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Pollutions :introduction
An undesirable change in the physical
,chemical and biological characteristics of air
water and soil which affects human life .
Pollution may be result of human activities or
natural examples of natural pollution are
volcano eruption, floods etc .
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Sources of pollution
Solid waste as source of pollution
1. Industrial waste
2. Domestic waste
3. Sewage4. Agricultural waste
Liquid waste as a source of pollution
Gaseous waste as a source of pollution
Energy waste as a source of pollution
Noise as a source of pollution
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Cost of pollution
Medical care of health to meet the challenges
of pollution diseases such as
tuberculosis,typhoid,lung cancer,diarrhoea etc
Involvement of monetary funds and man
power for disposal and control of pollutants
Damage to agricultural resources
Damage to biodiversity
Damage to monuments
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Nature of pollutants
1. Decomposable or biodegradable:these arenaturally occurring organic compounds whichare degraded by biological or microbial agents
such pollutants include domestic waste ,deadremains of plants and animals ,food residualsetc.
2. Non-decomposable or non biodegradable:
These are not decomposed or destroyed over a longperiod of time these are simple waste such asiron,glass,plastic,polythene heavy metals etc
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Management of environmental
pollution
Few possible measures to manage environmentalpollution:
1. Environmental education must be made compulsory
2. Regular information about environmental problem
should be imparted through mass communicationmedia.
3. Specific standards for each of pollution should be set.
4. Protection of environment must be enforced by mass
awareness and by imposing constitution.5. Industries ,factories air ports and other such
establishment should be far away from the city tominimize pollution.
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6. Enterprises must be given legal and financialincentives to adopt antipollution measures
7. Adulteration of food products, drugs andgeneral commodities should be madepunishable offence.
8. Nuclear testing resulting in the production ofradioactive waste should be made punishableoffence.
9. Wildlife board and environmental cell should beestablish in all important cities to popularizeantipollution research.
10.Legal advices, scientific assistance andalternative procedures to reduce the use andrelease of pollutants should be made known.
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Water resources of India
Surface water
Surface water is water in a river, lake or freshwater wetland. Surface water is naturallyreplenished by precipitation and naturally lost
through discharge to the evaporation. Ground water
Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh
water located in the pore space of soil androcks. It is also water that is flowing below thewater table. (sometimes called "fossil water").
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Frozen water
Several schemes have been proposed to make
use of icebergs as a water source, Glacierrunoff is considered to be surface water.
The Himalayas, which are often called "The
Roof of the World", contain some of the mostextensive and rough high altitude areas onEarth as well as the greatest area of glaciersand permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of
Asias largest rivers flow from there, and morethan a billion peoples livelihoods depend onthem.
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Uses of fresh water
Agricultural Industrial
Household
Recreation
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Hydrological cycle
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The water cycle, also known as the hydrologiccycle or H2O cycle, describes the continuousmovement of water on, above and below thesurface of the earth. Water can change statesamong liquid, vapour, and solid at various placesin the water cycle. Although the balance of wateron Earth remains fairly constant over time,
individual water molecules can come and go, inand out of the atmosphere. The water movesfrom one reservoir to another, such as from riverto ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere,
by the physical processes of evaporation,condensation, precipitation, runoff, andsubsurface flow.
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Precipitation is any product of the
condensation of atmospheric water vapour
that falls under gravity. The main forms ofprecipitation include drizzle,rain,snow and
hail. It occurs when a local portion of the
atmosphere becomes saturated with water
vapour and the water condenses.
Sublimation is the process of transition of a
substance from the solid phase to the gas
phase without passing through an
intermediate liquid phase
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Water conservation can be defined as:
Any beneficial deduction in water loss, use or waste.
A reduction in water use accomplished byimplementation of water conservation or waterefficiency measures.
Water conservation is what that can reduce the scarcityof water. It aims to improve the efficiency of use ofwater, and reduce losses and waste.
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Goals
Sustainability. To ensure availability for future generations, thewithdrawal of fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed itsnatural replacement rate.
Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery, and wastewatertreatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In someregions of the world over 15% of total electricity consumption isdevoted to water management
Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps to preserve
fresh water habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as wellas reducing the need to build new dams and other water diversioninfrastructure.
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Technical methods to conserve water
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WATER REUSE
Water reuse is the use of wastewater (sometimes called graywater) from one application for another application.
Some potential applications include other industrial uses incooling water at power plants and oil refineries or industrialprocess water for such facilities as paper mills and carpetdyers, toilet flushing, construction activities, concrete mixing,and artificial lakes.
Reused water can also be used in landscape irrigation,agricultural irrigation, aesthetic uses such as fountains, andfire protection.
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RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rain Water Harvesting is capturing and storing rainfall to
irrigate plants or to supply people and animals.
A well-designed system will also decrease our landscape
maintenance needs. All we need for a water harvesting
system is rain, and a place to put it. A "catchment" is any large surface that can capture
and/or carry water to where it can be used immediately
or stored.
We can store water in a variety of ways: 55-gallon steeldrums, barrels or underground storage tanks.
Th N B i O i W
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The Next Business Opportunity - Water
Conservation
In the last five years, a growing number of progressive private-sector
companies have been increasingly making their presence felt in the area
of water conservation. As they develop new technologies for water-
related processes, they have also started to influence the process of water
regulation to ensure positive support for developing sustainable
technology in the field.
One group of companies, led by Nestle, are showing that they have a role
to play in developing a sustainable model for water utilization and in
helping formulate policy for the same. A second group is focusing on
technology to get more output per drop of water.
With the green revolution pushing up agricultural productivity, the
incremental increases in productivity of agriculture are vital, considering
that agriculture accounts for 80% of water requirements.
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WHERE THE OPPORTUNITIES ARE
The broadest range of opportunities for new products and services falls
into three areas: improving the productivity of water treatment and
distribution, of water-intensive industrial and power processes, or of
water usage in agriculture.
Global industrial players, such as ABB, GE, and Siemens, already have large
water businesses and continue to develop new products in this area for
large industrial users and water utilities. IBM provides technologies to
measure and track water efficiency efforts and to improve water
treatment and irrigation.
In 2009, PepsiCo conserved more than 12 billion liters of water through
efficiency improvements.
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Water conservation
Following strategies can be adopted for conservation ofwater
1. Decreasing runoff losses through contour cultivation,water spreading through channeling or lagoon-levellingChemical wetting agent (surfactants),surface crop residue,chemical conditioner like gypsum.
2. Reducing evaporation losses
3. Storing water in soil
4. Reducing irrigation losses
5. Reuse of water6. Preventing wastage of water
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Water pollution
Can be defined as a change in the quality or
composition of water directly or indirectly as a
result of mans activities ,so that it becomes
unsuitable for drinking ,domestic ,recreationaland agricultural purpose.
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Sources of water pollution.
Uncontrolled dumping of solid degradable andnon degradable waste
Indiscriminate flow of effluents from variousindustries
Deterioration of the self purification processof water.
Domestic waste : a common and widespread
source of water pollution is the discharge ofdomestic waste directly into the river could bebiodegradale or non biodegradable.
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Sewage :fluid consisting of human faecal matter,material and organic nutrient in a dissolved state
in a solid condition is called sewage. Industrial wastes: industries such as sugar, textile
petrochemical, chemical industries etc.conveniently discharge their effluents into water
bodies without any consideration ofconsequences. some of these effluents containtoxic chemical .
About 180 million liters of toxic effluents are
discharged every day into Periyar river in Cochinarea.
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Fertilizers and Detergents: a fairly large amountof fertilizers added to increase soil fertility is
washed off through the irrigation, rainfall anddrainage and ultimately reaches the rivers. Thesepollute the water and make it toxic.
Pesticides :the use of pesticides has a commonnow a days popularly used pesticides are DDT,Malathion etc. These are non bio degradable innature.
Radioactive waste: radioactive waste enter intothe water bodies in various ways eg processing ofuranium ore, wastes from radio isotopes usingresearch laboratories, or waste generated duringnuclear weapon testing
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Thermal pollution: pollution arising from
sudden increase in the temperature of water
is known as thermal pollution. Several
industries utilize water for cooling purpose
and release it to the river at higher
temperature such releases lethally affect theaquatic biotic communities.
Oil: pollution arising from oil spillage from
tankers in sea.
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Eutrophication: is the enrichment of the waterbodies resulting from addition of organic andinorganic nutrients.it leads to the increasedgrowth of algal blooms, which on their deathbecome a medium for bacterial growth and
for decomposition process.it in turn leads tooxygen depletion and associated form ofwater pollution .this result in the death anddecay of aquatic organism and consequently
the water become foul smelling and unfit forlife activities
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Effects of water pollution1. Domestic sewage : a number of epidemic diseases
such as cholera,thypoid,dysentery,diorrhoea,infectious hepatitis and jaundice arecaused by water pollution.
2. Industrial effluents: contains large amount of toxic
chemicals ,heavy metals and non biodegradablewaste. The toxic chemical are detrimental to aquaticlife to terrestrial life ,directly or indirectly and disturbthe whole ecosystem.eg heavy metal contamination
of water causes severe ailments of human beingmercury poisoning causes minamata disease detectedin Japanese soldiers consuming mercurycontaminated fish of minamata bay of japan.
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Methyl mercury causes numbness of limbs,lips and tongue of human ,deafness, blurring
of vision . Heavy metal causes cancer of liver and lungs.
3. Ground water pollution: seepage of industrialand municipal waste has contaminated theground water. Accumulation of nitrates inwater from fertilizers when consumed byman and animals are reduced to toxic form in
body and causes disease known asmethaemoglobinemia which is damaging ofrespiratory system resulting to suffocation.
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Excess fluoride in drinking water causes teeth
deformity and skeletal fluorosis in which
bones become stiff, hardened and joint painful.disease knock knee syndrome out ward
bending of knee ,in w.bengal the presence of
excess of arsenic in ground water causes blackfoot disease .chronic lead poisoning symptoms
include fatigue, weakness etc. Copper causes
hypertension and uremia and zinc causesvomiting and renal damage.
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4. Eutrophication: in nutrient rich water reservoirs,algae grow abundantly and develop water
blooms or algal blooms which, causes loss ofspecies diversity. Many blooming blue greenalgae secrete toxin in water and induce oxygendeficiency, as a result aquatic animal die.
5. Bio magnification :is a phenomenon throughwhich certain pollutants are accumulated intissues in increasing concentration along foodchain e.g. DDT an insecticide used to kill
mosquitoes .in an island of USA the regular useof DDT has been found to reduce the populationof fish eating birds.
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6. Thermal pollution: release of hot water form
thermal power stations and various
industries directly to the water bodies often
kills both aquatic plants and animals.
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Water borne diseases
Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenicmicroorganisms that most commonly aretransmitted in contaminated fresh water.Infection commonly results during bathing,
washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, orthe consumption of food thus infected. Variousforms of waterborne diarrheal disease probablyare the most prominent examples, and affect
mainly children in developing countries;according to the WHO. Deaths due to waterrelated diseases in India are in the range of nearly80 percent.
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Water Related Diseases in India
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea remains the most prevalent water related disease inIndia. It mostly affects children under the age of 5 and often leadsto death.
Diarrhoeal infection is spread through food and drinking water that
has been contaminated. A diarrhoeal attack can last up to 2 weeks and leave the person
completely dehydrated.
Symptoms of diarrhoea include, severe dizziness, loss ofconsciousness, dehydration and pale skin, little or no urination andin some case bloody stool.
Diarrhoea can spread through multiple viruses that is found incontaminated water. The poorer sections of the society come indaily contact with this water and that is the why the rate ofdiarrhoea is highest amongst them.
http://www.onlymyhealth.com/diarrhea-causes-risks-1295951500.htmlhttp://www.onlymyhealth.com/diarrhea-causes-risks-1295951500.html8/2/2019 Unit II Water Pollution
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II. Cholera
Thousands of people fall prey to cholera every year inIndia.
Cholera is a water related disease, and is diarrhoeal innature.
It can kill in hours if left unattended.
Cholera strikes when one ingests water that is infested
with the Vibrio Cholerae bacterium. Symptoms of cholera include watery bowels and fever
in certain cases.
Cholera can happen to both children and adults.
In India cholera related deaths are most common inplaces with shortage of good quality water. In 2010,nearly 140 people died of cholera in Odisha (formerlyknown as Orissa).
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III. Malaria
Malaria or Malarial fever is spread by thePlasmodium parasite mosquito that breeds inwater bodies like lakes. Stagnant water is anotherfavourite breeding ground for these parasites.
Malaria mostly kills children in India, as adultsslowly form some sort of immunity against the
parasite, over the years. Malarial fever symptoms include fevers, chills,
headaches and vomiting. Sometimes thesesymptoms are also coupled with anaemia.
A malarial infection shows only after a week haspassed. Therefore, treating it immediately is anecessity.
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IV Filariasis
Filariasis is a parasitic disease and affects people wholive near unsanitary water bodies or sewages.
Filariasis is spread by mosquitoes that breeds in freshand stagnant water bodies and is the host of the filarialnematode worm. This worm affects humans and leadsto elephantitis.
Filariasis can lead to blindness, and rapid skinpigmentation and the filarial worms can affects variousparts of the body.
Filariasis is a concern for the rural population in India
whose major occupation is agriculture. Although Filariasis can be treated and prevented with
oral medicines.
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River Action Plans
The water quality data generated through National WaterMonitoring Programme and River Basin Studies carried outsince, 1980 indicated deterioration of water quality in riverinesegments and other water bodies. The water bodies notmeeting the desired water quality criteria are identified aspolluted river stretches/water bodies. The deviation of water
quality from the desired water quality criteria in the datagenerated for the river Ganga formed the basis for launchingGanga Action Plan (GAP). Subsequently, the river stretchesnot meeting the desired criteria are identified in all the majorriver basins. The identified polluted river stretches were
intensively surveyed by State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to identify thesources of pollution such as Urban Centres and IndustrialUnits.
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National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) isimplementing the River Action Plans for restoration ofwater quality based on the findings of survey reports
submitted by CPCB/SPCBs. The thrust of NRCD istowards providing funds to state agencies forinterception, diversion and treatment of sewagedischarged to the water bodies from identified Urban
Centers. At present NRCD is implementing the ActionPlans in 157 cities and towns located along 30 rivers.The name of the rivers are Adyar, Cooum, Betwa,Bhadra, Brahmani, Cauvery, Chambal, Damodar, Ganga,Godavari, Gomti, Khan, Krishna, Kshipra, Mahanadi,Mandovi, Narmada, Pennar, Sabarmati, Satluj,Subarnarekha, Tapti, Tunga, Tungbhadra, Tambiraparni,Vennar, Vaigai, Walnganga, Yamuna and Musi.
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The schemes taken up by NRCD are related toMunicipal Wastewater Treatment and are progressingin various stages. The component of Industrial Effluents
contribution to polluted stretches is required to beaddressed by SPCBs through consent management andsurveillance. The SPCBs may compile information onIndustrial Effluents being discharged in the polluted
stretches in their respective states and come out with atime targeted plan to restore the water quality in therivers. The SPCBs may also carry out performancestudy of functional Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) toevaluate the efficacy of treatment systems. This
exercise shall be helpful in enforcement of treatmentstandards imposed by SPCBs and NRCD.
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h i l ( ) i i d f h l
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The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) originated from the personalintervention and interest of our late Prime Minister MrsIndira Gandhi who had directed the Central Board for thePrevention and Control of Water Pollution, now Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to do a comprehensivesurvey of the situation in 1979. CPCB published twocomprehensive reports which formed the base for GAP inOct 1984 but was not presented to the nation formally dueto assassination of Smt Indira Gandhi.
In Feb 1985, the Central Ganga Authority (CGA) with thePM as Chairman was formed, with an initial budget of Rs350 crore to administer the cleaning of the Ganga and torestore it to pristine condition by our late PM Sh RajivGandhi. In June 1985, the Ganga Project Directorate (GPD)
was established as a wing of the Department ofEnvironment. GAP was launched on June 14, 1986 by ShRajiv Gandhi at Varanasi.
F il f h GAP
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Failure of the GAP
The Ganga Action Plan launched in 1986 by theGovernment of India has not achieved any successdespite expenditure of approximately 2,000 crorerupees. Even though the government claims that theschemes under the Ganga Action Plan have beensuccessful, ground realities tell a different story. Thefailure of the GAP is evident but corrective action is
lacking. The GAP I was extended as GAP II from 1993 onwards
covering 4 major tributaries of Ganga, namely, Yamuna,Gomti, Damodar and Mahananda. The program wasfurther broad-based in 1995 with the inclusion of other
rivers and renamed as National River Conservation Plan(NRCP). Ganga could not be cleaned but 34 other rivershave been taken up for cleaning with the same failedmodel of GAP.
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Objective of GAP
The objectives of the GAP were broad: to
abate pollution and improve water quality, toconserve biodiversity and develop an
integrated river basin management approach,
to conduct comprehensive research to furtherthese objectives, and to gain experience for
implementing similar river clean up programs
in other polluted rivers in India.
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The functions of the NRCA are as follows:
To lay down, promote and approve appropriate
policies and programs (long and short term) toachieve the objectives.
To examine and approve the priorities of theNRCP.
To mobilize necessary financial resources.
To review the progress of implementation ofapproved programs and give necessary directions
to the Steering Committee, and To take all such measures as may be necessary
to achieve the objectives.
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k b lh
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Steps taken by Delhi
Government: water pollution
Major sources: Domestic sewage and Industrialeffluent.
The Govt. of Delhi has ensured that more than 1200industrial units have installed effluent treatment plants
to treat their industrial wastewater. 11 CommonEffluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) which treatwastewater generated from 15 industrial areas, arebeing monitored every month
23 Sewage Treatment Plants of 512 MGD(million gallonper day) capacity, which have been installed to treatthe sewage, are been monitored every month
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Water Pollution..contd.
Interceptor sewer concept is being
implemented by DJB on 3 major drains
(Najafgarh, Supplementary and Shahadra drains)
to keep Yamuna river clean.
DPCC conducts monthly Water QualityMonitoring of River Yamuna and Drains and
informs the concerned agencies to take
corrective action