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UNIT - VI : Reproduction Chapter - 1 : Reproduction in Organisms FLOW CHART
UNIT - VI : Reproduction
Chapter - 1 : Reproduction in Organisms
FLOW CHART
2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII
Chapter - 2 : Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
FLOW CHART
GYNOECIUM FLOWER STAMENSANDROECIUM
Filaments
Anthers
Bilobed & havefour
Microsporangia
MICROSPOROGENESIS
Meiosis
Microspore MotherCell
Mitosis
Microspore Tetrad
Pollen Grains
1 Vegetative & 2Male Gametes
Pollination
Pollen Germination
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Ovules
Calyx
Corolla
PLANT
PLANT
Suspensor
MEGASPOROGENESISMulticellular Embryo
Seed
Endosperm
PEN
2 Polar Nuclei + 1Male Gamete
Egg + 1 MaleGamete
Zygote (2n)
Embryogenesisby Mitosis
Triple Fusion
DoubleFertilization
Megaspore MotherCell
Meiosis
4 Megaspores
3 Degenerate & 1remain functional
Functional Megaspore
Mitosis 3 Times
8 Nucleated 7 celledEmbryo Sac formed
3 cells fromAntipodal cell
3 cells from EggApparatus + 1 egg
+ 2 Synergids
SYNGAMY
2 Polar Nuclei atcentre
Chapter - 3 : Human Reproduction
FLOW CHARTS
Hormonal Control of the Human Male Reproductive System
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII [ 3
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Sertoil cells Leydig cells
Inhibin Spermatogenesis Testosterone
Neg
ativ
e fe
edba
ck
FSH LH
–
–
–
Testis
Neg
ativ
e fe
edba
ck
Phases of Menstrual Cycle
14th day ovulationoocytes released LH and FSH
Luteal phase(Corpus luteum)
Progesterone
Progesterone withdrawn(Luteal regression) 28th day
7th day Follicular phase(FSH and estrogen)
Menstruation1st to 5th day
Influence of Hormone on Gametogenesis in Male
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
4 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Chapter - 4 : Reproductive Health
FLOW CHARTS
(A) Methods of Birth Control
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII [ 5
B) Methods in ART
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHDifferent Methods of Birth Control
Different Methods of ART (Assited Reproductive Tract)
6 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII
UNIT - VII : Genetics and Evolution
Chapter - 5 : Principles of Inheritance and Variation
FLOW CHARTS
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
1. Mendel’s Law
2. Exceptions to Mendel’s Law
3. Mechanism of Sex Determination
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII [ 7
Male Heterogamety Female Heterogamety
Mechanism of Sex Determination
XY-XY Type ( )Drosophila Melanogaster
XX-XO Type (Grass Hopper)ZZ-ZW Type (Birds)
ZZ-ZO Type
4. Types of Genetic Disorder
Chapter - 6 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance
FLOW CHARTS
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
Experiment for Genetic Material
Structure of a Polynucleotide Chain
8 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII
Structure and Composition of DNA
Enzymes Involved in DNA Replication
Transcription Unit
Types of RNA
Post-TranscriptionalModifications
Genetic Code
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII [ 9Structure of tRNA
Stages Involved in Protein Synthesis
Regulation of Gene Expression
Steps Involved in DNA FingerPrinting
Chapter - 7 : Evolution
10 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, BUSINESS STUDIES, Class-Xi
FLOW CHARTS
EVOLUTION
Theories of Origin of Life
Evidences of Evolution
Adaptive Radiation
Theories of Evolution
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, BUSINESS STUDIES, Class-Xi [ 11
Evolution in Plants and Animals
Origin and Evolution of Man
Origin and Evolution of Man
Dryopithecus
Ramapithecus
Homo erectus
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo sapiens [Primitive Man]
Homo sapiens sapiens [Modern Man]
UNIT - VIII : Biology in Human Welfare
Chapter - 8 : Human Health and Diseases
12 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII
FLOW CHARTS
Classification of Diseases
Life Cycle of Plasmodium
Human Health and Diseases
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII [ 13
Chapter - 9 : Strategies for enhancement in Food Production
FLOW CHARTS
STRATAGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION
Steps in Plant Breeding Programmes
Indian Hybrid Crops
Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality
Tissue Culture
Tissue Culture
Micro propagation
Somaclones
Meristem Culture
14 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XIIMethods of Breeding
Animal Breeding
Different Controlled Breeding Method
Chapter - 10 : Microbes in Human Welfare
FLOW CHARTS
MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII [ 15
MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
1º Treatment - Physical
2º Treatment - Biological
Fermented Beverages
Antibiotics
Bioactive Molecules
Chemicals - Acids and alcohols
Enzymes
Lipases
Rectinases
Proteases
Streptokinase
Citric Acid
Acetic Acid
Lactic Acid
Butyric Acid
UNIT - IX : Biotechnology and its Application
Chapter - 11 : Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
FLOW CHARTS
Different Steps in rDNA Technology
Stages of rDNA Technology
Isolation of DNA
Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations
Isolation of Desired DNA Fragment
Ligation of DNA Fragment into a Vector
In section of RDNA into Host Cell Organisms
Occuring the Foreign Gene Product
16 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII
Stages of rDNA Technology
Isolation of DNA
Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations
Isolation of Desired DNA Fragment
Ligation of DNA Fragment into a Vector
In section of RDNA into Host Cell Organisms
Occuring the Foreign Gene Product
Types of Bioreactors
Simple Stirred Tank Sparaged Stirred Tank
Types of Bio-Reactors
Principles of Biotechnology
Tools of rDNA Technology
Cloning VectorsEnzymes Competent of host organisms
Tools of rDNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes
DNA Ligases
Lyases
Plasmids
Bacteriophage
Heat Shock
Microinjection
Gene Gun
Chapter - 12 : Biotechnology and its Application
FLOW CHARTS
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONSApplication of Biotechnology in Agriculture
Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture
Agrochemical Based Agriculture
Organic Agriculture
Genetically Modified Organisms
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII [ 17
Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture
Agrochemical Based Agriculture
Organic Agriculture
Genetically Modified Organisms
Genetically Modified Organisms
Genetically Modified Organisms [GMOs]
Bio-pesticides
Pest-Resistant plants
Application of Biotechnology in Medicin
Biotechnological Application in Medicine
Genetically Engineered Insulin
Stem cell
Molecular Diagnosis
UNIT - X : Ecology and Environment
Chapter - 13 : Organisms and Population
FLOW CHARTS
ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONSMAJOR BIOMES OF INDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
18 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII
POPULATION ATTRIBUTES
Sex RatioBirth Rate Age Pyramids
Population Attributes
Expanding
Stable
Declining
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION DENSITY
Factors Affecting Population Density
Natality
Mortality
Immigration
Emigration
GROWTH MODEL
POPULATION INTERACTIONS
Population Interactions
Mutualism
Competition
Parasitism
Predation
Commensalism
Ammensalism
Ectoparasite
Endosparasite
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII [ 19
Chapter - 14 : Ecosystem• thesoilatanygiventime.
FLOW CHARTS
ECOSYSTEMTypes of Ecosystem
Types of Ecosystem
Artificial Ecosystem
Natural Ecosystem
Aquatic EcosystemTerrestrial Ecosystem
Forest
Grassland
Desert
Fresh water Ecosystem Salt water ecosystem
Example – Ponds, Lakes, Streams Example-Wetland, Estuaries
Components of Ecosystem
Components of Ecosystem
BioticAbiotic
Produces
Consumers
Decomposers
Structure of an Ecosystem
Structure of an Ecosystem
StratificationSpecies Composition
Types of Ecological Succession
Type of Ecological succession
Secondary SuccessionPrimary Succession
20 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XIIFunction of an Ecosystem
DecompositionProductivity Nutrient Cycling
Function of an Ecosystem
Energy Flow
PrimaryProductivity
SecondaryProductivity
Fragmentation
Leaching
Catabolism
Humification
Mineralisation
Food Chain
Trophic Level
Ecological Pyramids
Gaseous Cycle
Sedimentary Cycle
Succession of Plants
Hydrarch Succession Xerarch Succession
Succession of plants
Pioneer Species
Free floating angiosperms
Rooted Hydrophytes and Grasses
Trees
Base Rock
Secretion of Lichens
Emergence of very small plants
Succeeded by bigger plants and trees
Climax forest community
Ecological Pyramids, Food Chains and Trophic Levels
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Number
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Energy
Types of Food Chains
Grazing Food chain
Detritus food chain
Trophic Levels
Primary Producer
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Example – Grasses, Trees
Example – Cow, Grasshopper
Example – Bird, Fish, wolf
Example – Man, Lion
EnergyFlow
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII [ 21
Chapter - 15 : Biodiversity and its Conservation
FLOW CHART
BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONVSERVATION
Different Levels of Biodiversity Evil Quartet
Levels of Biodiversity
Genetic Diversity
Species Diversity
Ecological Diversity
Causes of loss of Biodiversity of Evil Quartet
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
Over Exploitation
Alien [Exotic] species invasions
Co-Extinctions
Patterns of Biodiversity Conserving Biodiversity
Patterns of Biodiversity
Latitudinal Gradients
Species – Area Relationship
Reasons for Conserving Biodiversity
Narrow Utilitarian
Broadly Utilitarian
Ethical Argument
Different Methods to Conserve Biodiversity
In-situ Conservation Ex-situ Conservation
Methods to Conserve Biodiversity
Protected Area Biodiversity Hotspots
Biosphere Reserves
National Park
Secred Groves
Gamete Protection Protection of Threatened Species
Gene Bank
Seed Bank
Tissue Culture
Cryopreservation
Botanical Gardens
Zoological Parks
Wild Life Safari Park
22 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, BIOLOGY, Class-XII
Chapter - 16 : Environmental Issues
FLOW CHARTS
Composition of Waste Water
Water99.9
Impurities 0.1%1. Suspended solids, e.g., sand, silt and clay.2. Colloidal material e.g., Fecal matter, bacteria, cloth and paper fibres.3. Dissolved materials, e.g., nutrients (nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, sodium, calcium.)
Pollution and its Types
Noise Pollution
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Soil Pollution
Radioactive Waste
Greenhouse Effect and ozone Depletion
Global Warming
Ozone depletion in Stratosphere
Formation of Ozone
Ozone hole
Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintence
Soil Erosion
Desertification
Water Logging
Soil Salinity
Deforestation
