UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
MOHD ZAKARIA HJ HAMZAH
FH 2012 15
EVALUATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES FOR CONSERVATION AND RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES IN GREENWAY DEVELOPMENT OF SETIU
WETLAND, MALAYSIA
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EVALUATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES FOR CONSERVATION AND RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES IN GREENWAY DEVELOPMENT OF SETIU
WETLAND, MALAYSIA
By
MOHD ZAKARIA HJ HAMZAH
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
September 2012
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master Science
EVALUATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES FOR CONSERVATION AND RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES IN GREENWAY DEVELOPMENT OF SETIU
WETLAND, MALAYSIA
By
MOHD ZAKARIA HJ. HAMZAH
September 2012
Chairman : Ebil Yusof, PhD Faculty : Forestry
Setiu Wetland is a unique nine inter-connected ecosystem that offers great
opportunities for both recreation and wildlife conservation in Terengganu.
However, conservation on the area is limited due to habitat fragmentation.
Sustainable management is a possible solution to the problem. Such
development may also support the State Government of Terengganu in terms of
increasing revenue (or benefits) through ecotourism. The purpose of this study
was to identify the greenway zone in Setiu Wetland, Terengganu for wildlife
conservation and recreation opportunities using the greenway conceptual
diagram model with the adaption of conceptual relation framework of wildlife
conservation and recreation opportunities. The objective will be achieved
through determination of vegetation and habitat mapping of Setiu Wetland,
estimation of wildlife diversity, examination and comparison of wildlife
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composition between sites, examining the recreational resources in the area,
and to propose the location to be zoned as greenway system on Setiu Wetland.
Evaluations were made on 12 potential sites in Setiu Wetland consisting
Avicennia-ceriops, beach forest/Casuarina, coconut, mixed-mangrove and peat
swamp habitats. Point-count methods, Sherman traps, casual observations and
RRI were conducted on the sites. Data analysis involved the application of
MVSP, Neighbour clustering technique and chi-square test. Based on the
number of wildlife, their diversities, habitats density and the recreation resources
found in the areas, the sites S1, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, and S10 were chosen
to be the hubs of greenway, while S2, S3, S11 and S12 the links which connect
these hubs from one to another to complete the greenway system. The results
also indicated that there is a relationship between wildlife conservation and
recreation opportunities in Setiu Wetland. Landscape linearity, connectivity and
biodiversity not only provide conservation of wildlife in the area but also
opportunities for recreation, ecotourism and nature study. Hence the
implementation of greenway zone in Setiu Wetland is seen as highly feasible.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Sarjana Sains
PENILAIAN SUMBER SEMULAJADI UNTUK KONSERVASI DAN PELUANG REKREASI DALAM PEMBANGUNAN ‘LALUAN-HIJAU’ DI TANAH BENCAH
SETIU, MALAYSIA
Oleh
MOHD ZAKARIA HJ. HAMZAH
September 2012
Pengerusi : Ebil Yusof, PhD Fakulti : Perhutanan
Tanah Bencah Setiu adalah sebuah ekosistem ‘sembilan-bersambungan’ yang
unik, menawarkan peluang rekreasi dan konservasi hidupan liar yang berpotensi
di Terengganu. Bagaimanapun, konservasi di kawasan ini terhad disebabkan
pemecahan habitat. Pengurusan mapan berkemungkinan merupakan satu
penyelesaian terhadap masalah ini. Ia juga boleh membantu Kerajaan Negeri
Terengganu dalam usaha meningkatkan hasil negeri melalui ekopelancongan.
Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti zon ‘laluan-hijau’ di Setiu untuk tujuan
konservasi hidupan liar dan peluang rekreasi dengan menggunakan konsep
model diagram ‘laluan-hijau’ serta mengadaptasi konsep hubungan antara
konservasi hidupan liar dan peluang rekreasi. Objektif ini akan dicapai melalui
penentuan vegetasi dan pemetaan habitat, penilaian kepelbagaian dan
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perbandingan komposisi hidupan liar antara kawasan, mengkaji sumber-sumber
rekreasi dan mencadangkan lokasi yang akan dizonkan sebagai ‘laluan–hijau’ di
situ. Penilaian telah dibuat di 12 lokasi berpotensi yang terdiri daripada habitat
Avicennia-ceriops, hutan pantai, kelapa, bakau-campuran dan paya gambut
dengan menggunakan kaedah bilang-titik, Perangkap Sherman, pemerhatian
kasual, Survei tinjauan dan Inventori Sumber Rekreasi (RRI). Analisis statistik
seperti Pakej Statistik Multivariat, Teknik Kluster Berjiran, dan Ujian Chi-square
telah digunakan. Berdasarkan bilangan dan kepelbagaian hidupan liar,
kepadatan habitat dan sumber rekreasi yang ada, kawasan S1, S4, S5, S6, S7,
S8, S9, dan S10 dipilih sebagai hub-hub ‘laluan-hijau’, manakala S2, S3, S11
dan S12 pula dijadikan sebagai penghubung yang menghubung kesemua hub
tersebut. Kajian juga membuktikan bahawa wujudnya hubungan diantara
konservasi hidupan liar dan peluang rekreasi di Tanah-bencah Setiu. Kelinearan
dan kesalinghubungan lanskap serta kepelbagaian hidupan liar bukan sahaja
menyediakan konservasi di kawasan tersebut bahkan menyediakan peluang
rekreasi, ekopelancongan dan pembelajaran tentang alam semulajadi. Lantaran
itu, pelaksanaan zon ‘laluan-hijau’ di Tanah-bencah Setiu dilihat sangat sesuai.
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Specially dedicated to
My dearest Wife, Nur Halawati My beloved Mother, Indun and my loving late Father, Hamzah
My late Grandpa and Grandma, Tokki Cer and Tok Nab My Brothers and Sisters; Bro Zaki, Bro Zuki, Bro Sukri, Bro Yusri, Bro Awie, Sis Na and Sis Zah and their families,
And to all my fellow Friends
Thank you for your love Prayers, patience and encouragement
Without your support I will not be where I am today (insyaAllah)
I love you all
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
Thank God, all praise be to Allah who has given me much courage, confidence
and high perseverance to successfully complete this thesis.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation especially to my
supervisor, Dr. Ebil Yusof, my committee members Dr. Azlizam Aziz and Dr.
Roslan Mohamad Kasim for their invaluable help, dedicated efforts, guidance
and patience throughout this study.
I am particularly grateful to Mr. Azlan – boatman a.k.a tourist guide and my
friends from Bird, Nature & Us (BNU) for their kind assistance, knowledge and
advice. Many thank are also for my fellow friends, for their moral support and
most of all, their invaluable friendship.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest love and gratitude to my family
members for their unending prayers, support and encouragement during the
course of this study.
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APPROVAL SHEET
I certify that an Examination Committee has met on date of viva to conduct the final examination of name of student on his degree thesis entitled "Greenway Zones For Wildlife Conservation and Recreation Opportunities at Setiu Wetland, Terengganu" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1981. The Committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follows:
AHMAD SAID SAJAP, PhD Professor Faculty of Forestry Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) MOHAMED ZAKARIA HUSSIN, PhD Assoc. Professor Faculty of Forestry Universiti Putra Malaysia ABDULLAH MOHD, PhD Assoc. Professor Faculty of Forestry Universiti Putra Malaysia ZUBAID AKBAR MUKHTAR AHMAD, PhD Professor Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (External Examiner)
_____________________
SEOW HENG FONG, PhD Professor/Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master Science. The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:
Ebil Yusof, PhD Faculty of Forestry Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Azlizam Aziz, PhD Assoc. Professor Faculty of Forestry Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) Roslan Mohamad Kasim, PhD Faculty of Forestry Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)
_________________________ BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which have been previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any other institutions.
_________________________ MOHD ZAKARIA HJ. HAMZAH
Date: 11 March 2013
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ii ABSTRAK iv DEDICATION vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii APPROVAL SHEET viii DECLARATION x TABLE OF CONTENTS xi LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF FIGURES xv LIST OF PLATES xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvii LIST OF APPENDICES xix
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Background 2 1.2 Problem Statement 6 1.3 Research Objectives 11 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1 A Successful Greenway 12 2.2 Greenway as Habitat Corridor for Wildlife 14 2.3 Greenway as Riparian Buffer to Provide Food, Shelter,
Migration and Movement of Wildlife 16
2.3.1 Canopy and Shade 17 2.3.2 Leaf Food 18 2.3.3 Habitat 18 2.4 Recreational Opportunities Provided by Greenway 19 2.5 The Potential of Setiu Wetland as a Greenway for Natural
Conservation 23
2.5.1 The Fauna in Setiu Wetland 23 2.5.2 The Flora in Setiu Wetland 26 2.6 Aerial Photograph 29 2.7 Recreation Resources and Opportunities 32
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2.7.1 Outdoor Recreation Planning 34
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 36 3.1 Research Area 36 3.2 Survey Sites 40 3.3 Research Framework 42 3.3.1 Point-count Methods 44 3.3.2 Sherman Traps 45 3.3.3 Casual Observation 46 3.3.4 Recreation Resources Inventory
47
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 50 4.1 Habitat Mapping and Vegetation Analysis 50 4.1.1 Avicennia-ceriops (S1) 53 4.1.2 Beach Forest (S2 & S7) 54 4.1.3 Coconut (S3) 56 4.1.4 Coconut/shrub (S4) 56 4.1.5 Mixed-mangrove (S5 & S9) 57 4.1.6 Nypa (S6) 58 4.1.7 Lagoon (S8) 59 4.1.8 Melaleuca (Gelam) (S10) 60 4.1.9 Wet Melaleuca (Gelam) (S11) 61 4.1.10 Rhizophora Forest (S12) 61 4.1.11 Bruguiera forest 62 4.1.12 Bruguiera-lumnitzera forest 63 4.2 Wildlife Composition and Diversity 64 4.2.1 Birds 64 4.2.2 Small Mammals 78 4.2.3 Large Mammals 84 4.2.3 Herpetofauna 85 4.3 Recreation Resources 89 4.3.1 Artificial & Supporting Infrastructures 90 4.3.2 Attraction of Topography and Biodiversity 95 4.3.3 Water Resources & Environmental Degradation 101 4.3.4 User’s Perception 103 4.4 Greenway of Setiu Wetland 108 4.4.1 The Proposal of Greenway on Setiu Wetland
120
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 128 5.1 Conclusion 128 5.2 Research Implications 130 5.2.1 Practical Implication 130
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5.2.2 Knowledge Contribution 132 5.3 Limitation and Constraints 133 5.4 Recommendation for Future Research 134
REFERENCES 135 APPENDICES 157 BIODATA OF STUDENT 182