The Universe and Galaxies

16.1

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http://dingo.care-mail.com/cards/flash/5409/galaxy.swf

UniverseUniverse

• The sum of all matter and energy that exists, that has ever existed, and that will ever exist.

• We will focus on the belief that there is only one universe

Universe OccupantsUniverse Occupants

•• StarStar-a huge ball of hot gas that emits light

•• GalaxyGalaxy- a collection of millions or billions of star bound together by gravity.

Measuring DistancesMeasuring Distances• Distances in the universe are

beyond comprehension.• We use a unit called a light yearlight year.

(9.5 x 1015 m)• It measures on how far light

travels in one year.• Pg 526-527 compare distances

DistancesDistances• Light travels at 3.0 x 108 m/s or 186,000 mi/sec

• By car, it would take you 10 million yrs to travel one light year.

DistanceDistance• When you look at objects in space, you are looking back in time.

• The greater the distance, the further back in time you are looking.

DistanceDistance• Our sun is only 1.5 x1011 m away, which less than one light year.

• The next closest star is Alpha Centauri is 4.3 light years away.

• most important image

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcBV-cXVWFw&mode=related&search=

GalaxiesGalaxies• It is estimated that there are 100 billion galaxies.

• Our galaxy is the Milky Way.• But the nearest galaxy is 2 million Lt.Yrs away. It is named Andromeda

The Milky WayThe Milky Way

http://www.astrotrf.net:8080/astro/images/morton-milky-way.jpg

AndromedaAndromeda

http://www2.state.id.us/justforkids/images/adnromeda-lg.gif

Milky Way FactsMilky Way Facts• Chocolate covered caramel and nougat.

• Only 120 calories• Made by Mars candy

Milky Way FactsMilky Way Facts• It is made up of stars, clouds and dust

known as interstellar matter.• Every star you see in our sky is part of

the milky way• Spiral shape

Galaxy TypesGalaxy Types• There are three types:1.Spiral2.Elliptical3.Irregular

SpiralSpiral• Have spiral arms that branch out from a cluster of stars near the center.

• Milky way and Andromeda• Younger galaxies• Bluish color

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.peterpracownik.com/mimages/ufo/spiral-galaxy.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.peterpracownik.com/aliens%25203.htm&h=250&w=160&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspiral%2Bgalaxy%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8

EllipticalElliptical• Oval or egg shaped• Older galaxies• Reddish in color

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.sunspot.noao.edu/sunspot/pr/gifs/m86.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.sunspot.noao.edu/sunspot/pr/tree/elliptical-galaxy.html&h=366&w=348&prev=/images%3Fq%3Delliptical%2Bgalaxy%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.le.ac.uk/ph/faulkes/web/images/elliptical.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.le.ac.uk/ph/faulkes/web/galaxies/y_ga_elliptical.html&usg=__v3RrErGvUNkUU3fRB_rB3mrlKfs=&h=318&w=316&sz=29&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=VIb9lW7gYIGmcM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Delliptical%2Bgalaxies%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX

IrregularIrregular• These galaxies have no defined shape.

• Some contain very little clouds or dust

http://www.astronomynotes.com/galaxy/ngc6822.gif

http://www.edmar-co.com/adriano/ccd/n0660_01.jpg

Galaxy ClustersGalaxy Clusters• Clusters are groups of galaxies

held together by gravity. • Some clusters contain thousands of

galaxies and are referred to as superclusters.

.

http://www.u.arizona.edu/~justin/images/hubblepics/GalaxyClusterAbell2218.jpg

Universe is ExpandingUniverse is Expanding• In 1929 Edwin Hubble concluded that the universe was expanding.

• He studied the spectral lines of stars in distant galaxies.

Universe is ExpandingUniverse is Expanding

• He found that distant galaxies shifted to the Red end of the spectrum.

• This indicated that waves were stretching out and thus moving away from us.

(wavelengths were getting bigger)

Universe is ExpandingUniverse is Expanding

• He concluded that galaxies are moving away from each other.

• This means that the universe is expanding.

How the Universe was Created?

How the Universe was Created?

How the Universe was Created?

How the Universe was Created?

Big Bang TheoryBig Bang Theory• It is generally believed that the

universe is 15 billion yrs old.• This theory begins with the

premise that nothing but an “atom” existed before the Big Bang.

Big Bang TheoryBig Bang Theory• From this “super atom” came a large explosion that produced everything we see today. (mass, space, time, and energy)

Evidence of Big BangEvidence of Big Bang• Scientist working NJ detected cosmic

background radiation in the form of microwaves.

• This radiation was predicted by the theory.• The radiation has shown a cooling trend which

has allowed scientist to measure the overall temperature of the universe. (2.7 K)

• Also the amount hydrogen (most common element)

Future of the UniverseFuture of the Universe• Three options exist:1. It will expand forever2. It will expand then

stabilize at a given size3. It will stop expanding and

fall back on itself.

Future of the UniverseFuture of the Universe• The amount of matter in the

universe will determine which option will be followed.

Stars and the Sun

16.2

StarsStars

• Huge balls of gas that emit a tremendous amount of light and heat.

• 6000 stars can be seen with the unaided eye from Earth.

No, they donNo, they don’’t look like this!!!t look like this!!!

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.mojodesigns.com/images/stars.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mojodesigns.com/gifxtra/stars.html&h=144&w=207&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstars%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0211/04soho/sun.jpg

StarsStars•• ConstellationsConstellations-a group of stars appearing in a pattern as seen from Earth

• Greeks thought they were characters from Mythology

http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/ursamajor/big.jpg

http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/icons/orionsm.jpg

Our SunOur Sun• Is a typical star.• 110 times bigger than the Earth.

• It is average in size and temperature compared to other stars

Star PropertiesStar Properties 1. Brightness1. Brightness

• Brightness depends on star’s temperature (intensity), size, or distance from the Earth.

Sirius the brightest star besides the sun, in our sky.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.janis.or.jp/users/kitahara/sww/sirius-z.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.janis.or.jp/users/kitahara/sww/e-sirius-z.html&h=492&w=765&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsirius%2Bstar%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8

2. Color2. Color• Color of a star is related to its temperature.

• Lower the wavelength, the higher the frequency, the hotter the star.

• Stars emitting a blue color are the hottest-most energy.

3. 3. Composition/MakeComposition/Make--upup

• Scientist use spectral lines to reveal the composition of stars.

• Each element has its own unique spectral line.

• ~90% H, 9.9% He, .1% others

Spectral Lines from Different elements

4. Power4. Power

• Powered by nuclear fusion• Hydrogen atoms combine to form

helium nuclei and releases energy• Energy moves slowly through the

layers of the sun by radiation and convection

Mayor Layers of StarsMayor Layers of Stars

• Most inner- Core 15,000,000 K• Radiative Zone• Convective Zone• Most outer layer - Corona 2,000,000 K

Energy transferred In these layers

http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/st5/images/SunDiagramNASA.jpg

Life of a StarLife of a Star Birth and the 1Birth and the 1stst 30 million years30 million years• Stars are born in a cloud of dust and gas called Nebulas

• In these clouds protons start moving very rapidly and move very close to each other, allowing fusion to take place.

MidMid--Life and the Next 5 billion YearsLife and the Next 5 billion Years

• Fusion reactions maintain a equilibrium balance with in the star.

• Our sun and 90% of other stars are in this stage.

The Death of a StarThe Death of a Star• Fusion slows causing the core to

increase in temperature• This cause the outer layers expand

out. • The star becomes a red giant

–A large reddish star late in its life cycle that fuses helium into carbon and oxygen.

The Death of a StarThe Death of a Star• Fusion with in the star stops and

the star expands out as a nebula of gas

• The remaining core becomes a white dwarf–A small (size of Earth), very dense

star that remains after fusion has stopped.

Death of Larger StarsDeath of Larger Stars• Larger star expand into Supergiants.

–An extremely large star that creates elements as heavy as iron

• When fusion stops, they have a more dramatic death, a supernova.–A powerful explosion that occurs

when a massive star dies.

Supergiant Star

After a SupernovaAfter a Supernova• Two results:

1. Neutron Star- A dense dead star with surrounded by nebular gases

2. Black hole-An object so massive and dense that not even light can escape its gravity

The Solar System

16.3

View from the EarthView from the Earth

• Five planets can be seen from the Earth with the unaided eye:

• Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Mars, and Saturn

View from the EarthView from the Earth

• It was once thought that the Earth was the center and not the sun.

• Copernicus was the first to say the planets orbit the sun

http://www.gristmagazine.com/images/books/copernicus.jpg

View from the EarthView from the Earth

• Astronomer Kepler showed that planets orbit are ellipses not perfect circles.

• Galileo invented the telescope which helped prove Kepler and Copernicus correct.

PlanetsPlanets

• Any massive body of matter orbiting a star.

• planets do not give off their own light, they only reflect and absorb star light.

• This is why it is difficult for astronomers to discover planets.

• Planet Song

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfPEvKsme-c&feature=related

Inner PlanetsInner Planets

• Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

• Relatively small, have solid, rocky surfaces, and more dense.

MercuryMercury• Has extreme temperatures on the

surface because it spins very slowly on its axis.

• Has a cold side and hot side• Almost no atmosphere and no water.• Zero moons

http://gw.marketingden.com/planets/images/fullsize/mercury.jpg

VenusVenus• Hottest planet do to its very thick

atmosphere of CO2 and sulfuric acid (Extreme green house effect)

• Because of its atmosphere, it also reflects the most light.

• Sometimes called the “Morning/Evening Star”

• No moons

Venus the Venus the ““evening Starevening Star””

http://www.astro.univie.ac.at/~koprolin/Photo/Nightscape/Evening_Star.jpg

Morning StarMorning Star

EarthEarth

• Large amounts of water, rich stable atmosphere, and moderate stable temperatures give Earth perfect conditions to support life as we know it.

http://www.msss.com/earth/earth.gif

MarsMars

• Small amounts of water found at the poles.

• There may be underground water sources

• thin Atmosphere containing CO2• 2 moons

http://www.mpg.de/bilder/imprs/mars.jpg

Life on Mars???

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.nmia.com/~sphinx/images/mars/face.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nmia.com/~sphinx/mars_face.html&h=922&w=922&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmars%2Bface%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8

censor

censor

Asteroid BeltAsteroid Belt• Divides the inner planets from the

outer planets• Asteroid- A small rocky object that

orbits the sun. • Could one of these hit our planet?• Odds are small but possible

Meteorite Caught on Tape

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_2aX-784sw

Outer PlanetsOuter Planets• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune• Sorry Pluto• Larger, thick gaseous atmospheres.• Called Gas giants• No solid surface, very little density

JupiterJupiter• Big enough to hold 1300 Earths• Famous for the great red spot

(hurricane-like storm)• Atmosphere made up of H2 , He,

methane, and ammonia. • Has a thin ring • 16 moons

SaturnSaturn• Famous for its amazing rings• Rings are dust rock and ice• Atmosphere made up of H2 , He,

methane, and ammonia. • Has 18 moons

Uranus and NeptuneUranus and Neptune• Called the sister planets• Both are blue in color due to their

thick methane filled atmosphere • Uranus 20 moons and a thin ring• Neptune 8 moons and a thin ring

Neptune

PlutoPluto• Thin nitrogen atmosphere• Icy rocky, solid surface• Its orbit is at a different angle than the other planets.

• Now considered dwarf planet due to its smaller size

Neptune

Are Aliens Real?

Formation of the Solar Formation of the Solar SystemSystem

• Our solar system is 4.6 billion years old• Nebular Model Theory--a model that describes the sun forming

together out of a cloud of dust and gas--Inner planets formed from rocks and dust,

and the gas giants formed from gases farther out

MoonsMoons• Moons orbit planets• The moon are also called natural satellite

The Moon PhasesThe Moon Phases• Full• Cresent – less than half• Quarter- you see a half moon• Gibbous- you see more than half• New- moon not visible

EclipseEclipse• An event that occurs when one object passes into the shadow of another object

• Two types: solar and lunar

NeptuneLunar Eclipse

Solar Eclipse

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• universe song

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9219565167298104457&q=universe+song+animaniacs&total=8&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0

• fun

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjsJjLRFj9Y

The Universe and GalaxiesUniverseUniverse OccupantsMeasuring DistancesSlide Number 5Slide Number 6DistancesDistanceDistanceSlide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16GalaxiesSlide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Milky Way FactsMilky Way FactsSlide Number 23Galaxy TypesSpiralSlide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28EllipticalSlide Number 30Slide Number 31IrregularSlide Number 33Slide Number 34Galaxy ClustersSlide Number 36Universe is ExpandingSlide Number 38Universe is ExpandingSlide Number 40Universe is ExpandingSlide Number 42How the Universe was Created?How the Universe was Created?How the Universe was Created? How the Universe was Created? Big Bang Theory Big Bang TheorySlide Number 48Evidence of Big BangSlide Number 50Future of the UniverseFuture of the UniverseStars and the SunStarsSlide Number 55Slide Number 56StarsSlide Number 58Slide Number 59Slide Number 60Slide Number 61Slide Number 62Our SunStar Properties�1. BrightnessSlide Number 652. ColorSlide Number 673. Composition/Make-upSlide Number 69Spectral Lines from Different elements4. PowerMayor Layers of StarsSlide Number 73Life of a Star�Birth and the 1st 30 million yearsSlide Number 75Slide Number 76Mid-Life and the Next 5 billion Years The Death of a StarSlide Number 79The Death of a StarSlide Number 81Death of Larger StarsSlide Number 83Slide Number 84Slide Number 85Slide Number 86After a SupernovaSlide Number 88Slide Number 89Slide Number 90Slide Number 91Slide Number 92The Solar SystemView from the EarthView from the EarthSlide Number 96View from the EarthPlanetsSlide Number 99Inner PlanetsMercurySlide Number 102Slide Number 103VenusSlide Number 105Slide Number 106Slide Number 107Slide Number 108EarthSlide Number 110MarsSlide Number 112Slide Number 113Slide Number 114Slide Number 115Slide Number 116Slide Number 117Slide Number 118Asteroid BeltSlide Number 120Slide Number 121Slide Number 122Slide Number 123Slide Number 124Slide Number 125Slide Number 126Slide Number 127Meteorite Caught on TapeSlide Number 129Outer PlanetsJupiterSlide Number 132Slide Number 133Slide Number 134Saturn Slide Number 136Slide Number 137Uranus and Neptune Slide Number 139Slide Number 140Pluto Slide Number 142Slide Number 143Slide Number 144Are Aliens Real?Slide Number 146Slide Number 147Slide Number 148Slide Number 149Slide Number 150Slide Number 151Slide Number 152Slide Number 153Slide Number 154Slide Number 155Slide Number 156Slide Number 157Slide Number 158Formation of the Solar System MoonsThe Moon PhasesSlide Number 162EclipseSlide Number 164Slide Number 165Slide Number 166Slide Number 167Slide Number 168Slide Number 169Slide Number 170