Unit II: (600 B.C.E-600 C.E.) The Persian Empire-Empire established by Cyrus in the 6 th century B.C.E.; overthrown by Alexander the Great in the 4 th century B.C.E. -Divided into twenty provinces by Darius I -Employed satraps, or go vernors, to supervise each province -The farther a province was from the ce nter of the empire, the more auto nomy the satrap had -One of their most important duties was to collect and send tribute to the k ing -Allowed subjects to keep their native traditions and culture -The king became an aloof figure of majesty and splendor and kept a large entourage Greece-At this time, Greece consisted of hundreds o f independent political entities -A polis, or city-state, consisted of an urban center and the rural territory that it co ntrolled -Each polis was fiercely jealous of its independence and suspicious of its neighbors, and t his state of mind lead to frequent conflict -Greek warfare was waged by hoplites -heavily armored infantrymen who fought in close formation:
Unit II: (600 B.C.E-600 C.E.) The Persian Empire -Empire established by Cyrus in the 6
thcentury B.C.E.; overthrown by Alexander the Great in
the 4th century B.C.E.
-Divided into twenty provinces by Darius I-Employed satraps, or governors, to supervise each province
-The farther a province was from the center of the empire, the more autonomy the satrap had-One of their most important duties was to collect and send tribute to the king
-Allowed subjects to keep their native traditions and culture-The king became an aloof figure of majesty and splendor and kept a large entourage Greece
-At this time, Greece consisted of hundreds of independent political entities-A polis, or city-state, consisted of an urban center and the rural territory that it controlled
-Each polis was fiercely jealous of its independence and suspicious of its neighbors, and thisstate of mind lead to frequent conflict
-Greek warfare was waged by hoplites-heavily armored infantrymen who fought in closeformation:
-Soldiers were mostly farmers called up for brief periods of crisis
-The population expanded quickly, and people were sent abroad to establish independentcolonies
-Political instability
-Kings ruled, but at some points councils composed of the heads of noble families superseded thekings-In many city-states, a tyrant-a person who seized and held power in violation of the normal
political institutions and traditions of the community-gained control-Authority later developed along one of two lines: an oligarchy, in which the wealthy ruled, or
toward democracy, where all free adult males exercised political power -Athens and Sparta
-Two preeminent Greek city-states
Sparta:-When confronted by population pressure, instead of sending out colonists, the Spartans invaded
Messenia-Fear of an uprising of the native peoples led to the evolution of a unique Spartan way of life
-Became a military camp-Spartan army superior to all others
-A Spartan male¶s whole life was subordinated to the state¶s demands-Did not participate in the economic, political, and cultural renaissance taking place in the Greek
world-Maintained peace through the Peloponnesian League, a system of alliances between Sparta and
its neighborsAthens:
-Citizens divided into four classes based on the annual yield of their farms-Far from democratic, but broke the absolute monopoly on power of a small circle of aristocratic
families-Allowed for social and political mobility
-Political turmoil continued-Pisistratus, an aristocrat, seized power in 546 B.C.E., but with Spartan assistance he was turned
out-Pericles transferred all power to the Assembly, Council of 500, and People¶s Courts
-Men were selected by lot to fill even the highest offices
-Assembly of all citizens where proposals were debated, decisions openly made, and any citizencould speak to the issues of the day-Here is a webpage on Athens and Sparta The Struggle of Persia and Greece -The Ionian revolt broke out in 499 B.C.E.
-The failed uprising of the Greeks led to the Persian Wars-two Persian attacks on Greece in theearly 5
thcentury B.C.E.
-In southern Greece, an alliance of states (the Hellenic League), initially failed to halt the Persianadvance
-Persians lost their advantage in numbers and maneuverability when their navy was lured into thenarrow straits of Salamis
-Athens stubborn refusal to submit to the Persian king, even after many attacks, earned the city alarge amount of respect
-In 477 B.C.E. the Delian League-a voluntary alliance of Greek states eager to prosecute the war against Persia-was formed
-In less than twenty years, League forces led by Athens swept the Persians out and freed almostall Greek communities
-More on the Persian Wars Rome -Legend is Romulus, who was cast adrift on the Tiber River as a baby and was nursed by a she-
wolf, founded the city of Rome in 753 B.C.E.-Romulus:
-According to tradition, there were seven kings of Rome between 753 and 507 B.C.E.
-The R oman R epublic lasted from 507 to 31 B.C.E.-Was not a democracy
-Sovereign power resided in several assemblies-Hierarchy of state offices
-Click here to read more about the Roman Republic-R oman Senate
-Real center of power -Advisory council
-Brought together the state¶s wealth, influence, and political and military experience-Conflict of Orders
-Struggle between the elite (patricians) and the commoners (plebeians)
-Plebeians refused to work or fight, even physically withdrew from the city to pressure the eliteto make political concessions-One result was publication of the laws on twelve stone tablets
-Creation of new officials, the tribunes, who were drawn from/elected by the lower classes-Tribunes had the power to veto any action of the Assembly that they deemed to be against the
-Expansion of the Roman Republic began slowly, then picked up momentum-All male citizens who owned a specific amount of land were subject to military service-Roman armies were famous for their training and discipline
-Conquest of Italy was sparked by friction between the tribes of the Apennines and the farmersof the coastal plains
-Demanded soldiers from Italian subjects-Two bloody and protracted wars against the Carthaginians
-Rome emerged as the unchallenged master of the western Mediterranean-Acquired provinces in Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain
-Conquest of the Celtic peoples under Julius Caesar -Indigenous elite groups willing to collaborate were granted considerate autonomy
-Sulla, Pompey, Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, and Octavia commanded armies that were moreloyal to them than to the state
-Used Roman troops to increase their personal power and influence-Led to bloody civil wars between military factions
-Controlling the territories was expensive, so Wu¶s successors stopped expanding-Capital was Chang¶an
-Emperor was the ³Son of Heaven´, chosen to rule by the Mandate of Heaven-Central government run by a prime minister, a civil service director, and nine ministers
The Mauryan Empire
-India¶s first centralized empire-A tax of ¼ the value of the harvest supported the Mauryan kings and government-Close relatives and associates of the king governed administrative districts
-Large imperial army-Collapsed from the pressure of attacks in the northwest in 184 B.C.E.
-Gupta power and influence reached across northern and central India, west to Punjab and east to
Bengal, north to Kashmir, and south into the Deccan Plateau-The Gupta administrative bureaucracy and intelligence network were smaller and less pervasive
than the Mauryan¶s-Powerful army maintained tight control in the empire¶s core
-Governors had freedom in ruling outlying areas; they often exploited the population-Defeated by the Huns of the steppes of Central Asia
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