulb temperature on the relative

humidity chart (left side) and the difference between the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures (top).

o Match these places within the chart. What is the Relative Humidity? __________ %

Example 2: Find the relative humidity and dew point temperature when the dry bulb temperature is 14°C and

the wet bulb temperature is 9°C.

Dry bulb _______________ ** What is the Dew Point Temperature? _________ °C

Wet bulb _______________

Difference ______________ ** What is the Relative Humidity? ________ %


Fill in the following table: Be careful! Make sure you are using the correct chart.

Dry-Bulb

Temperature

(°C)

Wet-Bulb

Temperature

(°C)

Difference

between Dry-Bulb

and Wet Bulb

Dew Point

Temperature

(°C)

Relative

Humidity (%)

1 12 7

2 22 20

3 4 4

4 10 3

5 26 6

6 -8 -18

7 28 31

8 4 66

9 19 19

10 -9 -10

1. When the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures are very similar, what do you notice about the humidity?

______________________________________________________________________

2. In which example above, would you expect there to be precipitation? _____________

3. What is the relative humidity if the dry bulb is 20°C and the wet bulb depression (difference between

wet and dry bulb) is 6? ___________________

4. What is the relative humidity if the dew point temperature is 6°C and the wet bulb depression is 1?

________

5. What is the dew point temperature if the wet bulb depression is 6 and the relative humidity is 61%?

________

6. A student used a sling psychrometer to measure the humidity of the air. If the relative humidity was

65% and the dry-bulb temperature was 10°C, what was the wet-bulb temperature? _____________


Condensation

Clouds – _____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

For clouds to form, there must be:

o ____________________________________

o ____________________________________

o ____________________________________ (ex. Dust, pollen, ash)

R.E.C.C. = _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________

Cloud formation leads to ________________________

o Examples: __________________________________

What does precipitation do for the environment? ____________________

Instrument that measures precipitation: _________________________


Daily Change of Temperature and Dew Point Temperature

1. The lowest temperature occurred at which time of day? ___________________________

2. At what time(s) did the air temperature equal dew point? ______________________

a. When this happens, the relative humidity is _________________.

3. The highest relative humidity occurred at what time? ____________________________

4. The highest air temperature occurred about what time? ___________________________

5. The lowest relative humidity occurred at about what time? ________________________

6. According to the graph, what happens to relative humidity as the air temperature increases?

_________________________________________________________________

7. What is the relative humidity when the air temperature equals the dew point temperature?

_________________________________________________________________

8. Condensation is most likely to occur at approximately what time? ____________________

9. At approximately what time was the rate of evaporation the highest? __________________

a. Why? ________________________________________________________

10. The greatest change in air temperature occurred during the time period from:

_________________________________________________________________



1. Which atmospheric condition will cause the greatest amount of evaporation from the surface of a lake? a. calm, dry, cold b. moist, cold, windy c. calm, moist, hot d. dry, hot, windy

2. The rate of evaporation from the surface of a lake would be increased by

a. a decrease in wind velocity b. a decrease in the amount of insolation c. an increase in the surface area of the lake d. an increase in the moisture content of the air

3. Which event is a direct result of transpiration and evaporation?

a. The atmosphere warms. b. Cloud cover decreases. c. Moisture enters the atmosphere. d. Moisture leaves the atmosphere.

4. Which statement best explains how atmospheric dust particles influence the water cycle?

a. Dust particles are the main source of dissolved salts in the sea. b. Dust particles increase the capacity of the atmosphere to hold water vapor. c. Dust particles increase the amount of evaporation that takes place. d. Dust particles provide surfaces on which water vapor can condense.

5. By which process are clouds, dew, and fog formed?

a. condensation b. evaporation c. precipitation d. melting

6. The change from the vapor phase to the liquid phase is called

a. evaporation b. condensation c. precipitation d. transpiration

Base your answer to the next 2 questions on the diagram to the right, which represents water molecules attached to salt and dust particles within a cloud in the atmosphere.

7. Explain why salt and dust particles are important in cloud formation. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

8. State one natural process that causes large amounts of dust to enter Earth’s atmosphere. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________


Station Models

Synoptic Weather Map – ________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Station Model – _______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Weather Variables – ___________________________________________________________

The station model depicts current weather conditions, cloud cover, wind speed, wind direction,

visibility, temperature, dew point temperature, atmospheric pressure, and the change in pressure over

the last three hours.

All weather variables are located in specific places on the station model and are given in symbolic form

without the units (to keep the station model easy to read)

ESRT page _________ - “Key to Weather Map Symbols”

Next to each arrow, identify the weather variable being represented on the station model.

Temperature and Dew Point are always given in ________

Winds always blow along the “stick” toward the center of the station

Cloud cover:

0% cloud cover

Clear skies

___% cloud cover

partly cloudy skies

___% cloud cover

partly cloudy skies

___% cloud cover

mostly cloudy skies

___% cloud cover

overcast skies


Pressure on the Station Model

Air Pressure and Barometric trend are always coded on the station model.

Decoding Pressures from Station Models:

1. Insert a decimal point…

2. Add a “9” in front if the pressure is greater than 500

OR

3. Add a “10” in front of the number if it is less than 500.

= ___________ mb = ___________ mb

Encoding Pressures to write Station Models:

1. Remove the decimal point…

2. Record the last 3 digits.

Let’s try some examples:

1013.5 mb = 956.7 mb =

The Barometric Trend:

+ 19 / 19 means the pressure has changed by 1.9 mb

+ means pressure was higher than 3 hrs ago / means the pressure is currently rising

- means pressure was lower than 3 hrs ago \ means the pressure is currently falling

Now? _______________________ Now? _______________________

3 hours ago? __________________ 3 hours ago? _________________

720 320


Reading Station Models

Constructing Station Models


Air Masses

Air Mass -

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Source Region -

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

An air mass will take on the characteristics of the surface over which it forms (source region).

“Types of Air Masses” - ESRT page ___________

Map Symbol Stand for… Type of Weather

cP

cT

mP

mT

cA


Weather Fronts

Front – ______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

When two unlike air masses ____________, a weather front is created.

Types of Air Fronts:

1. Cold Front – ____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Cold air is __________ and stays near the ____________

Cold air forces the _________ dense warm air the _________ over the denser cold air

______________________ occurs along the frontal boundary at the surface

Narrow band of heavy rain and __________________________

2. Warm Front – ___________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Warm, ________ dense air is forced to rise over the top of the ________, more dense air

Precipitation occurs before the frontal boundary at the surface

Wide band of _______________, all day showers

Map Symbol

Cross Section View:

Map Symbol

Cross Section View:


3. Stationary Front – ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Precipitation occurs in a wide band along the front at the surface

Steady/heavy rain

4. Occluded Front – _________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Precipitation occurs in a wide band before and along the front

Steady, all day rains followed by heavy rain/thunderstorms

Air fronts are always associated with low pressure

systems:

Label where the Low-Pressure center is located.

Draw the surface wind directions to show the

movement of air around the low-pressure center.

Write the air-mass symbols to indicate the most

likely location of the continental polar and

maritime tropical air masses.

Lightly shade the region where precipitation

is occurring.

Map Symbol

Cross Section View:

Map Symbol

Cross Section View:


Practice Regents Questions

Base your answer on the weather map of North America below. The

map shows the location of a front and the air mass influencing its

movement.

1. Which type of front and frontal movement is shown on the

weather map?

a. cold front moving northwestward

b. cold front moving southeastward

c. warm front moving northwestward

d. warm front moving southeastward

2. Which region is the probable source of the air mass labeled cP on the map?

a. central Canada

b. southwestern United States

c. North Atlantic Ocean

d. Gulf of Mexico

3. The cP air mass is identified on the basis of its temperature and

a. wind direction

b. cloud cover

c. moisture content

d. windspeed

Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the cross section

below, which shows a typical cold front moving over Florida

in early summer.

4. Explain why the warm, moist air is rising at the

frontal boundary. ________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

5. State one process that causes clouds to form in this rising air.

________________________________________________________________

6. Identify the most likely geographic source region for the mT and cP air masses shown in the cross

section.

mT: _____________________________ cP: _________________________


7. On the frontal boundary line on the weather map

provided to the right, draw the weather front symbol

to represent the front moving toward the southeast.

8. On the weather map, place an X centered on the

geographic region that was most likely the source of

the warm, moist (mT) air mass.

9. On the weather map provided below place the proper front symbols on lines AB, BC, and BD. Place the

front symbols on the correct side of each line to show the direction of front movement.

Line AB is an occluded front.

Line BC is a cold front.

Line BD is a warm front.

10. Other than low pressure, state two weather

conditions associated with a low-pressure

center. ________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

11. Describe the general surface wind pattern

associated with the low-pressure system.

_____________________________

_____________________________

12. Compared to a maritime tropical air mass, a continental polar air mass is

a. cooler and contains less moisture

b. cooler and contains more moisture

c. warmer and contains less moisture

d. warmer and contains more moisture


Hazardous Weather

Prevailing Westerlies – The winds over the United

States, blow weather systems from the

_______________ to the ______________.

Jet Stream – very fast ___________ that

flow in the __________________

______________________.

Thunderstorms – form from uplifting warm air

associated with ____________________ fronts

Located in inland regions

Produce heavy __________, ___________,

__________, thunder and lightning

As the thunderstorm cloud reaches higher altitudes, the

temperatures continue to ___________________ and the

probability to produce hail ____________________.

To have 100% probably of hail, the thunderstorm cloud must

extend into the ______________________.

On the weather map station model, use

the correct symbols and proper format

to indicate the six weather conditions

shown in the table.

Emergency preparedness:

How could humans protect themselves from harm if a severe hail warning is issued for their location?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

How could people protect themselves from lightning? ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


Blizzards – winter _________________________ that produce heavy snow and restricted

_______________ along with high windspeeds greater than __________ mph.

Coastal regions are hit with big blizzards because large quantities of _____________ are transported

from the ______________ ocean.

Locations such as Buffalo and Syracuse are downwind from the ___________________________

which creates “lake-effect snow storms”.

Lake Effect Snow – _______________ winds

move across the relatively ___________ great

lakes and pick up __________________.

_______, ________ air is

______________ over the Tug Hill

Plateau where it snows due to the

____________________ effect.

As air rises, it ___________ leading to

more _________________________.

If the water freezes… how why would snowfall amounts be less? ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


Describe actions that people could take to prepare for a forecasted lake-effect snowstorm.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

How would New York State prepare for an approaching ice storm? ________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

The water in the Great Lakes freezes

much later in winter than the

surrounding land, because water has a

__________________________

compared to land.


Tornadoes – a rapidly rotating _________-pressure funnel associated with strong

__________________ and ____________ fronts in the spring

Very narrow: 100 ft – 1 mile in diameter

Produce winds up to _________ mph

Last for a few minutes to an hour

Very little ____________ time.


A tornado warning is issued for a location in the area labeled Tornado Alley. What safety precautions should be

taken to avoid possible injury from this tornado?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

1. Explain why all the tornadoes moved toward the

northeast. ____________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

2. Describe the air movement most likely found within

these tornadoes. ________________________

___________________________________

3. Most of these tornadoes occurred with

thunderstorms along cold fronts. Identify the water

cycle process that forms clouds along cold fronts.

________________________


Hurricanes – _______-pressure _______________ storm that starts in

the western Atlantic Ocean in the late _________ into early ___________.

The sun heats up the ocean water, especially near the ____________.

By the end of the ___________, ocean temperatures reach high 80’s.

A thunderstorm that forms westward off the coast of Africa will move

into the __________________ and continue to grow, by gaining

energy from ____________________ warm ocean waters.

Storm Surge – ___________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

o Hurricanes will cause __________________ along coastal areas, which is the cause for the

greatest amount of damage.

As hurricanes move over ________________, they lose the energy from the ______________

and begin to decrease in size and strength.

Hurricanes are classified using the _____________________________________________.

The arrows on the map show the tracks of various

hurricanes. State one reason why most hurricane

paths curve northeastward as hurricanes move

north of 30° N latitude. ___________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Describe emergency preparations humans could

take to prepare for a hurricane warning in their

region. ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________


Monsoons

Monsoon – _______________ ________________ of the overall ________ patterns for an area.

Caused by: ____________________________________________________________

Summer

Land heats up _________ than water because it has a

__________ specific heat.

Air temperature over land: _____________

o Air pressure over land: ______________

Air temperature over water: ______________

o Air pressure over water: _____________

Wind will blow from ____________ to

___________ bring large quantities of water from the

Indian Ocean.

Summer monsoon winds = ________________

Winter

Land cools down __________ than water because it has

a ____________ specific heat.

Air temperature over land: _______________

o Air pressure over land: _____________

Air temperature over water: _______________

o Air pressure over water: ____________

Wind will blow from ___________ to

_____________ bringing very dry air over the

Indian Ocean.

Winter Monsson winds = _________________


El Niño–Southern Oscillation

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) – ______________ variations in the __________ patterns

and ocean ______________________ over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean.

Occurs at intervals of ________ to ________ years.

Lasts from ________ months to _________ years.

Normal Conditions:

______________ Eastern trades winds.

Results in the ocean currents to from ________________ to __________________.

o Indonesia: _________________ and ________________ weather conditions

o South American: ________________ and ________________ weather conditions

El Niño Conditions:

_______________ Eastern trade winds

Results in the ocean current to switch direction: flows ________________ to _______________.

o Indonesia: __________________ and ________________ weather conditions

o South America: ________________ and ________________ (winter) weather conditions

How does an El Niño year affect the Northeastern United States? __________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

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Unit 8: Meteorology · Air pressure High vs. low-pressure systems Wind Land breeze and sea breezes...

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