SIMPLIFIED RCE/IEE AMENDMENT PROJECT/ACTIVITY DATA Project/Activity Name: Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II Geographic Location(s) (Country/Region): Cambodia Amendment (Yes/No), if Yes indicate # (1, 2...): #1 Implementation Start/End Dates (FY or M/D/Y): 1/1/2017-12/31/2021 If Amended, specify New End Date: 1/1/2017-12/31/2022 Solicitation/Contract/Award Number: AID-442-C-17-00003 Implementing Partner(s): Abt Associates INC Bureau Tracking ID: Asia 16 - 042 Tracking ID of Related RCE/IEE: n/a Tracking ID of Other, Related Analyses: n/a ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATA Implementing Operating Unit(s): (e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office) Cambodia Other Affected Operating Unit(s): Bureau for Food Security Lead BEO Bureau: Asia Funding Operating Unit(s): (e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office) Cambodia Funding Account(s) (if available): 17.5 M Original Funding Amount: 17.5 M If Amended, specify funding amount: 22.5 M If Amended, specify new funding total: 22.5 M Prepared by: Vuthy Theng Date Prepared: January 10, 2019 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA Analysis Type: X Initial Environmental Examination Amendment Request for Categorical Exclusion Amendment Environmental X Categorical Positive 1
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SIMPLIFIED RCE/IEE AMENDMENTPROJECT/ACTIVITY DATA
Project/Activity Name: Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest IIGeographic Location(s) (Country/Region): CambodiaAmendment (Yes/No), if Yes indicate # (1, 2...): #1Implementation Start/End Dates (FY or M/D/Y): 1/1/2017-12/31/2021 If Amended, specify New End Date: 1/1/2017-12/31/2022Solicitation/Contract/Award Number: AID-442-C-17-00003Implementing Partner(s): Abt Associates INCBureau Tracking ID: Asia 16 - 042Tracking ID of Related RCE/IEE: n/aTracking ID of Other, Related Analyses: n/a
ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATAImplementing Operating Unit(s): (e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)
Cambodia
Other Affected Operating Unit(s): Bureau for Food Security Lead BEO Bureau: AsiaFunding Operating Unit(s): (e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)
Cambodia
Funding Account(s) (if available): 17.5 MOriginal Funding Amount: 17.5 M If Amended, specify funding amount: 22.5 M If Amended, specify new funding total: 22.5 MPrepared by: Vuthy ThengDate Prepared: January 10, 2019
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATAAnalysis Type: X Initial Environmental Examination Amendment
Request for Categorical Exclusion AmendmentEnvironmental Determination(s): X Categorical Exclusion(s)
X NegativePositiveDeferred (per 22CFR216.3(a)(7)
(iv)RCE/IEE Expiration Date (if different from implementation end date):
1.0 PURPOSE AND SCOPEThe purpose of this amendment is to:
a) To approve the Pesticide Evaluation Report-Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) (See Annex)b) Increase funding amount from $17.5M to up to $22.5M
1
c) Extend the End Date from 12/31/2021 to 12/31/2022d) Integrate Climate Risk Management for this activity
Otherwise, the Life of Project amount has not changed and the nature of activities remains the same as in the initial Request for Categorical Exclusion (Asia 16-042).
2.0 CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE● All other aspects of the project design/activities and geographic scope remain unchanged from
previous environmental analyses.
● Annual Work Plans have been verified to undertake only those activities originally proposed, and all reporting requirements have been adhered to and remain unchanged. This project is in compliance.
Climate Risk ManagementCambodia is still largely reliant on the agriculture and natural resources sectors for livelihoods, food security, and economic growth. These are sectors with significant exposure to climate change. Other climate-sensitive development priorities are identified in the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2014-2018 and Rectangular Strategy Phase III, such as rural infrastructure and water management.
Climate change is already seen as a cross-cutting issue in such plans; and the recent Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014-2023 and the line ministries' Sectoral Climate Change Strategies take a whole-of-government approach to mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation across development, declaring a need to “ensure that national development priorities can be achieved under a changing climate.”
Cambodia has been identified as highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change in regional and global indexes. The World Risk Report 2017, published by Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft, lists Cambodia as number 8 globally, with a score for vulnerability at 61 percent, susceptibility at 42 percent, lack of coping capacity at 87 percent, and lack of adaptive capacity at 55 percent. The Germanwatch Global Climate Risk Index 2018 ranks Cambodia as number 15 globally in the Climate Risk Index for 1997–2016.
Cambodia has two seasons, hot and dry (November-April) and wet/monsoon (May-October); temperature and precipitation vary considerably during and within those seasons. The timing of events, such as the onset of the rainy season, varies from year to year. Natural extreme events such as droughts, floods, and storms occur periodically and can cause considerable damage; the severe floods of 2011, for instance, resulted in an estimated $451 million in damages, affected more than 1.5 million people, and damaged about 400,000 hectares of rice paddy (ADB 2012; Diepart et al. 2015).1
Cambodia's climate has already been changing over the past few decades. Mean annual temperatures have increased by 0.8°C between 1960 and 2003. The frequency of hot days and 1 ADB (2012) Flood Damage Emergency Reconstruction Project. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/46009-001-cam-oth-01.pdf, and Diepart, J.-C., ed. (2015) Learning for resilience: Insights from Cambodia’s rural communities, Phnom Penh: The Learning Institute.
nights has increased, and the frequency of cold days and nights has decreased, especially during the dry season (World Bank et al 2011).2
Future climate change projections for Cambodia can be summarized briefly as follows: Increased average temperatures of about l.5°C by 2050. Increased annual daily maximum temperatures of 2 to 4°C. Further increases in the frequency of days and nights that are considered 'hot' in the
current climate, with hot days increasing by 14 to 49 percent and hot nights increasing by 24 to 68 percent by 2060.
Further decreases in the frequency of days and nights that are considered 'cold,' with these events becoming exceedingly rare.
Increased annual precipitation of about 2.6 percent by 2050, with more frequent and intense precipitation events during the rainy season.
Seasonal changes in precipitation, e.g. projected rainfall increase of 11 percent during wet season and projected decrease of 3 to 10 percent during dry season around 3S Rivers Basin.
Expected increased annual flows along the mainstream Mekong River. Modest increases in flood depth and duration in the central floodplain. Increases in the frequency and intensity of droughts. Average sea-level rise of 0.2 to 2 meters by 2100.
These projections have likely implications for a number of sectors of interest to USAID. According to the USAID/Cambodia Country Risk Profile, the potential sectors and vulnerabilities are agriculture, water resource, ecosystem, health and fisheries. Higher temperatures, increased rainfall, and more extreme weather events such as tropical storms, droughts, and more frequent flooding threaten recent progress and may exacerbate water and agriculture sector in Cambodia. This activity focuses on accelerating growth in the horticulture sector using a buyer-led and market systems approach, and is not a production-level project. It will support commercial relationships that will ultimately allow producer groups and buyers/aggregators to compete more effectively in domestic and international markets. The key activities of this project will include training, workshops, technical supports, and work with private sector partners and grantees to assure proper safety awareness-building among beneficiary farmers. Therefore, the risk ratings for the project are “Medium”. The table below summarizes the potential illustrative activities, climate risks and mitigation actions that will occur during the implementation phase.
2 The World Bank (2011) Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: East and Southeast Asia.
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Activity-Level Climate Risk Management Summary Table for this ActivityTasks/ Defined or Illustrative
InterventionsClimate Risks Risk Rating How Risks Addressed Opportunities to Strengthen
Climate Resilience
Improve capacities for market participation and improve market linkages: Harvest II works with buyers, producers, and other market actors in the sector to apply improved technologies and management practices, increase their financial and business capacity, stimulate the use of market and climate information, and implement risk-reducing actions to improve resilience.
Frequent floods, droughts, and extreme heat may affect the participation of actors across the horticulture market system.
Medium
Work with implementing partners to train target beneficiaries to understand about how climatic risks may affect their business.
During the implementation, Harvest II will identify climate stress/risks and develop appropriate adaptive measures to mitigate climate impact.
Work with line government ministries or other related agencies to get climate information.
Support the implementation of National Climate Change Strategies; Cambodia National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA); and Sectoral Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
Improve governance and enabling environment: Harvest II will help advance policies and regulations to support growth of the horticulture sector.
It is expected that Harvest II’s interventions may be affected by climate change (i.e. flood, heat) especially in relation to public-private meetings/trainings to advance policies and regulations.
LowDuring the implementation, Harvest II will identify climate stress/risks and develop appropriate adaptive measures to mitigate climate impact.
Support the implementation of National Climate Change Strategies; Cambodia National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA); and Sectoral Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
BUREAU/MISSION/PROJECT 4 USAID 216 SIMPLIFIED RCE TEMPLATE VERSION 1, DECEMBER 2017
3.0 REVISIONSIf during implementation, project activities are considered outside of those described in this or previously approved documents, an amendment shall be submitted. Pursuant to 22 CFR 216.3 (a)(9), if new information becomes available which indicates that activities to be funded by the Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II Project might be “major” and the Project’s effect “significant,” this negative determination will be reviewed and revised by the originator of the Project and submitted to the Bureau Environmental Officer for approval and, if appropriate, an environmental assessment will be prepared.
Clearance: ________ cleared by email ____________________________Menglim Kim, Mission Environmental Officer
_03/26/2019__Date
Clearance:________cleared by email with edits_____________________Mark Childerhose, Regional Environmental Advisor
_03/26/2019__Date
Clearance: ________ cleared by email with notes_____________________Brandon Miller, Resident Legal Officer
_03/26/2019__Date
Clearance: _________signed______________________________Sheri-Nouane Duncan-Jones, Acting Deputy Mission Director
__03/28/2019_Date
Concurrence ___________________________________________________William Gibson, Bureau Environmental Officer
______________Date
62018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
ANNEX: BUREAUS FOR ASIA AND FOOD SECURITYPESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFE USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)IEE AMENDMENT: §216.3(B) PESTICIDE PROCEDURESPROJECT/ACTIVITY DATAProject/Activity Name: Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II (“Harvest II”)Amendment #: 1Geographic Location: South East Asia (Cambodia)Implementation Start/End: 1/1/2017 to 12/31/2021Implementing Partner(s): Abt Associates, with International Development
Enterprises (iDE), Emerging Markets Consulting (EMC)Tracking ID/link:Tracking ID/link of Related IEE: Asia 16-042
https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/46486.pdfTracking ID/link of Other Related Analyses:
AI Active Ingredient A/COR Agreement/Contracting Officer’s RepresentativeASIA Bureau for AsiaBEO Bureau Environmental Officer BMP Best Management PracticeBRC British Retail ConsortiumBT Bacillus thuringiensis CABI Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau InternationalCFR Code of Federal Regulations DAALI Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement DPPSP Department of Plant Protection, Sanitary and PhytosanitaryEA Environmental AssessmentEC50 Effective Concentration 50 EHS Environmental, Health and SafetyEMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan EPA US Environmental Protection Agency EPC Empty Pesticide ContainerEU European UnionFAO Food and Agriculture Organization FFS Farmer Field SchoolsFIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act FRAC Fungicide Resistance Action Committee FTF Feed the FutureGAP Good Agriculture PracticeGDA General Directorate of Agriculture GlobalGAP Global Good Agriculture PracticesGOC Royal Government of CambodiaGUP General Use Pesticideha HectareHARVEST Helping Address Rural Vulnerabilities and Ecosystem StabilityHDPE High Density PolyethyleneHRAC Herbicide Resistance Action Committee HT Highly ToxiciDE International development EnterprisesIEE Initial Environmental Examination
82018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
IGR Insect Growth Regulator IP Implementing Partner IPM Integrated Pest ManagementIRAC Insecticide Resistance Action Committee kg Kilogramskm KilometersLC50 Lethal Concentration 50 LD50 Lethal Dose 50 LOP Length of Projectm Metersmasl Meters above sea levelMEO Mission Environmental Officer MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesMRL Maximum Residue Level/LimitMT Moderately ToxicNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationPAN Pesticide Action Network PER Pesticide Evaluation ReportPERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action PlanPGR Plant Growth RegulatorpH log of hydrogen concentration, measure of acidityPHI Pre-Harvest IntervalPIC Prior Informed Consent POP Persistent Organic Pollutants PMP Pest Management PlanPPE Personal Protection EquipmentRD Reproductive & Developmental toxinREI Re-Entry Interval RUP Restricted Use PesticideS&C Standards and CertificationSDS Safety Data SheetSPS Sanitary and PhytosanitarySPU Safe Pesticide UseSS Scoping StatementSUAP Safe Use Action PlanUC University of CaliforniaUN United NationsUS United StatesUSAID US Agency for International DevelopmentUSEPA US Environmental Protection Agency WHO World Health Organization
92018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
102018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
PERSUAP SUMMARY......................................................................................................................................12SECTION 1: CROP / PEST INFORMATION...................................................................................................28
Harvest II Crops Agronomic Information.......................................................................................................29Pesticide Information......................................................................................................................................32
Pesticides Recommended in This Harvest II PERSUAP................................................................................33
PERSUAP-Approved Fungicides and Bactericides............................................................................33PERSUAP-Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators..........................................................41PERSUAP-Approved Insecticides and Miticides...............................................................................46
Integrated Pest Management...........................................................................................................................54
Pesticide Information......................................................................................................................................56SECTION 2: CAMBODIA PESTICIDE STUDY METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS.................................58
SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT........................................................................................633.1 Factor A: USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides............................................................63
3.2 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides...............................................................................................643.3 Factor C: Extent to Which the Proposed Pesticide Use Is, or Could Be, Part of an IPM Program..........65
3.4 Factor D: Proposed Method or Methods of Application, Including the Availability of Application and Safety Equipment.......................................................................................................................................66
3.5 Factor E: Any Acute and Long-Term Toxicological Hazards, Either Human or Environmental, Associated with the Proposed Use, and Measures Available to Minimize Such Hazards........................67
3.6 Factor F: Effectiveness of the Requested Pesticide for the Proposed Use................................................673.7 Factor G: Compatibility of the Proposed Pesticide Use with Target and Non-Target Ecosystems..........69
3.8 Factor H: Conditions Under Which the Pesticide Is to Be Used, Inlcuding Climate, Geography, Hydrology, and Soils.................................................................................................................................71
3.9 Factor I: Availability of Other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control Methods.........................................763.10 Factor J: Host Country’s Ability to Regulate or Control the Use, Distribution, Storage, and Disposal of
the Requested Pesticide..............................................................................................................................763.11 Factor K: Provision for Training of Users and Applicators....................................................................78
3.12 Factor L: Provision Made for Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of Each Pesticide........................79SECTION 4: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN TEMPLATE AS RECOMMENDED BY BFS BEO...................80
ANNEXES...........................................................................................................................................................82Annex 1: Harvest II Crops, Pests, Diseases, Weeds GAP and IPM Plan Information...................................82
Cambodia Asparagus IPM Tools and Tactics.....................................................................................82Cambodia Black Pepper IPM Tools and Tactics................................................................................84
112018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Cambodia Brassicaceous Crops IPM Tools and Tactics......................................................................86Cambodia Cashew Crop IPM Tools and Tactics................................................................................93Cambodia Citrus IPM Tools and Tactics...........................................................................................97Cambodia Cucurbitaceous Crops IPM Tools and Tactics..................................................................101Cambodia Ginger and Turmeric IPM Tools and Tactics...................................................................108Cambodia Guava and Jujube IPM Tools and Tactics........................................................................111Cambodia Lady Finger Banana Crop IPM Tools and Tactics............................................................114Cambodia Lettuces IPM Tools and Tactics......................................................................................116Cambodia Long Bean Crop IPM Tools and Tactics..........................................................................119Cambodia Longan IPM Tools and Tactics.......................................................................................124Cambodia Mango IPM Tools and Tactics........................................................................................127Cambodia Okra IPM Tools and Tactics...........................................................................................130Cambodia Papaya IPM Tools and Tactics........................................................................................134Cambodia Pineapple IPM Tools and Tactics....................................................................................135Cambodia Solanaceous Crops IPM Tools and Tactics......................................................................137Cambodia All Crops Weeds IPM Tools and Tactics.........................................................................146Cambodia All Crops Slug and Snail IPM Tools and Tactics.............................................................150
Annex 2: Guidelines for PMPs for Cambodia Crops and Beneficiaries.......................................................151Annex 3: Elements of IPM Program.............................................................................................................154
Annex 4: Acute Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA and WHO Classifications......................................................158Annex 5: Training Topics and Safe Pesticide Use Web Resources..............................................................160
Annex 6: Farm Record Keeping Associated with Pesticide Use..................................................................162Annex 7: Form for Projects to Monitor Producer Best Practices Including GAP and IPM Options............163
Annex 8: PERSUAP References...................................................................................................................165Annex 9: Environment, Health, and Safety Procedures................................................................................167
Annex 10: Prohibited Materials Analysis (PMA).........................................................................................170Annex 11: Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP Scope of Work..............................................175
Annex 12: Harvest II EMMP Table IV on Pesticide Risk, Risk Mitigation, and Monitoring......................180
122018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
PERSUAP SUMMARY PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS PERSUAPWhen a project includes assistance for procurement or use of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) without restriction, the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social, and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact (22 Code of Federal Regulations—CFR 216.3(b)(1)).
PERSUAP RATIONALEThis PERSUAP is an Amendment to the 2016 United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/Bureau for Asia (ASIA) 16-042 IEE for the activity Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II Project (“Harvest II”) operated by Abt Associates and several sub-contractors, primarily International Development Enterprises (iDE), www.ideglobal.org. A 2011 PERSUAP was written and approved for pests, diseases, and pesticides that could be promoted or used under HARVEST. This is the first PERSUAP update since 2011. The Royal Government of Cambodia (GOC) registers new pesticides occaisionally but has not released to the public a new updated list since 2003. EPA, continually, on a daily basis, updates its lists of registered, cancelled and restricted pesticides, and many changes have occurred since 2003 and 2011. This report captures and documents those changes to date, vis-à-vis GOC’s list of registered pesticides. Harvest II target crops analyzed under this IEE amendment include tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, bok choy, green mustard, cucumber, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, pumpkin, melons, watermelon, yard long bean, okra, lettuce, asparagus, cashew, mango, longan, citrus, papaya, pineapple, banana (lady finger variety), guava, jujube, black pepper, roots: ginger, turmeric.
According to Harvest II, Cambodia’s horticulture sector is poised to capitalize on increasing demand for “safe” and locally-grown produce. This project will work with producer organizations, wholesalers, and buyers–all the actors that help bring vegetables from the farm to the table--to increase demand for this produce. The project brings producers, buyers, and consumers closer together.
Harvest II will accelerate growth in the horticulture sector using a buyer-led, market systems approach, and is not a production-level project. It will support commercial relationships that will ultimately allow producer groups and collectors to compete more effectively in domestic and international markets. These actors will be found throughout the horticulture sector across the Feed the Future Zone of Influence in the provinces of Pursat, Battambang, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom.
Since Harvest II is not a production-level project, it has neither the mandate nor budget
132018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
to train farmers. That said, the project can, to the extent possible, work with private sector partners and grantees to assure proper safety awareness-building among beneficiary farmers. Other projects and donors focus more generally and directly on provision of inputs as well as training in safe pesticide use (SPU) and awareness/adoption of IPM tools.
To produce “safe” locally-grown produce, compete in international markets, and follow Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS, https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/economic-growth/trade/sanitary-and-phytosanitary-measures_en https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsund_e.htm; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures; http://www.fao.org/docrep/T4660T/t4660t0h.htm;) and SPU (http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y2767e/y2767e00.htm; http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/vector385to397.pdf) standards, this IEE is intended to allow for the authorization of the PERSUAP for use by Harvest II staff in promoting improved varieties of seed that may be treated with pesticides, other inputs and production techniques which will include, among others, Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs), including preventive Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tools/tactics and use of artisanal and synthetic pesticides to manage pest, disease, and weed production constraints (listed herein). All other conditions are unchanged and remain legally binding. The attached PERSUAP shall be used: 1) in Cambodia, and 2) to support prevention and control efforts against primary pests, diseases, and weeds of each target crop.
THRESHOLD DECISION AND ACTIONS TO BE TAKENA Negative Determination was issued for assistance with procurement and/or use of pesticides within the above-enumerated scope, subject to the condition of full compliance with the Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) of this document.
In summary, the SUAP requires that USAID/Cambodia, Harvest II and other Implementing Partners (IP) projects or activities do the following management actions:
142018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
1. Announce the approved PERSUAP to all Harvest II technical and field staff, the users and implementers of the document.
2. Note pesticide registration status changes from Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) in Cambodia, as feasible (the last ‘official’ publicly-gazetted registration update was in 2003, although a new one is envisioned soon), and in the U.S. via EPA (https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=PPLS:1) and amend this PERSUAP as necessary after 2 years.
3. A/CORs and MEO review and approve IP pesticide procurement requests per Annex 12 [if these procurement forms are used by mission].
4. Put in place an effective internal procedure to review a SUAP Tracker (or use the more detailed Harvest II Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan—EMMP), if and as desired by mission A/COR in agreement with MEO.
5. AORs/CORs assure that the IP conditions summarized above are funded, implemented, and monitored (per ADS 204.2 and 204.3.4). This may entail adding a mandate and resources specifically for helping train actors in the wholesale and retail pesticide sectors on best practices, as desired and negotiated between USAID, IP, and the Cambodia pesticide sector.
PRIMARY PERSUAP RECOMMENDATIONS The following are important primary PERSUAP recommendations:
In accordance with USAID 22CFR 216.3 (b) Pesticide Procedures, the 2018 Harvest II PERSUAP addresses the needs of agriculture extension activities that will or may involve potential support for or use of pesticides by beneficiary farmers. This PERSUAP identifies the following key recommendations for agricultural pesticide “support/use”3 by Harvest II staff, grantees, private sector partners and direct beneficiaries:
PER Approved Pesticide AIs: If Harvest II beneficiaries use treated seed or pesticides with project advice or support, they must contain only pesticide AIs evaluated and approved by this PERSUAP. This PERSUAP evaluates pesticide active ingredients registered in Cambodia. Pesticides that passed the analyses criteria are approved with conditions and use restrictions as noted and listed below. Those pesticides that are rejected by this PERSUAP analysis and that cannot be supported are listed in Annex 10, including reasons for the rejection of each.
SUAP and EMMP: Harvest II will, to the extent possible, create and execute an action plan to work with private sector partners and grantees to assure proper safety awareness-building among their beneficiary farmers.
Safety Training/Equipment: Harvest II will, to the extent possible, encourage private sector partners and grantees to assure SPU and emphasize the use of the Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) recommended on pesticide labels (for example: gloves, mask, goggles, overalls, boots), pesticide types/classes, choices and associated human and environmental risks, how to mitigate such risks, pest/disease/weed resistance management, pesticide rotation by class and mode of action, proper pesticide spray equipment maintenance, calibration, spray techniques, and monitoring/record-keeping.
Good Agriculture Practices: As appropriate and required, Harvest II will, through private sector partners and grantees, promote the use of state-of-the-art CamGAP training material and make it available if there is interest from project buyers and/or producers. Such GAPs could include use of high-yielding pest/disease-resistant and certified clean seed, soil fertility testing and conservation, plant fertilizer needs to grow strong healthy crops, proper water management, pest/disease monitoring, crop rotation, field sanitation, clean storage, and marketing of quality produce.
Pest Management Plans/Integrated Pest Management: As appropriate and required, Harvest II will,
3 Support is defined as including any of the following by project as well as any grantees or direct partners: procurement directly or through financing/credit on treated seed, promotion during training, or use on farmer field days or on demo farms.15
through private sector partners and grantees, promote the use of state-of-the-art (used by many international, national and USA state extension services) pest management plans (PMPs) containing major pests/diseases/weeds of each target crop, with preventive non-chemical IPM tools/tactics, curative registered synthetic pesticide AIs, as well as any artisanal pesticides that are or could be made and used locally by beneficiary farmers.
Spray Services: As appropriate and possible, Harvest II should, through private sector partners and grantees, promote and support the concept of pesticide spray services that have well-trained, certified, and PPE-protected spray personnel.
162018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
TABLE 1: ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AI) APPROVED BY THIS PERSUAP
Active Ingredients Approved by this PERSUAP (organized alphabetically by type, including natural and artisanal products many of which do not require approval, but are included to demonstrate all ingredients that are in the farmer’s tool kit) in a table format recommended by BFS.
Approved Fungicides and Bactericides (B)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous 2011 PERSUAP
azoxystrobin Rusts, Powdery mildew, Black rot, Scab, Anthracnose, White mold, Early & late blight, Leaf spot, other fungi
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface and ground water.
not present
Bacillus subtilis (F, B) Root, seedling and leaf fungal and bacterial diseases
none not present
bromuconazole(availability unreliable, may improve over length of project, LOP)
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
not present
calcium polysulfide/lime sulfur(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
Fruit trees fungal diseases none not present
chlorothalonil Rusts, Leaf, pod and stem blights, Anthracnose, Downy mildew
Avoid products or mixtures with more than 50% concentration of chlorothalonil, and Class I products.Use with care away from surface and high ground water.
approved 2011
copper (cuprous) oxide (B) Fruit and nut mildews and leaf spots Use with care away from surface water. approved 2011
copper oxychloride (B) Leaf spots, Downy mildews, Favor Class II or III products, NOT not present
172018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Approved Fungicides and Bactericides (B)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous 2011 PERSUAP
bacterial diseases World Health Organization (WHO) Class Ia or Ib.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
copper sulfate (pentahydrate) (B) Foliar fungal and bacterial pests of fruits and vegetables
Favor Class II or III products, NOT WHO Class Ia or Ib.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
not present
copper sulfate (tribasic) (B) Foliar fungal and bacterial pests of fruits and vegetables
Favor Class II or III products, NOT WHO Class Ia or Ib.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
not present
copper/cupric hydroxide (B) Mildews, leaf spots, bacterial infections on many crops,
Favor Class II or III products, NOT WHO Class Ia or Ib.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
approved 2011
cymoxanil Foliar late blights, Downy mildews, Powdery mildews
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
not present
cyproconazole Septoria, Net blotch, Rusts, Eyespot, Powdery mildews
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
not present
difenoconazole Leafspots, Early blights, Damping-off, Seed rots
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
not present
182018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Approved Fungicides and Bactericides (B)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
mancozeb Blights, Leaf spots, Scabs, Rusts fruits and vegetables
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
approved 2011
mefenoxam/metalaxyl-M Foliar and tuber blights, Downey mildews vegetables
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
not present
metalaxyl Downy mildews, Foliar and tuber blights, Damping-off vegetables
Use with care away from groundwater. approved 2011
192018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Approved Fungicides and Bactericides (B)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous 2011 PERSUAP
metiram(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
Scabs, Downey mildews, Blights vegetables
Use with care away from surface water. not present
mono- + di-potassium phosphate(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
Pythium, Phytophthora root rots of fruits
none not present
propiconazole Broad range of fungi of agricultural crops
Use with care away from surface and groundwater.
not present
pyraclostrobin(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
Major plant pathogens in cereals, vegetables, fruits Septoria, Puccinia
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
not present
sodium hypochlorite (bleach) Controls bacteria and fungi on tools and machinery, as well as seed and produce at diluted dosages
Ensure use of goggles to protect eyes from splashes.Use with care away from surface water.
not present
streptomycin sulfate (B) Bacterial diseases of fruits and vegetables, shot-hole, Bacterial rots, Bacterial cankers, Bacterial wilts
none not present
sulfur (F, M) Scabs, Powdery mildews, Brown rots, Leafspots, mites
Use with care away from surface and groundwater.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
thiophanate-methyl Eyespots, Scabs, Powdery mildews, Grey molds, Leaf spots, Rusts, Brown spots and rots, Root rots cereals, fruits, vegetables
Use with care away from surface and ground water.
not present
thiram (Approved only for Often on treated seed. Seed and Often used as a seed treatment by approved 2011
202018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Approved Fungicides and Bactericides (B)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous 2011 PERSUAP
international pre-treated seed as it is listed in Cambodia suspended active ingredients)
trained professionals (not farmers). Many commercial seeds come with thiram already coated on them.
Trichoderma spp Soil, root, leaf and damping off fungal diseases
none not present
trifloxystrobin Foliar, stem and root diseasesAlternaria, black root, black spot, botrytis, downy mildew, powdery mildew, leaf spot, rust, Rhizoctonia stem & root rot, scab, blossom blight cereals, fruits, vegetables
none not present
Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous PERSUAP
1-naphthylacetic acid (1-NAA)(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
PGR for most crops, cereals, fruits, vegetables
Use with care away from surface water. not present
2 4 D Broad-leaved weeds cereals Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface and ground water.
not present
ametryne annual and broad-leaved weeds cereals, fruits, vegetables
Use with care away from ground water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
212018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous PERSUAP
bensulfuron(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
annual and perennial weeds and sedges cereals
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
bensulfuron methyl annual and perennial weeds and sedges cereals
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
bromacil(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
annual and perennial weeds on fruits and non-crop areas around fields
Use with care away from ground water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
clethodim annual and perennial grassesfruits and vegetables
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface and ground water.
not present
clomazone(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
broad-leaved weeds and grasses vegetables, cereals
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Use with care away from surface water.
not present
diuron PGR pre-emergence residual herbicide for total control of weeds cereals, fruits, vegetables
Use with care away from ground water. not present
ethephon phosphonic acid PGR for cereals and fruits like pineapple, ripening agent, prevents lodging
none not present
fluazifop-p-butyl post-emergence herbicide used to control grass weeds in vegetables
Use with care away from surface water. approved 2011
fomasafen (-sodium) Pre-emergence herbicide leguminous crops, post-emergence control of broad-leaved weeds
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
222018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous PERSUAP
gibberellins/gibberellic acid PGR for fruit set and size none not present
glufosinate(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
wide range of weeds and grasses vegetables, cereals and non-crop areas around fields
none not present
glufosinate ammonium wide range of weeds and grasses vegetables, cereals and non-crop areas around fields
none not present
glyphosate, isopropylamine salt pre-emergence annual and perennial grasses and broad-leaved weeds and non-crop areas around fields
Use with care away from ground water. approved 2011
imazethapyr broad-leaved weeds and grasses in vegetables
Use with care away from ground water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
linuron(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
pre- and post-emergence control of annual grass and broad-leaved weeds in cereals and vegetables
Use with care away from ground and surface water.
not present
MCPA annual and perennial weeds in cereals and vegetables
none not present
metolachlor pre-emergence herbicide used to control Broad-leaved, Annual grassy weeds in cereals, vegetables
Use with care away from ground and surface water.
not present
metribuzin pre- and post-emergence herbicide used to control weeds in cereals and vegetables
Use with care away from ground and surface water.
not present
232018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous PERSUAP
oxyfluorfen broad-spectrum, pre- and post-emergent herbicide annual broad leaf and grass weeds in vegetables, fruit
none not present
paclobutrazo PGR to reduce vegetative growth on fruits, vegetables
Use with care away from surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
pendimethalin annual grasses and common weeds in cereals, fruit and vegetables
Use with care away from surface water. not present
penoxsulam(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
post-emergence herbicide to control broad-leaved weeds, grasses in orchards.
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
propanil(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
post-emergence herbicide used for broad-leaved and annual grass in vegetables
Use with care away from ground and surface water.
not present
sethoxydim post-emergence, selective, annual and perennial grasses in vegetables
Use with care away from ground water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
simazine annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds in fruits and vegetables
Use with care away from ground and surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
trifluralin pre-emergence to control annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds in vegetables and orchards
Use with care away from surface water. not present
242018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous PERSUAP
uniconazole PGR to reduce vegetative growth and increase flowering in vegetables
Use with care away from ground water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
Approved Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and Miticides (M)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous PERSUAP
abamectin (M, I) Bacterial extracts for contact for mites, Leaf miners, psyllids, other pests of vegetables and fruits
Most products with more than 1.9% AI are Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP), due to toxicity to fish, mammals and aquatic organisms; most at or lower than 1.9% are not RUP.Use great care around open water bodies.
approved 2011
acephate Contact for chewing and sucking insects, aphids, Leaf miners, caterpillars, Thrips, other pests many crops
Use with care away from ground and surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
acetamiprid Systemic/translaminar for sucking pests and some chewing pests, Aphids, Thrips, Whiteflies, Leaf miners, Leaf hoppers, weevils many crops
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Do not use during crop flowering due to honeybee risks.
not present
Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Bacterial extract for ingestion by Use with care away from surface water. approved 2011
252018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Approved Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and Miticides (M)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous PERSUAP
caterpillars many cropsBeauveria bassiana Fungal parasite of borers, thrips,
weevils, whiteflies many cropsnone not present
buprofezin (M, I) IGR molting inhibitor for whiteflies, Leafhoppers, Scales leaf beetles, Mealybugs in vegetables and orchards, citrus
Use with care away from surface water. not present
carbaryl Contact broad-spectrum used on many crops and pests
Use with care away from ground and surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
approved 2011
chili pepper extract Artisanal repellent for use against many insects
none not present
chlorantraniliprole Contact for caterpillars on many crops Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
chlorfenapyr (I, M) Spider mites, Caterpillars, Thrips on vegetables
Use with care away from surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
chlorpyrifos-methyl (I, M) Use only for stored grain and produce warehouse treatments
Use with care away from surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
clothianidin Systemic and translaminar action against a wide range of chewing and sucking pests on vegetables, fruits and cereals
Do not apply when honeybee-pollinated plants are flowering, toxic to honeybees.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
cyantraniliprole Contact and systemic activity against a Use with care away from surface water. not present
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Approved Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and Miticides (M)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous PERSUAP
(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
wide range of vegetable crops, chewing and sucking pests
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
cyromazine IGR IGR larvicide with activity against Leaf miners, Leaf beetles, flies on vegetables
Use with care away from ground and surface water.
not present
dimethoate (I, M) Contact to control a wide range of pests on many vegetable, fruit and cereal crops
Use with care away from ground and surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
garlic extract Artisanal repellent for use against many insects
Use with care away from surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
hexythiazox (M)(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
Mites on fruits and vegetables Use with care away from surface water. not present
imidacloprid Systemic with contact and stomach action against sucking and some chewing pests, especially soil pests, on many vegetable and fruit crops
Do not use during crop flowering due to honeybee risks.Use with care away from ground and surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
approved 2011
indoxacarb Contact and stomach action against caterpillars on many crops
Use with care away from surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
insecticidal soap (I, M) Artisanal product for use on several pests, especially mites, aphids, mealybugs, scales, thrips
Use with care away from surface water. not present
malathion (I, M) Contact with action against a wide range of pests of vegetables and fruits
Use with care away from ground and surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done
approved 2011
272018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Approved Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and Miticides (M)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous PERSUAP
foraging.
Matrine extract/Sophia flavescens extract
Natural plant alkaloid used for aphids, mites, caterpillars, maggots, grubs, wireworms, cutworms, Diamondback moth on vegetables
none not present
Metarhizium anisopliae Fungal parasite of grasshoppers, crickets, thrips, whiteflies, mites on Cucurbits, Solanaceous crops, root weevils
none not present
mineral oil (I, M) Artisanal for use on several pests, especially mites, aphids, mealybugs, scales, thrips
none not present
neem seed extract / azadirachtins Artisanal natural plant extract for use on several pests
none approved 2011
pymetrozine aphids and whiteflies on orchards, fruits and vegetables
Use with care away from ground and surface water.
not present
Pyrethrum flower extract / pyrethrins Artisanal natural plant extract for use on several pests
Use with care away from surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
rotenone extract(availability unreliable, may improve over LOP)
Artisanal natural plant extract for use on several pests, aphids, thrips, spider mites on vegetables and fruit
Use with great care away from surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
spinosad Bacterial extract for control of many pests, thrips, beetles, especially caterpillars of many vegetable and fruit crops
Use with care away from surface water.Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
not present
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Approved Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and Miticides (M)
Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)
Status vs Previous PERSUAP
Tagetes African Marigold oil extract (M) Artisanal natural plant extract used to control mites, whiteflies, aphids, thrips, mealybugs, scales, and psylla
none not present
tebufenozide Controls especially caterpillars, leafhoppers, leaf miners on fruit and vegetable crops
Use with care away from ground and surface water.
not present
thiamethoxam Systemic for use against sucking and chewing pests, leaf miners, thrips, mealybugs, scales, leafhoppers, beetles, aphids, psyllids, crickets, grasshoppers
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.Do not use during crop flowering due to honeybee risks.
not present
This document also references for PI use EPA’s list of minimum risk pesticides exempted under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Section 25(b), https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/minrisk-active-ingredients-tolerances-jan-2018.pdf. These are permitted for use on USAID projects.
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PROHIBITED MATERIALS ANALYSIS (PMA)The PMA is provided at the end of the PERSUAP document, in Annex 10. It includes internationally-banned and PERSUAP-rejected pesticide AIs.
EXPECTED PESTICIDE USEThe Expected Pesticide Use is purely for recommendation or promotion of “safer” choices to beneficiary producers and may include provision of SPU training or Personal Protection Equipment (PPE). No purchase, subsidization, or financing of pesticides is planned or envisioned.
IMPLEMENTATIONIn accordance with 22CFR216 and Agency policy, the conditions and requirements of this document become mandatory upon approval.
Clearance and Review InformationAIs approved by this PERSUAP are registered by USEPA for unrestricted, same, or similar uses, are available in U.S.-registered pesticide products and are registered in Cambodia. They are chosen conservatively with respect to their environmental and human health risk profiles, with risk-reducing conditions specified as appropriate.
Regulatory status and toxicology profiles. The USEPA and WHO status of all approved pesticides as well as human health and ecological toxicological summaries are provided under Pesticide Information, below.
Those AIs considered but rejected by this PERSUAP are listed in Annex 10. Reasons for each rejection are also listed. Some of these AIs are in some cases registered by USEPA but were rejected for a variety of reasons such as presence of these AIs in products and uses designated by USEPA as RUPs due to high human or ecological toxicity. Also rejected are AIs banned by international agreements but believed to be available locally via illicit imports.
Information regarding AIs evaluated in development of this PERSUAP but specifically rejected is provided to document the analyses undertaken and to support consideration of future requests for amendment of this PERSUAP.
302018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
PESTICIDE EVALUATION REVIEW AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)
SECTION 1: CROP / PEST INFORMATIONThis 2018 PERSUAP is an amendment to the IEE to screen for risks associated with recommendations for use of more-recently registered (by Cambodia) pesticides against pests, diseases, and weeds of all target crops: tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, bok choy, green mustard, cucumber, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, pumpkin, melons, watermelon, yard long bean, okra, lettuce, asparagus, cashew, mango, longan, citrus, papaya, pineapple, banana (lady finger variety), guava, jujube, black pepper, roots: ginger, turmeric.
This IEE amendment focuses on new Harvest II crops, pests, diseases, pesticides, and activities covered under the governing IEE by providing agronomic information on target crops, non-chemical preventive tools/good agriculture practices recommended for adoption/adaptation by beneficiary producers, and analysis of Cambodia-registered pesticide active ingredients that Harvest II staff may recommend and beneficiary producers can adopt/adapt for their own crops. Information on pests and diseases of each crop are included in Annex 1.
Descriptions of pests, diseases, and symptoms will be provided, in association with the IPM Innovation Lab, by Harvest II staff for Pest Management Plans for beneficiary farmers.
This Harvest II PERSUAP provides information on the target crops covered by this project, including basic information on each crop, pests, diseases, weeds, and IPM tools. It is suggested that Harvest II field agronomic and crop protection experts utilize this information to provide information on and IPM program which minimizes the use of synthetic chemical pesticides. It is critical to develop an active and field-supported SUAP to support Harvest II pest/disease/weed management operations for Cambodia.
Implementation
In accordance with 22CFR216 and Agency policy, the conditions and requirements of this document become mandatory upon approval.
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322018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
HARVEST II CROPS AGRONOMIC INFORMATION
The following table, requested by USAID/BFS, provides basic agronomic information for each Harvest II target crop.
Table 2: Harvest II Crops Agronomic Information
Crop Average Transplanting Date (most planting follows start of one of two rainy seasons, December or May, or at other times with irrigation water)
Average Harvesting Date (depends on variety and climatic conditions)
Irrigated or Rain-fed Fertilizer used, type
Tomatoes 3-4 weeks after seed sowing
45-60 days after planting Irrigate N = 110 kg/ haP = 80 kg/haK = 270 kg/ ha
Eggplant 3-4 weeks after seed sowing
45-60 days after planting Irrigate N = 170 kg/ haP = 70 kg/haK = 240 kg/ ha
Peppers 3-4 weeks after seed sowing
45-60 days after planting Irrigate N = 220 kg/ haP = 110 kg/haK = 240 kg/ ha
Cabbage 3-4 weeks after seed sowing
45-60 days after planting Irrigate N = 240 kg/ haP = 140 kg/haK = 175 kg/ ha
Cauliflower 3-4 weeks after seed sowing
45-60 days after planting Irrigate N = 200 kg/ haP = 80 kg/haK = 150 kg/ ha
Chinese kale 3-4 weeks after seed sowing
3 to 4 weeks after planting Irrigate N = 60 kg/ haP = 15 kg/haK = 15 kg/ ha
Chinese radish/daikon Direct seeding 40-45 days after seed sowing
Irrigate N = 60 kg/ haP = 30 kg/haK = 70 kg/ ha
332018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Crop Average Transplanting Date (most planting follows start of one of two rainy seasons, December or May, or at other times with irrigation water)
Average Harvesting Date (depends on variety and climatic conditions)
Irrigated or Rain-fed Fertilizer used, type
Bok choy 2 weeks after seed sowing 2-3 weeks after planting Irrigate N = 60 kg/ haP = 15 kg/haK = 15 kg/ ha
Green mustard 2 weeks after seed sowing 25-35 days after planting Irrigate N = 120 kg/ haP = 50 kg/haK = 80 kg/ ha
Cucumber 7-10 days after seed sowing
25-30 days after planting Irrigate N = 130 kg/ haP = 100 kg/haK = 170 kg/ ha
Bitter Gourd 7-10 days after seed sowing
35-45 days after planting Irrigate N = 180 kg/ haP = 110 kg/haK = 130 kg/ ha
Sponge Gourd 7-10 days after seed sowing
25-40 days after seed sowing
Irrigate N = 60 kg/ haP = 30 kg/haK = 80 kg/ ha
Ridge Gourd 7-10 days after seed sowing
45-50 days after seed sowing
Irrigate N = 60 kg/ haP = 30 kg/haK = 80 kg/ ha
Pumpkin 7-10 days after seed sowing
65-80 days after seed sowing
Irrigate N = 160 kg/ haP = 80 kg/haK = 120 kg/ ha
Melons 7-10 days after seed sowing
55 to 65 days after seed sowing
Irrigate N = 110 kg/ haP = 70 kg/haK = 340 kg/ ha
Watermelon 7-10 days after seed sowing
45-50 days after seed sowing
Irrigate N = 110 kg/ haP = 70 kg/haK = 240 kg/ ha
Yard Long Bean 7-10 days after seed sowing
35-50 days after planting Irrigate N = 50 kg/ haP = 40 kg/haK = 220 kg/ ha
Okra 2-3 weeks after seed sowing
45-50 days after seed sowing
Irrigate N = 100 kg/ haP = 60 kg/haK = 120 kg/ ha
342018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Crop Average Transplanting Date (most planting follows start of one of two rainy seasons, December or May, or at other times with irrigation water)
Average Harvesting Date (depends on variety and climatic conditions)
Irrigated or Rain-fed Fertilizer used, type
Lettuce 7-10 days after seed sowing
25-40 days after seed sowing
Irrigate N = 60 kg/ haP = 15 kg/haK = 15 kg/ ha
Asparagus 4 months after see sowing 8-10 months after planting
Papaya n/a Year round Rain fed + irrigate N =84 Kg/haP = 34 Kg/haK = 46 Kg/ha
Pineapple Plant from propagate materials including slips or crowns but slips yield faster and higher. Select healthy slips with average length more than 20 cm for
352018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Crop Average Transplanting Date (most planting follows start of one of two rainy seasons, December or May, or at other times with irrigation water)
Average Harvesting Date (depends on variety and climatic conditions)
Irrigated or Rain-fed Fertilizer used, type
planting.Banana (Lady Finger variety)
Propagate materials including rhizomes or suckers.
Year round Rain fed + irrigate N = 74 Kg/haP = 54 Kg/haK = 44 kg/ha
Guava n/a (Plant grafting or budding materials, seed takes long time for juvenile and mostly use as rootstock. 1-year old seedling can be used for grafting/ budding)
Year round Rain fed + irrigate N = 260 Kg/haP = 180 Kg/haK = 260 kg/ha
Jujube n/a (Plant grafting or budding materials, seed takes long time for juvenile and mostly use as rootstock. 1-year old seedling can be used for grafting/ budding)
Irrigate N = 70 kg/ha/ yearP = 26 Kg/ha / yearK = 82 Kg/ha / year
Roots: ginger, turmeric 1-2 months from seed sowing
8-10 months after planting
Rain-fed N = 230 kg/ ha/ yearP = 60 kg/ha/ yearK = 320 kg/ ha/ year
PESTICIDE INFORMATION
A wide variety of pesticides are available on the market in Asia, some of which are highly toxic. Because these products are often inexpensive and easily available, producers may be tempted to buy and utilize such 36
2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
products without being aware of the potential risks involved. The purpose of this document and the following list of pesticides, as well as the existing updated Asia-region PERSUAPs, is to provide essential information on the pesticides which are effective against Harvest II project target crop pests, diseases, and weeds and have relatively lower human health and environmental risks.
In agreement with applicable country‐specific regulatory policies and procedures, the following pesticides will be appropriate for USAID sponsored projects. Utilize this list in conjunction with existing PERSUAPs and local expertise in the use of pesticides as part of an overall IPM program.
PESTICIDES RECOMMENDED IN THIS HARVEST II PERSUAP
Table 3 below details pesticides recommended in this Harvest II PERSUAP.
Table 3: Pesticides Recommended in This Harvest II PERSUAP.
PERSUAP-APPROVED FUNGICIDES AND BACTERICIDES
372018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
azoxystrobin strobin U III NL potential MT MT MT MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
Use with care away from surface and ground water.
Bacillus subtilis (F, B) microbial U III, IV NL NL NL NL NL NL
bromuconazole azole II II, III NL NL MT MT NL MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
Use with care away from surface water.
calcium polysulfide/lime sulfur inorganic U I, II, III NL NL NL NL NL NL
chlorothalonil chloronitrile NL I, II, III PC potential NL NL NL MT Avoid products or mixtures with more than 50% concentration of chlorothalonil, and WHO Class Ia, Ib
382018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
abamectin (M, I) microbial extract NL I, II, III RD NL NL HT NL HT Most products with more than 1.9% AI are RUP, due to toxicity to fish, mammals and aquatic organisms; most at or lower than 1.9% are not RUP.
Use great care around open water bodies.
acephate organophosphate III III PC potential MT HT MT NL Use with care away from ground and surface water.
Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
acetamiprid neonicotinoid NL III NL NL NL MT HT NL Use late afternoon after bees are done
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tebufenozide diacylhydrazine U III NL potential MT NL NL NL Use with care away from ground and surface water.
thiamethoxam neonicotinoid NL III PC NL NL MT NL MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.
Do not use during crop flowering due to honeybee risks.
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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
IPM is the coordinated use of pest and environmental information and available pest control methods to economically prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage, with a focus on minimizing hazards to people, property, and the environment. IPM requires a thorough understanding of the pest, crop, and interrelationships within the environment. Done right, IPM requires practical research, advanced planning, balancing the costs and benefits of all control practices, as well as routine monitoring of crop and pest conditions. IPM utilizes all suitable pest management tactics, including pesticides, cultural methods, mechanical control, sanitation, natural and biological control, as well as host plant resistance. It is USAID policy to rely on an IPM framework for all activities which involve the procurement or use of pesticides. As such, it is critical to respond to clearly identified pests and their consequences, evaluate non‐pesticide management options, and use the least toxic, safest pesticides and only as actually needed.
Most countries have locally-adapted resistant varieties (host plant resistance) they promote and use, as well as additional locally-adapted preventive tools they use. The IPM tools listed in this document, as well as recommended pesticides, were sourced, evaluated, and cross-referenced primarily from:
University of California (UC) Davis IPM, http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html; Infonet-Biovision, http://www.infonet-biovision.org/; CABI Plantwise Guides, http://www.plantwise.org ; Pest Net: http://www.pestnet.org/fact_sheets/papaya_crown_rot_172.htm; EPA Registered Pesticides, https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=PPLS:1; UK Pesticide Database, https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm; PAN Pesticide Database, http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_ChemicalsAlpha.jsp; Other websites, especially those of USA state agriculture extension services and Indian agriculture
websites for the same crop-pest/disease species pairings.
Most pest/disease monitoring (scouting) is done by visual inspection methods since most small-scale developing country producers do not have access to entomology sweep nets, beat cloths, light traps, suction devices, computerized predictive models, and other unavailable or expensive equipment. Some use yellow/blue sticky traps to note pest presence and few use pheromone traps also to note pest presence and relative abundance. Every producer should be trained to monitor/scout for pests, diseases, and weeds regularly, at least weekly, but the more frequently, the better. “Monitor frequently” can be placed as a preventive tool for every pest, disease, and weed, and put into individual Harvest II crop Pest Management Plans (PMPs) by local crop protection specialists.
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Economic thresholds are generally defined as the pest or disease density/damage at which the benefit derived from applying a management strategy is equal to the cost of the management strategy. Economic thresholds are variable and depend on expected local seed, fertilizer, pesticide, labor, water, and crop prices. They also depend on the local plant variety and growth stage, type of pest and subsequent influence on yield, field history, and effectiveness of preventive management strategies.
Thresholds listed in this document were found on technical websites. Crop protection specialists in Cambodia were also asked for local treatment thresholds if they exist. Users of this PERSUAP may use both for guidance, to test and adopt them.
In general, the concept of a treatment threshold level of fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases above which a pesticide should be applied is not useful because, in general, plant diseases are best controlled preventively. In addition, spores, mycelia, and viral particles are microscopic and numerous and each take incubation periods of generally seven to ten days from initial infection to visual appearance of infections. To wait until a certain threshold is reached based on appearance of visual spots, streaks, lesions, or discoloration on a plant will likely give the pathogen more time to infect and produce more propagules which spread and cause new infections.
General GAPS and IPM for Each Target Crop
Annex 1 contains GAPs for each Harvest II target crop-pest combination, including basic IPM tools and tactics to employ throughout the season. Harvest II expert-identified primary pests, diseases, weeds are also listed by target crop. These were compiled by surveying Harvest II crop protection experts in Cambodia to list the primary (worth spraying for) pests, diseases, and weeds for their crops.
Harvest II crop protection experts will use these for training and may wish to add descriptions and photos identifying pests and diseases, as well as damage as appropriate.
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PESTICIDE INFORMATION
Pesticides are chemical substances intended to kill, inactivate, or repel pests, diseases, or weeds.
Any expenditure of USAID funds which involve the use of pesticides (purchase, recommendation, training, or other related support) shall evaluate each pesticide according to the procedures described in §216.3(b)(l):
(a) The USEPA registration status of the requested pesticide;(b) The basis for selection of the requested pesticide;(c) The extent to which the proposed pesticide use is part of an IPM program;(d) The proposed method or methods of application, including availability of appropriate
application and safety equipment;(e) Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated
with the proposed use and measures available to minimize such hazards;(f) The effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use;(g) Compatibility of the proposed pesticide with target and non-target ecosystems;(h) The conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna,
geography, hydrology, and soils;(i) The availability and effectiveness of other pesticides or nonchemical control methods;(j) The requesting country's ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use and
disposal of the requested pesticide;(k) The provisions made for training of users and applicators; and(l) The provisions made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of the pesticide.
Recommended pesticides found registered in Cambodia were cross-checked on Pesticide Action Network’s (PAN) website (shown in the text of this document, and which is in the process of being updated) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) website (shown in the text of this document) for registration, potential restrictions, usage recommended crops, pests, diseases, and weeds.
Major Harvest II crop production constraints (pests, diseases, weeds) were collected from various agronomists and crop protection specialists interviewed as well as internet searches.
In addition, this PERSUAP provides information on approved pesticides recommended for use in the USA and other countries for the same crop-pest/disease combinations.
Cambodia has regulations on pesticide safety similar to the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management, http://www.eppo.int/PPPRODUCTS/fao_code.htm, including evaluation, registration, import, storage, transport, use, and disposal. This study identifies pesticides registered in Cambodia for analysis and approval for recommendation or promotion as recommended by Harvest II staff 64
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during discussions with producers. None of the pesticide AIs is included in RUPs, and all are registered for same or similar use by EPA.
However, many chemical pesticides can also poison human beings and other life forms and contaminate the environment. When using pesticides, it is critical to be aware of the toxicological and environmental hazards associated with a particular material. Using the least toxic material makes sense in terms of human health and environmental protection. The attached Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) evaluates or screens proposed registered pesticides for potential promotion or recommendation on Harvest II project activities.
Pesticide use is justified by country crop protection specialists as the last resort against pests, diseases, and weeds that routinely result in at least 30-50% losses of target food security crops, even when using numerous preventive tools and tactics. Preventive alternatives to pesticides are included per information provided by specialists, as well as sourced from crop protection and IPM websites as noted.
Lessons learned from other PERSUAPs, especially those used in the same country or region, include lack of availability and use of PPE by beneficiary producers as well as pesticides which have become unregistered by EPA or restricted since they were approved in original PERSUAP. These include most of the synthetic pyrethroid pesticides. In Cambodia, very few instances of pesticide resistance have been recorded, except in the medical entomology field against disease vectors.
All pests, diseases, and weeds can develop resistance to a chemical pesticide that is used repeatedly and inappropriately. It is critical that pesticides be alternated by type and mode of action to minimize the occurrence of pesticide resistance.
Other critical lessons learned and elements regarding the use of chemical pesticides include:
1) Training those who will handle and apply pesticides;2) Use of appropriate PPE;3) Appropriate storage of pesticides and empty pesticide containers;
4) Safe disposal of unused or expired pesticide and empty pesticide containers;
5) Environmental precautions.
It is recommended that this project assist Harvest II producers in the use of use record-keeping systems, as a part of GAP. Annex 6 has an example of a farm pesticide-use record-keeping system.
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SECTION 2: CAMBODIA PESTICIDE STUDY METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS
INTRODUCTION
This study and an EMMP commenced during June of 2018 by International Consultant Alan Schroder (see attached bio) requesting project documents, lists of project target crops including primary pests and diseases of each, as well as MAFF pesticide regulations and registrations. These were analyzed prior to travel and during the study. During July, Dr. Schroeder traveled to Cambodia to work with co-author Dr. Kim Hian Seng, and to meet with project staff, leader farmers, GOC officials, other donors, and pesticide sector wholesalers and retailers. Field work was done at project sites in Siem Reap and Battambang provinces.
This study was done to replace an old (2011) PERSUAP written for the first HARVEST project. Pesticide choices in that document were out of date with current EPA registration and restriction decisions and there was insufficient IPM information and PMPs for proper implementation. Harvest II will use the information in this document to inform beneficiary farmers of new IPM tools used in other countries for the exact same crop-pest/disease combinations and that they may wish to adapt and adopt. It also informs the project, implementers and beneficiaries of the pesticides that USAID will not support through purchase or on donated seed, training, equipment or on demonstration farms. Moreover, it provides a wealth of websites and Annexes to assist field staff with training beneficiaries on how to reduce pesticide risks to human health and environmental resources. Furthermore, this document includes an EMMP (Annex 12) for pesticide risk reduction. This specialized EMMP that takes all of the findings of the PER analyses and SUAP and puts all of the risks, risk reduction measures, indicators of success at reducing risk, and monitoring and reporting schedules into one table format that is ready to be tested and used.
FINDINGS
Farmers use highly toxic pesticides
As a rule, Harvest II does not work directly with farmers. However its private sector partners and grantees do work with farmers who commonly use pesticides that are highly toxic, including those not permitted for sale and use in Cambodia; and currently, extension officers and input supply dealers may recommend highly toxic pesticides because less toxic alternatives are not accessible or acceptable or because they are unaware of less toxic options. Harvest II will not procure pesticides but will, to the extent possible, help its partners promote IPM tools and the safe use of pesticides, most of which are less toxic alternatives to those widely used and recommended.
Farmers and extension officers do not use PPE
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Harvest II, primarily through private sector partners and grantees, may need to provide advice on pesticides to farmers and extension officers who are not accustomed to using PPE; who may not understand the need for PPE; who may not have access to PPE; and who do not know how to maintain PPE.
Farmers do not maintain application equipment
As is common in Cambodia, farmers that Harvest II partners or grantees will be working with may fail to maintain their application equipment, in part because they are unaware of maintenance requirements, and in part because maintenance services are unavailable in rural areas.
Farmers are unaware of safe use practices
Cambodian farmers may be unaware of and often fail to implement safe use practices (mixing, storage, application, disposal, and transport) and place their own health, the health of their families, and the health of their communities at risk. Extension officers are not well-equipped to advise farmers on safe use.
Farmers use pesticides in ways that may adversely affect ecosystems
Cambodian farmers that the program will be working with may be unaware of safe use practices, and commonly use pesticides in ways that may adversely affect non-target ecosystems and organisms.
Weak pesticide regulation capacity
Cambodia lacks capacity to regulate the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of pesticides.
Pesticide labels are often still in foreign languages
Because many pesticides are imported from Thailand, Vietnam, or China, pesticide labels are often in languages that Cambodian farmers do not understand, especially on the borders with these exporting countries. Labels also often contain incorrect information about the formulation, 68
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safety precautions, and application instructions.
Program clients and extension officers do not have sufficient pesticide training
Farmers and extension officers do not have the skills and tools to monitor effectiveness of pesticides, so farmers may over-use pesticides, and often use the wrong type of pesticide (e.g., an insecticide to control a fungal disease).
Program clients and extension officers do not have sufficient pesticide training
Private sector partners, such as buyers or input supply dealers, that Harvest II will be working with may require additional training on safe use practices and IPM. Program staff who work closely with these Harvest II partners also need additional training in safe-use practices and IPM.
Obsolete pesticides in Cambodia
Obsolete pesticide disposal is complex and costly. First, one needs to locate, collect, and inventory the obsolete pesticides and if any of the obsolete pesticides are Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) chemicals, it helps if a country has signed/ratified the POP Convention and developed a National Implementation Plan for dealing with such chemicals. Obsolete (beyond the expiration date) non-POP pesticides are usually tracked, stored, and dealt with by Ministries of Agriculture, Health, and/or Environment, depending on sector and country power structure. Disposal initiatives are generally led by FAO's Programme on the Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides, among others, and multi-donor funded.
After inventory, obsolete pesticides and any contaminated soil are often repackaged by type for transport and transported to a very high temperature incinerator with effluent scrubbers to be incinerated.
A 2005 FAO report notes that “There are small amounts of obsolete pesticides stocked in Cambodia. Approximately 25 tons of obsolete pesticides are stored in the warehouse of the Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement (DAALI) and which they proposed for phasing out by a project cooperated with Ministry of Environment.” It should say “relatively small amounts” when compared with other countries. No updated study or disposal program has been done since then. It is likely that the tonnage has increased since 2004. A donor-led study should be performed to make a new estimate and plan for disposal.
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Empty pesticide containers
Many Cambodian farmers have been taught to save empty pesticide containers (EPCs) until a disposal solution is found. Some farmers still throw EPCs into the farm field.
There has been discussion within USAID on how to deal with this issue in Cambodia because many farmers, offered safety training by government, pesticide dealer, donor, and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) representatives, have been advised that EPCs should be triple-rinsed, punctured (so they are not reused to store other liquids), and saved safely out of the reach of children in a large plastic bag for later disposition, or buried one meter deep away from all water sources, including high water tables. Most white and colored opaque pesticide bottles are made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Farmers are advised to not reuse EPCs for storing other liquids (like palm wine, cooking oil, water, milk, honey, and so forth), to not throw them into the field or local stream, and not burn them, which can release toxic carcinogenic furans and dioxins upon combustion.
A better solution, which would take a pre-feasibility analysis before making recommendations that might not work, is to recycle the triple-rinsed and punctured EPCs into HDPE agricultural plastic implements (e.g., barn and greenhouse plastic construction materials, irrigation tubing, and farm implements). This has been done in other countries. USAID’s Africa Lead II Program (https://www.dai.com/our-work/projects/africa-africa-lead-ii) funded a pre-feasibility analysis of this type of EPC recycling issue for Rwanda in 2015. That study, completed by a team led by Dr. Schroeder, found EPC recycling to be economically and logistically feasible. A similar study would need to be performed in Cambodia prior to making decisions on recycling.
International Pesticide Management Agreements and Treaties Signed by Cambodia
This section describes the main international pesticide treaties and Cambodia’s status in regard to them. USAID-funded projects must comply with actions stipulated by the agreements described below (SUAP-Attachment A provides additional information on these treaties.).
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Cambodia is a signatory to the Stockholm Convention banning POPs. The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, and accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife. POPs pose special threats to human health and the environment because they persist and bio-magnify; they increase in concentration up 70
the food chain and are capable of transmission to offspring via the placenta or milk. The Convention focuses on eliminating or reducing the releases of 12 POPs, the so-called “Dirty Dozen.” Given their potential for long-range transport, no single government acting alone can protect its citizens or its environment from POPs. In response, the Stockholm Convention, which was adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004, requires Parties to take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment.
Cambodia’s Accession and Entry into Force occurred on March 5, 2013 for the PIC treaty, http://www.pic.int/Countries/Statusofratifications/tabid/1072/language/en-US/Default.aspx.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and FAO had jointly implemented the original PIC procedure, which operated until the adoption of the Rotterdam Convention (officially known as the Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade).
The objectives of the Convention are: to promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among Parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm; and to contribute to the environmentally sound use of those hazardous chemicals, by facilitating information exchange about their characteristics, by providing for a national decision-making process on their import and export, and by disseminating these decisions to Parties.
The Convention creates legally binding obligations for the implementation of the PIC procedure. There are 40 chemicals listed in Annex III of the Convention and subject to the PIC procedure, including 25 pesticides, four severely hazardous pesticide formulations, and 11 industrial chemicals. Many more chemicals are expected to be added in the future. The PIC Procedure is aimed at reducing the use of dangerous pesticides imported from other countries and assisting developing countries to formulate strategies to deal with pesticide issues.
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SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORTThis part of the PERSUAP, the PER, reviews pesticide choices based upon environmental and human health issues, uses, alternate options, IPM, biodiversity, conservation, training, PPE options, monitoring and mitigation recommendations according to the 12 Regulation 216.3(b)(1) Pesticide Procedures Factors, outlined to the right and analyzed below.
Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the Initial Environmental Examination for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the following:” (see box, right)
In Annex 1, this PERSUAP proposes preventive IPM tools and tactics available to be integrated with the pesticides evaluated by this PER and recommended by extension services and USAID projects. Annex 2 provides guidelines for making PMPs and Annex 3 provides an FAO-tested system for using IPM.
It would be ideal to find pesticides for every need that are EPA Class IV (the lowest) acute toxicity, have no chronic human health issues, no water pollution issues, and no ecotoxicity issues. Such pesticides do not exist. Most pesticides, including “natural” pesticides, have toxicity to at least one non-target aquatic organism, or bees, or birds.
3.1 FACTOR A: USEPA REGISTRATION STATUS OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDES
USAID project activities are effectively limited to promoting during training, recommending, or permitting on demonstration farms, pesticides containing AIs in products registered by the local government. They must also be registered in the US by the EPA for the same or similar uses, without restriction (not a restricted use pesticide). Emphasis is placed on “similar use” because occasionally the crops and their pest species found overseas are not present in the US, and 72
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THE 12 PESTICIDE FACTORS
Factor A. USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides
Factor B. Basis for Selection of Pesticides
Factor C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program
Factor D. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment
Factor E. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards
Factor F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use
Factor G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems
Factor H. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils
Factor I. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods
Factor J. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide
Factor K. Provision for training of users and applicators
Factor L. Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide
therefore pesticides may not be registered for the exact same use, but often are registered for similar crops, pests, methods of application, and pest situations.
The USEPA classifies pesticides according to toxicity of the formulated products, taking formulation types, concentrations and other ingredients into account, thus generally making the formulated product more or less toxic than the active ingredients alone would be. This method of classifying acute toxicity is accurate and representative of actual risks encountered in the field. By contrast, the WHO acute toxicity classification system is generally based on the toxicity of the un-formulated active ingredient, alone. For a comparison of USEPA and WHO acute toxicity classification systems, see Annex 4.
In the USA, some specific commercial pesticide products/uses are labeled as RUPs due to inordinate risks, usually under specific circumstances of use, such as formulation or crop. However, for some AIs, which may be present in a number of RUP products, there are generally additional or other products, formulations/uses—with the exact same AI—that do not pose the same risks and are thus labeled or determined to be General Use Pesticides (GUP)—that is—not a RUP.
Regulators in most countries require pesticide manufacturers to produce and make available Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for each pesticide registered. These typically have safety information that does not fit on the pesticide label, including the properties of each chemical; the physical, health, and environmental hazards; protective measures; and safety precautions for handling, storing, and transporting the chemical.
MAFF, with assistance of several ministries, registers pesticides in Cambodia. The 2003 list of pesticide AIs registered for import and use in Cambodia remains the most up to date official list available. Since 2003, MAFF has continued to register new pesticides, but has not released a new compiled list. In 2013, a Cambodian scientist with the Royal University of Agriculture published a book of pesticides registered and found in Cambodia. The 2003 and 2013 lists, plus additional registered pesticides discovered during this study formed the basis for our analyses.
To research pesticide AIs for EPA compliance, the following websites were used by this study: EPA’s website for researching registered pesticides, https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/search-registered-pesticide-products, the Pesticide Action Network’s website that is linked to EPA websites with more consolidated information, but slightly out of date, http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_ChemicalsAlpha.jsp and a website with good ecotoxicological information for each proposed pesticide AI, http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm.
The pesticide AIs that passed this Factor A analysis are listed in the Executive Summary and further analyzed in Table 1 for human and environmental health issues characteristic to each AI. Pesticide Data Sheets (PDS) being tested by BFS are provided for 10 example pesticides at the end of this report.
Compliance Requirements for Inclusion in Harvest II’s SUAP:
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Harvest II will not promote or recommend pesticides not registered by EPA for same or similar use or those classified by EPA as RUP products (pesticide AIs rejected by this analysis, listed at the end of the document in Annex 10.
If Harvest II wishes to recommend or promote any non-EPA registered or RUP pesticides, a full Scoping Statement (SS) and Environmental Assessment (EA) must be done and approved by the Bureau for Asia BEO (Bureau Environmental Officer).
3.2 FACTOR B: BASIS FOR SELECTION OF PESTICIDES
The bases for selection of pesticides are registration in both Cambodia and USA, recommendation by MAFF and EPA approval for same or similar crops, pests, and diseases, as well as lower human toxicity products, and products with lower impacts to non-target environments and water resources.
Field visits during 2018 found that smallholder producers in Cambodia choose pesticides based primarily upon the advice of neighbors, retail input shops and NGOs. They also used quantity, price, efficacy, and availability of products in quantities they desire and can afford to make decisions when buying pesticides. Most of the pesticides available to smallholders in Cambodia contained older, off-patent (generic) AIs, which are more affordable. Medium- and large-holder producers in Cambodia purchase both quality generic as well as newer (and more expensive) products. There are no representatives in Cambodia from reputable multinational companies like Arysta, BASF, Bayer, Corteva, FMC, United Phosphorous Ltd, Makhteshim-Agan or ChemChina/Syngenta among others. Generally, larger-scale producers purchase inputs directly from importers/wholesalers/distributors, taking advantage of bulk purchase prices and higher quality products, often bypassing small retail shops.
Many retail input stores visited during 2018 had available various-sized containers (250ml, 500ml, 1-liter) of liquid pesticides ready to be mixed with water in 16- to 20-liter backpack sprayers powered by hand-pump, battery, or motor. Many stores also had 1kg packages of Wettable Powder (WP) fungicides, single-use sachets of pesticides, and 5-liter containers of herbicides.
Most Cambodia producers do not choose pesticides based upon human safety or environmental concerns. And, in some parts of the country, they choose less expensive Vietnamese or Thai generic pesticides (and sometimes lower quality counterfeit pesticides, allegedly from Vietnam and China) to save money.
Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:
As required, provide training directly or indirectly to encourage producers to use products with known quality as well as lower human and ecological toxicities (see Table 1) if there is a choice among pesticide products and AIs.
To the extent possible, encourage that beneficiary producers read product labels and avoid using fake and counterfeit pesticide products.
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3.3 FACTOR C: EXTENT TO WHICH THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE IS, OR COULD BE, PART OF AN IPM PROGRAM
This study, in Annex 1, provides preventive IPM and curative pesticide recommendations for each crop-pest/disease/weed constraint, based on same or similar uses for each AI in the USA. This IPM matrix combines the use of preventive and complementary strategies to control pests and diseases. These strategies include physical prevention, mechanical control, biological control, cultural management, and pesticides, as a last resort. These methods are applied in three stages: prevention, observation, and intervention. IPM is an environmentally friendly approach that aims to reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides while at the same time managing pest populations at an acceptable level.
In general, IPM practices that are part of the pest management plan and that may be reiterated to producers working with Harvest II partners or grantees nclude the following recommendations:
Select pest/disease-resistant varieties and certified disease-free high-quality seed. For soils with high disease and pest issues, use seed treated with a fungicide and insecticide to reduce seed, root,
and seedling damage and death. Use raised-bed or bund production to better manage water use, soil moisture, and speed
seedling growth. Use minimum and no-tillage, cover crops, terracing, and contour plowing to conserve soil. Follow recommended seeding rates and distances between plants to control canopy
humidity and pest refuges. Frequently monitor pest populations visually or with traps to manage pest outbreaks early. Maintain good plant health through optimal application of nutrients and sound soil water management practices. Keep plantings and field edges free from weeds and plant debris. Manually control pests and diseases when infestations are low. Remove infected and infested plant material from the field following harvest. Apply insecticides as a measured response to monitored pest populations, rather than on a fixed schedule. Alternate protectant and systemic fungicides from different chemical families to reduce the use of more toxic
pesticides and to avoid developing resistant pathogen strains. Promote application methods appropriate for smallholder producers (use well-maintained 16-liter backpack
sprayers powered by battery and/or hand-pumped, and where viable, promote and use spray services). Rotate crops and continue to intercrop different crop types.
All curative fungicides/bactericides, herbicides/PGRs, and insecticides/miticides recommended for BEO acceptance can be recommended and used in specialized crop-pest IPM programs—as a last resort—after preventive tools and tactics have been exhausted.
Annex 1 provides guidance on which pesticides may be used to control each pest/disease/weed, as approved by EPA preceded by a host of recommended preventive non-chemical tools/tactics found in various USA and international extension materials. And, Annexes 2 and 3 provide state of the art advice on how to formulate and set up an IPM program. IPM and pesticide information for each crop-pest/disease combination was researched on USA extension websites as well as international websites, particularly those from India, which deal with the exact same subtropical and tropical crops. 75
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Many smallholder producers already take advantage of numerous IPM-recommended practices, partly from historical perspective and partly due to increased ubiquity of new tools and technologies. For instance, smallholder producers practice time-honored field crop rotations to take advantage of rainy seasons and irrigation, which help reduce pest and disease levels in the field. Producers also benefit from resistant varieties and new microbial pesticides becoming available in the region. Furthermore, new hybrid seeds certified to be disease-free and treated with coatings of fungicides and insecticides are becoming more available and affordable.
Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:
Preventive IPM tools and tactics for each crop-pest combination (see Annex 1) should be recommended, adapted, adopted, and used before, as well as combined with, the use of synthetic pesticides.
Through its partners/grantees, or to the extent required Harvest II staff, Harvest II can assist with the promotion of new IPM tools/tactics/technologies, like hybrid seed, pheromone traps, drip irrigation, printed extension flyers, pest prevention text messaging systems, or computerized farm-based weather monitoring systems (micro meteorological stations) for pest/disease outbreak prediction, if desired.
3.4 FACTOR D: PROPOSED METHOD OR METHODS OF APPLICATION, INCLUDING THE AVAILABILITY OF APPLICATION AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Methods of application are dictated by farm size and producer economic means to buy application equipment. This study recommends that pesticide labels be written in Khmer, with safety pictograms for illiterate farmers, training on interpreting pictograms, and read for spraying recommendations and that spray services be used where feasible. Where not feasible, this study recommends that Cambodian smallholder producers continue to use well-maintained (not leaking) hand-pumped or battery- or motor-powered 16 to 20-liter backpack sprayers, which were found to be ubiquitous.
Some of the retail agriculture input stores visited supplied and sold some PPE (gloves, masks, goggles, and boots). Most smallholder producers do not use PPE to apply pesticides due to lack of availability, affordability, and comfort. They also do not calibrate their sprayers properly, leading to over- and under-dosing. And, they may apply pesticides in the middle of the day when the sun is hot, and winds are likely to be higher, leading to evaporation and drift onto other producers’ fields and residential areas.
Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:
As possible and appropriate, work with private sector (input suppliers) to train producers on proper use of PPE as well as sprayer calibration, use, maintenance and EPC disposal by rinsing, puncturing (so they cannot be reused) and burial or recycling.
As possible and appropriate, promote the concept of spray service providers.
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As possible and appropriate, ensure that beneficiaries read product labels and use recommended dosages, precautions, and PPE.
3.5 FACTOR E: ANY ACUTE AND LONG-TERM TOXICOLOGICAL HAZARDS, EITHER HUMAN OR ENVIRONMENTAL, ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED USE, AND MEASURES AVAILABLE TO MINIMIZE SUCH HAZARDS
Each of the AIs approved by this study are compiled in Table 1, which includes WHO human acute toxicity classification, and chronic (long-term) health issues (carcinogenicity, sterilization, birth defects, or endocrine disruption). It also compiles groundwater pollutant potential of each AI. This information should be used to inform pesticide choice and use decisions.
For environmental hazards, Table 1 compiles known relative ecotoxicity information of each approved pesticide AI to fish, honeybees, birds, amphibians, earthworms, mollusks, crustaceans, aquatic insects, and plankton. Harvest II should use this information to determine which pesticides are best for different field conditions, and Harvest II to valuable natural resources like bodies of water and protected areas. For instance, if project-supported farms are near a surface water resource, the project can propose pesticides that have low impacts on fish and aquatic organisms. If there are risks to honeybees, the project can propose pesticides with low honeybee toxicity, and so on. Most Cambodian producers interviewed did not fully understand acute and chronic health impacts, or environmental issues associated with pesticide use, and require training on this and other SPU topics.
Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:
The pesticide safe use training required if required by this PERSUAP should include basic first aid for pesticide overexposure, availability, and use of antidotes, and training on following recommendations found on pesticide labels and SDSs for commonly used pesticides.
3.6 FACTOR F: EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDE FOR THE PROPOSED USE
Most pesticides remain effective in Cambodia due to low usage in the past, and no proven development of resistance; therefore, all of the pesticides approved by this PERSUAP are to be considered effective.
Often, smallholder producers believe that some pesticides that are not effective. This may be due to several factors, including the purchase of cheap generic pesticides (that may not contain enough AI) as well as lack of proper dosing, calibration or application. These can be remedied by purchase of higher quality (and often more expensive) pesticides, training or use of well-trained spray services. Furthermore, government laboratories need to be capable to randomly test incoming registered pesticides for quality and quantity of AI, which is still a challenge in Cambodia due to lack of resources.
There are international reports that pest resistance has begun to form to some popular older 77
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generic pesticides which have been used in increasing quantities over the years, although this process is likely slower in Cambodia than other countries due to the relatively small sporadic amounts of pesticides used over the past 30 years. Below are some of the most common world-wide issues with the development of pesticide resistance to be aware of in case pesticide use becomes an issue in Cambodia in the future.
Issue: Lack of knowledge and information on reduced pesticide effectiveness and resistance. At some point, project field staff and producers may begin to note that some products no longer work well to control pests in their field and will likely begin to blame pesticide manufacturers for a weaker product. This could be due to the use of cheap generic products, improper dosing, or the development of resistance. Producers should be trained to understand the development of resistance, and project implementers should be on the lookout for it during their field visits.
A resistance management strategy should also consider cross-resistance between pesticides with different modes of action. Pests may develop cross-resistance to pesticides based on mode of action. The website http://www.pesticideresistance.org/ can be used to search for known resistance issues in countries with certain pest or disease resistance to specific pesticide AIs.
If pesticide use is warranted and a risk of pesticide resistance development is identified, a Resistance Risk Management approach should be followed. The following section details points of concern for both application equipment and pesticide applications.
Effectiveness can be increased by following these measures:
Use IPM to minimize pesticide use: Minimizing pesticide use is fundamental to pesticide resistance management. IPM programs incorporating pest monitoring in USA states of California, New York, and Maryland, and in Canada have demonstrated 25 to 50% reduction in pesticide use with an increase in crop quality. IPM programs will help determine the best application timing for pesticides (when they will do the most good), thus helping to reduce the number of applications. The use of nonchemical strategies, such as crop rotation, biological control, and weed control may reduce the need to use chemicals and consequently slow the development of pesticide resistance.
Avoid inappropriate knapsack mixes: Never combine two pesticides with the same mode of action in a tank mix (e.g., two organophosphate insecticides or two azine herbicides). Such a 'super dose' often increases the chances of selection for resistant individuals. In some cases, mixing pesticides from two different classes provides superior control. However, long-term use of these two-class pesticide mixes can also give rise to pesticide resistance if resistance mechanisms to both pesticides arise together in some individuals. Continued use of the mixture will select for these multiple-pesticide-resistant pests.
Avoid persistent and cheap generic chemicals: Insects with resistant genes will be selected over susceptible ones whenever insecticide concentrations kill only the susceptible pests. An ideal pesticide quickly disappears from the environment so that persistence of a 'selecting dose' does not occur. When persistent chemicals must be used, consider where they can be used in a rotation scheme to provide the control needed and with a minimum length of exposure. Cheap generic chemicals from China, India, Malaysia, and other countries may not contain sufficient active ingredient, manufacturing byproducts or unlabeled chemicals, all of which may impact the development of resistance. It is best to pay for quality products from known companies with a name to protect.
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Use long-term pesticide rotations: Resistance management strategies for insects, weeds, and fungal pathogens all include rotating classes and modes of action of pesticides. Pesticides with the same modes of action have been assigned group numbers by their respective pesticide resistance action committees, Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)4, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC)5, and Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC)6. These group numbers have been included in the treatment tables of these committee’s guidelines (see foot-noted websites, below) to help clarify which pesticides can be rotated.
The strategies used for rotations differ by type of pesticide: For example, with fungicides, classes and modes of action should be rotated every application. With insecticides, a single chemical class should be used for a single generation of the target pest followed by a rotation to a new class of insecticide that will affect the next generation and any survivors from the first generation. Longer use of a single chemical class will enhance the chance of resistance since the survivors of the first generation and the next will most likely be tolerant to that class. Rotating through many chemical classes in successive generations will help maintain efficacy.
Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:
As applicable, work with private sector partners and grantees to promote the training of producers on the ways to reduce the development of pest, disease, and weed resistance.
As applicable, work with private sector partners and grantees to promote the training of producers to value and buy higher quality products from name brand companies and rotate among pesticides from different chemical classes and modes of action.
As feasible, work with GOC and private sector partners and grantees to promote the development of certified government laboratories capable of testing registered pesticides for quantity and quality of AIs as well as presence of manufacturing byproducts.
3.7 FACTOR G: COMPATIBILITY OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE WITH TARGET AND NON-TARGET ECOSYSTEMS The target for each pesticide is the pest/disease/weed production constraint to which each pesticide is applied as well as the crop and local environment. Annex 1 contains primary (worth spraying) target pest/disease/weed production constraints for each target crop, as well as PERSUAP-approved pesticide AIs recommended for each. Table 1 contains information on non-target organisms of concern impacted by each pesticide AI. Non-target species of concern include beneficial non-target wildlife such as fish, honeybees, birds, earthworms, aquatic organisms, and beneficial insects.
While this PERSUAP requests approval for the least toxic pesticides for target crops, many of the registered pesticides pose some risk to non-target ecosystems. If pesticides are applied incorrectly, pesticide drift and runoff could affect protected areas and other areas important for biodiversity. Some of the requested pesticides pose a threat to groundwater or surface water and also to aquatic organisms.
The PERSUAP proposes additional training to take these threats into account; trainers will ensure that producers understand the importance of protecting the ground- and surface-waters and that they have the tools necessary to implement precautionary measures. Harvest II technical staff will ensure that the producers are trained about the potential effects of pesticides on water where it is applicable, particularly with respect to pesticides that pose a greater threat to aquatic systems including commercially-valuable fish and honeybees.
Some of the approved pesticides are toxic to bees. This is a greater issue in areas where some producers are also engaged in honey production. Where honeybees and other pollinators are present, precautions must be taken to prevent poisoning. Precautions include not applying these pesticides in the middle of the day when bees are usually foraging and during the blooming period; using the lowest effective rate; using the pesticide least hazardous to bees; using the pesticide with the shortest residual effect; using sprays or granules instead of dusts; applying pesticides in late afternoon or at night when bees are not foraging and visiting flowers; avoiding drift of pesticides onto plants that are attractive to bees; and notifying beekeepers several days before applying pesticides. These precautions will be incorporated into IPM and safer use training, where honeybees and other pollinators are present.
In all cases, proper application, storage, and disposal of pesticides to minimize threats to non-target ecosystems and species will be an integral part of training. An EMMP, attached as Annex 12, has been developed to monitor changes in knowledge and practices related to IPM and SPU.
Issue: Most smallholder producers do not understand pesticide ecotoxicity and pollution of the environment. Pesticide container labels and SDSs contain information on sensitive natural resources and how to reduce risks and protect them. Many producers do not read or understand this information or know how to use it and require training to do so.
Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:
Private sector activities and grantee demonstations funded by Harvest II, will, to the extent possible:
Train producers about ecotoxicity and on how to read ecotoxicity precautions and pictograms on pesticide labels. Train producers on applying pesticides the proper distance (30 m) (meters) from open bodies of fresh water, and not
to wash their sprayers out in ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, places with high water tables, or where rinse water may run off into these aquatic resources.
Minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce larger droplets, properly calibrating and maintaining spray equipment, and use of a drift-control agent, if available.
Warn beekeepers of upcoming spray events so that they may move, cover or protect their hives. Train producers not to spray when honeybees are active and foraging during the middle of the day.
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3.8 FACTOR H: CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE PESTICIDE IS TO BE USED, INLCUDING CLIMATE, GEOGRAPHY, HYDROLOGY, AND SOILS
Cambodia is a tropical country in mainland Southeast Asia with a territory of 181,035 km2. It abuts the Gulf of Thailand on the south and shares borders with Thailand (west and north), Laos (north), and Vietnam (east). Most of the country consists of plains and wetlands centered around the Tonlé Sap Lake, the Tonlé Sap River which flows from it, and the Mekong River Basin. Central Cambodia is dominated by these wetlands, which form 30% of the country. The Mekong river enters Cambodia at the Laotian border on the north and flows south through the country into Vietnam, where it forms a substantial delta. The Tonlé Sap Lake system is connected to the Mekong River through the Tonlé Sap River. In the rainy season, the force of the Mekong River’s flow impedes and reverses of the flow of the Tonlé Sap River into the Tonlé Sap Lake, flooding it and extending its size five-fold to 10,400 km2. The resulting flooded forests are a critical resource in terms of food and agricultural nutrients for those who live in the region.
Significant highland regions include the Cardamom and Elephant mountain ranges in the southwest, near the Thai border. A small portion of the Annamite range, most of which is in Vietnam and Laos, lies to the east. On the north, the Dangkrek Mountain escarpment rises along the Thai border. Cambodia claims 435 km2 of coastline, including mangroves, sea grass beds, and coral reefs. Transboundary issues impacting Cambodia include management of the Mekong River (actions such as dam construction by China, Thailand, and Laos affect river flows, fisheries, and water quality) and the flow of illegal logs and wildlife into neighboring Thailand and Vietnam.
Geology and Soils
Geological patterns of target areas have been created by 3 major forces: ancient volcanic activity forming the rugged mountainous areas, sandstone deposits of the ancient ocean, and the action of major drainages which have served to both carve away some of the ancient sandstone deposits and redistribute and deposit the resulting load of silt and other materials.
The lowland areas (primarily below 100 meters above sea level (masl)) of the target area can be described as three major formations:
Extensive plains of recent alluvia bordering the Tonlé Sap wetlands system at elevations between 5 and 30 m, much of which receive an annual increment of alluvial silt from the Mekong River.
Vast areas of rolling plains of northern Cambodia on ancient alluvial deposits punctuated by sandstone mesas, notably at Phnom Kulen and Phnom Tbeng, and smaller volcanic outcrops.
Fertile soils of the Battambang plain in western Cambodia derived from ancient alluvia and colluvia punctuated by small areas of limestone and basalts in western Battambang province and Pailin respectively.
Areas above 100 masl are almost entirely restricted to Battambang and Pursat. These consist of the:
Primarily sandstone Cardamom and Elephant Mountains along with major volcanic intrusions of Mt. Aural and Mount Tumpor.
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Colluvial slopes along the northern and eastern edges of the Cardamom and Elephant Ranges. Small sandstone mesas at Phnom Kulen and Phnom Tbeng, and the granitic (Phnom Chi) within the Northern Plains.
The major soils groups for Cambodia are closely associated with the country’s geology and have been described by Crocker (1962). Those associated within the target provinces can be summarized as:
Alluvial lithosols forming around the Tonlé Sap Lake, Mekong floodplain, and other major riverways. Acid lithosols associated with the rugged higher elevations of sandstone. Older hydromorphics along the higher ancient floodplains and drainages, largely within the Northern Plains. Podzols occurring on undulating old alluvia of the Northern Plains and the northern slopes of the Cardamom
Mountains. Basalt-derived latisols in the westerly portions of the Battambang Plain.
The most productive soils are those situated on the relatively rich alluvial deposits and on some basalt derived soils of several extensive plateaus. Riceland soils within the recent alluvial plain also vary considerably. While the Krakor soil group dominates the current floodplain of the Tonlé Sap Lake and the lower reaches of the Stung Sen River, the Toul Samroueng soil group dominates the Battambang Plain, and the Toul Bakan and Pteah Lang soil groups Pursat. The Pteah Lang soil group also dominates rice fields to the north of the lake’s floodplains
Geography
Cambodia covers 181,040 square km in the southwestern part of the Indochina peninsula. It lies completely within the tropics; its southernmost points are slightly more than 10° north of the equator. The country is bounded on the north by Thailand and Laos, on the east and southeast by Vietnam, and on the west by the Gulf of Thailand and by Thailand. Much of the country's area consists of rolling plains. Dominant features are the large, almost centrally located, Tonlé Sap and the Mekong River, which traverses the country from north to south.
The largest part of the country—about 75% of the total—consists of the Tonlé Sap Basin and the Mekong Lowlands. To the southeast of this basin is the Mekong Delta, which extends through Vietnam to the South China Sea. The basin and delta regions are rimmed with mountain ranges to the southwest (the Cardamom Mountains the Elephant Range) and to the north (Dangrek Mountains).
These lowland areas are where Harvest II agricultural interventions will focus.
Climate
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The climate is monsoonal and has marked wet and dry seasons of relatively equal length. Both temperature and humidity generally are high throughout the year. In summer, moisture-laden air, the southwest monsoon, is drawn landward from the Indian Ocean. The flow is reversed during the winter, and the northeast monsoon sends back dry air. The southwest monsoon brings the rainy season from mid-May to mid-September or to early October, and the northeast monsoon flow of drier and cooler air lasts from early November to March.
Run-off of pesticides is an issue regardless of season, but it is especially a concern during the southwest monsoon.
The total annual rainfall average is between 100 and 150 cm, and the heaviest amounts fall in the southeast. Rainfall from April to September in the Tonlé Sap Basin-Mekong Lowlands area averages 130 to 190 cm annually, but the amount varies considerably from year to year. Rainfall around the basin increases with elevation.
Temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the Tonlé Sap Basin area, with only small variations from the average annual mean of around 25°C. The relative humidity is high at night throughout the year; usually it exceeds 90%. During the daytime in the dry season, humidity averages about 50% or slightly lower, but it may remain about 60% in the rainy period.
The high temperatures and humidity affect the willingness of farmers to use full personal protection equipment and Harvest II may need to identify innovative measures and equipment that farmers will be amenable to using.
Hydrology
Except for the smaller rivers in the southeast, most of the major rivers and river systems in Cambodia drain into the Tonlé Sap or into the Mekong River. The Cardamom Mountains and Elephant Range form a separate drainage divide. To the east, the rivers flow into the Tonlé Sap, while on the west they flow into the Gulf of Thailand. Toward the southern end of the Elephant Mountains, however, because of the topography, some small rivers flow southward on the eastern side of the divide.
The Mekong River in Cambodia flows southward from the Cambodia-Laos border to a point below Kracheh city, where it turns west for about 50 kilometers and then turns southwest to Phnom Penh. At Phnom Penh four major water courses meet at a point called the Chattomukh (Four Faces). The Mekong River flows in from the northeast and the Tonlé Sap River—flows in from the northwest. They divide into two parallel channels, the Mekong River proper and the Basak River, and flow independently through the delta areas of Cambodia and Vietnam to the South China Sea.
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The Tonlé Sap Lake, the largest in SE Asia, is the dominant geographical feature of the Cambodian landscape, expanding to cover 13,000 km2 in the wet season. The lake and its 80,000 km2 catchment are of considerable cultural and economic importance to the communities that live close to its shore, and to those more distant who benefit from its abundant fisheries and agricultural output – in total, half of Cambodia’s population is thought to rely on the catchment. However, the Tonlé Sap Lake and catchment is being impacted by pesticides. The Tonlé Sap’s unique hydrology (wet season reverse flow of the river) and connection with the Mekong basin may contribute to pollutants being distributed far from their source.
The flow of water into the Tonlé Sab is seasonal. In September or in October, the flow of the Mekong River, fed by monsoon rains, increases to a point where its outlets through the delta cannot handle the enormous volume of water. At this point, the water pushes northward up the Tonlé Sab and empties into the Tonlé Sap, thereby increasing the size of the lake from about 2,590 square kilometers to about 24,605 square kilometers at the height of the flooding. After the Mekong's waters crest--when its downstream channels can handle the volume of water--the flow reverses, and water flows out of the engorged lake.
As the level of the Tonlé Sap retreats, it deposits a new layer of sediment. The annual flooding, combined with poor drainage immediately around the lake, transforms the surrounding area into marshlands unusable for agricultural purposes during the dry season. The sediment deposited into the lake during the Mekong's flood stage appears to be greater than the quantity carried away later by the Tonlé Sab River. Gradual silting of the lake would seem to be occurring; during low-water level, it is only about 1.5 m deep, while at flood stage it is between 10 and 15 m deep.
Harvest II’s agricultural interventions take this hydrological feature into account. Especially for agricultural interventions in these low-lying areas and seasonally flooded areas, the SUAP includes safeguards to protect Cambodia’s aquatic resources. Safeguards include recommending pesticides that are less likely to contaminate ground and surface water; and for those pesticides that may impact the aquatic environment, to ensure that farmers understand and implement mitigation measures (i.e., no use or disposal near water sources).
Flora and Fauna
About two-thirds of Cambodia is covered by forests; the rest of the land is meadow, pasture, or is under agricultural production. Much of the existing forest has been degraded, especially in the more readily accessible areas, by slash-and-burn agriculture, by shifting agriculture, and by development.
According to The Wetlands Alliance (http://www.wetlandsalliance.org/about-us/working- areas/cambodia), wetlands dominate the Cambodian landscape, with large expanses of land inundated during the wet season. Despite their ubiquity, however, the concept of wetlands 84
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remained unfamiliar to most Cambodians until the 1990s. It was during this time that Cambodia became a signatory to the Ramsar Convention, and an official Cambodian term for wetlands – ‘dambon dey saeum’ – was formalized in a government decree, greatly facilitating communication and increasing awareness of the concept. Nonetheless, wetlands in Cambodia remain threatened, primarily by the overexploitation of wetland resources and by conversion to land for agricultural expansion and human settlement.
According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cambodia, Cambodia is home to a great diversity of wildlife. There are 212 mammal species, 536 bird species, 240 reptile species, 850 freshwater fish species in the Tonlé Sap Lake area alone, and 435 marine fish species. Wildlife in Cambodia includes, and the above website links to scientific names of, dholes, elephants, deer (sambar, Eld's deer, hog deer, and muntjac), wild oxen (banteng and gaur), panthers, bears, and tigers. Many bird species are also found, including cormorants, cranes, ibises, parrots, green peafowl, pheasants, and wild ducks.
Many of the country's species are recognized by the World Conservation Union as threatened, endangered, or critically endangered due to deforestation and other types of habitat destruction, poaching, the illegal wildlife trade, and farming, fishing, and forestry. Intensive poaching may have already driven Cambodia's national animal, the kouprey, to extinction, and wild tigers, Eld's deer, wild water buffaloes, and hog deer are at critically low numbers.
Birds and fish are particularly sensitive to pesticide contamination—birds because they feed on some of the crops and fish because pesticide contamination enters waterways. Birds may also feed on the fish that are contaminated. Death in Small Doses (2002) points out that Cambodian water-birds, such as the globally threatened painted stork, are especially prone to pesticide exposure because of contaminated food and water.
Issue: Pesticides can adsorb (stick to) to soil, leach and contaminate groundwater resources. Each pesticide has physical and chemical characteristics, such as solubility in water. Also, each has an inherent ability to bind to soil particles and be held there (adsorbed). And each has a natural breakdown rate in nature. If they are strongly held by soil they do not enter the soil water interface and the ground water table as easily. A listing of these properties for at least some of the pesticides in use in Cambodia can be found by checking at this website: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm.
In general, pesticides with water solubility greater than 3 mg/liter have the potential to contaminate groundwater; and pesticides with a soil adsorption coefficient of less than 1,900 have the potential to contaminate groundwater. In addition, pesticides with an aerobic soil half-life greater than 690 days or an anaerobic soil half-life greater than nine days have the potential to contaminate groundwater. Moreover, pesticides with a hydrolysis half-life greater than 14 days have potential to contaminate groundwater.
The potential for pesticides to enter groundwater resources depends, as indicated above, on the 85
electrical charge contained on a pesticide molecule and its ability and propensity to adhere to soil particles, but this also depends on the nature and charge of the soil particles dominant in the agriculture production area. Sand, clay, and organic matter, and different combinations of all of these, have different charges and adhesion potential for organic and inorganic molecules. Sandy soil often has less charge capacity than clay or organic matter and will thus not interact significantly with and hold charged pesticide molecules. So, in areas with sandy soil, the leaching potential for pesticides is increased, as is the velocity with which water and the pesticide migrate.
A pesticide’s ability to enter groundwater resources also depends on how quickly and by what means it is broken down and the distance (and thus time) it has to travel to reach the groundwater. If the groundwater table is high, the risk that the pesticide will reach it before being broken down is increased. Thus, a sandy soil with a high-water table is the riskiest situation for groundwater contamination by pesticides. Groundwater pollution (contamination) potential for each pesticide active ingredient available in Cambodia is provided in Table 1.
Since the risks for contamination of scarce water resources is high in much of Cambodia, USAID/Cambodia-supported projects and sub-grantees should investigate these factors of soil adsorption and solubility before choosing pesticides to promote or support for their beneficiaries.
Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP: Hydrology: Do not spray or rinse pesticide equipment in or within 30 m of rivers, ponds,
irrigation and drainage ditches, places with a high groundwater table, and other surface waters, including wetlands.
Hydrology: Do not spray pesticides with high toxicities to aquatic organisms before an impending rainstorm, as they can be washed into waterways before breaking down.
Soils: Do not use or recommend or promote for use herbicides or other pesticides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential (see Table 1) near drinking water sources, on highly sandy soils or soils with water tables close (2-3 m) to the surface.
Soils: Since transport of soil particles with pesticides adsorbed to them is a likely transportation route to waterways, employ techniques to reduce farm soil erosion whenever erosion is likely. Such techniques include vegetated buffer strips, green manure, mulching, terracing, employing wind breaks, employing ground covers between rows, planting rows perpendicular to the slope, and using drip irrigation.
3.9 FACTOR I: AVAILABILITY OF OTHER PESTICIDES OR NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS
Many other pesticides and non-chemical control methods exist for Annex 1 contains numerous non-chemical preventive control methods used internationally for primary pests, diseases and weeds of Harvest II project target crops grown in Cambodia. It is the intent of this PERSUAP that Harvest II use this valuable resource, which compiles preventive IPM tools and tactics for each pest of each crop. It can be considered as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for translation into local languages, lamination, and distribution to farm input supply companies to help advise producers at point-of-purchase. 86
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Alternatives to the use of synthetic pesticides are “natural” pesticides—inorganic or botanical pesticides; although some are as hazardous as synthetic pesticides, most are much less dangerous and are less expensive. Furthermore, as almost all synthetic insecticides target insect nervous systems, when a pest population builds up resistance to one insecticide (through changes in its nervous system), it often becomes resistant to all other insecticides with the same mode of action.
This PERSUAP recommends the use of several pesticides derived from plants, microbes, and minerals. These include bacterial extracts kasugamycin and streptomycin used against bacterial pathogens; Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma spp used to suppress fungal and some bacterial pathogens; lime sulfur used against fungal pathogens, sulfur used against fungal pathogens and mites; bacterial extracts abamectin and spinosad used against mites and insects; Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metharrizium anisopliae used against insects; artisanal garlic extract, chili pepper extract, neem seed extract, insecticidal soaps, mineral oils, Matrine (Sophia flavescens) extract, Pyrethrum flower extract and rotenone extract used against insects and Tagetes African Marigold oil extract used against mites. The GOC and MAFF are promoting the use of the above microbial pesticides for the better protection of beneficial predatory and parasitic insects that manage pest populations.
Recommendation for Harvest II’s SUAP:
Harvest II should promote the use of preventive IPM tools and tactics for each crop-pest combination (Annex 1) before the choice is made to purchase and use synthetic pesticides. For most pests, diseases and weeds, in addition to preventive tools used in other countries, Annex 1 provides several choices of natural artisanal and synthetic pesticides to choose from, test, adapt, and adopt.
3.10 FACTOR J: HOST COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO REGULATE OR CONTROL THE USE, DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDE
The Department of Agricultural Legislation is in charge of pesticide registration (the process is described below). The Department of Plant Protection, Sanitary and Phytosanitary (DPPSP) of the General Directorate of Agriculture (GDA) oversees activities in four areas:
Research on pest problem on major crops Plant quarantine Pesticide analysis Pest control and extension
The first three areas are research and regulatory functions. The Department focuses a significant amount of its resources on measures to control pest damage on rice and vegetable production. They also play a role in IPM, including refining IPM measures; IPM is mainly implemented through farmer participation in Farmer Field Schools.
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Until 1998, Cambodia had no legislation specifically concerning pesticides, although the 1996 Law of Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management covered the need to inventory pollutants being produced, imported, stored, or released. The1998 sub-decree on Standards and Management Agricultural Materials was the first legal instrument mentioning pesticides, and is concerned with “the import, sale, labelling, packaging, quality, storage, disposal, and marketing of pesticides in Cambodia.” The sub-decree prohibits the use and sale of pesticides classified by WHO as ‘extremely or highly hazardous to human health’ (Class Ia or Ib). However, past recent studies have found that pesticides designated as WHO Class Ia and Ib are still available in pesticides shops and in markets and that despite the political will to improve the situation, the GOC is impeded by a lack of human and financial resources. Weak law enforcement contributes to the continued market presence of these dangerous chemicals.
No pesticides are produced in Cambodia. Input supply dealers and importers throughout the country rely on chemicals imported from Thailand, Vietnam, and China. There is little control over the sale of prohibited chemicals and there is no enforcement of regulations requiring importers to translate the chemical labels into the Khmer language. The labels often fail to identify chemicals’ name, class of toxicity, risks, proper application procedures, or safety precautions.
According to the NGO Forum (http://www.ngoforum.org.kh/Environment/Env-Pro.htm), pesticides are often imported illegally across Cambodia’s uncontrolled borders. According to regulations, pesticides imported and marketed in Cambodia must have a label on the pesticide packaging in the Khmer language. However, in actual practice, few pesticides have such labelling.
In 2003, there were new sub-decrees on phytosanitary inspection (No. 15 dated 13 March 2003), which were being reinforced and implemented. Eighteen check points were designated at the seaport, airport, and entry points along the border with Thailand and Vietnam. There is little evidence that these checkpoints have decreased the import of dangerous pesticides into Cambodia.
The Department of Agricultural Legislation registers chemical compounds and trade names of pesticides. The registration process involves the following steps:
For a pesticide product (trade name) to be registered for commercial use in Cambodia the following information is required: Identity of applicant; name and address of registration holder; name and address of manufacturer’s enterprise; use of pesticide; bio-efficacy; toxicology; pre-harvest interval.
Registration Certificate in the country of origin, if any. Registration Certificate from other countries, if any. Technical information of pesticide both in Khmer and English. Quality Inspection Certificate or guaranteed analysis from manufacture. Model of pack and label in Khmer. Sample sent to GDA for analysis and evaluation. This normally takes at least two months.
The completed application is submitted to a range of relevant officers for comment: (1) Chief of 88
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Office of Agricultural Legislation, (2) Deputy Director of Department of Agricultural Legislation, (3) Director of Department of Agricultural Legislation, (4) General Deputy Director, (5) General Director, (6) Under Secretary of State, (7) Secretary of State, and (8) the Minister of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Once the pesticide receives the approval of the minister, the registration process is complete.
The following is the process for getting a new pesticide (chemical compound) updated in No.598 Brakas (the Brakas consists 3 Annexes):
If a pesticide is not registered in Cambodia’s List of Pesticides Permitted for Use in the Kingdom of Cambodia, and if not listed in Annexes 1 and 2, List of Pesticides Banned for Use and List of Pesticides Restricted for Use in the Kingdom of Cambodia, respectively, the registration involves three steps: (1) The pesticides have to be analyzed and evaluated by the GDA. (2) The results will be discussed in a meeting of relevant departments. (3) Comments will be proposed and discussed in a final meeting in which all relevant department representatives, Under Secretary of State, Secretary of State, and the Minister will participate and make the final decision.
Disposal of EPCsInformation collected about the Cambodia pesticide system (from interviews with GOC, pesticide wholesalers and retailers as well as producers) indicates that most producers do not understand the importance of safely disposing of empty pesticide containers. Many Cambodian producers still throw the empty containers in the field or waterways.
The best method for container disposal in Cambodia is to triple-rinse the containers, puncture them to discourage re-use, and bury them, dispose of them in municipal waste, or recycle them. Harvest II should strongly discourage burning EPCs and single-use pesticide sachets that release toxic fumes, e.g., furans and dioxins, into the atmosphere.
Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:
Where alternatives (Classes III and IV/U) exist, do not recommend or promote or use EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Class II pesticide products (see Table 1 and pesticide labels), unless Harvest II can verify that producers properly and consistently utilize PPE recommended by the pesticide label and SDS.
3.11 FACTOR K: PROVISION FOR TRAINING OF USERS AND APPLICATORS
USAID recognizes that, in addition to the use of PPE, safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly critical in 89
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developing countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed countries.
Harvest II does not intend to supply pesticides to any producers or to use any pesticides over the life of project. Harvest II, as appropriate, through work with private sector partners and grantees, continue to promote IPM and SPU application techniques, including the use of appropriate safety clothing and equipment, as described on pesticide labels, as well as implementing Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Procedures (Annex 9). This is very important; although many producers are implementing IPM, the utilization of PPE during spraying is low.
For pesticides that are highly toxic to aquatic organisms and/or could contaminate groundwater, trainers/technicians will provide training on the protection of aquatic habitats and groundwater. For pesticides that are highly toxic to birds, bees, and other wildlife, trainers/technicians will give training on the protection of habitat, including preventing drift.
A summary of the Harvest II PERSUAP will be made available to Harvest II technical personnel/trainers, subcontractors/partners, and it will be used as a basis for training. Only agronomists with a pest management background and IPM training will be utilized for training activities within the project.
Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAPs
Annex 5 provides significant discussion of SPU and IPM training topics.
3.12 FACTOR L: PROVISION MADE FOR MONITORING THE USE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EACH PESTICIDE
Evaluating the risks, impacts and benefits of pesticide use should be an ongoing, dynamic process. Proper pesticide use, and pest resistance are two of the risks that this factor is intended to address, as well as human health and safety and environmental effects.
On the farm, record keeping should track quantities and types of pesticides used, where they were used, and what they were used for with notes on efficacy. Notes on effectiveness of individual pesticides and pest numbers will help develop a more sustainable pesticide use plan for USAID/Cambodia agriculture sector and value chain project beneficiary producers. Producers will need to keep records of any reductions in pesticide efficacy experienced, which is the first indication that resistance may be developing, and then a strategy needs to be in place to determine a shift to a different pesticide class, and rotation among classes, to overcome resistance development.
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the use of the following record keeping systems:
Annex 6 provides a format and ideas for producers for GlobalGAP-like record-keeping and adapt it to CamGAP on crops grown, pests/diseases encountered, and pesticides sprayed, among other pieces of data.
Annex 7 provides a format and ideas for the monitoring of beneficiary compliance and GAPs.
A pesticide checklist: This list allows project agronomists to ensure that the pesticides they are using are registered. It should also provide notes on special safety requirements.
PPE: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, number of pieces, prices and contact details of suppliers, dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained, or replaced. PPE should be numbered or personally assigned to applicators to ensure that it is not taken into the home where (as a contaminated material) it could pose a risk to family members.
Local regulatory compliance: A list of country laws related to the use of agrochemicals for plant protection.
GAPs/IPM measures tried/used (see Annex 1): USAID-funded project agronomists should try to incorporate a minimum of at least ten new IPM measures per annum and document their success or failure.
Monitoring/recording pests: Agronomists should incorporate into their records regular field pest monitoring and identification. This could be done by the USAID/Cambodia agriculture sector and value chain project agronomists themselves, or if properly trained, by producers.
Train Harvest II staff about EHS procedures for pesticide use, see Annex 9.
SECTION 4: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN TEMPLATE AS RECOMMENDED BY BFS BEOThe SUAP summarizes what the conditions are for the safer use of the pesticide AIs recommended in this PERSUAP. Specific safety requirements are provided for each pesticide AI individually in Pesticide Data Sheets (end of this document).
This section describes the actions which will be taken to ensure each of the pesticide recommended in this PERSUAP can be used safely by the intended project participant. This includes complete and implementable plans for: 1) targeted training for producers, agricultural extension agents, handlers, applicators; 2) establishing pesticide quality, use of regulatory labels (or other guidance), and container standards; 3) pesticide-appropriate PPE to be sustainably used and supplied; 4) location-specific good practice methods for safe pesticide transport, storage, handling, use, and disposal, as well as safe management and disposal of empty pesticide containers.
This document requires that Harvest II Implementing Partners develop a Safer Use Action Plan which includes a list of the implementation team members, what their duties are, and a timeline of when things will get done. It is critical to describe a field-implementable training programs for all producers, handlers, and applicators involved in the activity. Establish a sustainable plan to ensure pesticide quality, use of labels or other guidance, and container standards. Describe the plan which will be used to ensure that pesticide-appropriate PPE is supplied and used. Create location-specific good practice methods for safe pesticide transport, storage, handling, use, and disposal. Harvest II has used the SUAP template below to guide development of an EMMP, as appropriate, with specific risks, risk reduction measures, indicators or risk reduction, monitoring and reporting plans.
SUAP Conditions for Harvest II to promote to private sector partners and grantees: 91
2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
1. Only pesticides with approved (by USEPA and host‐government or a designated body where applicable) active ingredients can be procured, used, or recommended for use with USAID funds.
2. Pesticide products procured, used, or recommended for use must be labelled in a national language and include the following essential information: name and concentration of active ingredient, type of formulation, instructions for use, user safety information, safety periods for re‐entry and harvest, Manufacturer, and country of origin.
3. Basic training in SPU and IPM. 4. Advanced training required for certain AIs and products. 5. Encourage use of appropriate PPE as recommended on pesticide product labels and SDSs,
as possible.
922018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
SUAP template recommended by BSF BEO
Project Title:Pesticide(s): Crops:Location Common Name(s): Target Pests:
Required Compliance Mitigation Measures Compliance DatesActions to
achieve compliance
Responsible Party Status
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g Technical Assistance for Trainers
Development and Distribution of Educational Material
Training of Pesticide Handlers
Loca
l Iss
ues Establish Pesticide Quality
Standards
Require Good Packaging and Clear, Adequate Labeling
Safe
r Pes
ticid
e U
se
Ensure Accessibility of Personal Protective Equipment
Define Appropriate Procedures for Safe Pesticide Transport
Define Appropriate Methods for Safe Pesticide Storage
Define Disposal Provisions for UsedPesticide Containers
Long
-Ter
m
Prog
ram Coordination, Collaboration,
Awareness raising, Surveillance, Control Management, Research
932018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1: HARVEST II CROPS, PESTS, DISEASES, WEEDS GAP AND IPM PLAN INFORMATION
Asparagus aphid, Brachycorynella asparagi Insect predators such as lady beetles, lacewings, predatory midges, and flower fly larvae, by a Braconid wasp that is a parasite of many aphid species.Remove weeds and infected leaves.
Begin sampling asparagus crops in early spring and throughout the growing season.In early spring, if beetles are feeding on spears, let some plants near the edge of the field produce fern growth to attract the beetles away from the spears. If necessary, treat these areas.Sanitation: Destroy crop residues to eliminate overwintering sites.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.Pyrethrum flower extract
Asparagus rust, Puccinia asparagi Use resistant and tolerant varieties if available.Seed treatment to prevention seedborne infection from spore presenting on the surface of seeds.Prepare planting beds that can maximize air circulation to dry up the leaves. Orient rows with the prevailing wind to allow free flow of air through the field.Control irrigation to avoid over-watered or waterlogging
No reasonable treatment threshold found.sulfurchlorothalonilmancozeb
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Harvest the spears by cutting below soil line to avoid infection of the stubs of spears.Sanitation: At the end of the fern season, cut and remove, destroy or incorporate (plow under) diseased ferns and destroy volunteer asparagus within 400 yards of commercial asparagus fields.Cut spears when they are young to keep infections from occurring, thus breaking the cycle of the fungus in spring.
Cercospora Blight of Asparagus, Cercospora asparagi
Keep nurseries free from weeds and avoid over-crowded seedlings.Proper plant spacing to allow air circulation.Remove and burn the infected plant material and crop residue.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.chlorothalonilmancozeb
Fusarium crown and root rots:Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi,F. redolens,F. proliferatumF. verticillioidesGibberella fujikuroi
Use tolerant seeds if available.Use clean seed in noninfected soil to produce disease-free seedlings, transplants, or crowns.Maintain crown vigor with proper irrigation and fertilization and minimize plant stress as much as possible.Maintain good soil pH, 6 or higher, and soil structure.Select well-drained field for planting and plant on raised beds.Long rotations out of asparagus are beneficial.To maintain crown vigor, avoid extended harvest periods and end harvest when production declines to 70% of the season's highest yield.Sanitation: At the end of the fern season, cut and remove, destroy or incorporate (plow under) diseased ferns and destroy volunteer asparagus within 400 yards of commercial asparagus fields.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.Use of fungicides is not recommended.
Use clean seeds for planting and if possible, use resistant variety.If possible, water early in the day so that foliage dries out before evening.Promote air circulation and reduce periods of leaf wetness by thinning plant canopies.Do not handle plants when wet and avoid cause plant injuriesRemove and discard severely affected plants.Prune out and discard infected leaves.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.mancozebdifenoconazole
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Striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata General cultural practices during dry season and when pepper plants are producing new buds and developing new fruits and mealy bugs are most abundant include removal of weeds, and control of ants associated with infestation and pruning of low branches cannot control mealy bugs but can help to mitigate risk of mealy bugs infestation.Many parasites and predators including parasitoid wasps, hoverflies, praying mantis and coccinellids feed on mealybugs.At the beginning of a local outbreak severely infested vine branches should be cut and burned immediately.Insects may be dislodged by spraying a strong jet of water on the plants.Control ants which protect mealybugs from predators and parasites.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
mineral oilinsecticidal soapsTagetes African Marigold oilneem seed extractthiamethoxambuprofezinclothianidin
Use resistant varieties.Nursery soil should be disinfected using high temperatures through solarization (wetting and putting under black plastic in direct sunlight for several weeks) or other means.Use disease-free planting materials: Collect runner shoots from healthy nurseries.Manage soil moisture and do not over-water.Avoid unnecessary tilling of soil conducive to spreading the pathogenGrow a cover crop of grass to prevent water splash on the plants and thus the spread of the fungi.Establish a thick mulch to reduce splashing rain.Add Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) to the soil, if it can be sourced or made available.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed cake in soilmetalaxylmefenoxamfosetyl-aluminumcopper compoundsmancozebchlorothalonilmono- + di-potassium phosphate
Nursery soil should be disinfected using high temperatures through solarization (wetting and putting under black plastic in direct sunlight for several weeks) or other means.Use disease-free planting materials: Collect runner shoots from healthy nurseries.Manage soil moisture and do not over-water.Remove fallen leaves.Prune to promote ventilation of canopy above pepper vines.Establish a thick mulch to reduce splashing rain.
Add Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) to the soil.
Basal wilt, Sclerotium rolfsii Nursery soil should be disinfected using high temperatures through solarization (wetting and putting under black plastic in direct sunlight for several weeks) or other means because basal wilt is a soil borne disease and the pathogen can survive in the soil for many years.Use disease-free planting materials: Collect runner shoots from healthy nurseries.Manage soil moisture and do not over-water.Control weeds in the orchard.Prevent soil from becoming acidic by using agricultural lime.Ensure good soil drainage.Prune runner shoots before the monsoon.Maintain high calcium levels and use ammonium type fertilizers to suppress disease under low disease pressure.Use calcium nitrate to keep soil pH higher.Avoid over-irrigation and close vine spacing.Avoid injury during cultivation.Prune shade trees to allow entry of sun and wind.Prune off the leaves and shoots of vines to a height of 70 cm from the soil.Establish a thick mulch or maintained grass to reduce splashing rain.Add Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) to the soil.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractmancozebtebuconazoletrifloxystrobinpropiconazole
Leaf rots and blights, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp,
Nursery soil should be disinfected using high temperatures through solarization (wetting and putting under black plastic in direct sunlight for several weeks) or other means.Use disease-free planting materials: Collect runner shoots from healthy nurseries.Manage soil moisture and do not over-water.Maintain recommended soil and plant nutrition.Remove and destroy infected runner vines throughout the season from nursery to field.Use mulches or maintained grasses to reduce splashing of fungal spores up onto the vine and leaves.Add Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) to the soil.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
copper compoundsneem seed cake added to soilmetalaxylfosetyl-aluminummono- + di-potassium phosphate
Viruses: Use resistant varieties, if available. No reasonable treatment threshold
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Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)Pepper yellow mottle virus (PYMV)Crinkle leaf viral stunted disease, Piper nigrum strain of Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV-Pn)may be transmitted by aphids and mealybugs
Use virus-free planting materials: Collect runner shoots from healthy nurseries without virus.Use exclusionary nets in nurseries to protect runner shoots from aphid and mealybug crawler vectors.Continually remove virus-infected plants and replant with healthy, virus-free materials.Monitor for and control virus vectors.Use of reflective mulches to reduce aphid visits to plants and thus delay virus spread.Control weeds in the orchard to reduce aphid populations.Disinfect pruning and other tools when moving from plant to plant or orchard to orchard.
found.
Control vectors with:mineral oilinsecticidal soapsTagetes African Marigold oilneem seed extractthiamethoxamimidaclopridacetamipriddimethoatebuprofezinacephateclothianidinpymetrozine
CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard
Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella Fausse-teigne des crucifères
Place seedling beds away from production fields.Cover seedling bed with mesh.Interplant tomatoes with cabbage.Ensure clean seedlings when transplanting from nursery to the field.Conserve and encourage natural enemies.Use of trap crops such as inter-planted or edge-planted mustards but monitor and destroy plants before adults are produced.Mating disruption with sex pheromones.Synchronous planting in each community between adjacent fields.
Treat if 10% of infested plants in the seedbed, 30% from transplanting to cupping stage, 20% from cupping to early heading, and 10% at early heading to mature head stages.
thiamethoxamneem seed extractspinosad
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CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard
Remove and destroy or plow down crop residues.Practice crop rotation 6 weeks or more where no Brassica crops are grown by all neighbors in a locality and follow crop rotation simultaneously, if feasible.
chili extractgarlic extractacetamipridimidaclopridmalathionBeauveria bassianaindoxacarbMatrine extract
Flea beetles, Systena spp, Phyllotreta spp Conserve parasitoids like the Braconid wasps of Microcotonus spp that parasitize and kill adult flea beetles.Use living mulches or intercropping and polycultures.Trap crops: Interplant field and margins with giant mustard or radish and destroy these plants once heavily infested.Floating mesh or screen row covers can be used to cover seedlings and provide a barrier to adult beetles.White and yellow sticky traps placed every 15 to 30 feet of row on the edges or outside of fields.Sanitation: Clean up and compost weeds and plant debris from field and around field.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractgarlic extractcyromazine
Aphids: Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae
Many predators and parasites attack aphids, especially in fields that are not sprayed or sprayed with less toxic materials.If feasible, put up insect-proof nets to protect nursery.Be sure transplants are clean before taking them to field.Carefully manage nitrogen levels so that they are neither too high, which significantly attracts aphids nor too low, which impedes plant growth.Inter-planting with a “living mulch” may reduce aphid populations.Use of “habitat plantings” of flowering perennial plants that attract aphid parasites and predators.In some humid areas there are outbreaks of naturally existing fungi that cause epidemics among aphid colonies.
Remove or control alternate hosts, including mustards and related weeds, around field borders.When plants are young and leaf cupping has not yet occurred, if feasible, high pressure overhead sprinkler irrigation dislodges aphids.Use trap crops: Plant mustards on field margins or inter-planted and destroy these plants once heavily infested.Remove infested culls and weedy spp around fields that may harbor the aphid between crops.Destroy crop remnants immediately after harvest.
Many natural enemies and viruses attack armyworms, and reduce populations naturally, so, do not use broad-spectrum insecticides; monitor for parasitism levels and make treatment decision accordingly.Destroy weeds along field borders.Pheromone traps placed along the edges of fields may be used to monitor adult moths. This is a particularly good technique for detecting large emergences or migrations.Use of nocturnal overhead sprinkler irrigation, if feasible, to dislodge and repel larvae.Use of pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating.Use of floating row screen or mesh covers, if feasible, to exclude egg-laying moths.Disc fields immediately following harvest to kill larvae and pupae.
Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg masses and young larvae in surrounding weeds. Monitor and treat with insecticide if one second or third instar larva for every 10 plants is found.
Bacillus thuringiensis/BT spinosad
indoxacarb
extracts of garlicextracts of chili pepperBeauveria bassianaPyrethrum extractchlorantraniliprole
Imported cabbage worm, White cabbage butterflies, Pieris rapae, Pieris spp
Cole crops can withstand significant cabbage worm damage between transplanting/thinning and heading, without significant yield losses, but after heading, one larva per plant can cause significant damage.Natural enemies can assist significantly in the control of white butterfly larvae. Viruses and bacterial diseases are also sometimes important control factors in the field.Sample frequently to assess population levels, damage and levels of infected
and parasitized larvae.Hand-pick larvae from plants.Use nocturnal overhead sprinkler irrigation systems to dislodge larvae.On larger hectarages, use pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating, if available and feasible.Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude egg-laying moths.
indoxacarb
chlorantraniliprole
Heliothis Bollworms, Helicoverpa armigera, H. punctigera
Removal of weeds in and around field.Trichogramma wasps provide some control of tomato fruit worm eggs.Make and use pheromone (with Helilure) or light traps to capture adult moths and determine when females are flying, mating, and egg-laying.Check for and conserve natural predators and parasites that can control large numbers of Helicoverpa larvae.Use insect pheromone traps near the field to monitor for presence, to know when to monitor for eggs.Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and adults harboring in those weeds and grasses. Plow, disc and harrow fields at least two times before sowing seeds to expose pupae to predators. Sow seeds thinly and remove competing weeds to produce vigorous plants, which are more likely to withstand pests and diseases. Avoid planting crops successively that are hosts, like corn, cotton, tobacco and soybean.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Use proper timing and thorough coverage (once larvae enter the tomato, control with insecticides is difficult).
neem seed extractBacillus thuringiensis/BTindoxacarbPyrethrum extractspinosad
chlorantraniliprole
neem seed extract
Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon Deep tillage.Planting time.Remove weeds from border areas.Destroy weeds 10-14 days before planting the crop.Delay transplanting slightly until the stems are too wide for the cutworm to encircle and/or too hard for it to cut.Flood the field for a few days before sowing or transplanting.Remove weeds from field margins and plow fields at least 10 days before
Check for cutworms in weeds around the edges of the field before planting. After the crop is up, check for a row of four or more wilted plants with completely or partially severed stems. If you find damaged plants, look for cutworms by digging around the base of plants and sifting the soil
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CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard
Cover seedbed.Crop rotation.Use clean planting materials.Transplant only healthy, and vigorous insect-free seedlings.Uproot and burn cabbage and kale stalks after harvest.Natural enemies can assist significantly in the control of white butterfly larvae. Viruses and bacterial diseases are also sometimes important control factors in the field.
Check 25 random plants for damage and treat if find more than 9 small- to medium-sized larvae per plant.
Favor friable soil with good drainage and good soil aeration.Avoid soils that easily waterlog.Use treated seeds.Use raised-bed production to manage soil moisture and speed up crop development.Water the crop only when soil is dry.Quickly remove and destroy dead seedlings.Use crop rotation to non-Brassicaceous crops.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Use seed treated withthirammefenoxamdifenoconazolemancozeb neem seed cake in soilmetalaxylfosetyl-aluminumcopper compoundschlorothalonilmono- + di-potassium phosphateTrichoderma spp
Alternaria leaf spot, Alternaria brassicae A. brassicicola
It is a seed borne disease and the spores easily spread by wind especially in warm and wet weather with optimal temperatures from 25-30ºCUse resistant varieties.Use hot water treatment for seeds before seeding.Use certified clean seed or transplants.Obey seeding depth; Do not plant seed or transplants too deep.Avoid watering foliage at the end of day or at night.Avoid overhead irrigation particularly for cauliflower in which head rot may occur.Remove weeds from field and field margins.Avoid allowing plants to become drought-stressed as this increases the probability of infection.Limit crop stress, such as poor fertility, drought, insect damage, and heavy unharvested heads.
Remove and destroy all crop residues.Do crop rotation if there is a heavy infection rate.
Fusarium yellows, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans
Use resistant varieties.Use quarantine procedures to avoid introducing the disease from an infected field to an uninfected one on soil or equipment.Use soil with good drainage.Use raised-bed production to manage soil moisture and speed up crop development.Soil-building practices such as cover crops and compost are recommended.Rotate with non-Brassicaceous crops.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
No chemicals are recommended.
Sclerotinia white fungal rots, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. minor
Use good drainage and irrigation practices that reduce soil humidity.Use raised-bed production to manage soil moisture and speed up crop development.Do deep plowing after harvest to burry sclerotia.Rotate with non-Brassicaceous crops.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
No synthetic pesticides are recommended.
iprodione for seed production fields
Cabbage bacterial spot and rot, Erwinia carotovora, E. aroideae
Use resistant or tolerant varieties.Use of certified disease-free propagation material.Avoid planting in soils with a history of disease.Use weed management in the field and surrounding areas.Plant in well-drained soils, avoid over-irrigation.Avoid working in field when wet.Use deep well water for irrigation.Monitor regularly and remove and destroy diseased plants throughout the season.Avoid injury to plants near soil level.Avoid practices that transfer infested soils to non-infested areas.Change from sprinkler to furrow or drip irrigation may limit its spread.Remove and destroy diseased plants.Rotate with non-Brassicaceous crops.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
copper compoundskasugamycin
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CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard
Black bacterial rot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Since black rot is seed borne disease and the bacteria can survive for a long time in crop debris and weeds but not soil, farm sanitation is very important.Use certified disease-free seed.Sterilize seed in 50-degree C water.Avoid working in field when wet as the bacteria can splash by rain and by people and equipment.Use deep plowing.Remove weed and volunteer crucifers.Do crop rotations using non-hosts, and with crucifer crop no more often than every 2 years in any infested field.Remove and destroy diseased plants.
Mirid bugs, Tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis theivora and other speciesCoconut bug, Pseudotheraptus wayi
Timely management is essential since this pest is a low-density pest.There are no known tolerant or resistant varieties to use.Vigilant monitoring: During the rainy season or whenever there are flushes of new leaves, bug outbreaks appear suddenly.Conserve natural enemies of the bug, like weaver ants, which build nests in cashew trees and attack and eat the bugs.Do not interplant cashew with other crops (such as cotton, tea, sweet potato, guava and mango) that are highly susceptible to TMB feeding.Control weeds in and around plantation.
Around 10 % of damaged fresh flushes may be considered as the threshold for TMB.
Paint tree trunks white to prevent sun burn, which predisposes tree to attack.Provide sufficient water, fertilizer, and pruning.Monitor young orchards in spring and summer for holes with frass and gum pockets.Prune away heavily infested tree parts.Remove heavily infested trees.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
thiamethoxamimidaclopridclothianidin
Leaf and flower thrips, Selenothrips rubrocinctus, S. dorsalis, Rhynchothrips raoensis, Haplorthrips ceylonicus, Frankliniella schultzei
Ensure that trees don’t become water-stressed.Monitoring and sampling for thrips by examining early flower clusters.Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips control thrips in the crop.Use blue and yellow sticky traps for monitoring pest densities.
Cashew stem and root borer, Plocaederus ferrugineus, P. obesus
Careful looking for damage symptoms on stem, trunk and root system and mechanically kill the eggs, grubs and pupa.Regular pruning to remove dead branches or dry bark to prevent adult egg-laying on the tree.
Do routine monitoring. Ensure good pest identification; understand pest biology, ecology, and behavior.Use good sanitation and good grain and nut storage practices, as follows:All nuts stored off the floor on palates, with space between palates, well ventilated/aerated and lighted, dispose of old containers.In empty shipping containers, thoroughly sweep or brush down walls, ceilings, ledges, braces, and handling equipment, and remove all spilled debris.Brush and sweep out and/or vacuum the truck beds, augers, and loading buckets to remove insect-infested nuts and debris.Remove all debris from fans, exhausts, and aeration ducts (also from beneath slotted floors, when possible).Remove all debris and vegetation growing within ten feet of the warehouses (preferably the whole storage area).Examine area to determine if rodent bait stations are required and use if needed. Be sure to follow all label directions.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Treat nut bags and nuts with powdered/dust:Pyrethrum extractthiamethoxamspinosadclothianidin
1072018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Spray cleaned area around bins with a residual herbicide to remove all undesirable weedy plants.Remove all debris from the storage site and dispose of it properly.Frequent rotation of the stocks, "FIFO" (First In - First Out) rule applies.Use sticky traps to monitor for presence and quantity.
Warehouse rodents: mice, rats Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices (see above).Close and fill all potential entry holes along walls, under and at door joints, at wall-ceiling joints. Can use steel wool, which rodents will not chew through.Put (preferably metal) screens on all windows.Remove all debris within a four-meter perimeter of the grain and nut storage warehouses or on-farm storage bins to remove rodent hiding places.Spray a ten-foot perimeter around warehouses and on-farm bins with a residual herbicide to remove all undesirable weeds that rodents use to hide.Use sticky traps for capture and disposal by burying.
Remove and destroy infected parts of the plant.Put windbreaks on the windward side of the orchard.Do pruning to open up canopy to light and air movement, which limit fungal disease development.Prune off diseased and infertile branches.Control weeds in orchard.Control TMB to avoid damage on shoots, leaves and flowers because the damaged tissues can serve as an entry route for the pathogen to be transmitted and penetrate into plant tissue.
Do pruning to open up canopy to light and air movement, which limit fungal disease development.Remove and destroy infected parts of the plant during the season.Prune off diseased and infertile branches.Control weeds in the orchard.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
copper compoundssulfurlime sulfurmetiram
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Plant in soil that drains well.Do pruning to open up canopy to light and air movement, which limit fungal disease development.Remove and destroy infected parts of the plant during the season.Promote good cultural practices to enhance tree vigor and reduce the amount of dead wood.
In older orchards, leaf miners are controlled by several species of wasp parasites.Avoid pruning live branches more than one time a year, to reduce new leaf flushes.Do not apply large amounts of nitrogen while miners are present.Remove ‘water sprouts’ (vigorous shoots that grow above graft unions) and ‘suckers’ (grow below graft unions).Sanitation: remove crop debris and weeds.Use pheromone traps, yellow and blue sticky traps for monitoring and mass trapping.Do weed control in orchard.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
imidacloprid (young tree nurseries and young orchards less than 4 years old)
Leaf feeding swallowtail butterfly larvae, Papilio polytes, P. Memnon, P. Demoleus
Plant resistant varieties.Use pheromone traps on orchard edges for monitoring.Plant Umbelliferous crops like fennel, celery, parsley on the orchard margins as a trap crop to attract egg-laying adults, then destroy the Umbellifers once larvae have hatched.Hand pick the large colorful larvae.
Brown citrus aphids, Toxoptera aurantii, T. citricida
A number of coccinellid and syrphid predators, parasites and fungal diseases usually keep aphid populations below damaging levels.Use upwind barrier crops of Lemongrass and Sugarcane.On newly established trees and on new growth flushes on mature trees, it is not uncommon for aphids to cause curling of leaves and produce honeydew. Treatment is usually not usually warranted because citrus can tolerate extensive leaf curling without yield effects.A moderate aphid population (about 40% of growth flushes infested) can be considered beneficial on mature trees because aphids and their honeydew provide a good food source for natural enemies of other pests early in the season when other hosts are not available.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
mineral oilsBeauveria bassiananeem seed extractPyrethrum extractacephatepymetrozinerotenone extractimidaclopridthiamethoxam
Use and plant only certified clean tree stock.Many predators and parasites control scales, including beetles, bugs, green lacewings and predatory mites.Releases of mass-reared Aphytis melinus parasites can be useful in groves with insufficient biological control.Manage ants that tend the scales by placing a sticky product called Tanglefoot around the tree trunk.Provide plants with good growing conditions and especially appropriate
Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasii irrigation.Prune branches to open up the canopy to light, sun and predators.Sanitation: Prune off and destroy heavily infested branches.
Predatory mites control large numbers of plant-feeding mites.Do weed control in orchard.Control dust near orchard by watering or oiling dirt roads.Prevent water stress by irrigating or watering orchard during dry times.Use adequate irrigation so that trees are not water-stressed.Regularly monitor for outbreaks.Use sanitation, remove damaged and heavily infested branches.
Mealybugs are primarily managed by conserving their natural enemies, parasites and predators, reducing ant populations and dust problems.Do regular monitoring, note-taking and mapping of mealybug and crawler (larvae) infestations. To find crawlers, peel back the thin bark on spurs in the current season's pruning and look for the presence of small mealybug crawlers.Prune by cutting plants just above branch crotches and nodes to open up the canopy to light, sun, predators and parasites (minimize shearing or clipping of terminals which stimulates new growth, preferred by psyllids for feeding and egg laying).If feasible, release of the mealy bug parasite Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
If 20% of field samples show crawlers apply a delayed dormant insecticide. Treatment is rarely required.
mineral oilinsecticidal soapsTagetes African Marigold oilneem seed extractthiamethoxambuprofezinclothianidin
Citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, transmits HLB (see below)
Use of certified HLB disease-free planting materials is essential to minimize spread.Budwood sources and nursery production is carried out under psyllid-proof enclosures and are certified HLB free.Quarantine the orchard from entry of new fruit, plants, seeds, wood products, or soil from other orchards that may be infested with pysllids or infected with HLB.Prune by cutting plants just above branch crotches and nodes to open up the canopy to light, sun, predators and parasites (minimize shearing or clipping
Prior to tree removal, the infected tree should be treated with a foliar insecticide to eliminate the psyllid vector.
neem seed extractsPyrethrum extractsimidaclopridthiamethoxam
1112018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
of terminals).Do weekly scouting for greening-infected trees should be done routinely so that infected trees can be immediately sprayed and removed.Use yellow sticky traps placed on orchard edges to trap migrating adults.Provide appropriate irrigation.Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer to established woody plants, unless foliage appearance or plant growth is unsatisfactory because of a confirmed nutrient deficiency.Sanitation: Remove HLB infected trees immediately upon discovery and diagnosis.
Citrus green stinkbugs, Acrosternum hilare, Nezara viridula
Use resistant varieties.Water and fertilize seedlings to maintain vigor to resist these bugs.Control weeds in and around the crop.
Prays citrus flower and fruit moth, Prays citri Make sure trees are not water-stressed.The flower moth has many natural enemies, predators and parasites but high populations of flower moth may not be controlled.Use pheromone traps to mass-trap and remove males from the population.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Bacillus thuringiensis/BTBeauveria bassiana
Citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii A large number of predators and parasites feed on thrips.Keep tree healthy by fertilizing and watering sufficiently; healthy trees can tolerate lots of leaf drop without a significant loss of yield.
Huanglongbing / Citrus greening disease, protobacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (above)
Use of certified disease-free planting materials is essential to minimize spread.Budwood sources and nursery production is carried out under psyllid-proof enclosures and are certified HLB free.Weekly scouting for greening infected trees should be done routinely so that infected trees can be removed.Diagnosis of HLB may be difficult since some nutrient deficiency symptoms and other problems are often confused with some of the symptoms associated with HLB.Sanitation: Remove infected trees immediately upon discovery and diagnosis.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Prior to tree removal, to eliminate the psyllid vector, the infected tree should be treated with:
neem seed extractPyrethrum extractimidaclopridthiamethoxam
Citrus scab, Elsinoe = Sphaceloma fawcettii Use frequent field monitoring for early detection and treatment.Establish rootstocks and budwood nurseries at a distance from commercial orchards that have the disease.Prune the canopy to open it to air and sunlight and removing dead wood source of spores.Remove and destroy fallen infected fruit and leaves.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Apply in nursery:copper compoundschlorothalonillime sulfurmetiram
Citrus canker, Xanthomonas citri sub spp citri, X. alfalfae
Use resistant varieties and healthy planting materials.Prune trees to allow better air circulation.Do not move equipment or personnel from infected orchards of groves to uninfected orchards; disinfect all tools and clothes.Remove and burn infected trees on-site.Do not work in the orchard when the foliage is wet or rainingControl leaf miners with petroleum oil.
Be careful not to wound trees and bark when working or harvesting in the orchard; wounds provide entry to these fungi.Dig out, remove and destroy infected trees and all the root mass.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
There are no recommended chemical controls.
Citrus tristeza virus (transmitted by aphids particularly Brown citrus aphids, above)
Use tolerant rootstocks and certified disease-free planting materials.Control aphid vectors (see aphids, above).
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
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Remove and destroy dead trees when they become unproductive.Use tolerant rootstocks (Sweet orange, Cleopatra mandarin,Rough lemon, Rangpur lime and Trifoliate orange)Control aphid vectors (see aphids, above). Do not plant in heavy, water-logged soils. Post-harvest: Remove and destroy dead trees when they become unproductive.When grafting or top-working, use only certified, virus-free budwood.
To control aphid vectors, use:Beauveria bassianaimidaclopridthiamethoxamacephatepymetrozinerotenone extract
CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Thrips, Thrips tabaci Disc under weeds before they flower; do not disk after flowering as thrips will quickly move to the crop.Provide good irrigation, drainage and fertilization.Rotate Cucurbitaceous crops with corn or another non-Cucurbitaceous crop.
Fruit flies, Dacus bivittatus, D. ciliatus, Bactrocera cucurbitae
Use shallow plowing to kill and expose pupae that fall to the soil.Use yellow sticky traps for monitoring.Twice a week, for the entire season remove fruits with dimples oozing clear
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
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CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
sap.Bury infested fruits at least 50 cm deep.Practice early harvesting.Bagging works well with watermelon.Set out fruit fly traps baited with Curelure product, if it can be made available.
White grubs, Cyclocephala spp, Phyllophaga spp, Holotrichia spp, Leucopholis irrorata
Use weed management by cultivation in and around field.Use light traps when adults are present.Irrigate to speed germination and emergence of the crop.Monitor to determine where infestations are heavy.Sanitation: Destruction of plant residues from previous crops and avoiding planting in fields that are coming out of pasture.
Do not plant beans near Cucurbits.Delay sowing, where practicable, to allow the crop to escape from high populations.Practice post-harvest tillage to expose the grubs in the soil to the sun heat and to predators.Rotate beans with non-host plants such as maize or sunflower to break the development cycle of the pest.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractsmalathionMatrine extract
Pumpkin beetles, Aulacophora similis, A. abdominalis
Handpick and destroy adults.Put wood ash at the bottom of seedlings.Practice crop rotation.Provide conditions for healthy plant growth, manures and, or commercial fertilizers, and adequate water.Use straw mulches.Use a cover crop like red clover, if feasible.Remove and bury crop residues deeply.Rotate out of Cucurbits every other year.
Monitor 20 plants at the seedling stage weekly and treat if 1 adult per plant is found. After one month, the threshold becomes 3 adults per plant.
Use seed treated with thiamethoxamimidacloprid
cyromazineneem seed extractspinosad
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CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Cucumber moths, Leaf-tiers, Pickle worms, Diaphania indica, D. hyalinata
Use short cycle hybrids and resistant varieties.Do weed control in and around field.Use and destroy trap cropsUse live barrierElimination of infested materialTrap moths using a solution of molasses and water.Control with parasitic wasps of the genus Apanteles or Trichogramma and the ant Solenopsis invicta.Clean and destroy crop residues.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Apply to the base and stem of the plant while adults and small larvae are present, before burrowing into the flower or gourd
Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids, Encarsia species, lady beetles, and minute pirate bugs.Yellow sticky traps may be used for monitoring and reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread.Do intercropping and interplanting crops.Ensure good growing conditions for the crop.Avoid application of high doses of nitrogen fertilizer.After the last harvest, destroy all crop residues.
Monitoring crops and establishment of a pesticide program after finding 1 white fly per 10 plants, spraying may be used.
neem seed extractsBeauveria bassianaimidaclopridthiamethoxamMetharhizium anisopliaepymetrozineacetamipridbuprofezinpyriproxyfeninsecticidal soapsmineral oil
Use resistant varieties.Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps. Start checking traps after transplanting or when seedlings emerge. When aphids are observed on
If control is needed, treat when aphids are found to be reproducing, particularly when second and later
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CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under low insecticide input situations.Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests or leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup.
generation wingless females have started reproduction.
Green leafhoppers, Empoasca kerri, E. facialis, E. fabae
Remove weeds in and around fields.Use resistant varieties.Natural enemies include general predators such as lady beetles, lacewings, ants, spiders and pirate bugs, but they will not sufficiently control leafhoppers.Provide adequate moisture through timely irrigation.Row covers can prevent leafhoppers from feeding on crops.
Natural predators and parasites control large proportions of spider mite populations.Apply water to reduce dust on roads near the field.Maintain resident vegetation or other mowed cover around the field to further reduce dust.Irrigate in a manner that will avoid plant stress. Overhead watering has been shown to reduce mite problems, but it can increase some diseases.Install living windbreaks around the field.
Leave a distance between the crop and the field borders.Remove and destroy heavily-infested plants during the season.Avoid water and nutrient stress by applying mulch and incorporate organic matter into the soil.Keep the field free of weeds.Remove and destroy crop residues after harvest.
Use resistant varieties.Use proper plant spacing.Selectively prune overcrowded plant material.Use soil solarization.Avoid late-season applications of nitrogen fertilizer.Avoid overhead watering.Remove and destroy weeds, infected plants, and plant residues.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractazoxystrobintebuconazoletrifloxystrobinbromuconazolecyproconazolefolpetpropiconazole
Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis Resistant varieties are available for control.Use only certified disease-free seeds and planting material.Practice early planting.Use proper plant spacing.Selectively prune overcrowded plant material.Avoid overhead irrigation.Ensure that soil is well drained.Remove weed hosts found in the field.Remove and destroy crop residues after harvest.Practice crop rotation with non-cucurbits.
Apply a fungicide when disease symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms worsen.
cucumberF. oxysporum f.sp. melonis on cantaloupeF. oxysporum f.sp. niveum on watermelon
Keep nursery bed tops dry.Use mulches to reduce rain water splashing.Plant in well-drained soils and avoid over-head irrigation.Remove and destroy crop debris.Disinfect machinery and equipment when moving from field to field.Flooding field for rice production reduce pathogen survival in the field.
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum lagenarium Use resistant varieties and clean seed and seedlings.Keep nursery bed tops dry.Sanitation: Inspect transplants for diseased plants and remove.Use organic mulches to reduce rain water splashing.Control irrigation water.Avoid overhead sprinkler irrigation.Use frequent crop rotation to non-cucurbits and it would be best to avoid cucurbits for up to 3 years.Control weeds, remove and destroy or bury heavily-infected plants and fruits.Harvest fruits as soon as ripe.Plow under the crop residues and straw mulches.
Use resistant cultivars.Check all seedlings in the nursery and throw away any with leafspots.Do not plant new crops next to older ones that have the disease.Train cucumber plants to grow on a trellis or support to increase air circulation around the leaves.Keep field and field margins free of weeds which may serve as a host to this fungus.Avoid working in the field when plants are wet.Plant as far as possible from papaya, especially if leaves have small angular spots, with "shot-hole” symptoms.Avoid overfertilization, especially with nitrogen, which leads to a lush growth.Be certain that fields are scouted thoroughly, and that leaf spot is not misdiagnosed as bacterial spot, early blight, or other foliar diseases.
After harvest, promptly destroy crop residues promptly.
Gummy stem blight, Black rot, Didymella bryoniae
Use certified pathogen-free treated seed of a resistant variety.only plant in fields with crop debris from the previous season removed and destroyed.Eliminate weeds around plants to improve air circulation.Avoid high rates of nitrogen fertilizer.Prune out dead or dying plants as they appear.Remove and destroy all volunteer wild citrons, balsam pear, or volunteer cucurbits before planting cucurbits.Promote vigor by weeding and fertilizing properly.Avoid wounding plant and fruit; make all pruning cuts during dry weather (at least three to four days before next expected rain).Rotate every 2-3 years away from Cucurbits.Remove and destroy all crop debris immediately after harvest.Avoid wounding fruits during harvest and store fruits at 7°C–10°C to resist development of postharvest black rot.
Use certified pathogen-free seed of a resistant variety.Limit the use overhead irrigation.Do not work in fields when they are wet or move from field to field.Pick fruit when the plants are dry to prevent spread in the field.Treat with Copper spray when symptoms first appear if the weather is predicted to be cool and rainy.Rotate out of cucurbits.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
copper compoundsstreptomycin sulfate
Bacterial wilt, Erwinia tracheiphila Transmitted by striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma spp and spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica spp and the pathogen can survive for an extended period within the vectors, so control vectors.Use resistant or tolerant varieties.Do not work in the field when foliage is wet.Use of certified disease-free propagation materials.Do weed control in and around field.Plant in well-drained soils and avoid over-irrigation.Avoid overhead irrigation.
Use deep well water for irrigation, if possible.Remove and destroy diseased plants.Rotate with non-Cucurbit crops.
Cucurbit viral diseases:Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) and Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) transmitted by aphids;Zucchini Yellow Mosaic PotyvirusPapaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV) transmitted by aphids and mechanical activities like pruning;Cucumber Necrosis Virus (CNV)
Use resistant varieties.Use only certified disease-free seeds and planting material.Use silver reflective mulches to repel aphids and whiteflies that transmit viruses.Rogue out and destroy infected plants.Control aphids, whiteflies and beetles that transmit viruses.Weed the plot and around the plot.Disinfect hands and tools with 70% alcohol after contact with infected plants.
To control aphid vectors, see above.
CAMBODIA GINGER AND TURMERIC IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Numerous parasites and predators attack this shoot borer; protect them by not over-applying broad-spectrum pesticides.Remove and destroy heavily-infested plants.Monitor frequently and and-pick larvae.Install light traps during mid-day for adult mass trapping.Destroy crop residues after harvesting the root.Rotate with vegetables every 2 years.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractBacillus thuringiensis/BTBeauveria bassianaMetharrizium anisopliae
Rhizome scale, Aspidiella hartii Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold
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CAMBODIA GINGER AND TURMERIC IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Follow proper plant spacing recommendations for each variety to keep the crop canopy open to light, air, predators and parasites.Natural enemies usually control this scale species, don’t over-apply pesticides or use pesticides that are more biologically friendly.Monitor for presence and level of parasitism of scales before deciding to spray.Keep plants well-watered with good nutrition to resist scales.Destroy crop residues after harvesting the root.Control ants in the field.
found.
mineral oilsbuprofezinclothianidinimidacloprid
Grass demon leaf roller, Udaspes folus Use resistant varieties.Numerous parasitoids attack this leaf roller.If available, use pheromone traps placed on field margins for monitoring.Sanitation: Control weeds in and around field.Monitor for rolled leaves, hand-pick larvae.Destroy crop residues after harvesting the root.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractBacillus thuringiensis/BTBeauveria bassianaMetharrizium anisopliaecarbaryldimethoateclothianidinimidacloprid
Turmeric thrips, Panchaetothrips indicus Use resistant varieties.Good irrigation, drainage, and fertilization.Avoid over-watering.Avoid excessive applications of nitrogen fertilizer.Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips usually control thrips in the crop.Use fine mesh row covers, with drip or furrow irrigation, especially when plants are young to exclude thrips entry and damage.Use silver or gray reflective mulches.Control weeds in and around the field.Use blue sticky traps for monitoring.Eliminate other host plants on or near the crop.Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested crop residues.
Leave a distance (10m) between the crop and the field borders.Conserve natural enemies (like predatory mites and anthocorid bugs) by avoiding use of broad-spectrum pesticides.Provide good growing conditions for plants as healthy plants are more likely to withstand mite attack.Weed control in and around field.Adequate irrigation since water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged.Regular spraying of leaves with water can control spider mites and can help to conserve natural enemies.Apply mulch and incorporate organic matter into the soil to improve the water holding capacity and reduce evaporation.Remove crop residues after harvest several times at 10-day intervals.
found.
Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.
neem seed extractgarlic extractchili extractmineral oilsinsecticidal soapabamectinsulfurchlorfenapyrhexythiazox
Put rhizomes into hot (51°C) water for 10 mins followed by treatment of the rhizome with Trichoderma viride.Use disease-free healthy propagation materials.Plant ginger and turmeric in well-drained soils or on raised-beds.Destroy all crop debris after harvest.Rainwater can wash spores from infected field to other fields so proper drainage around the plot is highly recommended to prevent the spread of these diseases.Do not work in the field when it is wet.Keep fields free of weeds.Do not grow ginger and turmeric for more than one year in same area.Practice crop rotation as long as possible with cassava, maize and yam but not with beans and capsicums.
Use only healthy seeds/ rhizomes. Carefully look at each root piece before planting and don’t plant any that show signs of rotting or cracking.Disinfect tools including knife with undiluted bleach.It is a soil-borne disease so do not plant ginger on known diseased land as the fungus can live in the soil for many years.Careful harvest of rhizomes to be used for seeds and avoid damage during
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Trichoderma sppneem seed cakethiophanate-methyl
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CAMBODIA GINGER AND TURMERIC IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
harvesting.Remove and burn or bury crop debris after harvest.
mancozebmetalaxylfosetyl-aluminumcopper compounds
Bacterial wilt and soft rot roots, Pseudomonas solanacearum, Erwinia spp
Use resistant varieties.Use raised-bed production and monitor soil moisture.Sufficiently drain the growing field and avoid water stress.Make sure irrigation water is uncontaminated.Monitor the field frequently and remove dead and dying plants that are full of inoculum.Do not work in the field when it is wet.Disinfect all field tools with bleach between infected parts of field and other fields.Avoid wounding plants when working in the field.Destroy all crop debris after harvest.
Natural parasitic wasps and predators such as lady beetle adults and larvae, lacewings adults and larvae, minute pirate bugs and spiders can control mealybugs.Do regular monitoring, note taking and mapping of mealybug infestations.Hose the plants with water if the infestation is small to clean off mealybugs.Control honeydew-seeking ants using tillage and common vetch cover crops.Field borders should be kept clean of weeds and debris that may support mealybugs between plantings.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
mineral oilinsecticidal soapsTagetes African Marigold oilneem seed extractthiamethoxam
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Sanitation: Eliminate crop residues, weeds and grass roots.Remove and destroy ant nests and heavily infected leaves, stems, branches and fruit.Bagging of small developing guava fruit with plastic bag/ paper bag
imidaclopridbuprofezin
Guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta Use resistant cultivars.Many parasites and predators attack fruit flies.Weed control in and around the orchard.Use fruit fly traps with insecticide-treated baits (protein plus sugar) for adult flies (wheat germ plus molasses plus insecticide).Sanitation: Destroy all dropped and prematurely ripe fruit, as well as small fruit suspected of being infested to prevent the larvae from developing into adult fruit flies.Bagging of small developing guava fruit with plastic bag/ paper bag.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractgarlic extractchili pepper extractdimethoatemalathionspinosadthiamethoxamimidacloprid
Jujube fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana Use resistant cultivars.Many parasites and predators attack fruit flies.Weed control in and around the orchard.Use fruit fly traps with insecticide-treated baits (protein plus sugar) for adult flies (wheat germ plus molasses plus insecticide).Sanitation: Destroy all dropped and prematurely ripe fruit, as well as small fruit suspected of being infested to prevent the larvae from developing into adult fruit flies.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractgarlic extractchili pepper extractdimethoatemalathionspinosadthiamethoxamimidacloprid
Use resistant varieties.Small infestations of rolled leaves can be handpicked, pruned and destroyed.Sanitation of the orchard includes collecting plant debris after harvesting and burn them.Keep the orchard weed-free.Mass trapping of the moth using light traps.Spray with neem, pyrethrum and chili oils
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractgarlic extractchili pepper extractmalathionspinosad
1252018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
Guava wilt diseases, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii, F. solani, F. chlamydosporum
Use resistant and tolerant varieties or rootstocks.It is a soil borne disease so soil solarization is recommended before establishing any new orchard.Develop drainage within and around the orchard to reduce pathogen spread with runoff water.Proper sanitation of the orchard includes uprooting and burning wilted plants.Limit root damage while transplanting any new trees because the injury can serve as entry route for the pathogen.
This disease is more prevalence in rainy season so plant healthy seedlings and frees from any leaf spots.Remove and destroy infected leaves, plants and fruits because the wind can spread spores from infected area to healthy plants.Proper plant spacing and pruning to open p the canopy and manage humidity.Keep the orchard free from weeds.
Jujube black spot diseaseAlternaria spp.Phoma spp.Fusarium incarnatum
Use disease-free planting materials (with no leaf spots).Use proper plant density so that air can circulate and dry leaves quickly.Orchard sanitation: pruning to remove dead/ infected leaves, fruits / twigs and destroy and keep the orchard weed-free.Limit the spread of infested soil by regularly cleaning farm equipment.
Banana aphids, Pentalonia nigronervosa A number of coccinellid and syrphid predators, parasitoids and fungal diseases usually keep aphid populations below damaging levels.Maintain adequate soil moisture and fertilization (Plants stressed for water or nutrients are more susceptible to and suffer greater damage from aphids).Use regular monitoring and trapping with yellow sticky traps.Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphids.Avoid excessively high soil nitrogen levels.Maintain good weed control around banana patch.Keep banana mats pruned of unwanted suckers as aphids prefer to feed on young suckers.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractPyrethrum extractsinsecticidal soapsmineral oilacephatepymetrozinerotenone extract
Banana root and stem borer, Cosmopolites sordidus
Hot water treatment of corms.Cover banana plant wound with soil after pruning or harvesting.Maintain healthy, properly fertilized and vigorous plants.Baiting/trapping using ground traps with freshly cut corm with or without pheromone with the commercial name Cosmolure.Field sanitation: clean up and destroy crop debris and control weeds.Rotate with non-host crops including cassava, sweet potato, vegetables, bean, soybean.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Beauveria bassiana
Banana fruit fly, Bactrocera musae (post-harvest)
Sanitation—remove and destroy infested fruit.Use fruit fly traps for monitoring onset of infestation.Bag ripe fruit before fruit fly infestation.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Use insecticide-treated baits for adult flies (wheat germ plus molasses plus spinosad insecticide).
Banana tip or corona rot, fungal species complex of:Colletotrichum spp, Antragnosis spp,
Reduce contact of the harvested fruit with leaf or other plant material to reduce wounds and contamination.If possible, remove and destroy infected fruits from the vicinity of the
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
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CAMBODIA LADY FINGER BANANA CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Sclerotium spp planting.Fungal spores can be reduced by removing old hanging leaves and the remaining flowers from plantation.Rotate with non-Musaceae crops.
mineral oilsneem seed extractTrichoderma sppmancozebcopper compounds
Fusarium wilt / Panama Disease, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
In areas where Fusarium wilt is endemic, use resistant varieties.Use clean and disease-free suckers and never use any suckers from infected mother plants even though the suckers may look healthy.Establish new plantations in areas with no previous history for this disease, with fertile soil with high content of organic matter;Do not allow irrigation water to flow from an infested field to other fields without impounding.Prevent animal grazing and movement from infested to uninfected fields.Sanitation: Remove or compost crop residues after harvest.Thoroughly clean all equipment with disinfectant water. Inundation of infected soils to asphyxiate the pathogen.Rotate with cereals and root crops.If infected plants are found, disturb the soil as little as possible. Dig out the plants with its root mass and suckers and burn everything on the spot and consider removing a ring of plants surround the diseased one.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Not economical to control with fungicides.
Banana bacterial wilt, Pectobacterium carotovorum
Use resistant varieties, if available.Use certified disease-free planting material.Don’t use planting material from a contaminated area.Plant banana on well-drain soil and avoid water stressPlant banana on well-decomposed organic matters because rhizome rot occurs on undecomposed organic matters.Clean tools which are sterilized in fire, wipe clean with undiluted bleach or diluted disinfectant.Do de-budding by breaking the male buds with a forked stick.Regular monitoring banana bacterial wilt to uproot the infested plant and bury or burn it.Removal of weeds, plant debris, diseased parts and dead leaves.Rotate with maize, bean, soybean, cassava, sweet potato, vegetables.Improve drainage in the plantation and avoid water stress as plants are more susceptible when water stressed in hot and dry conditions follow by heavy
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Not economical to control with synthetic bactericides.
garlic extractneem seed extract
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CAMBODIA LADY FINGER BANANA CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
Use resistant varieties.Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under low insecticide input situations.Use yellow and blue sticky traps for monitoring and trapping.Weed management to avoid alternative hosts for aphids.Look for aphids on the underside of outer leaves and on both sides of tender central leaves. After cupping, heads should be opened if necessary to look for aphid colonization.Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.Control ant nests
Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon Use weed management by cultivation in and around field.Use light and pheromone traps when adults are present.Check cutworm in the soil and handpick and kill themIrrigate to speed germination and emergence of the crop.Monitor to determine where infestations are heavy particularly when growing close to large field of maize.Use deep plowing and destruction of plant residues from previous crops and avoiding planting in fields that are coming out of pasture.Natural enemies include wasps and predatory beetles.
Armyworms, Spodoptera litura, S. exigua, other Spodoptera spp (especially Spodoptera frugiperda, if it migrates to Cambodia and becomes a pest)
Use resistant varieties.Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg masses and young larvae in surrounding weeds.Destroy weeds in and along field borders.Trichogramma species, Braconid wasps and other micro-Hymenoptera wasps provide control.Disc fields immediately following harvest to kill larvae and pupae.Use pheromone traps and mass trapping of the moth using light trapsCrop monitoring and hand removing of infestation leaves with eggs and caterpillars
Damping off, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp Use resistant varieties and certified clean seed.Use subsoil for nursery seedbed. Also apply sterilize the soil with solarization or other method.Provide adequate field drainage and prevent excessive seepage from irrigation canals. Most importantly avoid over-irrigating, especially during periods of high temperatures.In soils where drainage is a problem, plant in raised beds.Monitor frequently, remove and destroyRotate to non-susceptible crops to reduce inoculum potential. Carefully adjust cultivating and thinning equipment to reduce mechanical injury to feeder roots.
Stem rot, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae Use of resistant seed.Transplanting healthy plants.Clean and disinfect machinery and tools.Use raised-bed and well-drained soilRemoval and disposal of infected plants during the cropping season and after harvest to reduce the inoculum and spread of the disease.
Downy mildew, Bremia lactucae Use resistant seed and transplant disease-free plants.Use only well-drained fields.Avoid overhead irrigation.Organic mulch covering to avoid plant contact with soil and minimize weeds
Apply a treatment when disease symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms reappear.
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that enhance microclimate conditions favorable to disease dispersion.Weed and crop residues removal to avoid infection of neighbor plants.Sanitation-remove dead plants to minimize inoculum and reinfection of area.Rotate away from highly infected fields.
Start with certified, disease-free seed.In the nursery and throughout the season, examine seedlings and transplants and remove infected plants.Avoid overhead irrigation.Control wild lettuce-like weeds.Avoid working in fields when plants are wet.Minimize periods of leaf wetness by orienting rows with prevailing winds, reducing plant density, and irrigating in the morningPlow plant debris under after harvest to speed up decomposition and reduce spores.Rotate with non-host crops.
Use resistant or tolerant varieties and certified disease-free seeds.Control plant density to allow air circulationDo weed control in and around field.Use straw or dry grass mulching to reduce splashing during heavy rainPlant in well-drained soils and avoid over-irrigation.Remove and destroy diseased plants.Rotate with non-lettuce and non-Solanceous crops.
Green stinkbug, Nezara viridula Use resistant thicker-skinned cultivars, if available.Avoid planting new bean crop next to order infested crops.Monitor young plants, then pods for bugs and egg masses, hand-pick, remove and destroy before pod-set.Shake plants over a container with soapy water. Bugs move quickly to hide and fall from the plant when disturbed.Consider removing thick organic mulch or using plastic, fabric or rolled paper mulch (note that thick organic mulch provides desirable habitat for stinkbugs).Clean up plant debris, crucifers and other legumes after harvest.Plant trap crops including Crotalaria (sunn hemp).Use tillage to disrupt sites where stink bugs hide between seasons.If available and economically-feasible, use mesh or screen row covers to exclude adult bugs from the plants, especially early in the plant’s development.
Aphids, Aphis craccivora, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii
Plant virus-resistant varieties as some aphids can transmit viruses to bean plants.Observe build up aphid populations and natural enemies (predators like lady bird beetles, hover flies, lacewings, parasitic wasps like Aphidius spp)Regular crop inspection and hand removing heavily infected leaves.If ants are present, find the nest and destroy the nest because without ants, natural enemies may be able to control the population of aphids.Plant trap crops such as chives, garlic, onions, and radish near the crop to be protected.Use yellow sticky traps placed on field edges for monitoring populations.Control weeds in and around the field.Use crop rotation to non-pulses.
Three weeks after crop emergence, sample 20 randomly selected plants each week. Apply insecticide if more than 20% of the plants are infested and at least 1 in 10 plants is heavily infested.
mineral oilinsecticidal soapimidaclopridneem seed extractgarlic extractchili extractpymetrozinerotenone extract
Avoid planting new plants next to infested crops.Important predators include minute pirate bugs, lacewings, predatory thrips, predatory mites and ladybird beetles.Use bright yellow or blue sticky board traps placed in field.Thrips populations tend to build up on weeds. Cultivating nearby weedy
A threshold of 5 thrips per flower is recommended as a guideline before spraying.
garlic extract
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areas before beans emerge will reduce the potential of a thrips problem when the weeds begin to dry out. Cultivating weedy areas after bean emergence will increase thrips problems.Sunflower, cosmos, alfalfa and green onions can be used as companion or trap crops that divert thrips from beans.Keep plants well irrigated. Lack of water increases the susceptibility of plants to thrips damage.Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested crop residues.Intercrop or rotate with non-host plants including capsicum, tomato, crucifers.
neem seed extractinsecticidal soapthiamethoxamabamectinspinosadacetamipridchili extractacetamipridchlorfenapyrmalathionMetharhizium anisopliae
Armyworms, Spodoptera litura, S. exigua Weed control near and in field.Regular crop monitoring and hand picking of infested leaves with egg masses and young caterpillars.Monitor fields regularly to make decisions on spraying.Encourage populations of natural parasites and predators to build.Succulent, rank-growing plants attract bollworms, therefore keep water, fertilizer, and plant density at recommended levels to avoid rank growth.Install mass trapping using light traps.
Use insect exclusion netting (>50 mesh) for nursery.Do intercropping and interplanting with maize.Use yellow sticky traps for monitoring.Use shiny silver mulch on planting bed to repel whiteflies.Clean up weeds as weeds can be important host of whiteflies and virusesAfter the last harvest, destroy all crop residues.Ensure good growing conditions for the crop.Avoid application of high doses of nitrogen fertilizer.Conserve natural enemies including lacewing larvae, ladybird beetles, hoverflies and predatory mites.
Three weeks after crop emergence, randomly sample 20 plants. Treat when 50% of plants have whiteflies.
Pod borer, Maruca testulalis = M. vitrata Use trap crops like brown hemp, Crotalaria juncea, and destroy once infested.Parasitoids and predators provide a level of control.Use resistant varieties.Practice intercropping and crop rotation: Plant non-leguminous crops every other cropping season.Look for early sign of webbing of the flowers by the caterpillars and handpick them.Install pheromone traps for monitoring.
Beginning at flowering, randomly sample 20 plants each week and treat if there are 3 or more larvae total.
neem seed extractchili extractPyrethrum extractdimethoatechlorantraniliproletebufenozide
Bean flies, Ophiomyia phaseoli, O. centrosematis, O. spencerella, Melanagromyza sojae, M. obtusa
Use resistant varieties.Plant early in the season. Bean fly numbers tend to be low during the early stages of the growing season and increase with time.Improve plant vigor by adding organic fertilizers and well-decomposed farmyard manure.Mulch (e.g. with straw and cut grasses) helps conserve moisture, promote adventitious root development and enhances tolerance to maggot damage.Avoid planting beans near cowpea, soybean and many other leguminous crops, that may be the source of bean flies.Remove and destroy crop residues and all plant parts with symptoms of damage by bean flies.Earth up the soil around the plants to cover the roots at 2-3 weeks after emergence helps the adventitious roots to grow more quickly. If there is enough moisture, the plants are able to recover from the damage.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractsMatrine extractcyromazineimidaclopridthiamethoxam
Green leafhopper, Nephotettix spp, Leptocentrus taurus
Avoid planting next to infested fields.Use adequate irrigation.Many natural enemies including lacewing larvae, ladybird beetles, and spiders can often limit populations.Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged.Control measures include scouting fields and removing severely infested plants.Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular intervals.Use crop rotation to non-pulses.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractsulfurbuprofezinclothianidintebufenozideimidaclopridthiamethoxam
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Spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, T. cinnabarinus, T. evansi
Use crop rotation.Spider mites have many natural enemies including lacewing larvae, ladybird beetles, pirate bugs, and predatory thrips that often limit populations.Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged.Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.Control measures include scouting the fields and removing severely affected plants.Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular intervals. Water-stressed trees and plants are less tolerant of spider mite damage.Remove weeds like wild Amaranthus that are common host of spider mites.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
insecticidal soapneem seed extractsmineral oil
Oils and soaps must contact mites to kill them so excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves, is essential and repeated applications may be required.
abamectinchlorfenapyrhexythiazox
Bean rust, Uromyces phaseoli Resistance is available for this disease although there are many races of the fungus and few varieties are resistant to most or all races.Planting should be done during the correct planting period.Rotate away from any bean for two years.Control weeds and maintain good air circulation.Plant beans randomly mixed or intercropped with maize.Do not plant new bean crop nearby while the last crop is still in the ground.Sanitation: Plow debris under right after harvest.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
mancozebazoxystrobinbromuconazolecyproconazole
Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica Use resistant varieties.Plant disease-free seeds and seedlings.Use seed treatments.Manage crop nutrition, a deficiency of potash will increase the susceptibility of seedlings to downy mildew.Use recommended plant spacing.Improve air circulation and keep the leaves dry (do not use overhead sprinklers in the evening).Promptly remove and destroy heavily-infected plants throughout the
growing season.Clean up and destroy all crop debris following harvest.Rotate with non-legumes, Cucurbits, Brassicas or other non-susceptible crops.Remove weeds as weeds can be source of downy mildew and can increase humidity around the crop.
Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea Use resistant varieties.Do not plant new crops close to those that have disease, to prevent spread.Remove weeds from and around the farm.Use recommended plant spacing and trellis plants to improve air circulation and reduce leaf wetness.Irrigation should be properly scheduled so as to prevent powdery mildew.Avoid applying excess fertilizer and a good alternative is to use a slow-release fertilizer.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
mineral oilsulfurfolpetcyproconazolebromuconazole
Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum, on older plants
Use tolerant varieties (no resistant varieties exist) with protective fungicide treatments.Use well-drained soil and plant on raised beds.Provide optimal growing conditions, avoiding stress caused by excess water, prolonged drought and soil compaction.Avoid over-fertilizing with nitrogen.To minimize the potential for seedling diseases, use methods that favor rapid seedling emergence, including planting seeds as shallowly as practical and managing soil moisture (pre-plant irrigation, seed into moist soil and delay second irrigation until seedlings are beyond susceptible stages).Spores of this fungus can spread with soil so clean and disinfect farm tools and limit entry to infected farms.If infected plants are found, dig out the plants with entire root system and the burn on spot.Make drainage system around the field to prevent rainwater runoff from infected farm as spores can be washed with rainwater.Sanitation: Clean out and destroy all infested plants.Use long-term (3 years) rotation out of beans.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
difenoconazolemancozebthiram
Pythium stem rot, Pythium spp Use resistant varieties.Use certified clean seed that is treated.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
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Reduce N fertilizer at flowering stage and check if the plants have nodulated, then no additional N is required.Do proper agronomic practices: seedbed preparation, weed control, seed handling, recommended date of planting, row spacing.Use soil-less potting mixes like coco-peat for nursery.Avoid over-irrigation, especially during periods of high temperatures.Provide adequate field drainage and prevent excessive seepage from irrigation canals.Plant in raised beds, use sprinkler irrigation if feasible.Carefully adjust cultivating and thinning equipment to reduce mechanical injury to feeder roots.Sanitation: Cut and destroy crop residues by burning or burying.To reduce inoculum potential, rotate out of legume crops for 3-4 years with crops like cereals, cassava, sweet potato and yam.
Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) transmitted by aphids
Use certified and disease-free seedsThe virus is a seed-borne disease so if farmers keep their own seeds, carefully select only healthy plants without symptoms for seed production.Do not plant any new bean crop close to those that have this disease.Plant resistant varieties.Control attacks of aphid vectors (see above).Monitor and quickly remove infected plants from the field.Remove alternative legume hosts.Intercrop with cereals or maize.Use compost to improve soil and plant health.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
See aphid control, above.
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Coffee mealybug, Planococcus lilacinus Use resistant varieties.Several natural predators and parasites control mealybugs.Monitoring, mapping and noting population levels throughout orchard.Control honeydew-seeking ants that protect mealybugs by using tillage and common vetch cover crops.Thorough cleaning of harvest equipment and fruit sacks.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
mineral oilinsecticidal soapsTagetes African Marigold oilneem seed extractthiamethoxambuprofezinclothianidinimidacloprid
Longan stinkbug, Tessaratoma papillosa Use resistant varieties.Many parasites and predators including tree ants control stink bug eggs and larvae.Hand-pick masses of cylindrical eggs and use sweep net to collect bugs.Remove all weeds from crop and surrounding area.Use pheromone traps to monitor for stink bugs.Mass trapping using light traps.Plant repellent crops like lemongrass in the orchard.
Many parasites and predators attack these caterpillars—check for parasitism while monitoring.Carefully monitor blossoms and vegetative shoots during pre-bloom and bloom for caterpillars, webbing, or frass.Eliminate nearby weeds.Mass trapping and mating disruption using pheromone traps.Pruning tree for optimal height and spraying efficiency.Remove host trees in nearby abandoned orchards to destroy reservoirs of the moth and larvae.Remove props, picking bins, and fruit piles from the orchard.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractgarlic extractBacillus thuringiensis/BTchlorantraniliproletebufenozidespinosad
Fruit fly, Certitis capitata Use resistant cultivars.Many parasites and predators such as spiders, assassin bugs and carabid beetles attack fruit flies.Weed control in and around the orchard.Sanitation: Destroy all dropped and prematurely ripe fruit, as well as small
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractgarlic extract
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fruit suspected of being infested to prevent the larvae from developing into adult fruit flies.Use pheromone-baited fruit fly traps.
chili pepper extractdimethoatemalathion
Stem borers and girdler weevils, Orthorrhinus klugii,Euthyrrhinus, meditabundus,Asynonychus spp
Natural enemies include weaver ants and parasitoid wasps.Paint tree trunks white to prevent sun burn, which predisposes tree to attack.Lift small pieces of bark of the tree following signs of infestation to find and kill the grub or pupa.Provide sufficient water, fertilizer, and pruning.Prune away heavily infested tree parts.Remove heavily infested trees.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Inject the infected piece of stem with mineral oils or Matrine extract to kill the grub inside the stem.
False spider mite, Brevipalpus spp Use resistant varieties.Use high quality clean propagation material and monitor nursery for mites.The western predatory mite, six-spotted thrips and spider mite destroyer are excellent predators of orchard mites.Properly irrigate trees and reduce orchard dust.Grass cover crops and sprinkler irrigation minimize dust in orchards.Control weeds in and around the crop but do not mow the cover crop too short or let it dry or the mites may move up into the trees.Water and fertilize seedlings to maintain vigor to resist mites.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractgarlic extractchili extractabamectinhexythiazoxchlorfenapyr
Longan witches’ broom syndrome caused by toxic saliva of the mite, Eriophyes dimocarpi
Twig pruning 40-50 cm from infected part can reduce the incidence of mites.Use high quality clean propagation material and monitor nursery for mites.The western predatory mite, six-spotted thrips, larvae of gall fly, and spider mite destroyer are excellent predators of orchard mites.Properly irrigate trees and reduce orchard dust.Grass cover crops and sprinkler irrigation minimize dust in orchards.Use high pressure water application during dry season to wash out mites.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Control mites with:
mineral oilsulfurneem seed extractgarlic extractchili extractabamectinchlorfenapyrhexythiazoxMetarhizium anisopliae
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Use resistant varieties.Prune the canopy to increase air movement, sunlight and decrease humidity.Remove dead leaves and fruits.Keep calcium and nitrogen at adequate levels, to increase the resistance of the fruit to infection.Handle fruit carefully to avoid damage that can initiate the onset of the disease.Avoid harvesting immature fruit.Use appropriate registered chemicals for post-harvest treatment to help to control the disease.Reject fruit from orchards with a history of stem end rot losses for longer-term cool storage.
Use resistant cultivars.Do not allow trees to become water-stressed.Prune the canopy to increase air movement, sunlight and decrease humidity.Remove dead branches from treesAvoid harvesting immature fruit.Use appropriate registered chemicals for post-harvest treatment to help to control the disease.Immediately after harvesting cool fruit and store in well-ventilated containers.Reject fruit from orchards with a history of stem end rot losses for longer-term cool storage.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
copper compoundsthiophanate-methyllime sulfur
Fruit rots, Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium, Greeneria spp, Pestalotiopsis spp
Harvest on time while fruit is ripe.Reduce time from picking to market.Use care when transporting so fruit does not become damaged or bruised.Sanitation: Collect and destroy heavily infected fruits.Cool storage at 10 degrees C.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
sulfur
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Fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis If needed, purchase and introduce parasitoids (braconid wasp, Opius fletcheri) to the orchard.There are many natural enemies including wasps, spiders, weaver ants, assassin bugs and beetles.Baited (with methyl eugenol) traps can be used to monitor the presence and control the flies.Fruit fly adults feed on honeydew. Reducing black scale populations may reduce a food source needed during high summer temperatures.Sanitation: Collect and burry all dropped fruits.Fruit bagging.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Use baited (Naturalyte, NF-120 Fruit Fly Bait) traps with spinosad, if available.malathion
Quarantine the orchard, do not allow outside mangoes to be brought in.Continuous monitoring to ensure timely intervention is important (a weevil attack can be detected by monitoring for egg-laying marks on young fruit).Ensure good orchard sanitation by collecting and destroying all scattered mango seeds and fallen fruit during the season. All collected fruit and seeds should be buried at least 50 cm deep.Apply sticky bands at the upper end of tree trunks when the trees start flowering to reduce migration of weevils to branches for egg laying.End of the season sanitation by collecting and destroying or burying scattered mango seeds and fallen fruit after harvest.
Use resistant varieties, if available.Use un-infested planting material.Site new plantings away from previous orchards.Collect leaves with eggs, remove burn or burry.Light tillage under trees will expose and kill pupae.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
No control measures are recommended.
Mango and fig stem borer, Batocera rufomaculata
Prune off heavily infested twigs and branches.Cut off and remove heavily infested trees.Remove alternate host plants from in and around orchard.Mechanically kill the larvae and pupae by inserting long wire into the entry hole in the mango stem.Kill the larvae and pupae by inserting into the hole cotton plugs dipped with one of the chemicals to the right.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
imidaclopridacetamipridthiamethoxam
Cotton plug with:neem seed extract
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Many native parasites and predators attack and feed on these caterpillars; use care to conserve them by not over-spraying with synthetic broad-spectrum insecticides.Use pheromone traps for monitoring.Quarantine the orchard: do not allow outside mangoes to be brought in.Continuous monitoring to ensure timely intervention.Place sticky bands around the tree trunks as barriers for RBMC larvae to pupation.Bag fruit with paper bags to exclude larvae from the fruit.
Sanitation: Removal and destruction of fallen and leftover mangoes and leaves during the season and after harvest.Prune to promote ventilation of tree crowns and reduce humidity.Drop fruits in hot water (55 degrees C for 3-5 minutes) to kill the fungi, to reduce fruit rot in storage and transport.
Mango powdery mildew, Oidium mangiferae Maintain a clean plantation, removing dropped fruit and leaves during the season and after harvest.Prune tree to open canopy to air movement and sun to dry leaves and fruit.Maintain proper local recommendations for nutrition and water. Apply potassium phosphate fertilizer, as an increase in NPK rate can reduce the incidence of powdery mildew.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Bacillus subitlisTrichoderma sppsulfurlime sulfurcyproconazolefolpetcopper compounds during flowering
Verticillium wilt, Verticillium dahliae Prune tree to open canopy to air movement and sun to dry leaves and fruit.Maintain a clean plantation, removing dropped fruit and leaves during the season and after harvest.Maintain proper local recommendations for nutrition and water. Do not over-fertilize with nitrogen, fertilize to the locally-recommended rate.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
lime sulfur
Bacterial black spot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferae-indicae
Maintain a clean plantation, removing dropped fruit and leaves during the season and after harvest.Prune tree to open canopy to air movement and sun to dry leaves and fruit.Do not work in orchard when leaves and fruit are wet.Disinfect tools between trees and orchards.Do not market fruit that show bacterial black spot to avoid spreading the disease.Harvest by cutting fruit with stalk pieces, do not tear the fruit off the trees.
biguttula transmits viral diseases A number of natural enemies including lacewing, ladybird beetles and spiders can often limit the population.Control weeds, especially grasses, on field margins.Create a barrier of 10m of bare ground between crop field and previously infested crops, which can reduce leafhopper movement.Provide adequate moisture through timely irrigation.Row covers can prevent leafhoppers from feeding on crops.Use intercropping.
Aphids, Aphis gossypii Use resistant varieties.Usually controlled by enemies. Observe build-up of aphid populations and of natural enemies (predators like ladybird beetles, hover flies, lacewings, parasitic wasps).Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.Remove infested culls and weedy species around fields that may harbor the aphid between crops.Use regular monitoring, yellow sticky traps.If control is needed, treat when aphids are found to be reproducing, particularly when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction.
Treat for aphids if high populations persist for 7 or more days. The treatment threshold is 25% of infested seedlings, 50 aphids per plant at later growth stages.
neem seed extractgarlic extractchili extractthiamethoxamimidaclopridpymetrozine
Armyworms, Spodoptera exigua, S. litura, Many natural enemies attack armyworms, and reduce populations naturally so, do not use broad-spectrum insecticides; monitor for parasitism levels and make treatment decision accordingly. Among the most common parasites are the wasps and Tachinid flies. Viral diseases like NPV also kill significant numbers.Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg masses and young larvae in surrounding weeds.Disc fields immediately following harvest to kill larvae and pupae.Destroy weeds along field borders.Pheromone traps placed along the edges of fields may be used to monitor adult moths. This is a particularly good technique for detecting large emergences or migrations occurring on weather fronts.Scouting is the number one cultural practice employed in okra production.
Treat if an average of 8 or more worms is found per 3 meter-row sample.
Check for and conserve natural predators and parasites that can control large numbers of Helicoverpa larvae including Trichogramma spp, lacewing, ladybird beetles, spiders and ants.Use insect pheromone traps near the field to monitor for presence, to know when to monitor for eggs.Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and adults harboring in those weeds and grasses.Plow, disc and harrow fields at least two times before transplanting seedings to expose pupae to predators.Avoid planting crops successively that are hosts, like corn, cotton, sorghum, tobacco and soybean.Use trap crops like sunflowers.
Cucumber beetles, Acalymma vittata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, D. balteata
Do not plant okra near Cucurbits.Delay sowing, where practicable, to allow the crop to escape from high populations.Practice post-harvest tillage to expose the grubs in the soil to the sun heat and to predators.Rotate okra with non-host plants such as maize or sunflower to break the development cycle of the pest.Use traps with cucurbitacins mixed with a pesticide.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractsmalathioncyromazineMatrine extract
Melon thrips, Thrips palmi Use resistant varieties.Good irrigation, drainage, and fertilization.Avoid over-watering.Avoid excessive applications of nitrogen fertilizer.Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips usually control thrips in the crop.Use fine mesh row covers, with drip or furrow irrigation, especially when plants are young to exclude thrips entry and damage.Use silver or gray reflective mulches.Control weeds in and around the field.Use blue sticky traps for monitoring.Eliminate other host plants on or near the crop.Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested crop residues.
Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Conserve natural enemies (like predatory mites and anthocorid bugs) by avoiding use of broad-spectrum pesticides.Provide good growing conditions for plants as healthy plants are more likely to withstand mite attack.Weed control in and around field.Adequate irrigation since water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged.Apply mulch and incorporate organic matter into the soil to improve the water holding capacity and reduce evaporation.Remove crop residues after harvest several times at 10-day intervals.
Three weeks after crop emergence, sample 20 plants weekly and treat when 30% of leaves show mites.
neem seed extractgarlic extractchili extractabamectinchlorfenapyrhexythiazox
Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum Use disease-free seed.Plant on raised-bed.Obey optimal spacing; avoid overcrowding.Amend the soil with compost which reduces Fusarium spores.
Use resistant varietiesRemove weeds.Avoid late-season applications of nitrogen fertilizer.Avoid overhead watering.Remove and destroy all infected plant parts.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractazoxystrobintebuconazoletrifloxystrobinbromuconazolecyproconazolefolpetpropiconazole
Viruses:
Okra Enation Leaf Curl Virus
Bhendi Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (BYVMV)transmitted by whiteflies
Use resistant varieties.Ensure strict sanitation by removal and destruction of diseased plantsRemoval of possible weed host plantsControl vectors with insecticides before disease spreads.Ensure good growing conditions for the crop.Avoid application of high doses of nitrogen fertilizer.For whitefly vector prevention:
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Control whitefly vectors with:
mineral oilinsecticidal soap
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Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Mealybug populations are naturally regulated by predators and parasitic fungi including ladybird beetles, lacewings and hover flies.Thorough cleaning of harvest equipment and fruit sacks.
Can use orchard design, trap cropping and border trapping using sections of ‘sacrifice’ papaya trees with pheromone traps for control.Sanitation by collection and destruction of infested fruits prior to adult emergence from fruits.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
mineral oilinsecticidal soapneem seed extractgarlic extractchili extractBeauveria bassianabuprofezinthiamethoxamimidacloprid
Protein bait sprays with spinosad may become available.
Papaya fruit flyToxotrypana curvicauda
Monitor the damage and install pheromone traps to monitor fly populations.Fruit bagging with paper.Farm sanitation: collect and destroy infected young or premature dropped fruit.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Use fruit bait traps containing:
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Tilling the soil to kill the developing adults before emergence.Parasitoid wasp called Doryctobracon toxotrypanae can effectively control fruit flies.Harvest earlier to avoid severe damage.
spinosad
malathion
Papaya foot rot, Pythium aphanidermatum Use seed and transplant treatments before putting them in the field.Provide good soil drainage and good air circulation among plants. Plant when temperatures are favorable for fast plant growth.Avoid application of excessive amounts of nitrate in nitrogen fertilizers.Practice crop rotation with vegetables.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Trichoderma viride applied at the time of plantingneem seed extractmetalaxylcopper oxychloridemancozeblime sulfurmono- + di-potassium phosphate
Papaya fruit and root rot, Phytophthora palmivora
Plant papaya on well-drained soils.Use raised-bed plantings.Rotate papaya with grain and vegetable crops.Use organic mulches to reduce rainwater splashing.Collect and burn all infected fallen fruit, diseased plants and stems of papaya trees when harvests are complete.Do not plant papaya near a cacao plantation because cacao may become a source of infection for papaya.Practice crop rotation: do not replant papaya in soil where root rot occurred previously.
Papaya bacterial crown rot, Erwinia papaya Quarantine the orchard so that no diseased plant materials are brought in.Treat seed with hot water, 50oC for 20 minutes.Choose to plant varieties that tolerate this disease.Since the bacterium remains alive for only 2 weeks in the soil, bury any diseased remains of the crop in the soil within the plantation.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
copper compoundsstreptomycin sulfate
Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) transmitted by Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold
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aphids (Aphis gossypii) Quarantine the orchard so that no diseased plant materials or workers exposed to aphids or virus are brought in.Disinfect cultivation equipment regularly.Remove volunteer papaya plants from within and around papaya plantings.Remove diseased trees and diseased blocks of trees as soon as symptoms are seen.
found.
Aphid control is not economical and does not work well because by the time the insecticide kills the aphids, it has already fed and transmitted the virus.
These mealybugs can also spread several viruses including pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus (PMWV), so do not plant new pineapple close to those already infected by PMWV.Natural parasitic wasps and predators such as lady beetle adults and larvae, lacewings adults and larvae, minute pirate bugs and spiders can control mealybugs.Hot water treatment, at 50ºC for 30 min, of the crowns or slips before planting.Do regular monitoring, note taking and mapping of mealybug infestations.Control honeydew-seeking ants using tillage and common vetch cover crops.Field borders should be kept clean of weeds and debris that may support mealybugs between plantings.Sanitation: Eliminate crop residues, weeds and grass roots.Remove and destroy ant nests.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
mineral oilinsecticidal soapsTagetes African Marigold oilneem seed extractthiamethoxambuprofezinclothianidinimidacloprid
Pineapple scale, Diaspis bromeliae Use clean planting material, well-spaced. Do not over-crowd plants.Plant early in the rainy season.Scales are often well controlled by beneficial predators and parasites, except
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extract
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when these natural enemies are disrupted by ants, dust, or application of persistent broad-spectrum insecticides.Provide plants with good growing conditions and proper cultural care especially appropriate irrigation.Clear heavily-infested plots and allow 3 days before replanting.Use of mulch and manure decrease moisture stress and increase cassava resistance. Use crop rotation to vegetables.
chili extractgarlic extractmalathionacetamipridmineral oilimidaclopridbuprofezinclothianidin
Pineapple black rot, Ceratocystis paradoxa Use healthy, undamaged disease-free and resistant hybrid planting materials.Disinfect stems prior to planting.Maintain good soil drainage and manage soil humidity.Do not plant during wet weather.Collect and burn all the crop residues after harvest.Handle fruit carefully after harvesting to avoid bruising because even tiny wounds give entry to the fungus.
Use resistant varieties, if available.Use healthy, undamaged disease-free and resistant hybrid planting materials.Do not work in fields when wet.Plant pineapple on well-decomposed organic matters because rhizome rot occurs on undecomposed organic matter.Disinfect all tools between plants and fields with undiluted bleach or disinfectant.Don’t use planting material from a contaminated area.Remove weeds, plant debris, diseased parts and dead leaves.Regular monitoring bacterial wilt to uproot infested plants and bury/burn them away from the field.Improve drainage in the plantation and avoid water stress as plants are more susceptible when water-stressed in hot and dry conditions followed by heavy rain.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
copper compoundsBacillus subtilis
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Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Nursery Management and Clean Propagation Material: Use only nursery-produced seedlings that are completely free from Tuta leaf infestation.Mass trapping using light traps or pheromones mixed with small quantities of insecticide.Control weeds to prevent multiplication in alternative weed host (especially Solanum, Datura).Place pheromone‐baited and yellow sticky traps to monitor all stages of tomato production, i.e. nurseries, farms, packaging, processing and distribution centers.Remove and destroy all other Solanaceous host plants of Tuta.Predatory bugs Nesidiocoris tenuis and Macrolophus caliginosus and parasitic wasp Trichogramma species can be effective predators of Tuta absoluta eggs and young larvae. Avoid the use of broad-spectrum pesticides in open field tomatoes in order not to disturb the development of indigenous population of predatory bugs.Sanitation: Remove and destroy (tillage, deep burial) infested tomatoes and plant residues immediately following last harvest.Allow a minimum of 6 weeks from crop destruction to planting the next crop to prevent carryover of the pest from previous crop.Between successive cycles, cultivate the soil and cover with plastic mulch or perform soil solarization.Rotation: Rotate to non-Solanaceae crops cereals, sweet potato, soybean, yard long bean, banana for more than one season.
Whiteflies, Bemesia tabaci that transmit Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (LCV)
The nursery should be covered with a 50-mesh net to avoid the infestation by whiteflies during seedling stage.Do intercropping and interplanting of different crops to increase diversity and decrease pests.Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids (Encarsia species), lady beetles and minute pirate bugs.Yellow sticky traps may be used for monitoring to reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread.Frequent monitoring of traps and plants.Avoid excess use of nitrogenous fertilizers.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed extractBeauveria bassianaimidaclopridacetamipridMetharhizium anisopliaeneem seed extractmineral oilinsecticidal soapspinosad
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Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under low insecticide input situations. However, these aphids reproduce quickly and move into protected areas of the plants, thereby greatly reducing the potential impact of their predators and parasitoids in older stage plants.Use resistant varieties.Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps and visual observation on plants.Field disking and destruction of crop resides immediately following harvest are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.
If control is needed, treat when aphids are found to be reproducing, particularly when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup.
Leaf miner, Lyriomyza spp Use resistant varieties.Destroy leaf miner pupae in the soil by plowing and tilling, by solarization, and, on heavy soils, by flood irrigation.Biological control is often adequate to control leaf miners, so evaluate levels of parasitism before making treatment decisions and use pesticides with care.Conserve natural enemies. Parasitic wasps normally control leaf miners. However, the widespread indiscriminate use of persistent broad-spectrum insecticides, to control this and other pests, disrupt the natural control, leading to leaf miner outbreaks.Use sufficient irrigation.Monitor the crop by checking foliage for the presence of stipples caused by the adults while feeding and laying eggs, and for mines and larvae. Trap adult flies with yellow sticky or water traps.Removal and destruction of heavily infested leaves during season.Use macro and micro mesh tunnels to exclude leaf miners.Use sanitation – destroy crop residues at end of season.
Monitor crop and apply selective insecticide if the average is 0.7 larvae per plant (0-2 true leaves) or 0.7 larvae per 3 terminal leaflets (>2 leaves per plant).
Rotate with non-host crops and plan the arrangement of fields so that old infested fields do not provide a reservoir of infestation for subsequent crops.
Armyworms, Spodoptera litura, S. exigua Pheromone traps placed along the edges of fields may be used to monitor adult moths.Plow and harrow field thoroughly.Practice proper field sanitation: Remove weeds regularly to reduce breeding sites and shelter for armyworm.Destroy weeds from bordering fields and on field borders.Remove all plant debris after harvesting.
Removal of weeds in and around field.Trichogramma wasps provide some control of tomato fruit worm eggs.Make and use pheromone (with Helilure) or light traps to capture adult moths and determine when females are flying, mating, and egg-laying.Check for and conserve natural predators and parasites that can control large numbers of Helicoverpa larvae.Use insect pheromone traps near the field to monitor for presence, to know when to monitor for eggs.Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and adults harboring in those weeds and grasses.Plow, disc and harrow fields at least two times before sowing seeds to expose pupae to predators.Sow seeds thinly and remove competing weeds to produce vigorous plants, which are more likely to withstand pests and diseases.Avoid planting crops successively that are hosts, like corn, cotton, tobacco and soybean.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Use proper timing and thorough coverage (once larvae enter the tomato, control with insecticides is difficult).
neem seed extractBacillus thuringiensis/BTindoxacarbPyrethrum extractspinosadchlorantraniliproletebufenozide
Eggplant fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis
Grow the varieties with long and narrow fruits in endemic areas.Collect and destroy the damaged and dead plants.Install pheromone and light traps at 1/ha outside the production field to attract and kill adults.Remove and destroy the affected tender shoots, fallen fruits and fruits with bore holes.Avoid continuous cropping of eggplants crops.Rotate crops and avoid growing eggplant 2 years in succession.
Avoid continuous cropping of eggplant on the same piece of land.Use net barriers in nurseries.Delay planting, if possible.Some parasites and predators control larvae.Collect and destroy affected leaves as soon as the insect and damage are discovered.
Eggplant leafhoppers, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, A. devastans, Hishimonus phycitis
Use resistant varieties.Control weeds, especially grasses, on field margins.Create a barrier of 10m of bare ground between crop field and previously infested crops, which can reduce leafhopper movement.Provide adequate moisture through timely irrigation.Row covers can prevent leafhoppers from feeding on crops.Use intercropping with non-Solanaceous vegetables.
Pepper fruit flies, Atherigona orientalis, Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata
Use resistant varieties.Removal of fruit as it matures.Sanitation: Clean up and destroy heavily infested fruit at least twice a week, burn or bury at least 50cm deep.Pick overripe fruits, as they attract fruit flies.Physical methods include fruit fly traps.
Red spider mite, Tetranychus urticaeBroad mite or Chili mite, Polyphagotarsonemus = Hemitarsonemu latus
Conserve natural enemies (like predatory mites and Anthocorid bugs) by avoiding use of broad-spectrum pesticides.Provide good growing conditions for plants as healthy plants are more likely to withstand mite attack.Do weed control in and around field.Use adequate irrigation since water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged.Apply mulch and incorporate organic matter into the soil to improve the water holding capacity and reduce evaporation.Remove crop residues after harvest several times at 10-day intervals.
found.
Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.
neem seed extractgarlic extractchili extractMetharhizium anisopliaesulfurabamectinhexythiazoxmineral oilchlorfenapyr
Late blight, Phytophthora infestans Use tolerant varieties.Sterilize seedbed soil.Use straw or other organic mulch to reduce soil splashing on plants.Provide good drainage and prevent overwatering.Follow proper planting date; do not plant late.Use raised-bed production, which manages soil moisture better than flat bed.Use poles and strings to raise tomato plants and fruit into the air to aerate the plant and raise the leaves and fruit away from the soil.Time planting to allow plants to emerge rapidly.Restrict movement in field.Uproot and destroy all plant residues after harvest.Avoid rotating to Solanaceae plants.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
neem seed cake in soilmetalaxylmefenoxamfosetyl-aluminumcopper compoundsmancozebchlorothalonilmetirammono- + di-potassium phosphate
The first line of defense against wilt is to use disease-free seedlings.Use resistant varieties.Control irrigation water and do not over-water.Control weeds in and around field.Use natural and plastic soil mulches.Follow strict field sanitation.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
sulfurtrifloxystrobinazoxystrobin
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Remove Solanaceae weeds.Sanitation: Remove and destroy dead plants.Practice rotation with non-Solanaceae crops for 2-3 years.
neem seed extractdifenoconazolebromuconazolecyproconazolefolpet
Fusarium wilts of seeds, seedlings and standing crops, Fusarium spp, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
Use resistant cultivars, clean seed and seed treatments.Disinfect tools and, if possible, steam clean equipment and surfaces between uses.Use lime to raise soil pH.Use of chicken manure and mushroom compost to decrease disease symptoms.Use soil solarization (heating with moisture under black plastic for 3 months, if feasible) to kill spores.Try and reduce nematode infestations, as nematodes help the spread and penetration of Fusarium.Use sanitation – remove and burn heavily infected plants and crop residues at season end.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
No synthetic fungicides are recommended for spraying.
Use certified disease-free seeds of resistant varieties.If needed, disinfect seeds.Make sure perennial weed hosts such as horse nettle are eliminated before planting.Do not over-crowd plants closer than recommended spacings.Use raised-bed to keep soil well-drained with exposure to sun and wind for drying.Water early in the day. Avoid watering the foliage at the end of the day or at night.Use a crop rotation of 3-4 years.Do not plant new fields near existing fields with blight symptoms, if feasible.If possible, use furrow irrigation.Blights can be minimized by maintaining optimum growing conditions, including proper fertilization, irrigation, and management of other pests.Do not work in fields when they are wet.Grow later maturing, longer season varieties.Rotate at least one year with non-Solanaceae crops.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Fungicide application is justified only when the disease is initiated early enough to cause economic loss. When justified, apply fungicides as soon as symptoms appear; continued protection requires application at 7- to 10-day intervals.
Sanitation: During growing season, prune and remove lower leaves.After harvest, remove and destroy all crop debris.
bromuconazolemetirampyraclostrobin
Damping off fungi of seeds and seedlings: Verticillium spp, Rhizoctonia spp, Phomopsis spp
Use of certified disease-free propagation material.Use resistant cultivars.Sterilize seedbed soil.Time planting to allow plants to emerge rapidly.Need positive identification of Verticillium (to avoid confusion with Fusarium wilt).Sanitation—clean equipment to prevent transfer of inoculum.Restrict movement in field and between fields.Use green manure plants.After harvest, uproot all residue plants and destroy by burning.Avoid rotating to Solanaceae plants. Rotate to small grains and maize.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Inoculate soil with Trichoderma viride and other Trichoderma speciesthirammancozebcopper compoundsdifenoconazole
Use resistant and tolerant varieties.Use clean seed.Avoid overhead sprinkler watering.Water early in the morning so leaves can dry out during the day.Remove and destroy crop residues and heavily infected plants.Crop rotation for 2-3 years with sorghum, maize, or fodder plants.
Stem and root rot, wilt, Fruit rot, Sclerotium rolfsii
Sterilize seedbed soil.Use disease free seed and treated seeds with a recommended fungicide.Time planting to allow plants to emerge rapidly.Restrict movement in field.Use raised-bed to keep soil well-drained with exposure to sun and wind for drying.Uproot all residual volunteer plants, diseased seedlings and leaves, destroy by burning.Remove and destroy nearby tobacco crop residues.Routinely disinfect pruning equipment.Practice minimum of 3 years rotation with non-hosts (cereals, pulses).
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Treat the seed with:thirammancozebTrichoderma spp
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Avoid rotating to or near Solanaceae plants like tobacco.
Anthracnosis, Colletotrichum coccodes, C. melongenae
Use certified disease-free seed and transplants of resistant varieties.Seed can be disinfested with a 30-minute hot water soak at 52°C.Control weeds and Solanaceae weeds in field.Manage water moisture and avoid planting in water-logged soil.Disinfect seedling flats if reusing them.If using overhead sprinkler irrigation, apply in early morning so plants can dry before nightfall.Use mulch to reduce water splash onto leaves and fruit and weed regularly without damaging fruit.Harvest fruit as soon as it is ripe.Sanitation: Remove and dispose of diseased plants throughout season and after harvest.Rotate out of infested fields to other crops for 3 years. Avoid potato, soybean, tomato, eggplant, and cucurbits as rotation crops.
Plant resistant varieties.Use certified disease-free/treated seed.Grafting with tolerant tomato/ eggplant rootstocks.Intercrop with maize to reduce the severity of common bacterial blight.Plant in well-drained soils. Control root-knot nematodes since they could facilitate infection and spread of bacterial wilt.Soil amendments (organic manures) can suppress bacterial wilt pathogens in the soil.Do not prune or cut plants when wet or work in fields when plants are wet.Disinfect all field tools between each cut and in between plants while pruning the plants.Tie the plants loosely to stakes with soft ties that do not wound the plant.Control pests which produce wounds through which these bacteria enter the plant.Remove wilted plants from the field throughout the season to reduce spread of the disease from plant to plant.Remove and destroy all strings, lines and plant/fruit supports which may have come into contact with the bacteria leaking from infected fruits.Harvest when the field is dry, minimize handling injury, use proper cool and
dry storage.Plow under debris after harvest.Practice a 2-3-year crop rotation. Avoid continuous planting of Solanaceae crops.Post-harvest decay can be reduced by harvesting fruits when dry, minimizing injury during handling, washing with chlorine water and storage at cool temperatures.
Viruses: Tomato and Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) transmitted mechanically and on seed/plant cuttings on tomato, pepperTomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) transmitted by white fly on tomato, pepperTobacco Etch Virus (TEV) transmitted by aphidsPotato Y potyvirus (PTV) transmitted by aphids
Use resistant varieties if available.Use virus-free and whitefly-free transparent seedlings.Manage white flies (see above).Cover plants with floating row covers.Sanitation: During season, rogue out diseased plants when virus incidence is low,Avoid the use of contaminated equipment and machinery and proper sterilization of equipment with alcohol before using it in another field.Avoid smoking while working in the field.Practice good weed management in and around the field.To exclude whitefly vectors, protect seedbeds with a 50+-mesh white nylon net—the later the plants are infected with the virus the less impact the disease will have on yield reductions.Use of reflective mulches to reduce aphid visits to plants and thus delay virus spread.Plant early to avoid later summer season infestations.Avoid continuous growing of tomato.Minimize plant handling during the growing season to reduce the amount of virus spread mechanically; regularly disinfect tools.Remove nearby volunteer plants and Solanaceae weeds from production fields; nearby ditch banks, hedges, fencerows or other locations.After harvest remove and destroy diseased plants.Rotate to non-Solanceous crops.
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
Control aphids (see above).
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CAMBODIA ALL CROPS WEEDS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
(Read labels for recommended uses.)
Annual and perennial broad-leaved weeds, sedges and grasses
Herbicide expenses make farmers use hand weeding, hoeing or cultivation. Use Integrated Weed Management practices listed below:Sanitation: To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds. Cultivation equipment and irrigation water must also be kept free of weed seeds and vegetative propagules to avoid spreading weed populations.Cultivate areas around the field such as field edges, fence lines, roadsides, and irrigation ditches regularly to prevent weed seed production.To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds.Preplant plowing, followed by irrigation and one or two discings before bed formation, will destroy many weeds.Proper bed preparation is important for successful weed cultivation after the crop is planted.Clean weeds along irrigation canals that can transmit weeds to the field.Monitor and identify what principle weeds are present.Use pre-irrigation to germinate and destroy weeds.Use crop rotation.Use transplants which can out-compete weeds quicker.Use soil solarization.Use soil green manures to choke out weeds.Use mulches to smother weeds.Continue hoe and hand weeding.Can use drip irrigation to regulate water in the crop and avoid weed emergence.Regularly clean farm tools.Use intercropping.Do not let the weeds flower.Do not compost weeds that have flowered and set seed.Hoeing, mowing, and cutting.At end of the harvest, removal of remaining weeds.
1-naphthylacetic acid (1-NAA) PGR:PGR for most crops, cereals, fruits, vegetables
2 4 D:Broad-leaved weeds cereals
ametryne:annual and broad-leaved weeds cereals, fruits, vegetables
bensulfuron:annual and perennial weeds and sedges cereals
bensulfuron methyl:annual and perennial weeds and sedges cereals
bromacil:annual and perennial weeds on fruits and non-crop areas around fields
clethodim:annual and perennial grassesfruits and vegetables
clomazone:broad-leaved weeds and grasses vegetables, cereals
diuron (PGR):pre-emergence residual herbicide for total control of weeds cereals, fruits, vegetables
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CAMBODIA ALL CROPS WEEDS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS
(Read labels for recommended uses.)
Annual and perennial broad-leaved weeds, sedges and grasses
Vegetable crops slugs, snails Sanitation: Clean up and destroy all plant leaves and debris, and remove rocks, boards, and logs where slugs hide.Trapping with buried gallon plastic containers containing beer, with 1 trap
No reasonable treatment threshold found.
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every 3 m.Provide good soil drainage.Keep weeds under control.Do not use manure and/or mulches in areas of field prone to slug damage.
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ANNEX 2: GUIDELINES FOR PMPS FOR CAMBODIA CROPS AND BENEFICIARIES
Implementing Partners are encouraged throughout this document and in Annex 1 to work on and create PMPs by adopting, testing, and adapting recommended IPM tools to local conditions. This Annex provides additional information on such PMPs.
What is a Pest Management Plan (PMP)?
PMPs or Year-Round (seasonal) IPM Programs are state of the art in many developed countries, and they help institutionalize IPM in planning and practice. PMPs provide agriculture managers and producers with a tool to predict and prevent many crop pests of each crop throughout a season. See examples of PMPs by clicking on crops with green checkmarks on http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html.
Pest Management Plans or Guides provide field crop, livestock production, or project decision-makers – producers and farm managers – with best production practices recommendations, usually adapted by region, crop phenology, and seasons. The aims of PMPs are to reduce the risks to production from pests by using a combination of best practices, including IPM, Integrated Vector Management (IVM), and Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that maximize crop or livestock health, and thus resilience to or tolerance of pests, and without an over-reliance on pesticides needed when best practices are not followed. Thus, prevention of pests plays a strongly pivotal role in the PMP, followed closely by management of pests when prevention alone is not adequate for the level of control needed or desired.
Who are the PMP’s intended audiences and users?
Farm land preparation and crop production decision-makers Producers Farm managers
Why is a PMP being done?
PMP Objectives:
Prevent or reduce pest damage risk to agricultural production or health. Protect the health of producers, farm family members, laborers, and community members from
pesticide risks. Maintain economically sound practices. Reduce environmental pollution and degradation risks. Enhance the overall quality and quantity of biodiversity on the sustainable farm work
environment.
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Respond to foreign market demand for the use of agriculture sector best management practice standards, also called GAPs which include IPM measures, to achieve farm and produce certification.
Comply with local, regional, donor, and international laws, conventions, and regulations.
Organization of the PMP
The following pieces of crop- or livestock-specific background information are used to build a PMP base:
General information on the crop/livestock/sector. Crop/livestock common/species names. Crop/livestock developmental stages. Production regions and how they differ by soil type, pH, fertility, etc. Overall concerns and priorities for crop/livestock production. Crop/livestock cultural best practices. Crop/livestock GAPs including some IPM (see PERSUAP section on GAPS and IPM)
recommendations.
Individual Pest Prevention and Management Sections for each of the following pest types:
For each pest type, first, identify overall priorities for pest prevention and management in the target crop or livestock.
Next, identify individual pest species noting the type of damage incurred; part of plant damaged: roots/rhizomes/tubers, stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or stored); or if livestock, part of animal affected.
To best understand how to manage a pest, one needs to understand how, where, when, and on what parts of the plant or animal the pest feeds. For field pests and stored grain/food pests, many PMPs are designed and outlined as follows, for each major species of pest (insects, mites, slugs/snails, nematodes):
Photographs of each pest, life stages Photographs of plant or livestock damage Description of the pest, life cycle and survival strategies7: Description of damage symptoms Best Prevention Practices
7 Survival strategies: All pests have survival strategies that allow them to live and breed in each crop’s farming systems. Knowing the survival strategies, including overwintering habit and alternate host plants, that are employed by the pest can help with decision making at the farming systems-level (e.g. choice of rotation crops) and also can help to anticipate pest outbreaks.
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o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM o Country or region-specific information
Best Management Practiceso Focus on prevention (above) o Country or region-specific information
Information on PMP-recommended pesticides:
Information needed for each pesticide referenced in the above PMP, by pest (so the producer/farm manager has the information at their fingertips and do not need to refer to other documents and tables to find it):
Pesticide essential information needed:
Active Ingredient (AI) name Product Trade names (with EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Classifications in parenthesis) Amounts to use per hectare Price Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI) Special comments on best application methods and frequency Any resistance management strategies needed Pesticide application record sheet Guidelines for reducing spray drift Re-entry interval (REI): field safe re-entry period after spraying Maximum residue levels (MRL) permitted by markets Pesticide precautions with use including Reading the label Legal responsibilities and permitted registration uses Permit requirements for possession and use Recommended and obligated use of PPE and best practices First aid and antidotes Transportation best practices Storage best practices Safe use best practices Container disposal best practices Leftover pesticide disposal best practices Protection of non-pest animals, plants, endangered species and water body quality Protect natural enemies & honeybees: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html Posting signage in treated fields Some chemicals not permitted on processed crops Potential for phytotoxicity (crop injury) on some crops Documentation and record-keeping on farms
Information needed on Natural Enemies of Pests:
Common Names of Predators and Parasitoids effective against above pests: For a list of common natural enemies of crop pests, see http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html. Genera will likely be the same around the world, with different species in different continents, filling similar niches.
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Implementing Partners are encouraged throughout this document and in Annex 1 to work on and create PMPs by adopting, testing, and adapting recommended IPM tools to local conditions. This Annex provides information on how to set up and operate an IPM scheme developed, tested, and perfected by FAO.
Although producers are likely using numerous IPM tactics, without really calling them that, IPM philosophy or planning is not generally an active part of crop production in most emerging market countries; thus, a basic understanding of the steps or elements needed in an IPM program are addressed below, as formulated by FAO8.
Step 1: Learn and value producers’ indigenous IPM tactics.
Most producers are already using their own forms of GAPs and IPM, many of which are novel, self-created, adapted for local conditions, and many of which work well. These local tools and tactics need to be well understood and considered when making PMPs. Accurate assessments of these producers’ GAP and IPM technologies, as well as an understanding of actual losses due to different constraints in producers’ fields are required before designing a crop production and pest management program. Standards and Certification (S&C) producers will have records of historical pesticide use and trends, as well as information on current use of artisanal or local IPM tactics.
Step 2: Identify key pests for each target crop.
Although perhaps up to ten species of pests may impact a crop and yields at different plant growth stages, generally only two or three are considered serious enough to spend money controlling. Producers should be encouraged to monitor their population size, their life cycle, the kind of damage they cause and actual losses. Note that crop loss figures based on producers’ perceptions of damage and loss are often overestimated.
Step 3: Evaluate all management options.
Use of best management practices, preventive measures, and “organic” options to control pest impacts may eliminate the need for synthetic pesticides.
Step 4: Choose IPM methods; identify Needs and Establish Priorities.
Continue dialog with project field staff, ministry extension staff, and producers when choosing methods to be used. Consider the feasibility of attractive methods, including the availability of resources needed, producers’ perceptions of pest problems, their abilities to identify pests, their predators, diseases, and parasitoids, and to act upon their observations.
Step 5: Do effective activities and training to promote IPM.
Next, identify strategies and mechanisms for fostering the transfer of the needed IPM technology under various project and institutional arrangements, mechanisms, and funding levels. Define what is available for immediate transfer and what may require more adaptation and validation research. Set up an initial planning workshop (with a COP-supported and signed Action Plan) to help define and orient implementation activities and begin to assign individual responsibilities.
Learning-by-doing/discovery training programs
The adoption of new techniques by small-, medium-, and large-holder producers occurs most readily when program participants acquire knowledge and skills through personal experience, observation, analysis, experimentation, decision-making, and practice. At first, frequent (usually weekly) sessions are conducted for 10–20 producers during the cropping season in producers’ fields by trained instructors or extension agents.
Smallholder support and discussion groups
Weekly meetings of smallholders held during the cropping season, to discuss pest and related problems can be useful for sharing the success of various control methods. However, maintaining attendance is difficult except when there is a clear financial incentive (e.g., credit, advance knowledge of nearby infestations for early action leading to yield improvement).
Educational material
In many countries, basic written and photographic guides to pest identification and crop-specific management techniques are unavailable or out of date. Videos featuring graphic pictures of the effects of acute and chronic pesticide exposure, and interviews with poisoning victims can be particularly effective.
Youth education
Promoting and improving the quality of programs on IPM and the risks of synthetic pesticides has been effective at technical schools for rural youth. In addition to becoming future producers, these students can bring informed views back to their communities.
Food market incentives (especially important in the last decade)
Promoting Organic, GlobalGAP, BRC (British Retail Consortium), Fair Trade or other certification for access to the lucrative and rapidly growing S&C systems-driven international and regional food markets can be, and is, a strong incentive to adopt
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IPM.
Step 6: Partner successfully with other IPM implementers.
The following design steps are considered essential.
Articulate the partnership’s vision of IPM
Organizations may forge partnerships based on a common commitment to “IPM” – only to discover too late that that their visions of IPM differ considerably. It is therefore highly important that partners articulate a common, detailed vision of IPM, centered on the crops and conditions the project will encounter.
Confirm partner institutions’ commitment
The extent of commitment to IPM integration into project, design, and thus implementation depends strongly upon the following key variables:
IPM program integration into larger project. The IPM program is likely to be part of a larger “sustainable agriculture” project. The IPM program must fit into a partner’s overall goals. The extent of this integration should be clearly expressed in the proposed annual work plan.
Cost sharing. The extent of funds (or in-kind resources) is a good measure of a genuine partner commitment.
Participation of key IPM personnel. Organizations should have staff with expertise in IPM. In strong partnerships, these staff members are actively involved in the partnership.
Step 7: Monitor the fields regularly.
At minimum twice a week, producers should monitor their fields for pests, as some pest populations increase rapidly and unexpectedly; this increase is usually related closely to the stage of crop growth and weather conditions, but it is difficult to predict the severity of pest problems in advance.
Step 8: Select an appropriate blend of IPM tools.
A good IPM program draws from and integrates a variety of pest management techniques, like those presented in the above list. Flexibility to fit local needs is a key variable. Pesticides should be used only if no practical, effective, and economic non-chemical control methods are available. Once the pesticide has been carefully chosen for the pest, crop, and environment, it should be applied only to keep the pest population low, not necessarily eliminate it.
Step 9: Develop education, training, and demonstration programs for extension workers.
Implementation of IPM depends heavily on education, training, and demonstration to help producers and extension workers develop and evaluate the IPM methods.
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Hands-on training conducted in producers’ fields (as opposed to a classroom) is a must. Special training for extension workers and educational programs for government officials and the public are also important.
Step 10: Monitoring, Record-Keeping and Evaluation (M&E).
Develop data collection forms and checklists, collect baseline GAP/IPM data at the beginning of the project, and set targets.
For the use and maintenance of GAPs (that include safe pesticide storage, use and disposal), maintain farm or project files of: producer and farm employee training records certification; farm soil, water, biodiversity, cropping and pesticide use maps; pesticide purchase and stock records; price increases or decreases, chemical application instructions including target pest, type of chemical applied, dosage, time of spray, rates at which pesticides were applied, harvest interval days, application machinery, PPE required and used, and any special instructions on mixing, exposure to children or dangers.
Further, for project staff, beneficiaries, produce processing facilities, food warehouses, seed multipliers, or producers that store seed or food and deal with stored seed and food pests, there are warehouse best management practices (BMPs) and monitoring reports that incorporate some IPM tactics. These monitoring forms track, by location or warehouse, use of pallets, stacking, general hygiene and sanitation, damaged packages, actual infestations or signs of rodents, molds, insects, drainage, locks and security measures, use of IPM tactics including least toxic chemicals and strict BMPs, including restricted access, for use of common but hazardous fumigants like aluminum phosphide.
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ANNEX 4: ACUTE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES: EPA AND WHO CLASSIFICATIONS
General Toxicity
Pesticides, by necessity, are poisons, but the toxicity and hazards of different compounds vary greatly. Toxicity refers to the inherent intoxicating ability of a compound whereas hazard refers to the risk or danger of poisoning when the pesticide is used or applied. Pesticide hazard depends not only on toxicity but also on the chance of exposure to toxic amounts of the pesticide. Pesticides can enter the body through oral ingestion, through the skin or through inhalation. Once inside the body, they may produce poisoning symptoms, which are either acute (from a single exposure) or chronic (from repeated exposures or absorption of smaller amounts of toxicant).
EPA and WHO Toxicity Classifications
Basically, there are two systems of pesticide toxicity classification. These are the USEPA and the WHO systems of classification. It is important to note that the WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. So, WHO classification shows relative toxicities of all pesticide active (or technical) ingredients, whereas EPA classification shows actual toxicity of the formulated products, which can be more or less toxic than the active ingredient alone and are more representative of actual dangers encountered in the field. The tables below show classification of pesticides according to the two systems.
a) USEPA classification (based on formulated product = active ingredient plus inert and other ingredients)
Class Descriptive term
Mammalian Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)
Mammalian
Inhalation
LC50
Irritation Aquatic invert/fish (LC50 or EC50)2
Honey bee acute oral (LD50)
Oral Dermal Eye1 Skin
I Extremely toxic 50 200 0.2 Corrosive
Corrosive < 0.1
II Highly toxic 50-500 200-2000 0.2-2.0 Severe Severe 0.11-1.0 < 2 µg/bee
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III Moderately toxic
500-5000
2000-20000 2.0-20 No corneal opacity
Moderate 1.1-10.0 2.1-11 µg/bee
IV Slightly toxic 5000 20000 20 None Moderate or slight
10.1-100
Relatively non-toxic
101-1000
Practically non-toxic
1001-10,000 > 11 µg/bee
Non-toxic > 10,0001 Corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days for Class I pesticides; corneal opacity reversible within 7 days but irritation persists during that period for Class II pesticides; no corneal opacity and irritation is reversible within 7 days for Class III pesticides; and Class IV pesticides cause no irritation2 Lethal Concentration 50 or Effective Concentration 50 expressed in ppm or mg/l of water
b) WHO classification (based only on active or ‘technical’ ingredient)
Class Descriptive term
Oral LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt)
Dermal LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt)
Solids Liquids Solids Liquids
Ia Extremely hazardous 5 20 10 40
Ib Highly hazardous 5-50 20-200 10-100 40-400
II Moderately hazardous 50-500 20-2000 100-1000 400-4000
III Slightly hazardous 501 2001 1001 4001
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UUnlikely to present acute hazard in normal use
2000 3000 - -
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ANNEX 5: TRAINING TOPICS AND SAFE PESTICIDE USE WEB RESOURCES
Select topics from the following lists are provided for Harvest II to choose and promote, to the extent possible, to their private sector partners and subgrantees to use, as well as to highlight the work of other projects and donors, which complement Harvest II’s activities. Harvest II has neither the mandate nor budget to directly provide IPM and SPU training, but can choose, encourage, and promote such training for partners and grantees to perform, as resources permit.
GAP/IPM (USAID’s IPM Innovation Lab and FAO’s Farmer Field School program have been actively promoting IPM methods for pest and disease control in vegetable and fruit production)
Pest identification: How to recognize common important pests, diseases, parasites, and predators Monitoring: The importance of frequent crop monitoring for pests, diseases, and weeds GAP and IPM concepts, tactics and tools found in Annex 1 that can reduce pesticide use and
associated risks on specific pests of project target crops PMPs—Pest Management Plans: Creating and using these farm crop-management tools
Pesticides (The United Kingdom’s Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau International, now known as CABI, has provided SPU training, as has GOC)
Understanding pesticides: Quality, types, classes, and acute toxicities of common pesticides Regulations: US, EU (European Union) and Cambodia laws that guide pesticide registration and
use Natural pesticides: Raise awareness of and promote the use of natural pesticides found in
Annexes 1, 4, 5 and 7 as well as green-label synthetic pesticides with relatively low risks Spot Treatments: The importance of spot treatments if needed (instead of crop-wide treatments) SDS: How to use SDSs for pesticide-specific information on risks and risk reduction measures REI: Pesticide-specific risks associated with entering a sprayed field too soon after the spray
operation PHI: Pesticide-specific risks associated with harvesting a crop before pesticides have had a
chance to break down MRL: Risks associated with pesticide residues on human food Vulnerable individuals: The importance of keeping children, pregnant women, elderly, and infirm
away from the field while spraying and kept out after spraying Human and environmental risks: Risks associated with more commonly-used pesticides (use
information from SDSs) When to spray: Early in the morning, late in the afternoon, or night without wind or rain
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Use of recommended PPE: Why it is used (see product SDSs, product labels and web reference below)
Proper use and maintenance of sprayers, including proper sprayer calibration and spray nozzle choice
Proper clean-up & post spray hygiene Safe Use: How to purchase, transport, store, and use pesticides safely (“safe purchase” requires
quality, brand-name products) Maintenance: of PPE and sprayers Monitoring for the development of pesticide resistance Proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinseate and packaging (see disposal web reference
below and SDSs) The use of pesticide spray buffer zones near schools, water resources, organic crop production,
apiaries, bird sanctuaries, biodiversity enclaves, national parks, or other sensitive areas. How to reduce and mitigate risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity (found in
PER Factors E and G) Honeybees: Ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities, and spray
early morning or late afternoon when no heavy winds or rain are present Water Pollution: Raise awareness of pesticides (especially some herbicides) with high ground
water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy to reach (use Table 1 and SDSs)
Exposure routes: Ways pesticides enter the body and ways to mitigate entry Basic first aid: Understanding how to treat pesticide poisonings (see first aid web reference and
SDSs) Record-keeping: Pesticide used, when used, which crop, how applied, who applied
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ANNEX 6: FARM RECORD KEEPING ASSOCIATED WITH PESTICIDE USE
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Agricultural pesticide application details Weather details (If product is being sprayed outdoors)
Contact details
Date of application Product trade name
Application rate Crop/commodity
treated OR situation product was applied
Extent of use (area/volume /weight)
Location where product was used
Wind speed
Wind direction
Name and address of applicator and (if applicable) supervisor
Name and address of person for whom the application was carried out
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ANNEX 7: FORM FOR PROJECTS TO MONITOR PRODUCER BEST PRACTICES INCLUDING GAP AND IPM OPTIONS
(For use in implementing parts of the EMMP)
Name of Staff Responsible for Monitoring Demonstration Farms:
Name of Demonstration Producer: Crop: Date:
What are the major pests encountered by the producer?:
Which of the attached Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM tools and tactics are used by producer?
Are pesticides used by demo producer? Yes__No__
How are pesticides applied? backpack sprayer__other__
What are the names of the pesticides used?:
Which PPE does producer have and use? gloves___ overalls___ boots___
respirator___goggles___
Has the producer had IPM and Safe Pesticide Use training? Yes__ No__
Are there any empty pesticide containers scattered in the field? Yes__No__
Are there signs that the backpack sprayer has leaks? Yes__No__
Does the producer understand the pesticide label information? Yes__No__
Is the pesticide stored safely out of the house or away from kids? Yes__No__
Does the producer use gloves for mixing the pesticide with water? Yes__No__
What times of the day are the pesticides applied?
Are pesticides applied during rain or windy conditions? Yes__No__
Are women or children permitted to apply pesticides? Yes__No__
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Are empty pesticide containers are used to store water? Yes__No__
Does the producer rinse equipment away from streams and open water? Yes__No__
Does the producer wash clothes after applying pesticides? Yes__ No__
How does the producer dispose of empty pesticide containers? puncture/bury __burn __
Is there any evidence that pesticides are becoming less effective? Yes__No__
Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM options:
Preventive Preventive CurativeSoil nutrient, texture, and pH
testingProducer ability to correctly
identify pest predators, parasitoids, and diseases
Mechanical insect control by hand picking
Pest resistant/tolerant seed/plant variety
Weekly field scouting to assess pest levels/damage
Producers make & apply local artisanal plant extracts (neem, pyrethroid, garlic, chili, other)
Early/late plantings or harvestings to avoid pests
Use of trap crops to trap and destroy pests
Weed control by machine cultivation, hoe, or hand
Seed treatment with pesticides Removal/pruning of diseased or heavily infested plants/tree branches
Purchase and release of predators or parasitoids to control major pests
Soil moisture testing Planting parasite-attracting plants on field margins
Use of pheromone traps to reduce overall pest levels
Raised-bed production or mounding
Put baits and use other practices to encourage predator/parasite build-up
Use of pheromone inundation to confuse pest mating
Irrigation and drip irrigation Use of pheromone traps to monitor pest levels
Spot treatment of pest hotspots with insecticides, miticides or fungicides
Use of natural fertilizers (manure, compost)
Inter-planting crops with aromatic herbs (celery, cilantro, parsley, dill, or local plants) that repel pests
Area spraying (complete field coverage) using synthetic and natural insecticides, miticides, or nematocides
Use of purchased mineral fertilizers
Mulching with organic materials or plastic to control weeds
Use of synthetic and natural fungicides or bactericides
Combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers
Plant living barriers or bamboo/tree barriers on windward edge of field
Use of herbicides for weed control
Crop rotation Exclude insect pests by using vegetable tunnels and micro-
Farm use of a locked storage building for pesticides
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tunnelsUse of green manure crops Use of biodiversity or energy
conservation practicesProducer use of pesticide in-
ground compost trap for depositing and capturing spilled or leftover pesticides
Producer ability to correctly identify pests and their damage
Crop stalks, residue, and dropped fruit destruction/composting season end
Producer use of receptacle for empty pesticide bottle disposal
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ANNEX 8: PERSUAP REFERENCES
Baker EL, Zack M, Miles JW, Alderman L, Warren M, Dobbins RD, Miller S, Teeters WR (1978) Epidemic malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers. The Lancet, January: 31–33.
Websites: Website references used to develop the Programmatic PERSUAP
International Treaties and Conventions:POPs website: http://www.pops.intPIC Website: http://www.pic.intBasel Convention: http://www.basel.int/Montreal Protocol: http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/montreal_protocol.php Pakistan malaria poisonings: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ047.pdf.Pesticide poisonings:
ANNEX 9: ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
A. Pesticide Exposure Emergencies
If there is reason to believe a person has been poisoned or injured by exposure to pesticides, including, but not limited to exposures from application, splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, take the following actions:
1. Remember to protect yourself first – you don’t want to be the next victim. Ensure that you are wearing the proper PPE and that the area is safe to enter.
2. If a person has been exposed to a pesticide, prevent further exposure and make sure that the victim is breathing.
3. Decontaminate the victim immediately – wash thoroughly.
4. Contact emergency medical personnel.
5. If you are trained, administer first aid. CPR techniques may be required.
6. Provide any obtainable information to medical personnel, including:
a. Product name, EPA registration number, and active ingredient of any product to which that person might have been exposed.
b. SDS and pesticide label - antidote, first aid, and other medical information from the product labeling.
c. The circumstances of application or use of the pesticide.d. The circumstances of exposure of that person to the pesticide.
Specific instructions for pesticide exposures are given below:
Ingested pesticides: Act immediately. Refer to the pesticide label to determine if vomiting should be induced. The decision must be made quickly and accurately. If the pesticide has entered the mouth but has not been swallowed, the mouth should be rinsed with large amounts of water. Never induce vomiting if the victim has ingested petroleum products unless directed to do so by the label, physician, or a poison control center. Never induce vomiting if the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison – a strong alkali or acid; if the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions; if the victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate and oil solution as it may cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting.
Pesticides on the skin: Wash the pesticide off as soon as possible to prevent
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continued exposure and injury. Remove clothing and drench the skin with water. If you are assisting, avoid contact with pesticide contaminated clothing (use gloves and carefully bag the clothing). Thoroughly clean skin and hair with soap and water, being careful not to abrade skin. Dry the person and wrap in a blanket. Seek medical assistance.
Chemical burns on the skin: Remove contaminated clothing immediately. Wash skin with large amounts of cold running water. Immediately cover the affected area with a dry, loose, soft, clean cloth. Do not use materials recommended as first aid treatments for chemical burns. Seek emergency assistance.
Pesticides in the eyes: It is very important to wash the eye out as soon as possible. Hold eyelids open and rinse with a gentle stream of clean running water (at body temperature if possible) for 15 minutes or more. Avoid contamination of the other eye if only one eye is involved. Flush under the eyelids to remove debris. If contact lenses are in use, flush over the contact lens, which may dislodge the lens. It is extremely difficult to manually remove the contact lens due to involuntary eye spasms. If the lens is flushed out, continue flushing the eye for at least 15 minutes. Seek emergency assistance.
Inhaled pesticides: Immediately move or carry the victim to fresh air – do not allow the victim to walk. Loosen all tight clothing. Apply artificial respiration if breathing is stopped or irregular. Keep the victim as quiet as possible. Prevent chilling but do not overheat. If the victim is convulsing, watch breathing and protect against injury. Pull the chin forward so that the tongue does not block the air passage. Seek emergency assistance.
B. Pesticide Spills
Pesticides spills can occur despite careful handling. Small spills can result from leaking containers or splashes that occur during pesticide mixing and loading. Larger spills may occur from equipment malfunctions or vehicle accidents. For all spills, it is extremely important to prevent any of the spilled material from entering a body of water, including storm sewers or drains, no matter how small the spill.
The person observing the spill or release shall:
Identify the problem. Ensure that you have on the proper PPE.
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Stop the source of the spill/release. If a sprayer has tipped over or if a hazardous chemical is leaking from a damaged tank, take only those measures that can be done while protecting yourself. If a smaller chemical container is found to be leaking, place it in secondary containment. Do not expose yourself unnecessarily to the spilled pesticide and do not place yourself at risk.
If the spill is large or dangerous, call emergency services. Do not leave the spill unattended but stand back far enough so that you are not in danger.
Contain the spill/release by using absorbent socks, soil, or other materials, or construct a dike to prevent the spill/release from migrating to other areas such as soil, drains, or surface water. If it is a windy day and the pesticide spilled is a solid that may be blown, use the spray bottle in the spill kit to moisten the surface or cover the spill with a plastic cover or tarp. If the spill occurs remotely from the pesticide storage area, use any available materials to contain the spill that will not react with the spilled pesticide. Avoid using sweeping compounds or sawdust if the material spilled is a strong oxidizer (check the label or SDS) because such a combination presents a possible fire hazard.
Recover the spilled/released material and impacted soil or gravel by covering it with absorbent materials (pads, pillows, or loose absorbent). Other materials can be used as needed including shop rags, sawdust, etc. All free product must be absorbed. If the spill/release is to soil or gravel, excavate all material that is impacted. Use both visual observations and odors to determine the extent of material to be excavated. If the spill is to a concrete or paved area, it may be necessary to decontaminate or neutralize the area, especially if a carbamate or organophosphate insecticide was involved. Use ordinary bleach in water (30% solution) or hydrated lime, but not both. Work this cleaning material into the spill with a stiff broom and then use fresh absorbent material to soak up the now contaminated cleaning solution. This material should be swept up for disposal with the recovered spilled/released material.
Place all recovered material/absorbents in a plastic bag, bucket, or drum and label with the contents. Ensure that this waste has secondary containment.
C. Fires
In the event of a fire, smoky condition, or explosion, the following actions should be promptly taken:
Contact fire emergency services and ambulance if there is a threat to people. Inform the fire emergency services of the nature of the pesticides stored. Keep people away If significant smoke is generated, evacuate people from downwind areas. Be aware that any runoff generated may be contaminated with pesticides.
Notes and Precautions:
Portable fire extinguishers can be used for small fires. However, an immediate readiness to evacuate is essential.
Never enter a room that is smoke filled.
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ANNEX 10: PROHIBITED MATERIALS ANALYSIS (PMA)
Information and analysis on pesticides which should NOT to be used in project implementation, or other related environmental information.
All POPs pesticides listed on: http://chm.pops.int/ All PIC pesticides listed on: http://www.pic.int/
The following pesticides registered in Cambodia are not approved for promotion or use due to listed following reasons.
Key:
NR = Not Registered by EPA for same or similar use
RUP = Restricted Use Pesticide, not allowed by Regulation 216
HH = House Hold and/or Health Sector use Pesticide, not registered locally for field horticultural use
H = Herbicide
PGR = Plant Growth Regulator
F = Fungicide
I = Insecticide
M/A = Miticide/Acaricide
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Rejected Fungicide and Bactericide (B) AIs Reason for Rejectionalbendazole veterinary antihelminth product, not registered for horticulturebenalaxyl not EPA registeredbenomyl/benlate not EPA registeredbismerthiazole not EPA registeredcarbendazim not EPA registered for project cropscopper citrate (B) not EPA registereddiniconazole not EPA registeredepoxiconazole not EPA registeredfenoxanil not EPA registeredflusilazole not EPA registeredfthalide/phthalide not EPA registeredhexaconazole not EPA registeredimibenconazole not EPA registerediprobenfos not EPA registeredisoprothiolane (also PGR) not EPA registeredmaneb not EPA registeredningnanmycin not EPA registeredoxolynic acid not EPA registeredpencycuron not EPA registeredprochloraz not EPA registeredprocymidone/sumisclex not EPA registeredpropineb not EPA registeredsaisentong not EPA registeredtriadimefon not EPA registered for project cropstriadimenol not EPA registered for project cropstricyclazole not EPA registeredtridemorph not EPA registeredvalidamycin (B) not EPA registeredzinc sulphate (monohydrate) not EPA registered for project cropszineb not EPA registered
Rejected Herbicide and PGR AIs Reason for Rejectionacetochlor RUP
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Rejected Herbicide and PGR AIs Reason for Rejectionalachlor RUPanilofos not EPA registeredatrazine RUP, known water pollutantbutachlor not EPA registeredbutralin used on tobacco, not EPA registered for project cropschlomethoxyfen not EPA registeredchlorimuron-ethyl not EPA registered for project cropscinmethylin not EPA registeredcyhalofop-butyl not EPA registered for project cropsdalapon-sodium not EPA registeredethephon Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmersethoxysulfuron not EPA registeredfenoxaprop-p-ethyl not EPA registered for project cropshaloxyfop R methyl not EPA registeredmecoprop/MCPP not EPA registered for project cropsmetsulfuron not EPA registeredmetsulfuron-methyl not EPA registered for project cropsmolinate not EPA registeredoxadiazon not EPA registered for project cropspretilachlor not EPA registeredpropaquizafop not EPA registeredpyrazosulfuron (ethyl) not EPA registeredpyribenzoxim not EPA registeredquinclorac not EPA registered for project cropsquizalofop-p-ethyl Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmerssodium 5-nitroguaiacolate not EPA registeredsulfosate not EPA registeredthiobencarb not EPA registered for project crops
Rejected Insecticides and Miticides Reason for Rejectionacrinathrin (mites) not EPA registeredalpha-cypermethrin RUPbeta-cyfluthrin/cyfluthrin RUPbeta-cypermethrin RUPbenfuracarb not EPA registeredcarbofuran (I,M,N) RUPcarbosulfan not EPA registeredcartap not EPA registered189
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Rejected Insecticides and Miticides Reason for Rejectionchlorfluazuron not EPA registeredchlorpyrifos RUPchlorpyrifos/chlopyrifos-ethyl RUPcyfluthrin/beta-cyfluthrin (HH) RUPcypermethrin (insecticide) RUPdeltamethrin (insecticide, HH) RUPdiafenthiuron (I,M) not EPA registereddiazinon (I,N) RUPdimehypo not EPA registereddinotefuran not EPA registered for project cropsemamectin benzoate RUPesfenvalerate RUPetofenprox (HH) not EPA registered for project cropsethoprop(hos) RUP, Class Ifenitrothion no EPA registered products, only AI registeredfenobucarb not EPA registeredfenpropathrin (I, M) RUPfenthion not EPA registeredfenvalerate not EPA registered for horticulturefipronil RUPflufenoxuron not EPA registeredhexaflumuron not EPA registered for project cropsisoprocarb not EPA registeredlambda-cyhalothrin RUPlufenuron (I, M) IGR not EPA registered for project crops/pests, only termitesMatrine extract/Sophia flavescens not EPA registeredmonosultap not EPA registerednaled/dibrom RUP, Class Ipermethrin RUPphenthoate (I, M) not EPA registeredphosalone (I, M) not EPA registeredphoxim not EPA registeredprofenofos (I, M) RUPpropargite (I, M) RUP, Class Ipyraclofos not EPA registeredpyridafenthion/pyridiphenthion not EPA registeredquinalphos not EPA registeredthiodicarb RUPtrichlorfon not EPA registered for horticulture
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Rejected Molluscicide Reason for Rejectionmetaldehyde on GOC suspended or restricted listniclosimide not EPA registered for horticultureRejected Rodenticide Reason for Rejectionbrodifacoum on GOC suspended or restricted listcoumatetralyl not EPA registereddiphacinone on GOC suspended or restricted listwarfarin/coumaphene on GOC suspended or restricted listzinc phosphide Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers
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ANNEX 11: FEED THE FUTURE CAMBODIA HARVEST II PERSUAP SCOPE OF WORK
1. BACKGROUND
Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II is a five-year project funded by USAID, which aims to accelerate the growth of Cambodian commercial horticulture in the Zone of Influence (ZOI) provinces of Pursat, Battambang, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom. To achieve its purpose, the project uses a buyer-led approach and supports commercial partnerships that will ultimately allow horticultural producers and buyers to compete more effectively in domestic and international markets. Commercial partnerships are formed to help buyers and sellers expand sales, create employment, and stimulate investment.
USAID completed an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the Feed the Future Cambodia Commercial Horticulture Program (01/31/2016), the name of which was later changed to Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II (hereafter referred to as Harvest II). The IEE identified two classes of actions within Harvest II: Categorical Exclusions. Pursuant to 22 CFR 216.2(c)(1) and (2), these actions do not generally require an IEE or an Environmental Assessment because they do not have an effect on the natural or physical environment. Specifically, as currently planned, these activities fall into the following classes of action:
Education, technical assistance, or training programs except to the extent such programs include activities directly affecting the environment (such as construction of facilities, etc.) Analyses, studies, academic or research workshops and meetings, and Document and information transfers.
Negative Determination with Conditions (NDC). Activities that do not have potentially significant adverse environmental, health, or safety effects, but may contribute to minor impacts that can be eliminated or adequately minimized by appropriate mitigation measures. An Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan shall be developed, approved by COR and the Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) prior to beginning the activity, incorporated into work plans, and then implemented.
Harvest II submitted an EMMP with its FY19 work plan which was approved on October 30, 2017. A PERSUAP was not recommended at that time. However, it was later determined by the Mission Environment Officer and Bureau Environmental Officer that since production level technical assistance advice is and will be provided by Harvest II staff (as well as consultants and/or private sector partners) to horticultural producers on pesticide use (no direct procurement by Harvest II), creation of a PERSUAP would be prudent.
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2. PURPOSEPesticides, if not used properly, can kill, damage, or otherwise injure both human beings and environmental resources. Pesticides are synthetic or natural products (plant, microbe) or derived chemical products intended to kill, control, and repel insects, plant diseases, weeds, and other pest organisms.
The objective of the assignment is to evaluate, or update the previous evaluation, of the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned assistance “for the procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction” to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impacts. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to following factors listed under 22 CFR
216.3(b)(1)(i):
(a) The USEPA registration status of the requested pesticide;(b) The basis for selection of the requested pesticide;(c) The extent to which the proposed pesticide use is part of an integrated pest management program;(d) The proposed method or methods of application, including availability of appropriate application and safety equipment;(e) Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use and measures available to minimize such hazards; (f) The effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use;(g) Compatibility of the proposed pesticide with target and non-target ecosystems; (h) The conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils;(i) The availability and effectiveness of other pesticides or nonchemical control methods;(j) The requesting country's ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use and disposal of the requested pesticide;(k) The provisions made for training of users and applicators; and(l) The provisions made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of the pesticide.
The study will cover activities under the Harvest II project, which may involve assistance for the procurement (not anticipated) or use of pesticides for a variety of crops (1. Vegetable: Solanaceae: eggplant, tomato, chili and sweet pepper, Brassica: cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon and other Chinese greens (bok choy, green mustard etc.), Cucurbit: cucumber, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, ridge gourd and pumpkin, Other: yard long bean, okra, ginger, lettuce and asparagus 2. Fruit: Mango, Longan, Orange, Papaya, Pineapple, Banana, Melon (including watermelon), Other: lime, pomelo, guava and jujube, Black pepper, Ginger, turmeric, Cashew). Under this SOW, assistance for the procurement or use of pesticides is defined broadly and includes recommending the conduct of training programs in pesticide handling and use.
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The study will include analysis of USEPA and domestic regulations and registrations. Consultant will develop this analysis in close consultation and cooperation with the Harvest II’s technical team, implementation partners, and USAID, taking into consideration feedback and guidance received from key stakeholders. The analysis will cover those pesticides proposed for use by USAID’s Harvest II and that are:
Registered by USEPA for the same or similar uses without restrictions; Also registered by the Royal Government of Cambodia; and Available in Cambodia.
The PERSUAP will include appendices evaluating the economic, social, and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use by crop commodity to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. If a pesticide rejected by the PERSUAP is still desired or deemed necessary for use on project activities, an Environmental Assessment (EA) in accordance with §216.3(b)(l) requirements, in addition to the PERSUAP, will be conducted (separate from this SOW). This EA will include, but not be limited to, an analysis of the factors identified in §216.3(b)(l)(i) and be subject to an amendment to this PERSUAP contract.
The SUAP portion of the PERSUAP report will:
• Have a strong focus on training (and retraining) implementing partners and leader farmers on findings in the PERSUAP vis-à-vis Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs), Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Safe Pesticide Use (SPU);• Assure accessibility of protective clothing and equipment needed with training on safe use;
• Emphasize operational monitoring & evaluation;• Work with the project to define key staff and interested actor roles such as public,
commercial private, and non-profit private sector entities;• Integrate pesticide risk mitigation measures with other project risk mitigation measures;• Discuss disposal options and provisions for used pesticide containers;
• Provide a list of pesticides that may not be used or procured by USAID projects as well as a list of minimum risk pesticides exempted under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Section 25(b); and
• Provide standard records templates to be filled out by the project and /or partners in case of pesticide procurement or use.
3. RESPECTIVE TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF USAID AND THE HARVEST II PROJECT TEAM
The Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) for Harvest II and USAID/Cambodia Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) will take an active role in this PERSUAP process
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by approving the technical activity, this SOW to conduct the analysis and all draft PERSUAP reports produced. The MEO will provide specific technical guidance and direction, review progress and other draft materials produced by the Consultant, and perform liaison functions, as needed, with the Asia Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO/Asia) and Harvest II.
The Harvest II implementer will assign a contact person or persons to work with the Consultant. The contact person will assist the Consultant in implementing the study by providing information about uses and conditions of use for all pesticides, types of activity implementation, roles and responsibilities of implementing partners, farmers, laborers, extension officers, and local service providers to ensure all relevant pesticides are covered and to help the PI/PMS design training for at-risk populations in the field. Harvest II will translate the revised PERSUAP into the local language as appropriate.
4. CONSULTANT OBJECTIVES AND DUTIES
Overall, the Consultant will:
Acquire, analyze, and synthesize information on Cambodia’s newest list of registered pesticides, as well as ways, means and capacity to regulate or control the acquisition, distribution, use, storage, and disposal of pesticides;
List local restrictions on use of pesticides, and conditions required following an analysis of EPA registration of the same pesticides;
Examine, by site visits to targeted project activity areas and clients, the conditions under which various pesticides will be used (ex., climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, soils, proximity to water bodies, etc.);
Acquire from the project information on the extent to which pesticide use is and could be part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program; and
Review the previous Cambodia PERSUAPs to identify lessons learned, constraints, shortcomings, and updates to be addressed in this PERSUAP.
Specifically, the Consultant will:
Perform desk-based review of proposed Harvest II activities, related work planning materials, Harvest II IEE (Asia 16-042), and other relevant documents.
Review Cambodia’s newest list of registered pesticides as well as the list of potential pesticides to be used during implementation by crop/commodity and review USEPA status of the pesticides.
Review Cambodia Regulatory Acts on pesticide registration and application. Contact the USAID/Cambodia MEO, COR, Harvest II project staff, and perhaps REA to review
compliance requirements and pest management options to develop an agreed upon definition of “assistance for procurement or use of pesticides”.
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Assess the overall capabilities and limitations of the Harvest II project’s pesticide management relative to the more common pesticide use problems affecting the targeted users and implementers.
Meet with appropriate national Ministries, Departments, and Agencies; NGOs; and pesticide importers/distributors and retailers, as well as farmers/cooperatives.
Outline “Off the Shelf” IPM and GAP (Good Agriculture Practices) measures that could be tried and used by the project’s clients for each production or commodity constraint.
Recommend and outline a training program, including a plan to train participants who will be implementing the recommendations of the analysis.
Recommend mitigation measures for project activities (in addition to training), identified in concert with project personnel, which involve pesticide use.
Develop a pesticide database in Excel that includes registration in USEPA and Cambodia, active ingredients, commercial names, major sources of origin, toxicity levels by organization (Cambodia Plant Protection Institute, USEPA, WHO, etc.), pesticide uses, pesticide formulation and concentration to demonstrate that PERSUAP recommended pesticides are intended “for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction”
Provide, in an annex to the report, a table outlining the people met and their organizational affiliations.
Provide an annex with preliminary Pest Management Plans (PMPs) for each crop- pest combination, including extensive preventive tools/tactics that can be used, as well as recommended curative pesticides.
Provide a full list of acronyms used throughout the document.Provide information on Cambodia’s obligations related to pesticides under the Stockholm Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Rotterdam Prior Informed Consent (PIC) conventions.
Review other donor activities and policies towards pesticide use in Cambodia (capacity building, regulatory reform, procurement, use, etc.), specifically those donors planning horticultural interventions in the near future.
Draft Harvest II IEE amendment to reflect the updated PERSUAP recommendations.
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ANNEX 12: HARVEST II EMMP TABLE IV ON PESTICIDE RISK, RISK MITIGATION, AND MONITORING
For use by Harvest II private sector partners and grantees
PotentialEnvironmental Risks & Impacts
Risk Reduction or Mitigation Measures/Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Indicators of Risk Reduction/BMPs Implementation
M & E: Responsible M&E Staff Member
M & E: Frequency of Monitoring, Reporting
Acute human poisoning leading to death
Train farmers on how to read and interpret safety precautions and first aid measures and/or safety pictograms on pesticide labels
Training on acute pesticide risks, safe pesticide use (SPU), basic first aid for pesticide overexposure (including antidotes), and use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
On demo farms and in flyers, promote use of SPU methods, including maintenance and use of sprayers and PPE
Use of fee-based project-promoted spray services
Number of complete sets of PPE present on demo sites and used
Number of beneficiaries that use acute risks, SPU mitigation measures
Number of beneficiaries having and using essential PPE
Increase in use of fee-based spray services with maintained sprayers and PPE, and bulk-purchase discounts on inputs
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
Chronic human poisoning leading to future health issues
Training on chronic pesticide risks, SPU, and use of PPE
On demo farms and in flyers, promote use of SPU methods, including maintenance and use of PPE
Use of fee-based project-promoted spray services
Number of complete sets of PPE present on demo sites and used
Number of beneficiaries that use chronic risks, SPU mitigation measures
Number of beneficiaries having and using essential PPE
Increase in use of fee-based spray services with maintained sprayers and PPE, and bulk-
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
1972018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
PotentialEnvironmental Risks & Impacts
Risk Reduction or Mitigation Measures/Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Indicators of Risk Reduction/BMPs Implementation
M & E: Responsible M&E Staff Member
M & E: Frequency of Monitoring, Reporting
purchase discounts on inputs Increasing pest
resistance to over-use of one type of pesticide
Encourage use of preventive IPM tools and tactics to minimize pesticide use
Avoid the promotion of knapsack mixes of two or more pesticides
Discourage the use of persistent chemicals
Encourage long-term pesticide rotations by pesticide class and mode of action
Number of farmers using IPM instead of pesticide use
Number of farmers not using knapsack mixes
Number of farmers rotating pesticides by class and mode of action
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
Lack of compatibility of pesticide use with ecosystems
Train farmers about ecotoxicity and how to read precautions on pesticide labels
Train farmers on applying pesticides at least 30m from open fresh water and not to wash their sprayers out in ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, or wetlands, or where water might run off into aquatic areas
Train farmers to minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce large droplets, properly calibrating and maintaining spray equipment, and considering use of drift-control agents
Number of farmers trained in reading ecotoxicity and pesticide labels and pictograms
Number of farmers applying pesticides at least 30m from open waters
Number of farmers taking measures to reduce spray drift
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
Improper pesticide application as relates to climate, hydrology, and soils
Train farmers not to spray before impending rainstorms
Train farmers to not spray or rinse pesticide equipment in or within 30m of rivers, ponds, irrigation and drainage ditches,
Number of farmers trained not to spray prior to a rainstorm
Number of farmers trained on employing soil erosion reduction measures
Number of farmers trained to not
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
1982018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
PotentialEnvironmental Risks & Impacts
Risk Reduction or Mitigation Measures/Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Indicators of Risk Reduction/BMPs Implementation
M & E: Responsible M&E Staff Member
M & E: Frequency of Monitoring, Reporting
or other surface waters Train farmers to not spray with
high toxicities to aquatic organisms before impending rainstorms
Train farmers to not use or recommend use of herbicides or other pesticides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential near drinking water sources on highly sandy soils or on soils with water tables less than 3m to the surface
Train farmers to employ techniques to reduce farm soil erosion whenever erosion is likely to reduce the water transport of contaminated soil particles into waterways
spray with 30 m of water bodies, and not using pesticides that have high leaching potential
No/low use of safety equipment (PPE)
See above mitigation measures on training farmers in PPE accessibility and use
See above on training farmers in PPE accessibility and use
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
Pesticide labels do not have WHO’s color-coded pesticide toxicity warnings
Work with GOC to encourage adoption of WHO safety standards, including color-coded labels used by brand-name pesticides
Work with GOC pesticide and extension services to promote use of known-quality pesticides
Do not promote the pesticides banned by Cambodia
Do not promote or use pesticides rejected by the 2018 PERSUAP;
Quantity of pesticides using labels with WHO-mandated warning color coded labels
Increase in presence and use of higher-quality brand-name pesticides
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Annually
1992018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
PotentialEnvironmental Risks & Impacts
Risk Reduction or Mitigation Measures/Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Indicators of Risk Reduction/BMPs Implementation
M & E: Responsible M&E Staff Member
M & E: Frequency of Monitoring, Reporting
only promote those listed in the PERSUAP as acceptable
Groundwater (drinking water) contamination from herbicides
Risks to human health from herbicides
Do not promote or permit use of known groundwater polluting herbicides during training or on demo farms
Promote use of trained PPE-protected spray services
Number of beneficiary farms not using groundwater polluting herbicides
Number of farmers using approved herbicides by trained, PPE-protected spray service personnel
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
No abeyance of pesticide-crop pre-harvest interval (PHI)
Training on reading the pesticide label and understanding of PHI
On demo farms and in flyers, promote reading and following pesticide label instructions and warnings
Promote use of trained PPE-protected spray services
Number of farmers obeying pesticide label safety information and PHI
Number of trained, PPE-protected spray service personnel
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
Farmer Field Schools (FFS), Good agriculture practices (GAPs) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) not known or understood or used
Repeated training, using FFS, on and use of GAPs, IPM
On FFS and project demo farms and in flyers, promote use of GAPs including preventive IPM tools
Use great care to not promote pesticide AIs rejected by USAID’s PERSUAP
Number of beneficiary farmers who use GAPs, IPM for target crops
Increase in use of GAP and IPM tools and tactics by beneficiaries
Number of trainings where the List of prohibited Pesticides is available during trainings and demo sites
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
National Pest Management Plans (PMPs) not made
Increase understanding of pests/diseases of each crop & preventive pest management tools
Work with GOC extension
Number of farmers using preventive PMPs as seasonal crop management tools by beneficiary farmers
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Semi-Annually
2002018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
PotentialEnvironmental Risks & Impacts
Risk Reduction or Mitigation Measures/Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Indicators of Risk Reduction/BMPs Implementation
M & E: Responsible M&E Staff Member
M & E: Frequency of Monitoring, Reporting
agents to make PMPs for each target crop, including preventive IPM tools and USAID’s PERSUAP- approved pesticides
No technical flyers on preventive and curative IPM tools for extension agents or farmers
Assist GOC Extension Service and other NGOs with production of IPM flyers containing numerous preventive tools/tactics
Train on and use IPM flyers on demo farms
Number of IPM flyers distributed to farmers
Increase in preventive IPM tools/tactics used by beneficiary farmers
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Semi-Annually
Surface water contamination leading to aquatic ecotoxicity (fish kills)
Training on use buffer zones (30 meters) between crop field and surface water (also Climate Resilience measure)
On demo farms and in flyers, promote use of preventive IPM tools to reduce pesticide use, and SPU tactics to reduce risks to surface water
Promote use of trained and PPE protected spray services who understand aquatic ecotoxicity issues
Number of farmers using buffer zones between crop fields and surface waters such as wetlands and other fish/aquaculture by beneficiaries
Increase in use of trained spray service providers
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Semi-Annually
Death of pollinator honeybees, decline in apiculture
Training on proper spraying time, warning apiaries of spraying times, and buffer zones to protect honeybees/apiculture
On demo farms and in flyers, promote use of preventive IPM tools to reduce pesticide use, and SPU tactics to reduce risks to honeybees/apiculture
Number of farmers using mitigation measures to avoid negative impacts to honeybees/apiculture
Decrease in official and anecdotal reports of damage to apiculture and honeybee kills from pesticide misuse
Increase in use of spray service providers
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
2012018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
PotentialEnvironmental Risks & Impacts
Risk Reduction or Mitigation Measures/Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Indicators of Risk Reduction/BMPs Implementation
M & E: Responsible M&E Staff Member
M & E: Frequency of Monitoring, Reporting
Promote use of trained and PPE protected spray services who understand bee toxicity issues
Incorrect pest/disease identification by extension agent or farmer
Train technical experts, extension agents and beneficiaries on proper pest and disease identification, and (USAID-approved) pesticide choices to use
On demo farms, show examples of identifiable pests and disease damage
Promote use of trained and PPE protected spray services using quality products
Number of beneficiaries that can correctly identify pests, diseases and proper pesticide choice
Increase in use of spray service providers
Number of farmers and spraying services using appropriate PPE during spraying operations
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
Sprayers not maintained and leak on applicators
Provision of spare sprayer parts and training on proper maintenance of sprayers
Demonstrations of proper spraying and calibration on demo farms
Promote use of trained and spray services using quality sprayers
Number of beneficiaries that use sprayers properly and maintain them
Increase in availability of sprayer spare parts
Increase in use of spray service providers
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Quarterly
Fake, counterfeit and low-quality
Test suspect pesticides for active ingredients (AIs),
Quantity of pesticide products used by beneficiaries
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Semi-Annually
2022018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
PotentialEnvironmental Risks & Impacts
Risk Reduction or Mitigation Measures/Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Indicators of Risk Reduction/BMPs Implementation
M & E: Responsible M&E Staff Member
M & E: Frequency of Monitoring, Reporting
pesticides from China, Uganda or other known counterfeit countries
Crop losses, risks to health, and waste of beneficiary money, time
amount of AIs present, amount of manufacturing contaminants present at quality certified labs
Use pesticide test results to make decisions on which products with PERSUAP-approved AIs to promote and which ones should not be used
Demonstrations of proper (USAID-approved) pesticide choice on demo farms
Train farmers on how to choose correct pesticides (those of known quality and low human / ecological toxicities) instead of relying solely upon the advice of retailers / agrodealers
Promote use of trained and PPE protected spray services using quality products
independently tested by a laboratory
Number of farmers who buy and use quality pesticides
Increase in use of spray service providers who use pesticide products of guaranteed quality
Number of farmers selecting pesticides of known quality and low human / ecological toxicities
Number of farmers and spraying services using appropriate PPE during spraying operations
Incorrect disposal of empty pesticide containers (EPCs)
Re-use of EPCs
Train farmers to not throw EPCs into fields
Train farmers on proper triple-rinsing, puncturing, and burial or recycling of EPCs
Train farmers to not re-use EPCs for storing cooking oil, water, milk, honey, or other liquids
On demo farms and in flyers, promote good EPC disposal techniques
If justifiable, promote the start and use of a re-collection and recycling program for EPCs
Promote use of trained and PPE
Number of beneficiaries that correctly dispose of EPCs
Decrease in number of farmers who reuse EPCs for storing consumable liquids
Increase in use of spray service providers that understand and use proper EPC disposal-
Environmental or M&E Advisor
Monthly
2032018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
PotentialEnvironmental Risks & Impacts
Risk Reduction or Mitigation Measures/Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Indicators of Risk Reduction/BMPs Implementation
M & E: Responsible M&E Staff Member
M & E: Frequency of Monitoring, Reporting
protected spray services that understand proper EPC disposal
2042018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP
