137 who has been advised of this decision, protests against it. c He states that during the former absolutistic régime the s Armenian hospital used to receive from the Ottoman Govern- t ment considerable quantities of meat and bread, but for the sake of economy these allowances were withdrawn soon after the establishment of the Liberal Government. The Armenian 1 hospital has sufficient work to do without taking in addi- 1 tional patients from the Mussulman hospitals, receiving, as it does, from 800 to 1000 patients per month. The Patriarch concludes his protest by stating that if the former allowances are continued he will favourably consider the reception of patients from the Mussulman hospitals. A Hospital at Mush. The Armenians of the Caucasus, Russia, have subscribed 150,000 francs for the erection of a hospital at Mush. A medical man, a graduate of a Russian University, who is to be the chief of this hospital, has arrived at Constantinople for the purpose of obtaining a permit to practise medicine in Turkey. The hospital will receive Moslem as well as Kurd patients. A -4,’ise Hygienic Measure. It has been found that a number of the Constantinople police are suffering from venereal and syphilitic diseases. The medical authorities have therefore decided to submit all policemen to a thorough physical examination and to dismiss from the service those who are found to be suffering from any infectious disease. A Medical Congress at Sofia. A congress of medical men of the Slav countries will be held next month at Sofia. I understand that King Ferdinand of Bulgaria takes a vivid interest in this congress and will give it his support. Dr. Beron, the President of the Bulgarian Medical Association, has left for Prague in order to prepare the programme of the congress in concert with the central committee of the Slavic General Medical Federation. A Strange Measure. There are a number of medical men in the municipal service of Constantinople and the provinces who have studied abroad and who have only diplomas of foreign universities. The Ottoman Government has now decided that for the future all the municipal medical men will be chosen only from among the graduates of the Imperial Medical Faculty of Constantinople. This boycott will certainly not prove to be of benefit to the country. Great Disasters in the Provinces. Grave news of disaster come from several villages where the hail-storms and inundations have been severe. Espe- cially sad is the following telegram received from Erzerum : "To-day 65 dead bodies have been discovered in the rising waters. It is believed that the number of deaths exceeds a hundred. 300 animals have perished. 121 houses, including two theological seminaries and the mosque of Kassim Pasha, the greatest in the whole of the Ottoman Empire, are com- pletely destroyed. 35 other houses are in danger of tumbling down and 140 buildings are very badly damaged. Most of the bakers’ shops are destroyed, and there is great want of bread." Terrible inundations are reported also from Adrianople. The train communication with Western Europe has been interrupted. June 18th. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS.) Medical Edueation in the United States. THE subject of medical Education in the United States occupies considerable attention. For years a strenuous effort bas been made to raise the average standard by elevating or suppressing a large number of chartered proprietary medical schools which continue to grind out yearly a considerable number of insufficiently educated physicians. At the meeting of the National Confederation of State Examining Boards a very severely critical report on the educational facilities of many of these schools was issued by the president of the Carnegie Foundation, Dr. H. S Pritchett, and Mr. Abraham Flexner (a brother of Dr. Simon Flexner), also of the Carnegie Foundation. This report condemned in unsparing terms many of these commercial medical schools, and in the State of Missouri mentioned only three-the St. Louis Univer- sity, Washington University, and the State University- as being up to the standard (during 1909 St. Louis Uni- versity had the lowest percentage of failures at the different State licensing boards of any medical school in the entire country). This report roused a great deal of bitter comment on the part of those connected with schools condemned, which was not lessened by the report of the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association, which, in an independent investigation, had arrived at practically the same conclusions. For the improve- ment of educational conditions the Council recommends the following requirements as the I American standard" : a four years’ high school education ; a year or two in the university laboratories of chemistry, physics, and biology ; four years in a medical school, and a clinical year as an interne in a hospital. The report states that about two-thirds of those schools in the country which deserve recognition have either already put into force the requirement of college physics, chemistry, and biology, or will put this requirement into force this fall. Sixteen schools are now requiring, and ten more will require from the coming school year on, two or more years of work in a college of liberal arts in addition to the four years’ high school education, while 21 schools either require now, or have announced that they will require, one year of college work in addition to the four years’ high school education. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of St. Louis, which is one of those schools assailed in the report of the Carnegie Foundation, has brought an action for $100,000 damages for defamation against Dr. Pritchett, Mr. Flexner, and Dr. Simmons, the secretary of the American Medical Association. Number of Physicians in the United States. It may be of interest to British medical men to report the condition in each State, as determined by the Council of the American Medical Association, in regard to the number of practising physicians : Alabama has 1 physician to every 924 people; Arizona, 1 to 626 ; Arkansas, 1 to 583; California, 1 to 401 ; Colorado, 1 to 386; Oon- necticut, 1 to 740 ; Delaware, 1 to 900 ; District of Columbia, 1 to 262 ; Florida, 1 to 865 ; Georgia. 1 to 886 ; Idaho, 1 to 664 ; Illinois, 1 to 587 ; Indiana, 1 to 557 ; Iowa, 1 to 605 ; Kansas, 1 to 642 ; Kentucky, 1 to 649 ; Louisiana, 1 to 900; Maine, 1 to 605; Maryland, 1 to 655 ; Massachusetts, 1 to 567 ; Michigan, 1 to 649 ; Minnesota, 1 to 981 ; Missis- sippi, 1 to 870 ; Missouri, 1 to 552 ; Montana, 1 to 800 ; Nebraska, 1 to 602 ; Nevada, 1 to 239 ; New Hampshire, 1 to 652 ; New Jersey, 1 to 925 ; New Mexico, 1 to 626 ; New York, 1 to 617 ; North Carolina, 1 to 1216 ; North Dakota, 1 to 971 ; Ohio, 1 to 585 ; Oklahoma, 1 to 581 ; Oregon, 1 to 646 ; . Pennsylvania, 1 to 655 ; Rhode Island, 1 to 724 ; South . Carolina. 1 to 1324; South Dakota, 1 to 820 ; Tenressee, 1 . to 681; Texas, 1 to 653; Utah, 1 to 908; Vermont, 1 to 533 ; Virginia, 1 to 917 ; Washington, 1 to 616 ; West Virginia, 1 . to 706 ; Wisconsin, 1 to 930 ; and Wyoming, 1 to 541. From these figures it will be seen that everywhere, except in the two Carolinas, the competition is much keener than is allowed by the ordinary British estimate of 1 to 1000 as a minimum. The American Federation of Sex Hygiene. This new association was founded during the meeting of the American Medical Association, with a view to educating the public in sexual physiology and hygiene, and combating the spread of venereal diseases by every method, educational, sanitary, moral, and legislative. Among the officers are : :- Honorary President, Dr. Charles W. Eliot, professor emeritus and former presiclent of Harvard University ; President, Dr. Prince A. Morrow of New York. Every State and local organisation in the United States dealing with the socio- logical aspects of sex problems is eligible for membership. Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania. The sixty-first annual report of this College, which is situated at Philadelphia, has just been issued, and will be pleasant reading to those specially interested in the advance- ment of women and in the organisation on practical lines of women’s work. Medical women attending this College must be of good moral character, of which they must present a certificate signed by two reputable citizens, preferably physicians, and they must possess a Bachelor’s degree from an approved college or university, and a diploma from an accredited high school, normal school, or academy, or pass a special examination. Every candidate for the degree of
Transcript
137
who has been advised of this decision, protests against it. c
He states that during the former absolutistic régime the sArmenian hospital used to receive from the Ottoman Govern- t
ment considerable quantities of meat and bread, but for thesake of economy these allowances were withdrawn soon after the establishment of the Liberal Government. The Armenian 1
hospital has sufficient work to do without taking in addi- 1tional patients from the Mussulman hospitals, receiving, asit does, from 800 to 1000 patients per month. The Patriarchconcludes his protest by stating that if the former allowancesare continued he will favourably consider the reception ofpatients from the Mussulman hospitals.
A Hospital at Mush.The Armenians of the Caucasus, Russia, have subscribed
150,000 francs for the erection of a hospital at Mush. Amedical man, a graduate of a Russian University, who is tobe the chief of this hospital, has arrived at Constantinoplefor the purpose of obtaining a permit to practise medicine inTurkey. The hospital will receive Moslem as well as Kurdpatients.
A -4,’ise Hygienic Measure.It has been found that a number of the Constantinople
police are suffering from venereal and syphilitic diseases.The medical authorities have therefore decided to submitall policemen to a thorough physical examination and todismiss from the service those who are found to be sufferingfrom any infectious disease.
A Medical Congress at Sofia.A congress of medical men of the Slav countries will
be held next month at Sofia. I understand that KingFerdinand of Bulgaria takes a vivid interest in this congressand will give it his support. Dr. Beron, the President of theBulgarian Medical Association, has left for Prague in orderto prepare the programme of the congress in concert with the central committee of the Slavic General Medical Federation.
A Strange Measure.There are a number of medical men in the municipal service
of Constantinople and the provinces who have studied abroadand who have only diplomas of foreign universities. TheOttoman Government has now decided that for the future allthe municipal medical men will be chosen only from among thegraduates of the Imperial Medical Faculty of Constantinople.This boycott will certainly not prove to be of benefit to thecountry.
Great Disasters in the Provinces.
Grave news of disaster come from several villages wherethe hail-storms and inundations have been severe. Espe-cially sad is the following telegram received from Erzerum :"To-day 65 dead bodies have been discovered in the risingwaters. It is believed that the number of deaths exceeds ahundred. 300 animals have perished. 121 houses, includingtwo theological seminaries and the mosque of Kassim Pasha,the greatest in the whole of the Ottoman Empire, are com-pletely destroyed. 35 other houses are in danger of tumblingdown and 140 buildings are very badly damaged. Mostof the bakers’ shops are destroyed, and there is great wantof bread." Terrible inundations are reported also from
Adrianople. The train communication with Western Europehas been interrupted.June 18th.
__
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS.)
Medical Edueation in the United States.THE subject of medical Education in the United States
occupies considerable attention. For years a strenuous effortbas been made to raise the average standard by elevating orsuppressing a large number of chartered proprietary medicalschools which continue to grind out yearly a considerablenumber of insufficiently educated physicians. At the meetingof the National Confederation of State Examining Boardsa very severely critical report on the educational facilities ofmany of these schools was issued by the president of theCarnegie Foundation, Dr. H. S Pritchett, and Mr. AbrahamFlexner (a brother of Dr. Simon Flexner), also of the CarnegieFoundation. This report condemned in unsparing termsmany of these commercial medical schools, and in the State
of Missouri mentioned only three-the St. Louis Univer-
sity, Washington University, and the State University-as being up to the standard (during 1909 St. Louis Uni-
versity had the lowest percentage of failures at thedifferent State licensing boards of any medical school inthe entire country). This report roused a great deal ofbitter comment on the part of those connected withschools condemned, which was not lessened by the report ofthe Council on Medical Education of the American MedicalAssociation, which, in an independent investigation, hadarrived at practically the same conclusions. For the improve-ment of educational conditions the Council recommends the
following requirements as the I American standard" : a fouryears’ high school education ; a year or two in the universitylaboratories of chemistry, physics, and biology ; four yearsin a medical school, and a clinical year as an interne in a
hospital. The report states that about two-thirds of thoseschools in the country which deserve recognition have eitheralready put into force the requirement of college physics,chemistry, and biology, or will put this requirement intoforce this fall. Sixteen schools are now requiring, and tenmore will require from the coming school year on, two ormore years of work in a college of liberal arts in additionto the four years’ high school education, while 21 schoolseither require now, or have announced that they will require,one year of college work in addition to the four years’ highschool education. The College of Physicians and Surgeonsof St. Louis, which is one of those schools assailed in the
report of the Carnegie Foundation, has brought an action for$100,000 damages for defamation against Dr. Pritchett, Mr.Flexner, and Dr. Simmons, the secretary of the AmericanMedical Association.
Number of Physicians in the United States.It may be of interest to British medical men to report
the condition in each State, as determined by the Councilof the American Medical Association, in regard to thenumber of practising physicians : Alabama has 1 physicianto every 924 people; Arizona, 1 to 626 ; Arkansas, 1 to
583; California, 1 to 401 ; Colorado, 1 to 386; Oon-necticut, 1 to 740 ; Delaware, 1 to 900 ; District ofColumbia, 1 to 262 ; Florida, 1 to 865 ; Georgia. 1 to 886 ;Idaho, 1 to 664 ; Illinois, 1 to 587 ; Indiana, 1 to 557 ; Iowa,1 to 605 ; Kansas, 1 to 642 ; Kentucky, 1 to 649 ; Louisiana,1 to 900; Maine, 1 to 605; Maryland, 1 to 655 ; Massachusetts,1 to 567 ; Michigan, 1 to 649 ; Minnesota, 1 to 981 ; Missis-sippi, 1 to 870 ; Missouri, 1 to 552 ; Montana, 1 to 800 ;Nebraska, 1 to 602 ; Nevada, 1 to 239 ; New Hampshire, 1 to652 ; New Jersey, 1 to 925 ; New Mexico, 1 to 626 ; New York,1 to 617 ; North Carolina, 1 to 1216 ; North Dakota, 1 to 971 ;Ohio, 1 to 585 ; Oklahoma, 1 to 581 ; Oregon, 1 to 646 ;
.
Pennsylvania, 1 to 655 ; Rhode Island, 1 to 724 ; South. Carolina. 1 to 1324; South Dakota, 1 to 820 ; Tenressee, 1. to 681; Texas, 1 to 653; Utah, 1 to 908; Vermont, 1 to 533 ;
Virginia, 1 to 917 ; Washington, 1 to 616 ; West Virginia, 1. to 706 ; Wisconsin, 1 to 930 ; and Wyoming, 1 to 541. From these figures it will be seen that everywhere, except in thetwo Carolinas, the competition is much keener than is allowedby the ordinary British estimate of 1 to 1000 as a minimum.
The American Federation of Sex Hygiene.This new association was founded during the meeting of
the American Medical Association, with a view to educatingthe public in sexual physiology and hygiene, and combatingthe spread of venereal diseases by every method, educational,sanitary, moral, and legislative. Among the officers are : :-Honorary President, Dr. Charles W. Eliot, professor emeritusand former presiclent of Harvard University ; President, Dr.Prince A. Morrow of New York. Every State and localorganisation in the United States dealing with the socio-
logical aspects of sex problems is eligible for membership.Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania.
The sixty-first annual report of this College, which issituated at Philadelphia, has just been issued, and will bepleasant reading to those specially interested in the advance-ment of women and in the organisation on practical lines ofwomen’s work. Medical women attending this College mustbe of good moral character, of which they must present acertificate signed by two reputable citizens, preferablyphysicians, and they must possess a Bachelor’s degree froman approved college or university, and a diploma from anaccredited high school, normal school, or academy, or passa special examination. Every candidate for the degree of
138
Doctor of Medicine must attend four full courses of instruc-tion in four separate years.
The R41e of the Pharmacist.The address of the chairman of the Section on Scientific
Papers at the recent annual meeting of the American Pharma-ceutical Association was noteworthy from the fact that itdealt with the failure of pharmacists as a body to do theirpart in the development of the science of medicine. He
gave it as his opinion that pharmacists as a class have donelittle more in this direction than occasionally endeavour toutilise the results of other workers in the exploitation ofproprietary medicines of questionable value. Pharmacists,he thought, have been particularly backward in recognisingthe limitations of medicines and the possible harm that mayresult from their abuse. While it is true that the art of
synthesis may have added valuable substances to our store ofremedial agents, it is a grave question whether the results sofar achieved are not to be deplored rather than lauded,whether the lives unduly shortened do not actually outnumberthe lives that have been prolonged by the all too liberal useof the products of the tar barrel. While the extent of the re-
sponsibility of the pharmacists for this state of things cannotbe precisely determined, he thought it certain that theirindifference to ultimate results was responsible for many ofthe abuses in connexion with so-called synthetic remedies.As a class pharmacists have become so indifferent to the useof drugs that they do not always fully appreciate the possi-bility that even the continued use of saline cathartics, or ofthe widely advertised purgative mineral waters, may do harmdirectly by developing a tendency to spastic constipation,and indirectly by masking for a time symptoms that mayprove to be the early indications of a serious disorder. Apartfrom physicians in active practice, no class of men can exerta more beneficent influence in safeguarding the abuse of drugsthan the pharmacists who supply them to the community.The true vocation of the pharmacist is to develop our know-ledge of drugs and the best methods of presenting them tothe patient. It should be his province to apply the resultsof scientific research, to aid in replacing crude drugs bydefinite principles, and to urge the abandonment of un-scientific and inert products. These observations, thoughmade to an American audience, serve to show that the
pharmacist, wherever he may ply his art, serves his day andgeneration best when he recognises the possibilities of doinguseful work that are daily presented to him in safeguarding.the health of the public and in doing his part in the investi-gation of those drugs which he knows are unsatisfactory andcapable of being improved.June 28th.
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NOTES FROM INDIA.
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
The National Medical College of India.THE prospectus has been issued of an institution calling
itself "The National Medical College of India." This’’ College " is located at Calcutta and has been incorporatedunder Act XXI, of 1860, promulgated by H.E. the Viceroy ofIndia and Governor-General in Council. It has as its objectsthe provision of medical instruction to native students whocannot afford what is termed the heavy fees of the recognisedcolleges which are State-aided by the Government of India.The prospectus sets forth a list of examiners for 1910-11, butthe subjects which they are appointed to examine in are notstated. This list contains the following names :-
External examine’l’8.-His Highness the Maharaja BahadurGondal, M.D., F. R. C. P. Edin. ; Sir Bhal Chandra Krishna,L.M.K.T. ; Lieutenant-Colonel R. L. Dutt, M.D., I.M.S.
(retired); Lieutenant-Colonel U. N. Mukerjee, M.D., I.M S.(retired); Lieutenant-Colonel D. D. Basu, M.D., I.M.S.
(retired); Major B. D. Basu, M.D., I.M.S. (retired); Dr.R. Rao, M.D. Lond., D.Sc. Lond. ; Dr. M. Sreenevasa Rao,M.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.S.Edin.; Dr. M. Bhajekar, M.D.,F.R.C.S.
Internal examiners. -Professors: S. K. Mullick, M.D.,M.S. Edin. (diseases of chest and clinical medicine);B. K. Chatterjee, D.P.H. Cantab., L.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Edin.(sanitation) ; A. Roy, L.M.S. (surgery); B. C. Ghose, M.A.,M.B., C.M. Cantab. (medicine); D. R. Dass, L.R.C.P.,L.R.C.S. Edin., L.M. Rotunda, &c. (midwifery and gynaeco-logy) ; A. K. Mukerjee, L.M.S. ; S. B. Mittra, L.M.S. ;
Jitindra Nath Sen, M.A. (Hon.) ; A. Niyogi, L.M.S.(superintendent); K. C. Dutt, L.M.S. ; S. Sanyal, L.M.S.,B.Sc. ; N. N. Chuckerbutty, L. M. S. ; Kaviraj GanendraNath Sen Kaviratna; and Kaviraj Jatindro Nath SenKaviranjan.The period of study required to complete the course is
laid down at five years. The following diplomas are awarded:1. The F.C.P.S (Fellow of the National College of Physiciansand Surgeons). The diploma will be conferred by ballot andis apparently to be limited as an honorary distinction to beconferred on scientists of distinction who have enrichedsome branch of science by original research. 2. TheM.C.P.S. (Member of the National College of Physicians andSurgeons). 3. The L.M.S. (Natl.) (Licentiate in Medicineand Surgery of the National Medical College of India). Thelast two diplomas are to be conferred by examination.4. The D.P.H. To meet the demand for sanitary officers ithas been decided to train qualified scholars for proficiency inpublic health.The most remarkable feature about this college appears
to be its financial status. We are informed in the pro-spectus that we train our boys under the best masters,with European and local qualifications, who labour for thecollege at a great sacrifice, the qvelf-are of the scholars beingtheir only reward" (the italics are mine). The fees to bepaid by the students taking out classes are as follows :-Admission fee Rs. 3 (4s.) ; fee for the M.C.P.S. class, Rs. 4(5s. 4d.); and for the L.M.S., Rs. 3 (4s. Od.) per month ; forpractical classes and dissections the fee is Rs. 5 (6s. 8d.)for the session. The prospects of students passing out of theCollege are set forth as follows : I I Students passing from thisCollege can enter to the medical department of railways,steamer services, district boards, municipalities, tea estates,collieries, private charitable dispensaries, special segregationcamps, family physicians to zemindars, feudatory states, andthe rise of the national spirit makes them doubly welcomeas private practitioners." "
Medical News.UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.-At examinations held
recently the following candidates were successful :-M.B., B.S. EXAMINATION.
.HbMO:M-s.—*Joseph Dudley Benjafield, University College Hospital* 11 Eric Gerald Gauntlett (University medal), King’s College Hos-pital ; Thomas Duncan Macgregor Stout, Guy’s Hospital; andIFrancis Martin Rouse Walshe, University College Hospital.
Distinguished in Medicine. t Distinguished inForensic Medicine. I Distinguished in Surgery.
JP<MS.—William Reginald Ward Asplen, Westminster Hospital ; CyrilBanks. University of Sheffield ; Henry Lewis Barker, St. Mary’sHospital; John Nathaniel Beadles, Westminster Hospital;Leonard Christopher Blackstone, University College Hospital;Edward Spencer Calthrop and Angel Camacho, Charing CrossHospital ; Bernard Arthur Cheadle, St. Thomas’s Hospital;George Henry Chisnall, London Hospital ; Ethel MaryConnan, London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine forWomen; Ardeshir Koyaji Contractor, University College Hos-pital ; Emily Susan Cooke and Nina Gertrude Cotton, London(Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for Women; GoronwyMeredith Davies, St. Thomas’s Hospital; Donald Frederick Dobson,University of Leeds; James Philip Elias, Victoria University ofManchester; Edgar Lionel Elliott, Guy’s Hospital; Sidney FrankFouracre, Charing Cross Hospital; Harold Gardiner, Guy’s Hos-pital ; Douglas Green, University of Sheffield and UniversityCollege Hospital; Henry Hingston, Westminster Hospital;Edward Leslie Horsburgh, Victoria University of Manchester;Stanley Hoyte, Westminster Hospital; Arthur Ernest Iles, Uni-versity of Bristol; Anne Louise Jane Kann, London (Royal FreeHospital) School of Medicine for Women; David Kennedy, Uni-versity College Hospital; Norman Claudius Lake, B.So., CharingCross Hospital; Theodore Stewart Lukis, St. Bartholomew’s Hos-pital ; George Maxted, Guy’s Hospital; Marjorie Eva Middletonand Ethel Mary Morgan, London (Royal Free Hospital) School ofMedicine for Women; Hubert O’Meara, University College Hos-pital ; Dossibai RustomjiC. Patell, London (Royal Free Hospital)School of Medicine for Women; William Norman Pickles, Uni-versity of Leeds; Wilfrid Langrish Pink, St. Thomas’s Hospital;Arthur Borland Porteous, St. Mary’s Hospital; Simon IsaacRabbinowitz, London Hospital; Norbert Leo Maxwell Reader,Guy’s Hospital; Ernest Edward Andrew T. Rigg, UniversityCollege Hospital; Mary Cowper Scott, London (Roval Free Hos-pital) School of Medicine for Women ; Ernest Gerald Stanley, St.Bartholomew’s Hospital; Tom Stansfield, Guy’s Hospital; HaroldHerbert Tanner, St. Mary’s Hospital; Harold Lindley Tasker,University College Hospital; Norman Tattersall, Victoria Univer-sity of Manchester; Cecil Carrington Tudge, Guy’s Hospital;William Reginald Margetts Turtle, London Hospital; RobertWilliam Walker Vaughan, University College Hospital ; PhilipJohn Veale, University of Bristol; Arthur Leonard Weakley,St. Bartholomew’s Hospital; Walter Weir, St. Thomas’s Hospital;Robert Heywood Wilshaw, Victoria University of Manchester; andRobert Noel Woodsend, University College Hospital.
