Unit IV Study Guide Questions

Food and Agriculture, Toxicology, and Microbiology

Question 1

1. Define health.

• Health - A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

Question 2

2. Define disease.

• Disease - A deleterious change in the body’s condition in response to an environmental factor.

Question 3

3. What are three disease factors?

Diet and nutrition, infectious agents, toxic chemicals, physical factors, and psychological stress all contribute to disease.

Question 4

• Define emergent disease and give two examples.

• An emergent disease is one never known before, or has been absent for at least 20 years.

• Foot and Mouth Disease• Ebola

Question 5

• Give two examples of ecological diseases.– Distemper (Seals)– Chronic Wasting Disease (Deer and Elk)

• Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

– Black Band Disease (Coral)

Question 6

• 6. What are some symptoms of the “sick building” syndrome?

– Headaches, allergies, and chronic fatigue caused by poorly ventilated indoor air contaminated by molds, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and other toxic chemicals.

Question 7

• 7. Define antagonistic reaction (chemical).

• Antagonistic Reaction - One material interferes with the effects, or stimulates the breakdown, of other chemicals. (Aluminum ions remove phosphate ions from solution)

Question 8

• 8. Define: LD50.

– LD50 - Dose at which 50% of the test population is sensitive (dies).

Question 9

• 9. What is the EPA’s definition of “acceptable risk”?

• EPA generally assumes 1 in 1 million is acceptable risk for environmental hazards.

Question 10

10. Contrast acute vs. chronic effects.

• Acute Effects - Caused by a single exposure and result in an immediate health problem.

• Chronic Effects - Long-lasting. Can be result of single large dose or repeated smaller doses.

Question 1

• 1. Prokaryotic refers to the lack of a ____ ______?

Answer 1

• 1. Prokaryotic refers to the lack of a nuclear membrane or nucleus.

Question 2

• 2. ______ are infectious agents or particles, but not “true organisms”.

Answer 2

• 2. Viruses are infectious agents or particles, but not “true organisms”.

Question 3

• 3. _____ are used for bacterial locomotion and ______ are employed for cell to cell attachment.

Answer 3

• 3. Flagella are used for bacterial locomotion and pili are employed for cell to cell attachment.

Question 4

• 4. Identify this cell shape.

Answer 4

• 4. Identify this cell shape.

• Coccus (spherical)

Question 5

• 5. Identify this cell shape.

Answer 5

• 5. Identify this cell shape.

• Bacillus (rod shaped)

Question 6

• 6. Identify this cell type.

Answer 6

• 6. Identify this cell type. spirillum

Question 7

• 7. Name two major types of archaebacteria (there are 3 types).

Answer 7

• 7. Name two major types of archaebacteria (there are 3 types).

• Extreme thermophiles, methanogens, and extreme halophiles (any two)

Question 8

• 8. Describe a typical bacterial “chromosome”.

Answer 8

• 8. Describe a typical bacterial “chromosome”.

• It is composed of a single circular DNA molecule.

Question 9

• 9. What are plasmids?

Answer 9

• 9. What are plasmids?

• Plasmids are very small circular bits of DNA which can be transferred from one cell to another via conjugation.

Question 10

• 10. The “normal” human flora consists of about _____ species of bacteria.

Answer 10

• 10. The “normal” human flora consists of about 200 species of bacteria.

Question 11

• 11. E. coli normally lives in the ______ of vertebrates and is beneficial/harmful.

Answer 11

• 11. E. coli normally lives in the intestines of vertebrates and is beneficial/harmful.

Question 12

• 12. Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others) rarely cause “______ _______”.

Answer 12

• 12. Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others) rarely cause “necrotizing fasciitis”.

Question 13

• 13. E. coli strain O157:H7,a dangerous form, was associated with ____ __ __ ____ hamburgers as well as the ____ _____ incident in Cobb county, GA.

Answer 13

• 13. E. coli strain O157:H7,a dangerous form, was associated with Jack in the Box hamburgers as well as the White Water incident in Cobb county, GA.

Question 14

• 14. Viruses are composed of an outer ______ coat with an interior core of ________ _______.

Answer 14

• 14. Viruses are composed of an outer protein coat with an interior core of nucleic acid.

Question 15

• 15. HIV is a(n) _______ virus.

Answer 15

• 15. HIV is a(n) enveloped (or RNA) virus.

Question 16

• 16. Identify this type of virus.

Answer 16

• 16. Identify this type of virus. helical

Answer 17

• 17. Identify this type of virus. complex

Question 18

• 18. Name the two modes of viral replication.

Answer 18

• 18. Name the two modes of viral replication. Lytic and lysogenic

Question 19

• 19. Of the two modes which one may have a long “latent” (resting) period?

Question 19

• 19. Of the two modes which one may have a long “latent” (resting) period?

Answer 19

• 19. Of the two modes which one may have a long “latent” (resting) period?

• lysogenic

Question 20

• 20. Hepatitis A infects which organ?

Answer 20

• 20. Hepatitis A infects which organ?

• liver

Question 21

• 21. Which water born virus may attack and kill motor neurons (nerves)?

Answer 21

• 21. Which water born virus may attack and kill motor neurons (nerves)?

• polio

Question 22

• 22. Viroids are “naked” strands or circles of ______.

Answer 22

• 22. Viroids are “naked” strands or circles of RNA.

Question 23

• 23. Viroids are known to only infect _______.

Answer 23

• 23. Viroids are known to only infect plants.

Question 24

• 24. Prions are composed exclusively of ________.

Answer 24

• 24. Prions are composed exclusively of proteins.

Question 25

• 25. ____ ____ _____ is a disease that is caused by a prion. It is found in farm animals and there is a human form.

Answer 25

• 25. Mad cow disease is a disease that is caused by a prion. It is found in farm animals and there is a human form.

Question 26

• 26. Protistans differ from prokaryotes.

• State two differences:

Answer 26

• 26. Protistans differ from prokaryotes.

• State two differences:

• Protistans have: a membrance bound nucleus; organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts; microtubules; mitosis and meiosis

• Prokaryotes lack these structures.

Question 27

• 27. Animal-like protistans are informally known as:

Answer 27

• 27. Animal-like protistans are informally known as:

• Protozoa

Question 28

• 28. Which of the following is (are) mismatched?

• Sarcodina – amoeboid protozoans

• Ciliophora – parasitic heterotrophs such as sporazoans

• Mastigophora – animal-like flagellates

Answer 28

• 28. Which of the following is (are) mismatched?

• Sarcodina – amoeboid protozoans

• Ciliophora – parasitic heterotrophs such as sporazoans

• Mastigophora – animal-like flagellates

Question 29

• 29. Amoeba move by means of cilia/pseudopods/flagella. (Choose one)

Answer 29

• 29. Amoeba move by means of cilia/pseudopods/flagella. (Choose one)

Question 30

• 30. “Shelled” Amoebas have “houses” made from silica/calcium carbonate/ or some silica and others calcium carbonate. (choose one)

Answer 30

• 30. “Shelled” Amoebas have “houses” made from silica/calcium carbonate/ or some silica and others calcium carbonate. (choose one)

Question 31

• 31. True/false. All amoebas are free-living; none are parasitic. (If false, give a counter example)

Answer 31

• 31. True/false. All amoebas are free-living; none are parasitic. (If false, give a counter example)

• False. Some freshwater types can invade the brain and cause death. Others are internal parasites.

Question 32

• 32. What is name for the phylum which contains ciliates such as Paramecium?

Answer 32

• 32. What is name for the phylum which contains ciliates such as Paramecium?

• Ciliophora

Question 33

• 33. Ciliates have two types of nuclei. Name them.

Answer 33

• 33. Ciliates have two types of nuclei. Name them.

• Macronuclei and micronuclei

Question 34

• 34. What is the name for the process where ciliates exchange micronuclei?

Answer 34

• 34. What is the name for the process where ciliates exchange micronuclei?

• conjugation

Question 35

• 35. Ciliates use cilia for both ______ and _______.

Answer 35

• 35. Ciliates use cilia for both locomotion and feeding.

Question 36

• 36. Animal-like flagellates belong to the phylum ________.

Answer 36

• 36. Animal-like flagellates belong to the phylum Mastigophora.

Question 37

• 37. Name two flagellates that may cause health or environmental problems.

Answer 37

• 37. Name two flagellates that may cause health or environmental problems.

• Trypanosomes, Trichamonas, and /or dinoflagellates (red tide organisms)

Question 38

• 38. All of these organisms are parasitic. There are many different species including the malarial organisms. _____

Answer 38

• 38. All of these organisms are parasitic. There are many different species including the malarial organisms. sporazoans

Question 39

• 39. Why should pregnant women avoid contact with cats?

Answer 39

• 39. Why should pregnant women avoid contact with cats? Cats are vectors of the sporazoan, Toxaplasma. Infection of pregnant women can cause harm or even death to the fetus.

Question 40

• 40. Why should pregnant women avoid contact with cats?

Answer 40

• 40. What is the vector of the malarial organism? Female mosquitoes

Question 41

• 41. To what phylum does Euglena and its relatives belong?

Answer 41

• 41. To what phylum do Euglena and its relatives belong?

• Euglenophyta

Question 42

• 42. What type of algae live in “glass houses” and are important primary producers?

Answer 42

• 42. What type of algae live in “glass houses” and are important primary producers?

• diatoms

Question 43

• 43. What major group (phyla) of algae most closely resemble green plants?

Answer 43

• 43. What major group (phyla) of algae most closely resemble green plants?

• Green algae (Chlorophyta)