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Unit 9 (packet #2): Volcanoes and Earthquakes
13. Earthquakes are one of the most destructive natural forces. I can…
a. Explain what an earthquake is, where they occur and why they occur. b. Describe the anatomy of an earthquake using terms such as focus and epicenter. c. Compare and contrast the various types of seismic waves (P, S, love and Rayleigh) in terms of their
speed, types of materials they can move through, and how they affect the rock they are moving through.
d. Explain how studying the change in speed and direction of seismic waves is useful to scientists in studying Earth’s layers.
e. Describe what a shadow zone is and why they occur. 14. The study of earthquakes is called seismology. I can…
a. Explain how scientists determine the distance to an epicenter by analyzing the arrival times of the P and S waves.
b. Explain why scientists must use data from three different recording stations to determine the distance to an earthquakes epicenter.
15. When earthquakes strike, they can leave behind a significant path of destruction. In addition, earthquakes can be a trigger of other significant natural disasters such as volcanoes and tsunamis. I can…
a. Name and describe the three scales used to measure earthquakes (richter, moment magnitude, and mercalli) and how they differ.
b. Describe the degree of destruction that occurs when given a rating on the mercalli scale. c. Describe the potential dangers of earthquakes such as tsunamis and damage to buildings. d. List safety precautions to take before, during and after an earthquake. e. Describe how scientists predict future earthquakes by studying seimic gaps, foreshocks, changes in rock
and gas venting.
Earthquakes Name/Hr: ______
Earthquake:
Cause:
FAULT: Fracture in the Earth where movement has occurred
FOCUS:
___________________: Energy released from an EQ goes in all directions
Remember- Waves carry energy, not matter. Energy is traveling!
EPICENTER:
Earthquake Waves:
Name Motion Speed Picture/Reminder Other Facts
Body Waves
Surface Waves
Measuring Earthquakes
Richter Scale Moment Magnitude Mercalli
Measures based on
Scale Used
Causes of EQs: ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY:
Why is it called Elastic Rebound Theory?
AFTERSHOCK
What instrument is used to measure an earthquake?
(KWAT Activity)
Locating Earthquakes
Lag time:
Need stations because
(Include a picture here)
Tsunamis:
Defined as: _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
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Japanese Earthquake, Tsunami Killed 19,000 People March 12, 2013; 6:00 PM
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In this photo taken Thursday, March 1, 2012, a worker stands amid abandoned cars damaged by the March 11 tsunami in Minamisanriku, Miyagi Prefecture, northeastern Japan. (AP Photo/Shizuo Kambayashi)
The second anniversary of the major earthquake that sparked a massive tsunami near Japan was at 12:46 a.m. EST on March 11. Even two years after the tragedy, parts of Japan are still trying to recover.
The earthquake itself was a 9.0 magnitude that occurred just off the east coast of Japan at a depth of about 20 miles, according to the USGS. The 9.0 magnitude quake is tied for the fourth strongest earthquake dating back to the year 1900. Following this quake, there have been hundreds of after shocks rating higher than 4.5 magnitude.
This powerful quake resulted in an equally powerful tsunami that struck the eastern coastline of Japan. A research team from Yokohama National University and University of Tokyo estimated the tsunami reached a maximum run-up height of 127 feet near Miyako, becoming the highest such report since records began in Japan. The tsunami measured over 20 feet in many locations along the Japanese coastline, while areas as far away as Chile and the United states reported a tsunami surge over 6 feet.
RELATED: Tsunami Debris Litters Alaska Coast; Clean Up Funds Insufficient
The death toll in Japan from this disaster was near 19,000, according to the Associated Press. A large majority of the fatalities occurred due to drowning following the tsunami.
A fishing boat washed ashore by the March 11, 2011 tsunami sits in a deserted port area in Kesennuma, Miyagi prefecture, northeastern Japan, at dawn on Monday, March 11, 2013. Japan is marking the second anniversary of its earthquake, tsunami and nuclear catastrophe. (AP Photo/Koji Ueda)
Damages from the earthquake and tsunami are still being assessed with estimates well into the tens of billions of dollars. The Japanese National Police Agency reported that over 150,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami. Tohoku Electric Power reported nearly 4.4 million households were without power for at least some time following the quake and tsunami.
According to the Japan Times, nearly 10 percent of Japanese fishing ports were damaged or destroyed by the tsunami.
The other main story to come from the earthquake and tsunami was the meltdown of a reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, which occurred when the tsunami crashed over the tsunami wall and inundated parts of the facility.
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From the Readings
What are 3 Ways to reduce damage and save lives?
1. 2. 3.
Where are the Risk areas in the United States?
Describe each of the Possible Damage from an Earthquake
Shaking
Liquefaction
Aftershocks
Tsunami
What can be done to Buildings to protect them from the effects of Earthquakes?
Critical Thinking Questions:
1. Where was the earthquake epicenter?
2. What proof do you have that this is the epicenter?
3. Compare your epicenter with that of two other people. Are they different? Are they the same?.
4. Why are there similarities and differences?
5. Do you think this is a very precise method of locating an earthquake epicenter? Why or why not?
6. Do you think this is a very precise method of judging the severity of the earthquake? Why or why not?
7. What are the differences between using the Mercalli and the Richter scales?
LAB
Create the safest 3 story structure (yes, 3 complete stories) you can using mini-marshmallows and toothpicks. You will be ‘charged’ for materials, so plan carefully to be cost efficient and safe. To pass inspection, your building must measure to be at least 5 inches high and stand on its own. Your structure will experience a major Earthquake during class (the shake table). You will be scored based on:
Materials cost
Toothpicks $2 each (subtract $2 for each toothpick used)
Marshmallows $1 each (subtract $1 for each marshmallows used)
~No, you don’t really have to pay me, this is pretend.
Time withstanding vibrations: Earn $2 each second up to 10 seconds
Earn $3 each second after 11-25 seconds
~No, you will not be paid, this is pretend.
Winners based on highest profit!!!
# of toothpicks used _____ * $2 = -_______
# of marshmallows _____ * $3 = -_______
Standing time during vibrations _____seconds = +$______
Total profit! = _____________
While you are waiting:
Create a print advertisement for an “Earthquake proof” home builder. Include short explanations of your modifications and how they help the home survive quakes. *And create a slogan/jingle for your company/building. Keep in mind where the builder is most likely to use the advertisement, and plan accordingly. Use color to complete your drawing. (optional)
*Include at least 8 modifications to the home or home set-up.
SLOGAN:
Modifications:
