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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Unit Two/Ch. 16AP European HistoryMs. Tully - UHS
II. Advances in Medicine & Chemistry
Focus Question
What did Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine?
Dominance of Galen
2nd C Greek physician
Theory of two different blood systems
Doctrine of four bodily humors: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile
Paracelsus (1493-1541)
Swiss scientists – lone ranger in medicine
Rejected work of Aristotle & Galen
Macrocosm-Microcosm theory
Disease caused by chemical imbalances in specific organs
Disease treatment – “like cures like”
Father of modern medicine
Vesalius (1514-1564)
MD from University of Padua 1536 Professor of surgery
Emphasis on practical research to understand human body
On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543
William Harvey (1578-1657)
MD from University of Padua in 1602
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, 1628
Heart starting point for circulation, blood flows in veins & arteries
Chemistry
Robert Boyle (1626-1691) – matter is composed of atoms
Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) – system for naming chemical elements
III. Women in the Origins of Modern Science
Focus Question:
What role did women play in the Scientific Revolution?
Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) Prominent female
scientist of 17th C Excluded from
Royal Society Active & critical
participant Example of French
or English woman in science
Maria Merian (1647-1717)
Tradition of female craft production scientific participation
Reputation as important entomologist in 18th C
1699 Merian went to South America to study bugs
Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720) Famous German
female astronomer Married Gottfried
Kirch leading astronomer
Faced typical obstacles in career
Debate on the Nature of Women Querelles des femmes – arguments about
women Medieval males opinions Early modern female arguments women
were rational, education beneficial Science used to support old stereotypical
views Labor & birth transferred from midwives to
men Distribution of misogynistic/scientific literature
perpetuated attitudes against women
IV. Descartes & Rationalism Read Toward a New Earth: Descartes,
Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind on p. 504-505 What is Cartesian dualism, and what were its
social implications? Why is Descartes considered the “founder of
modern rationalism”? Read The Father of Modern Rationalism on
p. 505 & answer the prompt at the end. This will go directly into Section #3:
Classwork/Homework !!
V. The Scientific Method & the Spread of Scientific Knowledge
Focus Question:
How were the ideas of the Scientific Revolution spread, and what impact did they have on society and religion?
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Scientific method built on inductive principles
Organized experiments, systematic observations Empiricism
Wanted to contribute to “mechanical arts”
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Emphasize deduction and mathematical logic Discourse on Method
Newton synthesized Bacon’s empiricism & Descartes’ rationalism into one method
Scientific Societies
English Royal Society – 1640s French Academy of Sciences – 1650s Both societies practical value of
scientific research primary focus on mechanics & astronomy
German princes & cities sponsored small scale societies
Spread of scientific journals
Science and Society
How did science become such an integral part of Western culture in the 17th & 18th centuries?
Merchants & gentry attracted to science b/c it could exploit resources for profit
Political interests in scientific conception of natural world to create social stability
Leaders supported scientific revolution for military advancement
Science and Religion
Theology the final measure
Dichotomy between science & religion growing secularization
Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677)
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)