UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID POWER GENERATION MODEL USING WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Engineering Technology Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Engineering Technology (Industrial Power) with Honours by TING YONG JIAN B071310025 881228-52-5405 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 2016
Transcript
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID POWER
GENERATION MODEL USING WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY
FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Engineering Technology
Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Engineering Technology (Industrial Power) with
Honours
by
TING YONG JIAN
B071310025
881228-52-5405
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
2016
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: Design and Development of Hybrid Power Generation Using Wind and Solar for Residential Building
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2015/16 Semester 2
Saya TING YONG JIAN
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( )
SULIT
TERHAD
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
Alamat Tetap:
C/O Wong Ee Lee,
QTRS 80, SMK Bintulu,
97000 Bintulu, Sarawak
Tarikh:___________________________
Disahkan oleh:
Cop Rasmi:
Tarikh: ________________________
Tarikh: _______________________
i
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “Design and development of hybrid power
generation model using wind and solar energy for residential building.” is the results
of my own research except as cited in references.
Signature : …………………………………………
Author’s Name : …………………………………………
Date : …………………………………………
ii
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Electrical
Engineering Technology (Industrial Power) with Honours. The member of the
supervisory is as follow:
………………………………
(Project Supervisor)
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ABSTRACT
The condition of the planet is getting worst day by day because of pollution which
causes environmental friendly solutions are to becoming more prominent than ever.
The use of fossil fuel and other non-renewable energy had led to environmental
concern. On the other hand, regarding of stand-alone system, where by stand-alone
system itself cannot provide continues power supply thus affect the reliability of
the system. Therefore, one of the solutions for the above articulation is to have
renewable hybrid energy. This project is to analyze metrological data collected in
Malacca, design and develop a model of hybrid wind and solar off-grid system
which will include the development of a model of the hybrid wind and solar
energy system based on the design. To achieve the above statement, 1 year data
for wind and solar will be obtain from Electrical Engineering Faculty (FKE). After
that, an evaluation on wind turbines and solar panels will be made to determine
type of wind turbine and solar panel to be used in design and development of
hybrid wind and solar off-grid system. This project is expected to produce a 6V
power supply which is 2.5% of the 240V power supply.
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ABSTRAK
Keadaan planet ini semakin hari semakin teruk disebabkan oleh pencemaran yang
semakin menjadi. Dengan itu, perbincangan mengenai penyelesaian mesra alam
sekitar menjadi lebih serious berbanding sebelum ini. Penggunaan bahan api fosil
merupakan salah satu activiti yang membimbangkan dan merupakan salahsatu
ancaman kepada alam semula jadi. Selain daripada issue pencemaran, penjanaan
bekanan tenaga electrik yang berterusan merupakan salahsatu issue juga untuk sistem
bekalan kuasa yang depanggil “stand-alone” sistem. Oleh yang demikian,
penyelesaiaan untuk artikulasi di atas adalah untuk menghasilkan sistem yang baru
iaitu sistem yang menggunnakan tenaga hibrid dan tenaga tersebut merupakkan
tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui. Projek ini adalah untuk menganalisis data metrologi
yang dikumpul di Badar Melaka, merekabentuk dan menghasilkan model sistem
hibrid yang menggunakan angin anda cahaya matahari sebagai sumber tenaga.
Menggunakan perisian PROTEUS untuk merekabentuk dan analisasi sistem tersebut.
Akhir sekali, menghasilkan model sistem tersebut berdasarkan rekabentuk yang
direka menggunakan perisian. Untuk mencapai matlamat di atas, data selama 1 tahun
untuk angin dan cahaya matahar akan diperoleh dari Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik
(FKE). Selepas itu, penilaian pada turbin angin dan panel solar akan dibuat untuk
menentukan jenis kincir angin dan panel solar yang akan digunakan dalam
rekabentuk dan peghasilan sistem hibrid. Projek ini dijangka akan menghasilkan
bekalan kuasa 12V, 5% daripada bekalan kuasa asal 240V.
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DEDICATION
This report is specially dedicated to all those who have supported, encouraged,
challenged and inspired me and specially to my beloved family, honorable tutor and
friends for all their guidance, love and attention which made it possible for me to
make it up to this point.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express to deepest appreciation to Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka for giving me opportunities to pursue my Bachelor in Electrical
Engineering. A special gratitude I give to our final year project supervisor, Puan
Halyani Binti Mohd Yassim whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and
encouragement helped me to coordinate my project especially in writing this report.
Without her supervision and constant help this dissertation would not have been
possible.
Last but not least, i would like to express my greatest gratitude to my parents,
Ting Sing Ping and Wong Ee Lee and also to all my family members for their
encouragement and supports throughout my education process. I will always be
grateful for their sacrifice, generosity and love. Lastly I would like to thank all my
fellow friends that also help me in completing my final year project.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Declaration i
Approval ii
Abstract iii
Abstrak iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
Table of Content vii
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xii
List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures xiv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem Statement 1
1.2 Objective 2
1.3 Work-scope 2
1.4 Expected Result 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.0 Introduction 4
2.1 Researchers Review 4
2.2 Previous Research of Hybrid Wind and Solar System 6
2.2.1 Example That Worked 6
2.2.2 Example That Did Not Work 6
2.3 Wind and Solar Energy Generation 7
2.3.1 Wind Energy 7
2.3.2 Environmental Impacts 8
2.3.3 Wind Turbine Blade Material 10
2.3.4 Types of Wind Turbine Design 10
2.3.5 Part of Wind Turbine 12
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2.3.6 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) 13
2.3.6.1 Savonius Wind Turbine 13
2.3.6.2 Darrieus Wind Turbine23-24 14
2.3.6.3 Giromill Wind Turbine 16
2.3.7 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) 17
2.3.8 Comparison between VAWT and HAWT 18
2.4 Solar Energy 19
2.4.1 Solar Radiation 20
2.4.2 Environmental Impacts 20
2.4.3 Type of Solar Panel 21
2.4.3.1 Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 21
2.4.3.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 22
2.4.3.3 Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC) 23
2.4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of solar panels 24
2.5 Hybrid Wind and Solar Energy 25
2.5.1 Advantages of Hybrid System 27
2.6 Electrical Parts 28
2.6.1 Converter 28
2.6.2 Regulator 30
2.7 Battery Storage for OFF-grid Power System 31
2.8 Proteus 8 Software 31
2.9 Gaps in Literature 32
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 34
3.0 Introduction 34
3.1 Proteus 8 35
3.2 Faraday’s Law 36
3.3 Data Collection 37
3.4 Method to Determine The Type of Wind Turbine and Solar Panel 38
3.5 Blade Design 39
ix
3.6 Overall Methodology for Overall Project 40
CHAPTER 4: RESULT & DISCUSSION 41
4.0 Introduction 41
4.1 Software Development 41
4.1.1 Circuit Simulation 41
4.1.1.1 AC to DC Converter Circuit 41
4.1.1.2 DC to DC Converter Circuit 43
4.1.1.3 Battery Charge Controller 43
4.1.1.4 Booster Circuit 44
4.2 Circuit Development Result 45
4.2.1 Wind turbine circuit 45
4.2.2 Solar circuit 46
4.2.3 Booster Circuit 46
4.2.4 Circuit Combination Result 47
4.2.5 Project Prototype 48
4.3 Experimental Results
4.3.1 Experiment on Different Types of Magnets 49
4.3.1.1 Neodymium Magnet A 49
4.3.1.2 Neodymium Magnet B 51
4.3.2 Different Height Wind Speed Data 53
4.3.3 Different Wind Speed Output Voltage Output Data 53
4.3.4 Standalone Wind Output Voltage Data 54
4.3.5 Standalone Solar Output Voltage Data 55
4.3.6 Hybrid System Output Voltage Data 57
4.3.7 Data Comparison Between Standalone Wind, Standalone Solar 58
and Hybrid System,
4.3.8 Data from The Complete Circuit 59
4.4 Discussion 59
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 60
5.0 Introduction 60
5.1 Conclusion 60
x
5.2 Limitation 61
5.3 Project Commercialization Potential 61
5.4 Recommendations 62
REFERENCES 63
APPENDICES 67
xi
LIST OF TABLE
2.3.7 Up-wind and Down-wind Mode Turbine 18
2.3.8 Difference between VAWT and HAWT 18
2.4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Panels 24
4.3.4.1 Result the motion of neodymium magnet to the coil 50
with magnet A
4.3.4.2 Result the motion of neodymium magnet to the coil 52
with magnet B
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LIST OF FIGURE
1.4 Expected Project Design 3
2.3 Wind Turbine 7
2.3.4(a) Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) 11
2.3.4(b) Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) 11
2.3.5 Parts of Wind Turbine 12
2.2.6 Savonious Turbine 14
2.2.6.2(a) Blade Type For Darrieus Wind Turbine 15
2.2.6.2(b) Darrieus Wind Turbine 15
2.3.6.3 Giromill 16
2.3.7(a) Up-wind mode 17
2.3.7(b) Down-wind mode 17
2.4 Solar System 19
2.4.1 Light Spectrum Based on Wavelength. 20
2.4.3.1 Mono-crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. 22
2.4.3.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Cells 23
2.4.3.3 Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC). 24
2.5 General Block Diagram of Hybrid Wind and Solar System. 26
2.6.1(a) Bridge Rectifier 29
2.6.1(b) Voltage Converter Circuit 29
2.6.2(a) Voltage Regulator 7806 30
2.6.2(b) Voltage regulator circuit 7806 30
2.7 Battery Power Storage Compartment 31
2.8 Proteus 8 loading page. 32
3.1(a) Proteus 8 homepage. 35
3.1(b) Proteus 8 Workspace. 35
3.2 Faraday’s Law how voltage can be produced 36
3.3(a) Daily Average Light Intensity 37
3.3(b) Average Daily Wind Speed 37
3.5(a) Cutting PVC 39
3.5(b) Three Blade 39
3.5(c) Savornius Blade 39
xiii
4.1.1.1(a) AC to DC converter in simulation. 42
4.1.1.1(b) Waveform of the AC and DC voltage from the converter circuit. 42
4.1.1.2 DC to DC converter in simulation. 43
4.1.1.3(a) Battery charge controller in simulation (charging state). 43
4.1.1.3(b) Battery charge controller in simulation (cut-off state). 44
4.1.1.4 Booster circuit in simulation. 44
4.2.1 Wind turbine system circuit. 45
4.2.2 Solar system circuit 46
4.2.3 Booster circuit. 47
4.2.4 The overall complete circuit. 47
4.2.5 The Complete Prototype of The Project. 48
4.3.4.1(a) Magnetized through thickness 49
4.3.4.1(b) Magnet A (B114) 50
4.3.4.1(c) 2 magnet 50
4.3.4.1(d) 4 magnet 50
4.3.4.2(a) Magnet B (B84X0) 51
4.3.4.2(b) 5”/6” with 4 magnet 51
4.3.4.2(c) 8 magnets 51
4.3.5 Wind Speed VS Height 53
4.3.6 Voltage VS Wind Speed 53
4.3.7(a) AC Voltage produced by standalone wind generator system. 54
4.3.7(b) DC Voltage produced by standalone wind generator system. 54
4.3.8(a) Voltage measured direct from the solar panel (AC voltage) 55
4.3.8(b) Voltage measured from the solar circuit. 55
4.3.8(c) Voltage produced by standalone solar system. 56
4.3.9 Voltage generated from hybrid wind and solar system. 57
4.3.10 Variation of DC voltage from different source. 58
4.3.11 Stabilized voltage at 12V from the complete combined circuit. 59
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND
NOMENCLATURE
a-Si – Amorphous Silicon
A – Area
A – Ampere
AC – Alternating Current
CdTe – Cadmium Telluride
CIS/CIGS – Copper Indium Gallium Selenite
CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
DC – Direct Current
FKE – Faculty of Electrical Engineering
HAWT – Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
irrad – Irradiance
I – Current
kWh – Kilowatt Hours
m/s – Meters per Second
mc – Multi-crystalline
OPC – Organic Photovoltaic Cells
p-Si – Poly-silicon
PMSG – Permanent-magnet Synchronous Generator
PV – Photovoltaic
PVC – PolyVinyl Chloride
TFSC – Thin-Film Solar Cells
UTeM – University Technology Malaysia Malacca
V – Voltage
VAWT – Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
W/m2 – Watts per Square Meter
µF – Micro Farad
µm – Micrometer
% – Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This chapter will focus on the objectives and the background of the project.
This project will be about the development of an off-grid hybrid wind and solar
power generation for residential buildings by comparing stand-alone and hybrid
system which system is more suitable to be implemented. Not only that, work scope
will be listed as a bench mark to help achieve the objectives.
1.1 Problem Statement
It is believed that global warming has the largest impact on affecting
earth's biodiversity, influencing both the circulation and plenitude of species and it
has been in a discussion issue for some period of time and it is a worldwide issue.
The most known component known by society that causes a temperature to rise
quickly is carbon dioxide (CO2). People have increased air CO2 concentration
since the advance in technology started. It is realized that burning of fossil infuses
extra CO2 into the air and other unhealthy gasses into the air. Utilizing diesel
generators, burning fossil fuels and steam turbines to produce power contributes
most to boots global warming. This thusly expands the ‘greenhouse effect", a
procedure in which causes the temperature of the planet surface to increase. On the
other hand, because of the seasonal changes and because there is day and night,
standalone wind and standalone solar energy system are not that reliable compare
to the combination of both power systems.
2
The limited supply and the ecological expenses from fossil fuel have made
a requirement for renewable energy sources. The arrangement of using renewable
energy sources is the most effective solution to minimize the danger and impacts
of environmental change (Leggett and Ball 2012). Specialists trust that wind and
solar oriented energy hold the most potential and will be the essential energy
sources later on (Leggett and Ball 2012).
There are many options for renewable energy; wind and solar energy are
one of them. Malacca, a state in Malaysia is an area not really suitable for
harvesting wind energy alone, because this area has a low average of wind speed.
The University Technical Malaysia Malacca (UTeM), has collected years of data
for wind and solar that can be used to assess the viability of generating electricity
from wind and solar.
1.2 Objectives
(a) To design a solar and wind hybrid energy circuit using Proteus 8
(b) To analyze the performance of the generated power from the design
using the data obtain
(c) To develop a model of the hybrid wind and solar energy system
1.3 Work-scope
This project will involve several steps in work scope in order to achieve the
stated objectives. The work scopes are listed as below:
(a) Simulate the off-grid hybrid power generation system using PROTEUS.
(b) Design electrical and mechanical parts of the hybrid system.
(c) Analysis of output power generated from hybrid system compare with
stand-alone system.
(d) Build a model base on the design.
3
1.4 Expected Result
Data of wind speed has been collected and the average wind speed per day is
2.27m/s and it has been discussed in section 2.7.4 (page 40-41) that the most suitable
type of wind turbine type is vertical type. On the other hand, Mono-crystalline type
of solar panel has been chosen to be use because based on the comparison in table
2.8; mono-crystalline type has the highest efficiency and does not require a large area
to install the system. From the literature review, it is proven that the combination of
wind and solar which is called hybrid energy system is more reliable compare to
stand alone energy system.
Figure 3.5: Expected Project Design
(Source: Designed by Ting Yong Jian)
Mono-Crystalline Solar Panel
Vertical Wind
Turbine
Rectifier
Converter
Inverter
Battery Controller
Battery Storage
4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter will discuss about the project that had been acknowledged by
other researchers. Other countries that have larger land, higher wind speed and solar
ray intensity have established a hybrid wind and solar off-grid system as a mean of
power source for residential area. This project will explain about the hybrid wind and
solar off-grid system. Although the literature covers a wide variety of such theories,
this review will focus based on the basics of wind and solar system, method of
analysis and also gap in literature. On the other hand, other information from past
researchers will also be included in this chapter for readers to understand more about
the project.
2.1 Researchers Review
The need for renewable energy sources stems from the recognition of the
finite supply of fossil fuels, rising cost of fossil fuels, and the pollution caused by
fossil fuels. Despite these issues, fossil fuels still dominate the energy market,
accounting for over 80% of energy production globally (Hedberg 2010). Both the
physical environment and the social environment are greatly impacted by the
consumption and production of energy from fossil fuels. Overwhelming evidence
supports the fact that production and use of fossil fuels is unsustainable and has
major environmental costs (Hedberg 2010). Fossil fuels are a limited nonrenewable
resource and experts predict that within the next few centuries most will be depleted.
In addition to a diminishing supply, fossil fuels face the problem of damage to the
5
environment. A leading cause of climate change is the accumulation of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels (Mostafaeipour 2011).
Energy from fossil fuel is limited and non-renewable which implies that these
energy assets are turning out to be more rare and costly (Rahim et al. 2012).
Regardless of the expansion in lack and cost, the worldwide interest for energy will
keep on rising. "It is normal that overall essential energy interest will increment by
45%, and interest for power will raise by 80% somewhere around 2006 and 2030"
(Santos-Alamillos et al. 2012). In created nations there is a normal 1% yearly energy
development rate and a normal 5% yearly energy development rate for creating
nations (Rahim et al. 2012).
One of the real energy chances that human progress appearances is top fossil
fuel. Crest fossil fuel alludes to fossil fuel creation expanding to a crest and afterward
step by step declining to where it can no more take care of demand. Interest might be
met at costs that are too high to meet the far reaching fossil fuel utilize that is right
now watched today (Leggett and Ball 2012). Scientists talk about the "conceivable
most dire outcome imaginable for crest fossil fuel" which is the soonest anticipated
crest bolstered by a considerable measure of associate investigated writing (Leggett
and Ball 2012). Research done by Leggett and Ball (2012) demonstrate that all fuel
sorts aside from coal are relied upon to top before 2030 with a normal of 2028.
Rahim et al clarify that "when worldwide energy creation is essentially and
consistently commanded by fossil energizes, a energy emergency will happen later
on" (Rahim et al. 2012). They assert that keeping in mind the end goal to turn away a
energy emergency renewable energy assets should be produced in each nation.
There is considerable writing on renewable energy sources and backing for
expanding execution of renewable energy techniques. There is an agreement that
renewable energy choices are the main response to guarantee a long haul energy
arrangement. Renewable energy leaves future eras with a non-exhausting energy
source and in addition a more advantageous environment.
6
2.2 Previous Studies on Hybrid Wind and Solar Systems.
2.2.1 Examples That Worked
The utilization of hybrid system in remote or rural areas are famous now a
days as renewable energy are becoming more and more popular and advance at this
era (Nema et al. 2009). The developing prominence for hybrid stem in remote
regions is rapidly increasing because of the expansions in renewable energy
innovations and the increasing cost of petroleum and petroleum items. There are
various studies that have taken similar discoveries. This study is made at Texas Hill
Country. One crossover wind and sun oriented attainability study talked about the
current worldwide energy emergency and raised around 1.5 billion individuals
overall still do not have electricity supply. This study concentrated on remote
populaces and the potential effect hybrid wind and sun powered energy system can
benefit these individuals. These populations survive with the source from diesel
generators, regardless of the wide nearby accessibility of renewable energy assets.
This study investigated the viability of effectiveness of wind and solar system that
uses a battery storage method. The outcomes demonstrated that for the specific
remote island concentrated on, the hybrid renewable energy system not only can
replace diesel generator but also cost effective and is able to supply long term power
for this particular area (Ma et al. 2014).
2.2.2 Examples That Did Not Work
Not one of the researchers found out that a hybrid wind and solar energy
system have a poor performed compare to a single source system. Researchers that
did not support hybrid wind and solar systems started the research because of cost
rather than production. In some cases, the additional benefits of the hybrid system,
was not worth the added cost of the system. One study located conducted by
Kershman et al. (2005) in Libya researched various small scale energy generation
systems designed to power a desalination plant. The energy systems studied include
7
national grid connected solar, wind, hybrid wind and solar, and power from the local
grid connected diesel generator, hybrid generator and solar and hybrid generator and
wind. The study found that there was an increase in energy production from the
hybrid wind and solar system, but the individual wind and solar components of the
hybrid system did not perform as well as their counterparts in the wind only and solar
only systems. Additionally, this study found that compared to most of the other
systems analyzed the significantly higher investment rate of the hybrid system lead
to a higher cost of energy from this system (Kershman et al. 2005).
