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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
IZZAT FATANAH BINTI IBRAHIM
FP 2012 48
MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF POLLEN FORAGED BY Apis dorsata Fabricius AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLEN SOURCES
USING REMOTE SENSING IN MARANG, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
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MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF POLLEN FORAGED BY Apis
dorsata Fabricius AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLEN SOURCES
USING REMOTE SENSING IN MARANG, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
By
IZZAT FATANAH BINTI IBRAHIM
MASTER OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
2012
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MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF POLLEN FORAGED BY Apis
dorsata Fabricius AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLEN SOURCES
USING REMOTE SENSING IN MARANG, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
By
IZZAT FATANAH BINTI IBRAHIM
Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
November 2012
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Salam kasih dan sayang buat:
Suami dan anak-anak tercinta,
Mak Abah dan keluarga yang sangat memahami
dan mendoakan kejayaan.
&
Guru-guru yang tidak jemu menabur ilmu
serta
Kawan-kawan seperjuangan yang sama-sama
mencorakkan masa depan
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in
fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF POLLEN FORAGED BY Apis
dorsata Fabricius AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLEN SOURCES
USING REMOTE SENSING IN MARANG, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
By
IZZAT FATANAH BINTI IBRAHIM
November 2012
Chairman: Siva K. Balasundram, PhD
Faculty: Agriculture
Apis dorsata is one of the important honeybee species in tropical and subtropical
regions that forage on various plants including herbs, grasses, forest trees and
plantation trees. However, information on the favored bee plants in the study area in
terms of identity, quantity and mapping of various pollen sources found in pollen
cells collected by Apis dorsata bees is lacking. The objectives of this study were: i)
to identify pollen source and determine the pollen type and number preserved in
pollen cells, ii) to develop a pollen atlas of selected important foraging plants for
Apis dorsata, and iii) to map the distribution of the major bee plants in Marang,
Terengganu.
For the first objective, the pollen cell samples from twenty one different colonies of
Apis dorsata combs were collected, identified and quantified based on several
reference materials. In this study, a total of twelve different pollen types were
identified in the samples, which are: Acacia sp., Durio zibethinus, Elaeis guineensis,
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Ixora sp., Cocos nucifera, Mikania cordata, Mimosa pudica, Melaleuca cajuputi,
Garcinia sp., Mimusops elengi, Avicennna alba and Moringa pterygosperma. The
two most commonly found pollen types were Elaeis guineensis (54%) and Mimosa
pudica (29%).
For the second objective, a pollen atlas was developed. Pollen sizes were in the range
of 8-9 μm x 38-40 μm, comprising five different shape classes. In this study,
inaperturate granulum pollen grains were observed in Ceiba petandra
(Bombacaceae) and Garcinia hombroniana (Guttiferea), while rugulae grains were
found in Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae). Pantoporate, syncolpate, and pericolpate
pollen grains with reticulum to microreticulate exine patterns occurred in Acacia
auriculiformis (Fabaceae), Melaleuca cajuputi (Myrtaceae) and Ixora congesta
(Rubiaceae). Elaeis guineensis has trichotomosulcate pollen grains with a
microreticulate sexine. Pantocolpate areola pollen was found in Mimosa pudica
(Mimosaceae), while granulum pollen was observed in Cocos nucifera (Palmae).
Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) showed a disulcate grain with a striate
sexine pattern. Pollen grains of Averrhoa carambola (Oxalidaceae) and Dimorcarpus
longan (Sapindaceae) were tricolpate, and fossulate perforate to striate perforate.
For the third objective, the acquired SPOT 5 satellite imagery was enhanced,
classified and vectorized using ENVI software for the purpose of bee plant mapping.
Using image classification, the bee plants were categorized into six classes. Ten plots
of 10 x 10 m size for each bee plant classes were determined using a randomized
sampling technique. Results showed that Melaleuca cajuputi covered 2,398.8 ha
(5.5%), Acacia sp. 11,377.8 ha (25.9%), Elaeis guineensis 19745.1 ha (44.9%), non-
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vegetation 4,647.2 ha (10.6%), water bodies 973.5 ha (2.2%) and cloud/haze/shadow
4830.5 ha (10.6%). The overall classification accuracy was 91.5% and the Kappa
coefficient was 0.8.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai
memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains
PENILAIAN MORFOLOGI DEBUNGA YANG DITEROKAI OLEH Apis
dorsata Fabricius DAN TABURAN SPASIAL BAGI SUMBER DEBUNGA
MENGGUNAKAN PENDERIAAN JAUH DI MARANG, TERENGGANU,
MALAYSIA
Oleh
IZZAT FATANAH BINTI IBRAHIM
November 2012
Pengerusi: Siva K. Balasundram, PhD
Fakulti: Pertanian
Apis dorsata adalah salah satu spesies lebah yang terpenting di kawasan tropika dan
subtropika, yang dijumpai mencari makan pada pelbagai jenis tanaman termasuk
herba, rumput, pokok hutan dan pokok tanaman. Bagaimanapun, maklumat bagi
tumbuhan kesukaannya di kawasan kajian dari segi pengenalan, pengiraan dan
pemetaan bagi pelbagai sumber debunga di dalam sel yang dikumpulkan oleh lebah
Apis dorsata masih kekurangan. Oleh itu, matlamat kajian ini adalah i) untuk
mengenal pasti sumber debunga dan menentukan jenis debunga dan bilangan
debunga yang terdapat di dalam sarang Apis dorsata, ii) untuk membangunkan atlas
debunga bagi tumbuhan lebah yang penting, dan iii) untuk memetakan taburan bagi
tanaman lebah yang penting di Marang, Terengganu.
Untuk matlamat pertama, debunga dari sel lebah daripada dua puluh satu koloni Apis
dorsata yang berlainan dikumpulkan, dikenal pasti dan dikuantitikan berdasarkan
beberapa bahan rujukan. Dalam kajian ini, secara keseluruhannya dua belas jenis
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debunga yang berbeza dikenalpasti di dalam sampel iaitu: Acacia sp., Durio
zibethinus, Elaeis guineensis, Ixora sp., Cocos nucifera, Mikania cordata, Mimosa
pudica, Melaleuca cajuputi, Garcinia sp., Mimusops elengi, Avicennna alba dan
Moringa pterygosperma. Dua jenis debunga yang menjadi penyumbang terbesar
adalah dari Elaeis guineensis (54%) dan Mimosa pudica (29%).
Untuk matlamat kedua, atlas debunga dibangunkan. Saiz debunga adalah dalam julat
8-9 × 38-40 μm, dan terdiri daripada lima bentuk kelas yang berbeza. Dalam kajian
ini, debunga inaperturate granulum diperhatikan terdapat pada Ceiba petandra
(Bombacaceae) dan Garcinia hombroniana (Guttiferea), manakala debunga rugulae
dijumpai pada Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae). Debunga pantoporate, syncolpate,
dan pericolpate dengan bentuk exine yang reticulum hingga microreticulate masing-
masing terdapat dalam Acacia auriculiformis (Fabaceae), Melaleuca cajuputi
(Myrtaceae) dan Ixora congesta (Rubiaceae). Elaeis guineensis menunjukkan
debunga trichotomosulcate dengan sexine yang microreticulate. Debunga
pantocolpate areola dijumpai pada Mimosa pudica (Mimosaceae), manakala debunga
granulum dijumpai pada Cocos nucifera (Palmae). Anacardium occidentale
(Anacardiaceae) menunjukkan debunga yang disulcate dengan corak striate pada
sexinenya. Debunga Averrhoa carambola (Oxalidaceae) dan Dimorcarpus longan
(Sapindaceae) menunjukkan tricolpate, dan fossulate perforate hingga striate
perforate.
Untuk matlamat ketiga, imej satelit SPOT 5 yang diperolehi diperlakukan
penambahan secara berturutan, dikelaskan dan divektorkan menggunakan perisian
ENVI untuk memetakan tanaman lebah. Dengan menggunakan pengelasan imej,
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tanaman lebah dikategorikan kepada enam kelas. Sepuluh petak dengan keluasan 10
x 10 m untuk setiap kelas tanaman lebah ditentukan menggunakan teknik
persampelan rawak. Analisis menunjukkan Melaleuca cajuputi meliputi 2,398.8 ha
(5.5%), Acacia sp. 11,377.8 ha (25.9%), Elaeis guineensis 19745.1 ha (44.9%),
bukan tanaman 4,647.2 ha (10.6%), badan air 973.5 ha (2.2%) dan
awan/kabus/bebayang 4830.5 ha (10.6%). Ketepatan keseluruhan pengkelasan adalah
91.5% dan kecekapan Kappa adalah 0.8.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who rendered great support to
me while carrying out this research. First and foremost, I would like to extend my
deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Siva K. Balasundram, for his generous
guidance, advice and endless support that contributed significantly towards the
completion of this project. His careful reviews and constructive criticism have been
crucially important for this thesis.
My sincere gratitude is also accorded to my co-supervisors, Dr. Nur Ashikin Psquay
Abdullah and Dr. Alias Mohd Sood for their constructive advice and comments
throughout the entire course of this research. I gratefully acknowledge the laboratory
staffs at the Faculty of Agriculture for their help and cooperation. Special gratitude is
extended to my former supervisor, Y. Bhg. Prof. Dato’ Dr. Makhdzir Mardan for
motivating and guiding me to this area of research.
Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartiest appreciation to my
family members for their deep understanding and support throughout my
postgraduate studies.
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I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 21th
of November 2012 to
conduct the final examination of Izzat Fatanah Binti Ibrahim on her degree thesis
entitled “Morphological Assessment of Pollen Foraged by Apis dorsata and
Spatial Distribution of Pollen Sources in Marang, Terengganu Using Remote
Sensing” in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and
Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The
Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Master of Science
Members of the Examination Committee were as follows:
Halimi Bin Mohd Saud, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Agriculture Technology
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 UPM Serdang
(Chairman)
Maheran Binti Abd Aziz, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Agriculture Technology
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 UPM Serdang
(Internal Examiner)
Anuar Bin Abdul Rahim, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Land Management
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 UPM Serdang
(Internal Examiner)
Yusof Bin Ibrahim, PhD
Professor
Department of Agriculture
Faculty of Vocational and Technical Education
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
355900 Tanjung Malim
(External Examiner)
___________________________
SEOW HENG FONG, PhD
Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The
members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Siva K. Balasundram, PhD Associate Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Nur Ashikin Psyquay Abdullah, PhD
Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Alias Mohd Sood, PhD
Lecturer
Faculty of Forestry
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
_________________________________
BUJANG BIN KIM KUAT, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which
have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is
not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at
any other institution.
___________________________
IZZAT FATANAH BINTI IBRAHIM
Date: 6th
of May 2011
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
APPROVAL x
DECLARATION xii
LIST OF TABLES xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xx
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Apis dorsata (Giant Honeybee) 5
2.2 Factor influencing foraging activity 7
2.3 Pollen morphology 8
2.4 Importance of pollen for bees 14
2.5 Forage plants 15
2.6 Remote Sensing 21
2.7 SPOT 22
2.8 Application of Remote Sensing in forest mapping 25
2.9 Geographic Information System 27
3 IDENTIFICATION OF POLLEN STORED IN Apis dorsata COMBS 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Materials and Methods 31
3.2.1 Description of study area 31
3.2.2 Pollen sampling 32
3.2.3 Preparation of pollen cell samples 32
3.2.4 Identification and quantification of pollen 33
3.2.5 Expression of results 33
3.2.6 Photographs 34
3.2.7 Statistical analysis 34
3.3 Results and Discussion 35
3.3.1 Identification of pollen in pollen cell samples 35
3.3.2 Quantification of pollen sources 42
3.3.3 Quantification of pollen based on pollen frequency class
across different sampling time 44
3.3.4 Quantification of pollen based on pattern of pollen collection 50
3.4 Conclusion 59
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4 DEVELOPMENT OF POLLEN ATLAS 60
4.1 Introduction 60
4.2 Materials and Methods 62
4.2.1 Study area 62
4.2.2 Reference material 62
4.2.3 Preparation of pollen for light microscopy 62
4.2.4 Preparation of pollen for scanning electron microscopy 63
4.2.5 Pollen description 63
4.2.6 Statistical analysis 63
4.3 Results and Discussion 64
4.3.1 Pollen morphological description 64
4.4 Conclusion 75
5 SPATIAL MAPPING OF BEE PLANTS 77
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Materials and Methods 80
5.2.1 Study site 80
5.2.2 Data acquisition 80
5.2.3 Field measurement 80
5.2.4 Image data 81
5.2.5 Digital image processing and visual interpretation 83
5.2.6 Pre-processing 83
5.2.7 Band combination 83
5.2.8 Image masking 84
5.2.9 Image classification 84
5.2.10 Accuracy assessment 85
5.2.11 Overall accuracy 85
5.2.12 Kappa coefficient 85
5.2.13 Spatial distribution map 86
5.3 Results and Discussion 87
5.3.1 Field data 87
5.3.2 Band combination and image enhancement 87
5.3.3 Supervised classification 93
5.3.4 Accuracy assessment in forest mapping 96
5.3.5 Raster to vector conversion 97
5.3.6 Distribution of Apis dorsata bee plant 99
5.3.7 Distribution of Apis dorsata nesting site 99
5.3.8 Distribution of Apis dorsata foraging range 102
5.3.9 A GIS-based honey hunting map 105
5.4 Conclusion 108
6 SUMMARY, GENERAL CONCLUSION AND 109
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
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6.1 Summary, general conclusion 109
6.2 Recommendations 111
REFERENCES 112
APPENDICES 121
BIODATA OF STUDENT 122
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 123