Do Now: 5/9/14 or 5/12/14 Hotel Rwanda reflection: -How does
Paul (the hotel manager) provide examples of quick thinking,
courage, and care for fellow humans? -Why do you think he is so
selfless? -How would you have reacted if you were in Pauls
situation. Could you handle the stress?
Slide 3
Unit VIII- #1:African Nations gain Independence
Slide 4
1. Unrest after WWII After WWII, many African nations demanded
independence. After gaining independence, a few African nations had
peace & democracy. Most African nations faced civil wars,
military rule, or corrupt dictators. European powers had divided
Africa into colonies, with no regard for ethnic groups. This led to
ethnic conflicts, when African countries did gain
independence.
Slide 5
2. Africans build New Nations Many early African leaders
established one- party political systems. Many one-party states
became dictatorships. When bad governments led to unrest, the
military often seized power. More than half of all African nations
suffered coups. More and more Africans demanded an end to
strong-man rule and a movement toward democracy. Western
governments and the World Bank began to require democratic reforms
as a condition for loans.
Slide 6
3. Foreigners still jostle for control Colonial powers often
retained control of businesses in their former colonies. Many new
nations remained economically dependent on their former colonizers.
During the Cold War the U.S. and the Soviet Union often competed
for advantages through alliances with newly independent nations.
The U.S. supported the dictator of Zaire to counter Soviet support
for Angola. The U.S. had an alliance with Somalia while the Soviets
supported Ethiopia.
Slide 7
Do Now 5/13/14 Answer the following questions using the map on
pg. 569 in complete sentences: 1. The countries that border Israel
are_____? 2. The three disputed territories within Israel shown on
the map are? 3. How might Israels location make it a source of
conflict? 4. What do you think a logical solution for a Jewish
homeland after the Holocaust and WWII should have been? Use pg. 569
if you need help. Remember many Jews had been removed from their
homelands and put in camps.
Slide 8
#2 Stories of Five African Nations
Slide 9
I. Ghana Kwame Nkrumah led the Gold Coast (now Ghana) to
independence in 1957. Gradually his government became dictatorial
and corrupt. In 1966 his government was overthrown by the first of
several military coups in Ghana. Ghanas last coup in 1981 was led
by Jerry Rawlings. Rawlings restored democracy to Ghana and brought
political stability to Ghana. He was elected and peacefully gave up
power when he lost election in 2001.
Slide 10
II. Kenya White settlers had passed laws to ensure their
control of the country. Jomo Kenyatta was a leader of Kenyas
largest ethnic group the Kikuyu he supported nonviolent methods to
end the oppression. In the 1950s, rebels turned to guerrilla
warfare. The British crushed the rebels. Kenya finally became
independent in 1963. Kenyatta became Kenyas first president but he
jailed opponents and outlawed opposition. In 2002 Kenya had their
first fair election.
Slide 11
III. Algeria Achieved independence from France after a long and
costly war in 1962. A coup in 1965 began a long period of military
rule. When the Algerian government finally allowed for free
elections in 1992 an Islamist party won. Islamist want the
government based on the teachings of Islam. The military rejected
the Islamist victory leading to seven years of civil war. Since
1999, the government has largely stopped the fighting but things
remain tense.
Slide 12
IV. Democratic Republic of the Congo After Congo became
independent from Belgium, the province of Katanga rebelled. Then
United Nations ended the rebellion in 1963. The formerly U.S.
supported Mobutu Sese Seko ruled as a harsh military dictator from
1965 to 1997. Seven years of civil war ended with a cease- fire in
2003. The country remained divided among regional factions.
Slide 13
V. Nigeria Has the largest population in Africa. Won
independence in 1960. Has hundreds of ethnic groups. In 1966
suffered the first of several military coups. In that same year a
coup by Muslim officers led to a rebellion in the oil-rich
southeast by the Christian Ibo people who declared independence as
the Republic of Biafra. Nigeria ended Biafras independence. A
series of military dictators ruled until Nigeria returned to
democracy in 1999.
Slide 14
Do Now 5/16/14 Going into Summer Break, finishing another year
of school, consider and answer: 1. What are some issues in the
United States or in the world that you are passionate about? Why?
2. What are your biggest worries about becoming an adult? Explain.
3. Do you think our world is going to be a better place for the
generation of your children? Give examples why or why not.
Slide 15
Do Now 5/19/14 Refer to Religious Diversity in Southeast Asia
on pg. 558. 1. What are the majority religions of the following
countries: Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand? 2. What role
might geography play in where traditional religions remain in
Malaysia? 3. According to the reading, which countries have
different religions that have existed together in peace?
Slide 16
#3 The Arab Israeli Conflict
Slide 17
Israel The Holocaust created support for a Jewish homeland
after World War II. Jews began to migrate to Palestine in large
numbers after WWII. In 1947 the United Nations drew up a plan to
divide Palestine into an Arab and a Jewish state. The Jews accepted
the plan but the Arabs rejected it believing all Palestine belonged
to them.
Slide 18
Israel continued After Britain withdrew from Palestine, in
1948, the Jews proclaimed the independent state of Israel. Arab
states launched the first of several wars against Israel but were
defeated. Because of its skilled and educated work force Israel
developed rapidly. Collective farms called kibbutz were able to
produce crops for export.
Slide 19
Arab Israeli conflict The conflicts of 1948 created an enormous
refugee problems. As a result of the first Arab Israeli war 700,000
Palestinian Arabs fled their homes in Israeli territory. The U.N.
set up camps in Neighboring areas to house the refugees. Large
number of Jews were also driven from their homes in Arab lands.
Both sides feel embittered by the displacements.
Slide 20
Middle East Political Systems Limit Freedom Most Middle East
nations have had dictatorial governments. In some countries,
nationalist military leaders seized power. In countries like Saudi
Arabia & Jordan hereditary monarchs remained in power. Only
Israel and Turkey had stable multiparty democratic systems by
2005.
Slide 21
Supplying the World with Oil Parts of the Middle East sit on
top of the worlds largest oil and gas reserves. Oil rich nations
have prospered, but other Middle East nations have struggled
economically. The Middle Easts vital oil resources give it
strategic importance to the U.S. and other countries. The nations
with large oil reserves are all members of the Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
Slide 22
OPEC OPEC was founded in 1960. In 1973 OPECs Arab members
blocked oil shipments to the U.S. to protest U.S. support for
Israel. The 1973 oil embargo contributed to a world wide recession.
Since the 1970s OPEC has focused on regulating the price of oil
rather than on taking political stands.
Slide 23
Notes #5: Fundamentalism and Modernization
Slide 24
Islam Confronts Modernization Some Middle Eastern nations have
adopted Western forms of secular, or nonreligious government and
law. Many Middle Eastern leaders also adopted Western cultures
economic traditions. Life actually improved very little for many
people. There remains a very inequitable distribution of wealth in
the Middle East. By the 1970s some Muslim leaders were calling for
a return to Sharia, or Islamic law. These Islamists blamed social
and economic ills on following Western secularism. Some Islamists
advocate violence to reach goals. Many Muslims oppose this
extremism.
Slide 25
Women in Islam Conditions for women vary greatly from country
to country in the Middle East. In some countries women have won
equality before the law. In Turkey, Syria, and Egypt women have
given up the tradition of hejab, wearing clothes that conceal most
of the body. Other Middle East countries still require the hejab,
and also restrict womens freedoms in other ways. The traditional
Muslim belief is that women do not need an education for their role
as wives and mothers.
Slide 26
Egypt Is strategically important because it shares a border
with Israel and controls the Suez Canal. Most populated Arab
nation. Gamal Abdel Nasser seized power in Egypt in 1952, he worked
to modernize Egypt and end Western domination. Nasser nationalized
the Suez Canal ending British and French control. Britain and
France responded militarily but the U.S. and the Soviet Union
forced them to withdraw. Nasser led two unsuccessful wars against
Israel.
Slide 27
Egypt continued In 1979, Nassers successor, Anwar Sadat, became
the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel in the Camp David
Accords. Islamists denounced Sadats government for its failure to
end corruption and poverty. In 1981 Muslim fundamentalists
assassinated Sadat. Under Hosni Mubarak, extremists turned to
terrorist attacks, and when the government responded with harsh
crackdowns it tended to increase support for Islamists.
Slide 28
Iran In 1945 Irans monarch Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, had
Western support but faced nationalist opposition at home. When the
Shahs opponent Mohammad Mosaddeq was elected Prime Minister in 1951
he nationalized the Western owned oil industry. In 1953 the U.S.
helped the Shah oust Mosaddeq, outraging many Iranians. The Shah
returned Irans oil industry to Western control and for the next 25
years the U.S. helped the Shah stay in power.
Slide 29
Irans Islamic Revolution The Shah redistributed wealth from
landlords and religious institutions to peasants. He also increased
the rights of women. The Shah was opposed by landowners, merchants,
students, and the Islamic clergy. The Shahs secret police
terrorized his critics driving many into exile.
Slide 30
Irans Islamic Revolution cont. The exiled Ayatollah Ruhollah
Khomeini condemned Western influence and accused the Shah of
violating Islamic law. Massive protests in 1979, drove the Shah
into exile. Khomeini returned to Iran and his supporters proclaimed
an Islamic Republic. This theocracy replaced secular courts with
religious ones and abolished womens rights. The Islamic Republic
brutalized opponents just as the Shah had. Islamists seized the
American embassy and held 52 Americans hostage for more than a
year.
Slide 31
Saudi Arabia Has both the worlds largest oil reserves and
Islams holiest sites. Kings from the Saud family have ruled since
the 1920s, and their close ties to the West have been criticized by
Islamic Fundamentalist. The Kings justify their rule by their
commitment to the strict Wahhabi sect of Sunni Islam. To build
support the Saud family backed fundamentalist religious leaders.
Some of the fundamentalist criticized the Kingdoms ties to the
West. Critics of the Kingdoms Western ties have increasingly used
terrorist attacks which threaten the oil industry.