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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA IBIYEYE AMINAT IDOWU FRSB 2014 7 OCCUPANCY SATISFACTION LEVEL AND VENTILATION BEHAVIOUR IN FIVE (5) TYPES OF HOUSING IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
IBIYEYE AMINAT IDOWU
FRSB 2014 7
OCCUPANCY SATISFACTION LEVEL AND VENTILATION BEHAVIOUR IN FIVE (5) TYPES OF HOUSING IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA
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OCCUPANCY SATISFACTION LEVEL AND VENTILATION
BEHAVIOUR IN FIVE (5) TYPES OF HOUSING IN PUTRAJAYA,
MALAYSIA
By
IBIYEYE AMINAT IDOWU
Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in
Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science
June, 2014
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COPYRIGHT
All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos,
icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of University Putra
Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained
within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder.
Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written
permission of University Putra Malaysia.
Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to Almighty Allah, He who taught Man by the pen and
taught him that which he knew not.
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment
of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
OCCUPANCY SATISFACTION LEVEL AND VENTILATION
BEHAVIOUR IN FIVE (5) TYPES OF HOUSING IN PUTRAJAYA,
MALAYSIA
By
IBIYEYE AMINAT IDOWU
June, 2014
Chairman: Dr. Mohamad Fakri Zaky Bin Ja'Afar
Faculty: Faculty of Design and Architecture
As individuals tend to attain desirable comfort level in their homes, the quality of
the indoor air in the home is being threatened. To attain this level of comfort,
occupants employ mechanical cooling strategy due to the high temperature and
humidity they experience. However this comfort could still be attained through
proper natural ventilation without jeopardising the indoor air quality (IAQ).
Although, natural ventilation has been revealed to be a good alternative to
mechanical cooling both from thermal comfort and IAQ perspectives, air-
conditioner (AC) usage is still prevalent in the home and occupants seldom utilise
natural ventilation through window openings. Numerous studies on the utilization of
natural ventilation in homes have been conducted but in depth studies of the natural
ventilation provisions and occupants’ behaviour towards these provisions in relation
to IAQ in hot-humid climate are still very limited. Therefore, this study aims to
investigate natural ventilation provisions of residential buildings in hot-humid
climate under different terraced house design types, with the following objectives: 1)
To identify natural ventilation provisions in selected housing design types with
reference to Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) requirements. 2) To determine the
ventilation rates delivered by the natural ventilation provisions in the selected
housing design types through computer simulation. 3) To assess occupants’
utilisation of natural ventilation provisions and their level of satisfaction by taking
into account the UBBL requirements and the ventilation rates of the building spaces.
Five house design types were selected in Putrajaya for the study and natural
ventilation provisions were identified through acquired building documents. A total
of 298 households from among the selected house design types were surveyed and
computer simulations with Integrated Environmental Solution <Virtual
Environment> (IES<VE>) were carried out on the entire house types to determine
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the ventilation rates. Two house design types were found not to comply with the
UBBL 10% window area requirement and the level of AC usage was high mostly in
the master bedroom. Respondents were found to open windows mostly during the
daytime and their level of satisfaction with indoor ventilation when utilizing natural
ventilation was found to be significantly related to opening sizes that are in
accordance with UBBL, longer duration of opening windows and means of
achieving comfort. From the simulation, house types that comply with UBBL 10%
window area requirement were found to exhibit higher ventilation rates due to their
large opening area. Findings from this study will shed more light on behavioural
pattern of occupants of residential buildings towards natural ventilation provisions
and highlight the importance of conforming to the law governing the provisions for
natural ventilation in residential buildings.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai
memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains
Penilaian tahap kepuasan penghuni rumah dan ciri-ciri pengudaraan di lima
(5) jenis perumahan di Putrajaya, Malaysia
By
IBIYEYE AMINAT IDOWU
Jun, 2014
Pengerusi: Dr. Mohamad Fakri Zaky Bin Ja'Afar
Fakulti: Fakulti Rekabentuk dan Senibina
Sebagaimana setiap individu cenderung untuk mencapai tahap keselesaan yang
diimpikan untuk kediaman mereka, kualiti udara di dalam ruang kediaman sering
diabaikan. Untuk mencapai tahap keselesaan tersebut, penghuni rumah
menggunakan strategi penyamanan mekanikal untuk meredakan suhu tinggi dan
kelembapan yang mereka alami. Walaubagaimanapun, kenyamanan udara ini
sebenarnya mampu dicapai melalui rekabentuk pengudaraan semulajadi yang betul
tanpa mengorbankan kualiti udara dalam rumah (Indoor Air Quality-IAQ).
Walaupun pengudaraan semulajadi telah terbukti menjadi alternatif terbaik kepada
penyamanan mekanikal bagi mengatasi kepanasan dan perspektif IAQ, penggunaan
penyaman udara masih menjadi kelaziman di dalam rumah dan penghuni rumah
jarang menggunakan pengudaraan semulajadi melalui pembukaan tingkap.
Kebanyakan kajian ke atas penggunaan pengudaraan semulajadi telah dijalankan
namun kajian mendalam terhadap pengudaraan semulajadi yang tersedia dan sikap
penghuni rumah terhadap kemudahan ini berkaitan dengan IAQ dalam cuaca panas
dan lembap adalah masih terhad. Oleh itu, kajian ini adalah untuk menyiasat
pengudaraan semujadi tersedia untuk premis kediaman dalam cuaca panas dan
lembap bagi pelbagai jenis rekabentuk rumah teres, dengan objektif berikut: 1)
Untuk menilai pengudaraan semulajadi bagi jenis rekabentuk rumah terpilih dengan
berpandukan syarat UBBL. 2) Untuk menentukan kadar pengudaraan yang diberikan
oleh pengudaraan semulajadi tersedia bagi jenis rekabentuk rumah terpilih melalui
simulasi komputer. 3) Untuk menyiasat penggunaan pengudaraan semulajadi oleh
penghuni rumah dan tahap kepuasan mereka dengan mengambil kira keperluan
UBBL dan kadar pengudaraan ruang bangunan. Lima jenis rekabentuk rumah telah
terpilih di sekitar Putrajaya untuk kajian ini dan jenis pengudaraan semulajadi
tersedia dikenalpasti daripada dokumen bangunan. Kajian dijalankan ke atas 298
rumah daripada jenis rekabentuk rumah terpilih dan simulasi komputer dengan
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menggunakan aturcara Intergrated Environment Solution <Virtual Environment>
(IES<VE>) telah dijalankan ke atas kesemua jenis rumah untuk menentukan kadar
pengudaraan. Dua jenis rekabentuk rumah didapati tidak mematuhi UBBL yang
mengkehendaki keperluan 10% ruang untuk tingkap dan tahap penggunaan
penghawa dingin adalah tinggi terutamanya di bilik tidur utama. Penghuni kediaman
didapati membuka tingkap pada waktu siang dan tahap kepuasan terhadap
pengudaraan dalam rumah apabila menggunakan pengudaraan semulajadi adalah
berkait secara signifikan dengan saiz pembukaan runag pengudaraan yang tertakluk
dengan UBBL, tempoh pembukaan tingkap yang lama dan bermaksud untuk
mencapai keselesaan. Dari keputusan simulasi, jenis rumah yang mematuhi
peraturan 10% ruang tingkap UBBL mempamerkan kadar pengudaraan yang lebih
tinggi disebabkan ruang pembukaan lebih luas. Hasil dari kajian ini akan
menjelaskan corak kelakuan penghuni premis kediaman terhadap pengudaraan
semulajadi tersedia dan menekankan kepentingan mematuhi piawai yang ditetapkan
untuk penyediaan ruang pengudaraan semulajadi bagi bangunan kediaman.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would never have been able to finish my study without the guidance of Almighty
Allah, my committee members, help from friends, and support from my family.
I will like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair Dr. Mohamad
Fakri Zaky Bin Ja'Afar for his guidance, care, patience, and providing me with an
excellent atmosphere for doing my research. I would like to thank my supervisory
committee member Dr. Zalina Shari, whom Allah chose as guidance for me
throughout the course of my study. I am grateful for your constant help and support.
I would like to thank Maszura Abdul Ghafar and Nurhidayah Mohd Radzi who as
good friends were always willing to help. It would not have been a smooth ride
without the two of them. Many thanks to Mohd Amirul Hussain, Mustaza Fabri
Amir, and Ronizam Ahmad who took their time to help during the data collection
stages and Mr. Husam Abdul Fatah Haron for his guidance and contribution. My
appreciation also goes to all staffs and members of the Faculty of Design and
Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia for their hospitality.
I would also like to thank my parents, in-laws and my siblings who have always
supported me and encouraged me with their prayers. Finally, I would like to thank
my husband, who has always been there for me, cheering me up and stood by me
through the good and bad times. He has always been a source of inspiration for me.
This work was supported by the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education, under
Exploratory Research Grant Scheme (ERGS/1/11/SSI/UPM/01/8).
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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 4th June, 2014 to conduct
the final examination of Ibiyeye Aminat Idowu on her thesis entitled “Occupancy
satisfaction level and ventilation behavior in five types of housing in Putrajaya,
Malaysia” in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971
and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998.
The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Master of Science.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Kamariah bint Dola, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Design and Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Lar. Suhardi bin Maulan, PhD
Faculty of Design and Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Nangkula Utaberta, PhD
Associate Professor. Ir.
Faculty of Design and Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Abdul Malek Abdul Rahman, PhD
Associate Professor
School of Housing, Building and Planning
Universiti Sains Malaysia
(External Examiner)
NORITAH OMAR, PhD
Associate Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 21 July 2014
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Master of Science. The
members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Mohamad Fakri Zaky Bin Ja'Afar, PhD
Department of Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Zalina Shari, PhD
Department of Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
BUJANG KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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DECLARATION
Declaration by Graduate Student
I hereby confirm that:
this thesis is my original work;
quotations, illustrations and citations have been duly referenced;
this thesis has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any other
degree at any institutions;
intellectual property from the thesis and copyright of thesis are fully-owned by
Universiti Putra Malaysia as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Research) Rules 2012;
written permission must be obtained from supervisor and Deputy Vice–
chancellor (Research and innovation) before thesis is published (in the form of
written, printed or in electronic form) including books, journals, modules,
proceedings, popular writings, seminar papers, manuscripts, posters, reports,
lecture notes, learning modules or any other materials as stated in the Universiti
Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;
there is no plagiarism or data falsification/fabrication in the thesis and scholarly
integrity was upheld as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate
Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) and the Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Research) Rules 2012. The thesis has undergone plagiarism detection software
Signature: ------------------------------- Date: 4 June, 2014
Name and Matric No: IBIYEYE AMINAT IDOWU (GS32280)
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Declaration by Members of Supervisory Committee
This is to confirm that:
the research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under our
supervision
Supervision responsibilities as stated in Rule 41 in Rules 2003 (Revision
2012- 2013) were adhered to.
Signature -------------------------------
Name of
Chairman of
Supervisory Committee: Mohamad Fakri
Zaky Bin Ja'Afar, PhD
Signature -------------------------------
Name of
Member of
Supervisory Committee: Zalina Shari, PhD
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT viii
APPROVAL ix
DECLARATION xi
LIST OF TABLES xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Main research question 4
1.3.1 Sub research questions 4
1.4 Research objectives 4
1.5 Significance of the study 5
1.6 Thesis structure 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Ventilation 7
2.2.1 Purpose of ventilation 7
2.3 Thermal comfort 8
2.3.1 Thermal indices 8
2.4 Indoor air quality 10
2.4.1 Inorganic contaminants 10
2.4.2 Contaminants generated by combustion 10
2.4.3 Organic contaminants 11
2.4.4 Biological contaminants 11
2.5 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in residential buildings 12
2.5.1 Indoor Air Quality standards 12
2.5.2 Air exchange rate (ACH) 14
2.5.3 Factors influencing ACH 16
2.6 Natural ventilation 17
2.6.1 Air pressure ventilation or wind force 17
2.6.2 Stack effect ventilation or thermal force 19
2.6.3 Factors influencing wind flow in natural ventilation 20
2.6.4 Occupants’ satisfaction regarding ventilation in
residential buildings
21
2.6.5 Occupants’ ventilation behavior 21
2.7 Natural ventilation and IAQ studies in residential
buildings
22
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2.7.1 Studies in Southeast Asia 23
2.7.2 Studies in Malaysia 24
2.8 Chapter summary and Research gap 27
3 METHODS 30
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Research methodology 30
3.2.1 Malaysian residential buildings 31
3.2.2 Malaysian terraced houses 32
3.3 Study area 33
3.4 House selection and design review 33
3.4.1 Window/floor area percentage 35
3.4.2 Description of the five (5) selected house types 35
3.5 Computer simulation 38
3.5.1 Stage 1: Geometry generation 38
3.5.2 Stage 2: Natural ventilation analysis 40
3.5.3 Stage 3: Running the simulation 41
3.5.4 Result viewer 41
3.6 Questionnaire survey 42
3.6.1 Sample selection 42
3.6.2 Survey instrument 43
3.6.2.1 General questions 43
3.6.2.2 Means of achieving comfort 43
3.6.2.3 Occupants’ ventilation behaviour 43
3.6.2.4 Evaluation of natural ventilation and
occupants’ level of satisfaction
44
3.6.3 Pilot study 44
3.6.4 Procedure for conducting the survey 45
3.6.5 Data analysis 47
3.6.6 Ordinal regression 48
3.7 Chapter summary 49
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 50
4.1 Introduction 50
4.2 Results 50
4.2.1 Review of window designs 50
4.2.2 Computer simulation results 54
4.2.3 Survey results 58
4.2.3.1 Demographic characteristics 58
4.2.3.2 Occupants’ means of achieving comfort 58
4.2.3.3 Occupants’ ventilation behaviour 63
4.2.3.4 Reasons for opening and not opening
windows
67
4.2.3.5 Evaluation of natural ventilation and
occupants’ level of satisfaction
69
4.2.3.6 General comments 69
4.2.3.7 Regression Analysis 70
4.3 Discussion 73
4.3.1 Ventilation provisions in accordance with UBBL 73
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requirements
4.3.2 Occupants’ ventilation behavior 74
4.3.3 Level of satisfaction with indoor ventilation 75
4.4 Chapter summary 77
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 78
5.1 Conclusions 78
5.2 Future research 82
REFERENCES 83
APPENDICES 97
BIODATA OF STUDENT 120
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 121
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Ventilation air requirement (L/s) 12
2.2 List of indoor air contaminants and the acceptable limits 13
2.3 Minimum ventilation rates in breathing zone 15
2.4 Summary of natural ventilation and IAQ studies in South-East Asia 24
3.1 Design classification of house types and their total number of units 34
3.2 Total floor area of living spaces in all house design types 36
3.3 Monthly dry and wet bulb temperature, Kuala Lumpur Subang. 39
3.4 Classification of house design types and total questionnaire
distributed and collected
42
4.1 Window design and window/floor area percentage of the studied
living spaces in each house types 53
4.2 Simulation results for when windows are left open at all times 54
4.3 Simulation results for when windows are opened between 6 AM–10
PM
56
4.4 Occupants demographic characteristics 58
4.5 Frequent distribution of the means of achieving comfort in living
spaces amongst respondents who owned AC
61
4.6 Percentage distribution of respondents by duration of opening
windows in all living spaces
66
4.7 Mean response of occupants’ evaluation of natural ventilation in
respect to perception of indoor humidity, perceived air, indoor
temperature and level of satisfaction
69
4.8 Ordinal Regression for occupants' level of satisfaction 71
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1.1 Vent blocks used to create the 5% unobstructed air passage 3
1.2 Flow steps of research 6
2.1 Single sided ventilation 18
2.2 Cross ventilation 18
2.3 Stack effect in buildings 19
2.4 Theoretical framework 29
3.1 Malaysia housing stock 31
3.2 General modifications to the terraced house design 32
3.3 Five terraced house design types 34
3.4 Description of the five selected house types 37
3.5 Wind rose, Kuala Lumpur Subang, Malaysia 40
3.6 Location of the selected house design types 46
3.7 Survey enumerators on site 47
4.1 Window design in the house types 51
4.2 Distribution of respondents by AC ownership 59
4.3 Distribution of respondents by AC ownership in house types 60
4.4 Distribution of respondents by AC ownership in living spaces 60
4.5 Frequency of operating AC in the living spaces 62
4.6 Distribution of respondents by opening windows in the living
spaces
63
4.7 Frequency of window opening in the living spaces 65
4.8 Reasons for opening windows 67
4.9 Reasons for not opening windows 68
5.1 Louvered windows 81
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A Building design plans 99
B Description of Computer simulation and IES<VE> 104
C 3D geometry of selected house types 107
D Macroflo result output 112
E Questionnaire 115
F Letters of permission to chairman of residents association 119
G House type 5 with 5% provided unobstructed opening 121
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACH Air Changes Rate per Hour
AC Air Conditioning
ASHRAE American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-
conditioning Engineers
Btu British thermal units
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
cfm Cubic feet metre
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
DOSH Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia
HVAC Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
IAQ Indoor Air Quality
IES<VE> Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment
l/s Litres per seconds
LVAQ Limit Value for Air Quality
MCPIAQ Malaysian Industrial Code of Practice on Indoor Air
Quality
m3 Cubic metre
m3/h Cubic metre per hour
m/s Metres per seconds
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
OR Odds Ratio
ppm Parts per million
PPV Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied
PM Particulate Matter
PMV Predicted Mean Vote
SE Standard Error
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
TVOCs Total Volatile Organic Compounds
UBBL Uniform Building By-Law
US EIA United State Energy Information Administration
US EPA United State Environmental Protection Agency
WHO World Health Organization
3D Three Dimensional 0C Degree Celsius
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Occupants of residential buildings in a hot-humid climatic region depend highly on
mechanical cooling technologies to achieve thermal comfort (Kubota et al., 2009).
However, numerous studies have revealed that people in hot-humid climatic regions can
accommodate high temperatures and in fact, adequate comfort can be achieved through
natural ventilation (de Dear, 2004; Feriadi and Wong, 2004; Nicol, 2004; Yang and
Zhang, 2008; Peeters et al., 2009; Cândido et al., 2010; Wei et al., 2011; Yau et al.,
2011; Nguyen et al., 2012). Although these studies were able to prove the adaptive
ability of people in hot-humid regions to high temperatures, the rate of air-conditioning
ownership and usage is still very high.
Since air-conditioners consume a lot of energy, energy consumption needs to be
controlled. Thus, in an attempt to increase energy efficiency with the use of mechanical
cooling in buildings, houses have been built to be air tight to prevent leakage of cool
draft through the building’s skin (Nielsen and Drivsholm, 2010; Lee et al., 2012). Air
tightness in buildings has limited the free passage of air in and out of the indoor
environment causing a reduction in ventilation rates (Nantka, 2006). Moreover, studies
have shown that this reduction in ventilation rates results in the deterioration of the
indoor air quality and has been reported to lead to various health related issues such as
sick building syndrome, and the occurrence of asthma and other respiratory diseases
(Guo et al., 2008; Zuraimi and Tham, 2008; Aizat et al., 2009; Fisk et al., 2009; Lee et
al., 2012). Therefore, there is a need to strike a balance between energy efficiency,
thermal comfort, and indoor air quality. Natural ventilation can be considered in this
aspect, as it has been revealed to have a good potential in delivering acceptable thermal
comfort for both tropical and temperate climates (Haase and Amato, 2009). It is also a
natural means of saving energy and an effective passive strategy to improve indoor air
quality (Hooff and Blocken, 2010; Yusoff, et al, 2010; van Hooff, et al., 2011;
Bangalee, et al., 2012; Haw, et al., 2012; Saadatian, et al., 2012).
Natural ventilation has been studied all over the world with regards to energy
conservation (Kubota and Ahmad, 2006; Yik and Lun, 2010; Prajongsan and Sharples,
2012), acceptable thermal comfort (Kubota et al., 2009; Abdullah and Wang, 2012;
Prajongsan and Sharples, 2012), and also as a means of improving indoor air quality
(Qiming et al., 2010; Sekhar and Goh, 2011; Haw et al., 2012). However, with the
prevalence of sick building syndrome, absence from work and the concern for workers’
productivity, natural ventilation studies in relation to IAQ has been centered mostly on
industries, offices, and commercial buildings. Fewer studies have been carried out on
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residential buildings, particularly in hot and humid climatic regions. Whereas, the
climatic conditions (hot-humid) and the increasing need to make the indoor
environment confortable for occupants’ health and wellbeing should have necessitated
more studies in residential buildings. Therefore, this research will focus on natural ventilation in residential buildings in the
hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Natural ventilation provisions and occupants’ behaviour
towards these provisions will be evaluated. Furthermore, natural ventilation in relation
to IAQ will be studied by evaluating the ventilation rates achieved through the present
provisions for natural ventilation in the studied residential buildings.
1.2 Problem statement
Residential building design in Malaysia, according to Said et al. (2004), neglects the
need for natural ventilation and this has led occupants to resort to alternative means (i.e.
mechanical cooling). Kubota (2006) recorded that air-conditioning (AC) usage in
Malaysian homes account for 60% and 70% in terraced and detached houses
respectively. Furthermore, Kubota and Ahmad (2005a) revealed that individual terraced
houses owned an average of 2.3 AC units, and 1.9 units per household in other housing
types (Kubota, 2006). He further predicted a higher level of AC ownership with an
increase in the annual household income of occupants. Although 80% of occupants in
residential buildings utilise window openings during the day time according to Kubota
(2006), and Kubota and Ahmad (2005b), AC usage is still prevalent in Malaysian
residential buildings. This prevalent use of AC despite occupants’ appropriate
ventilation behaviour, indicates that occupants are not satisfied with ventilating their
homes merely by opening windows.
Consequently, Malaysian residential buildings have been reported to provide window
openings that do not fulfill the Uniform Building By-law (UBBL) requirements
(Hanafiah, 2005; Ahmad et al., 2011). In Malaysia, the UBBL 1984 law 39 (1) dictates
the standard opening areas in residential buildings both for lighting and ventilation; it
stipulates that “Every room designed, adapted, or used for residential [purposes]...shall
be provided with natural lighting and ventilation by means of one or more windows,
having a total area of not less than 10% of the clear floor area of such room and shall
have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air not less than 5%
of such floor area.” It can be seen in Figure 1.1 that the 5% uninterrupted openings are
sometimes ignored.
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Figure 1.1. Vent blocks used to create the 5% unobstructed air passage
A: at the rear side of the building. B: at window tops. C: 5% air passage ignored
(Source: author).
In addition, studies have shown that naturally ventilated residential buildings in
Malaysia are still found to exhibit indoor climatic (temperature and humidity)
conditions and contaminant levels that are not acceptable within the recommended
range for acceptable IAQ (Ahmed et al., 2004; Muhamad-darus et al., 2011). With less
satisfaction on the part of occupant despite the fact that most of them open their
windows to ventilate their homes, there is therefore a need to investigate the natural
ventilation provisions in Malaysian residential buildings in relation to the law (UBBL)
governing them. It is also necessary to study the IAQ of these buildings in terms of the
ventilation rates delivered by these natural ventilation provisions. This study intends to
investigate the present provisions for natural ventilation in selected residential buildings
in Malaysia, and the effect of non-conformity to the natural ventilation provision
stipulated in the UBBL in terms of occupants’ responses to these provisions and the
delivered ventilation rates.
A
C
B
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1.3 Main research question:
What is the performance of natural ventilation provisions in Malaysian residential
buildings?
1.3.1 Sub research questions:
I. To what extent are natural ventilation provisions in Malaysian residential
buildings complied with the UBBL requirements?
II. What is the effectiveness of the existing natural ventilation provisions in relation
to indoor ventilation rates?
III. To what extent do occupants utilise the provided natural ventilation provisions
and what are the factors that contribute to their satisfaction with indoor
ventilation when utilizing natural ventilation?
1.4 Research Objectives
Therefore, this study aims to investigate natural ventilation provisions of residential
buildings in hot-humid climate under different terraced house design types, with the
following objectives:
I. To identify natural ventilation provisions in selected housing design types with
reference to Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) requirements.
II. To determine the ventilation rates delivered by the natural ventilation provisions
in the selected housing design types through computer simulation.
III. To assess occupants’ utilisation of natural ventilation provisions and their level
of satisfaction by taking into account the UBBL requirements and the ventilation
rates of the building spaces.
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1.5 Significance of study
This study intends to uncover the current practice of natural ventilation in Malaysian
residential buildings and the pattern of ventilation behaviour among occupants of
different households. Consequently, the study intends to reveal the conformity of
natural ventilation provision with UBBL and its implications for occupants’ level of
satisfaction with indoor ventilation when utilizing natural ventilation in their homes.
Furthermore, the study looks into the effectiveness of these ventilation provisions by
studying their delivered ventilation rates in each house design types. Findings from this
study will inform house designers on the importance of the required law governing the
natural ventilations in residential buildings. It is also expected that the findings will
highlight the need for a strict effective enforcement of UBBL compliance for the
purpose of building approvals.
1.6 Thesis structure
This thesis is organised into five chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the study. It
includes a background on natural ventilation, statement of the problem, objectives and
methodology. Chapter 2 reviews issues related to literature on natural ventilation and
indoor air quality (IAQ) to reveal the research gaps to be filled. It also reviews the
major studies that have been undertaking in the past for evaluating natural ventilation
provisions in Malaysian terraced houses. The research methodologies adopted for the
analysis are discussed in detail in chapter 3. Chapter 4 analyses and discusses the
findings from all data collection methods. Chapter 5 concludes the main findings in
accordance with the objectives of the study, and it also outlines potential future
research. The flow steps of the research are presented in figure 1.2.
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Figure 1.2. Flow steps of research
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Motivation and justification of study
Problem identification
Research gap
Hypothesis
STEP 1
Design review and observation
STEP 3
Questionnaire survey
STEP 2
Computer simulation
Sub-RQ1
Sub-RQ2
Ventilation
provisions in
accordance with
UBBL
Ventilation
rates
Occupants’
ventilation
behaviour
Occupants’
Level of
satisfaction
Conclusion Further studies
PROCEDURE OUTCOME
Sub-RQ3
Objective 1
Objective 2
Objective 3
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