ADJECTIVE or ADJECTIVE or RELATIVERELATIVE CLAUSES CLAUSES

11

dependent clauses that must be dependent clauses that must be joined to independent clauses joined to independent clauses describe nouns and pronounsdescribe nouns and pronouns often placed in a sentence right often placed in a sentence right after the noun they describe after the noun they describe add details to sentences by add details to sentences by functioning as adjectivesfunctioning as adjectives

22

RELATIVE CLAUSES

That isThat is the house the house. . The house The house was built on the was built on the main road. main road.

That is That is the the househouse whichwhich was built in the main was built in the main roadroad. .

33

Antecedent Relative pronoun subject

RELATIVE PRONOUNSRELATIVE PRONOUNS

Who, whom, which, whose, that Who, whom, which, whose, that

44

RELATIVE ADVERBSRELATIVE ADVERBS

Where, when, why

Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns WHOWHO

Refers to people and is used Refers to people and is used as subject in the subordinate as subject in the subordinate clauseclause

The lady The lady whowho teaches in Political teaches in Political Science department is my mentor.Science department is my mentor.

Who= subject Who= subject

55

Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns WHOWHO

Refers to people and is used as Refers to people and is used as object in the subordinate clauseobject in the subordinate clause

The lady The lady whowho I met at the party was my I met at the party was my mentor.mentor.

Who= objectWho= object

66

Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns

WHOMWHOMRefers to people, Refers to people,

used as object or used as object or object of prepositionobject of preposition

(Formal grammar (Formal grammar recommends recommends whomwhom, , not who, in the not who, in the object positionobject position))

Sally, Sally, who(m)who(m) he he knew, arrived knew, arrived yesterday.yesterday.

(Relative pronoun as (Relative pronoun as the the object of object of the the clause)clause)

The student of The student of whomwhom he spoke was a he spoke was a foreigner.foreigner.

(Relative pronoun as (Relative pronoun as the the object of a object of a prepositionpreposition))77

Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns

WHICHWHICH

Refers to things, Refers to things, animals and is used as animals and is used as object or subject in the object or subject in the clauseclause

The watch The watch whichwhich Ken Ken bought was expensive. bought was expensive.

The lion The lion thatthat escaped escaped last night was captured.last night was captured.

88

Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns

THATTHAT

It replaces WHO and It replaces WHO and WHICH when these are WHICH when these are object or subject in the object or subject in the clause. clause.

That can only be used That can only be used in defining relative in defining relative clauses.clauses.

The watch The watch which/thatwhich/that Ken bought was Ken bought was expensive. expensive.

The lion The lion whichwhich//thatthat escaped last night was escaped last night was captured.captured.

99

Relative PronounsRelative Pronouns

WHOSEWHOSE

Refers to Refers to possession/ownershippossession/ownership

It cannot be replaced It cannot be replaced by THAT. by THAT.

The father The father whosewhose child is missing is child is missing is frantic!frantic!

The company The company whose whose manager has resigned manager has resigned is in dire straits.is in dire straits.

1010

Relative adverbsRelative adverbs

WHEN WHEN

Refers to a Refers to a timetime (in + (in + year, in + month, on + year, in + month, on + day,...).day,...).

It cannot be a It cannot be a subject. subject.

It can be omittedIt can be omitted

I will never forget the I will never forget the day day when when I graduated.I graduated.

I will never forget the I will never forget the day day on which on which I I graduated. graduated.

I will never forget the I will never forget the day day thatthat I graduated. I graduated.

I will never forget the I will never forget the day I graduated.day I graduated.

1111

Relative adverbsRelative adverbs

WHEREWHERE Refers to a Refers to a placeplace (in + country, in + (in + country, in + city, at + school,...). city, at + school,...). It cannot be a It cannot be a subject.subject. It can be omitted It can be omitted but a but a prepositionpreposition (at, in, to) usually (at, in, to) usually must be addedmust be added. .

The house The house wherewhere he he

stays is stays is old .old .

The houseThe house in which in which he stays is he stays is old.old.

The house The house whichwhich he he stays stays inin is is old.old.

The house The house that that he he stays stays inin is old. is old. The house he stays The house he stays inin is old. is old.

1212

Relative adverbsRelative adverbs

WHYWHY

Refers to Refers to reasonreason

It can be It can be omittedomitted

I donI don’’t know t know why why he winked.he winked.

I donI don’’t know the t know the reason reason whywhy he he winked.winked.

I donI don’’t know the t know the reason he reason he winked.winked.

1313

1414

Defining Clauses Non-defining Clauses

are necessary for identification—tell exactly which thing or person

are interesting with extra information -but don’t identify or tell “which one”

DO NOT have commas around clause

ALWAYS have commas around clause

Also known as identifying or restrictive clauses

Also known as non-identifying or non-restrictive clauses

RELATIVE CLAUSES: TYPES

Defining Relative ClausesDefining Relative Clauses

The soccer player The soccer player who scored the who scored the goalgoal

is from Liverpool.is from Liverpool.The girl The girl that borrows my bookthat borrows my book

is my cousin.is my cousin.The district The district where I live where I live is near theis near the

post office.post office.1515

1616

- Relative pronouns /adverbs cannot be omitted if they are the subject in the subordinate clause.

The man WHO /THAT came yesterday was an actor.

It’s possible to use THAT instead of WHO.

- However, when the pronoun or adverb is the object in the clause these can be omitted.

The man ( WHOM/THAT/WHO) I met at the party told me that.

The house (WHICH/THAT) we bought is very old.

Note: WHOSE can never be dropped.

Non- defining Relative ClausesNon- defining Relative Clauses

Ms. TanMs. Tan, who is my English tutor, , who is my English tutor, went to Korea last went to Korea last winter. winter.

My dogMy dog, which is barking, , which is barking, is in the backyard.is in the backyard.

William decided to reject the offerWilliam decided to reject the offer, which upset his , which upset his manager.manager.

1717

Non- defining Relative ClausesNon- defining Relative Clauses

1818

MAIN FEATURES:

-Between commas-THAT is not allowed-The relative pronoun cannot be omitted-It’s less frequent than defining relative clauses. It is more formal and commonly used in written texts.

1919

RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING NON-DEFINING

They give us essential informationThe information given is not essential, it can be omitted.

PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

WHO WHICHWHOSE WHENWHERE

WHO/THAT WHICH/THATWHOSEWHERE /THAT WHEN/THAT

WHOM

1. My brother who lives in Bukit Timah is an accountant.1. My brother who lives in Bukit Timah is an accountant.

This sentence suggests that I have more than This sentence suggests that I have more than

one brother. one brother. ““Who lives in Bukit TimahWho lives in Bukit Timah”” identifies identifies

thisthis brother, not the one who lives in Clementi. brother, not the one who lives in Clementi.

2. My brother, who lives in Bukit Timah, is an 2. My brother, who lives in Bukit Timah, is an accountant.accountant.

This sentence suggests that I only have one brother, This sentence suggests that I only have one brother,

““who lives in Bukit Timahwho lives in Bukit Timah””..

2020