UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS ON BULUHMADU (GIGANTOCHLOA ALBOCILIATA (MUNRO) KURZ)

FOR SHOOT PRODUCTION

JOHAR BIN MOHAMED

FH 2012 20

© COPYRIG

HT UPMEFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS ON

BULUH MADU (GIGANTOCHLOA ALBOCILIATA(MUNRO) KURZ) FOR SHOOT PRODUCTION

JOHAR BIN MOHAMED

MASTER OF SCIENCEUNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

2012

© COPYRIG

HT UPMEFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS ON BULUH MADU

(GIGANTOCHLOA ALBOCILIATA (MUNRO) KURZ) FOR SHOOT PRODUCTION

By

JOHAR BIN MOHAMED

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,in Fulfilment of the Requirement for Degree of Master of Science

November 2012

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

ii

Special dedicated to

My Mother and Father

My Brothers and Sisters

My Beloved Wife

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

iii

Abstract of thesis to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science

EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS ON BULUH MADU(GIGANTOCHLOA ALBOCILIATA (MUNRO) KURZ) FOR SHOOT PRODUCTION

By

JOHAR BIN MOHAMED

November 2012

Chairman : Associate Professor Azmy Bin Hj. Mohamed, Phd

Faculty : Forestry

Bamboo recources in Malaysia are limited and usually acquired from forest wildly and also

small scale bamboo plantation. It has high potential and demand in the local market and

worldwide. Most of the bamboo shoots in the local market are still being imported from other

countries, especially China, Taiwan and Thailand. Therefore, this study was carried out to

determine the best Silviculture treatment (planting technique, fertilizer regime, harvesting

method) and their interaction for commercial shoot production. 480 seedlings were arranged

using Split-Split-Plot design while the data was analyzed using SPSS 12.0. The parameters

were number of culm, heigh of culm, number of shoot, height of shoot and weight of shoot.

There are significant difference p at ≤0.05 level for fertilizer regime; which chicken dung give

highest of all parameters compared to NPK. Harvesting method showed significant difference

at p ≤0.05 with 51%-75 % harvesting method for number of culm and height of clump, but no

significant for number of shoot, height of shoot and weight of shoot. Planting technique also

showed significant difference at p ≤0.05 level for height of clump but no significant different

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

iv

for other parameter. However, there was significant difference at p ≤0.05 level for interaction

between harvesting method and planting technique for number of culm and height of clump.

The significant difference also showed for interaction between fertilizer regime and planting

technique for shoots parameters. Rainfall have high effect to bamboo shoot production.

Commercial bamboo plantation for shoot production need a good irrigation system for water

supply, using chicken dung (organic fertilizer), control harvesting method with range 51 % -

75 % harvesting for sustainable yield and maintained residues.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

v

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains

KESAN RAWATAN SILVIKULTUR TERHADAP BULUH MADU (GIGANTOCHLOA ALBOCILIATA (MUNRO) KURZ) UNTUK PENGELUARAN

REBUNG

Oleh

JOHAR BIN MOHAMED

November 2012

Pengerusi : Profesor Madya Azmy Bin Hj. Mohamed, Phd

Fakulti : Perhutanan

Sumber buluh di Malaysia adalah terhad dan biasanya diperolehi daripada buluh yang tumbuh

liar di hutan dan juga dari ladang buluh berskala kecil. Ia mempunyai potensi dan permintaan

dalam pasaran tempatan dan antarabangsa. Kebanyakan rebung di pasaran tempatan masih

diimport dari negara-negara lain terutamanya dari China, Taiwan dan Thailand. Sehubungan

itu, kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk menilai rawatan silvikultur yang terbaik (teknik

penanaman, regim baja dan kaedah penuaian) dan interaksi diantara rawatan-rawatan

silvikultur tersebut untuk penghasulan rebung secara komersial. 480 anak benih telah disusun

menggunakan rekabentuk Split Split-Plot dan kemudian data dinalisis menggunakan perisian

SPSS 12.0. Parameter yang di gunakan ialah bilangan batang, tinggi batang, bilangan rebung,

tinggi rebung dan berat rebung. Terdapat perbezaan yang ketara pada aras p ≤0.05 untuk rejim

baja; tahi ayam memberikan hasil tertinggi terhadap semua parameter berbanding NPK.

Kaedah penuaian menunjukkan perbezaan yang ketara pada aras p ≤0.05 dengan kaedah

penuaian 51 % -75 % untuk bilangan batang buluh dan ketinggian rumpun, tetapi tidak ketara

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

vi

untuk bilangan rebung, ketinggian rebung, dan berat rebung. Teknik penanaman juga

menunjukkan perbezaan yang jelas pada aras p ≤0.05 untuk ketinggian rumpun tetapi tiada

perbezaan yang ketara bagi parameter lain. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat perbezaan yang

ketara pada aras p ≤0.05 untuk interaksi antara kaedah penuaian dan teknik menanam

terhadap bilanagan batang buluh dan ketinggian rumpun buluh. Perbezaan yang ketara juga

didapati daripada interaksi antara rejim baja dan teknik penanaman bagi parameter-parameter

rebung. Jumlah hujan memberi kesan yang tinggi kepada pengeluaran rebung. Perladangan

komersial buluh untuk pengeluaran rebung memerlukan sistem pengairan yang baik untuk

bekalan air, dengan menggunakan tahi ayam (baja organik), kaedah kawalan penuaian dengan

julat 51% - 75% penuaian untuk pengeluaran yang berterusan dan mampan serta untuk dirian

tinggal.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, the Almighty...

Firstly, the highest gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof Dr. Azmy Bin Hj. Mohamed for his

guidance, assistancee, advice and comments through this study. His valuable comments,

support, counseling and encouragement gave me guidance for the complition of this study.

I am greatly indebted to my committee members Assoc. Prof Dr. Zaidon Bin Ashaari for their

assistance, suggestion, valueble comments, encouragements and moral support during this

study.

Sincere thanks to all the lecturers and staff of the faculty especially Dr. Mohd Roslan Bin

Mohd Kassim for his help, assistance and support.

My deepest appreciation and thanks to my father Mohamed Bin Sayuti, my mother Azizah

Binti Aziz and my wife Nor Hashimah binti Anuar for their love, concern, encouragement,

constructive comments and continuous support. Special thanks and appreciation to my

brothers and also my sister for their concern, inspiration and strong support in my study.

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii

APPROVAL

I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 20 November 2012 to conduct the final examination of Johar Bin Mohamed on his thesis entitled “Effect of Silvicultural Treatments on Buluh Madu (Gigantochloa albociliata) for Shoot Production” in accordance with the Universities and Univerty Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U (A) 106] 15 Mac 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be award the Master of Science.

Member of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:

Ebil Yusof, PhDSenior LecturerFaculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Chairman)

Mohd Nazre Saleh@Japri, PhDAssocciate ProfessorFaculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Internal Examiner)

Mohd Zaki Hamzah, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Internal Examiner)

Ab Rasip Ab Ghani, PhDChairmanGaharu Emas PlantationKoperasi Gaharu Rawang Bhd (KGRB)(External Examiner)

________________________SEOW HENG FONG, PhDProfessor and Deputy DeanSchool of Graduate StudiesUniversiti Putra Malaysia

Date:

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix

This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Azmy Hj. Mohamed, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Chairman)

Zaidon Ashaari, PhDProfessorFaculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Member)

_____________________________BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhDProfessor and DeanSchool of Graduate StudiesUniversiti Putra Malaysia

Date:

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotation and citation which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has no previously, or concurrently for any degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or other institutions.

______________________JOHAR BIN MOHAMED

Date: 20th November 2012

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DEDICATION iiABSTRACT iiiABSTRAK vACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viiAPPROVAL viiiDECLARATION xLIST OF TABLES xiiiLIST OF FIGURES xivLIST OF PLATES xv

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Bamboo Shoot 41.2 Problem statement 41.3 Objectives 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Bamboo 8

2.1.1 Bamboo Usage 92.1.2 Bamboo Characteristic 102.1.3 Bamboo Stand 13

2.2 Bamboo Shoot’s Nutrient 152.3 Market and Demand of Bamboo 162.4 Management of Bamboo Stand 182.5 Gigantochloa albociliata (Buluh madu) 212.6 Silviculture regime 25

2.6.1 Propagation and Planting 252.6.2 Fertilizer 27

2.6.2.1 Manures (Chicken Dung) as Organic Fertilizer 29

2.6.2.2 NPK as Chemical Fertilizer 312.6.3 Harvesting 33

2.7 Soil 342.7.1 The Influence of Soil in Plant Growth 342.7.2 Physical and chemical characteristic of soil 35

3 METHODOLOGY3.1 Study Area 37

3.1.1 Description of Study Area 373.2 Planting Material 383.3 Silvicultural teratment 40

3.3.1 Planting Technique 41

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii

3.3.2 Fertilizer Regime 423.3.3 Harvesting Method 43

3.4 Experimental Design 443.5 Data Collection 483.6 Data Analysis 49

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION4.1 Introduction 504.2 One Silviculture Treatment

4.2.1 Planting Technique 504.2.2 Fertilizer Regime 514.2.3 Harvesting Method 52

4.3 Two Silviculture Treatments 534.3.1 Interaction between Fertilizer Regimes with

Harvesting Method 534.3.2 Interaction between Fertilizer Regimes with

Planting Techniques 544.3.3 Interaction between Harvesting Method with

Planting Techniques 55

4.4 Three Silviculture Treatments 564.5 Rainfall 574.6 Soil Physical Propperties 604.7 Discussion 60

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 Conclusion 645.2 Recommendation 64

REFERENCES 68APPENDICES

APPENDIX A 75APPENDIX B 77APPENDIX C 81APPENDIX D 82APPENDIX E 83APPENDIX F 84

BIODATA OF STUDENT 85