World Affairs Institute

UNIVERSITIES AS PEACE-MAKERSSource: Advocate of Peace through Justice, Vol. 82, No. 11 (NOVEMBER, 1920), pp. 336-337Published by: World Affairs InstituteStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20659516 .

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336 ADVOCATE OF PEACE November

the States of the American Union was cast into outer darkness forever, has itself been one long, living protest

against any such conception of the settlement of disputes between States. The results of November 2, therefore, need cause no surprise to any one familiar with Amer ican history. The repudiation was inevitable.

THE PERMANENT COURT FOR INTER NATIONAL JUSTICE

FORTUNATELY

with unusual promptitude authorita

tive expositions of the methods and the achievements of the Advisory Committee of Jurists who framed the

plan for a Permanent Court of International Justice, now before the Council and Assembly of the League of

Nations, are appearing. Just as we go to press, which

precludes any adequate notice in this issue of the ADvo

CATE, comes a report and commentary by James Brown

Scott, published by the Carnegie Endowment for Inter national Peace. Dr. Scott sat with this committee of

jurists, acting as adviser to Mr. Elihu Root, and on

occasion he participated in the proceedings. In his in troduction to the detailed and documented history of the jurists' conference he has given a precise 'chronicle

of the steps that led up to it, described its personnel, recorded the formal speeches at its opening, and also outlined the method by which its rules of procedure were defined. Then come concise, graphic narratives as

to how, from day to day, the various plans submitted were debated, and how ultimately the Root-Phillimore

plan became the core of the final agreement now before the League's delegates. Jurist and layman alike will find in this inclusive work a model of reporting, fully documented. It is enriched with a commentary replete in knowledge and illuminated by the experience of a

man who was technical delegate of the United States to the Second Hague Conference of 1907 and to the Con ference of Paris, 1919.

From The Hague, edited by M. Albert de Lapradelle, has come the text, in French and in English, of the

report to the Council of the League with which the

jurists concluded their advisory labors. In it will be

found, for the benefit of the Council and such other per sons as may be privileged to read it, the .history of the

process by which these jurisconsults examined Article 14 of the Covenant of the League, and built upon its re

quest to devise a Permanent Court of International Jus tice their own scheme for giving the article effective form. These jurisconsults trace the origin of the plan and its relation to the conferences at The Hague. They credit the five powers (Deumark, Norway, the Nether

lands, Sweden, and Switzerland) with having contrib uted valuable suggestions in the plan for such a court.

Following this historical introduction, the report de scribes point by point the problems that arise as to or

ganization of such a court, the method of electing judges, the court's competence, and its procedure. Sup

plementing the discussion, the jurists lay before the Council the resolutions they passed, first recommending early summoning of a new interstate conference to carry on the work of the first two conferences of The Hague, and, second, recommending that leading international law associations be invited to aid in preparing draft

plans for the 'business of this conference, which is to be called the Conference for the Advancement of Interna tional Law.

UNIVERSITIES AS PEACE-MAKERS

S

IR ROBERT FALCONER, president of the University of Toronto, at the educational conferences held in

connection with the inauguration of Michigan Univer

sity's new president, discussed the important theme of "The University and International Relationships." His main thesis is that "there has been in existence for hun dreds of years a league which is inevitably international in principle and operation." Moreover, "no political argument gave this league its being and no political veto can abolish it, for scholarship is international, and while it survives it must continue to be international." The league he reveres and trusts is "the league of uni

versities," including, of course, in this all higher insti tutions of learning, whatever they may be called. When the universities of a country become distinctly

nationalistic, as they were in Germany prior to the war, in his opinion, they err. They have their duties in pro tection of a national culture, but no less obligatory is the internationalism of scholarship, whether scientific or cultural.

Conceding the thesis as valid, what, then, must uni versities do? At least three paths open up in which to

walk, says this Canadian:

"They. may continue the mutually profitable inter change of students between one country and another; they may call outstanding teachers of one country to hold chairs in another, and they may train their stu dents to bdcome genuinely human, to possess those intel lectual, moral, and social yirtues which' distinguish man as man."

May we venture to suggest another? They should

prepare, as never before, to inform students and pro fessors alike as to the history of man's efforts to substi tute the reign of law for the reign of force. They should

make quite impossible, to illustrate, such a divided state of opinion within the academic world as has been dis closed in the United States during the discussion of the

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1920 ADVOCATE OF PEACE 337

League of Nations' Covenant during the recent presi dential campaign. Departments of history can and

should give far more attention than they now do to the

larger outlines of the "peace" movement and the evolu tion of international law and its proved achievements; and this not only to students in the graduate schools, but to the pupils in collegiate departments, where such exist.

To cite an exemplary case of academic prevision and

provision in this civic service, it is not necessary to go farther than the city of Washington. Georgetown Uni

versity, two years ago, started a "School of Foreign Service," which is being attended each year by an ever

larger number of students from out of town and by workers in the government departments. This season it is providing for its students and for the public a series of lectures on "The History and, Nature of Inter national Relations." The ideals of diplomacy held in

antiquity and in medieval and in modern times are to be described. The Far East, Africa, and Latin America as factors in the development of international relations are to be reported upon by specialists. The effect of the theories of political and juristic sciences upon inter national intercourse will be made clear. Just what the influence of arbitration and other mediating agencies upon State comity have been is to be told, and the ele ments for the scientific study of diplomacy defined.

To the credit of the university be it said that the lecturers are experts of the first class, whose names, if

they were printed here, would challenge admiration and

provoke envy in readers who might wish to attend such a course. James Brown Scott, John Bassett Moore, L. S. Rowe, Paul S. Reinsch, and Roscoe Pound are

typical.

INTERNATIONALIZING FOOD PRO DUCTION

T

HE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE, with headquarters in Rome, at its recent annual

meeting debated the utility and feasibility of a second chamber of the body, to be made up of representatives of the agriculturists of the countries now in the Insti tute or later seeking admission. At present the mem bers are representatives of governments, and though left free to investigate freely and acquire information wherever it may be found, yet at the same time they have tQ consider the policies of their home governments as well as world trade and crops and economic condi tions. The founder of the Institute, David Lubin, an American with profound love of democracy and faith in it, urged giving farmers and producers of food prod ucts representation, when he first urged having an Insti

tute. The project then met with governmental opposi tion, and has since. Now world conditions modify the nations' attitudes. Salvation of Europe and her civili zation is said to depend on co-operative action in raising production of the world's food supply. Obviously it can best be done with producers banded together and

sympathetic with any such organization as the Institute. The practical side of agriculture needs representation as well as the technical. Data of a statistical kind is

most desirable, but now something more is imperatively ne'eded. Hence the retreat of the governments from their former hostility. Lubin was a man of far-ranging vision, one of the most remarkable that the United States has had in the realm of economic statecraft, and some day he will have justice done him. The beginnings of such recognition have come lately. His portrait is to be hung in a prominent place on the walls of the De

partment of Agriculture, Washington, and the Institute in Rome has voted to place on its walls a bronze tablet

recounting his record as its founder.

M

EXICO'S DECISION to use the former famous na

tional military college at Chapultepec, on the famous "Hill of the Grasshoppers," as the national tech nical training school is a significant fact. High-school graduates are to make up most of the student list and

military science and art are to be' a subordinate branch of instruction and training. English is to be made

compulsory for the four-year course and teachers are to be imported from the United States. Yet some persons continue to talk of Mexico as "barbaric."

FAMINE

IN CHINA, threatening death to many mil

lions of foodless folk, has thrown upon the Red Cross another burden of huge proportions, the budget estimate of relief expenditures amounting to more than $10,000,000. There has been no such popular response to the appeal for aid in this quarter of the world as would have come from Europe and America prior to 1914. The reasons are obvious. And were not the Red Cross organized and in possession of funds and equipped with trained workers; it is terrible to think what might happen in the famine districts. Relatively speaking, Japan is in a fair position to aid, if she would. Fortu nately, voices arise there saying that she has a special duty, due both to propinquity and to her larger supplies of wealth. The call is going forth that it is no time to stand aloof because of recent friction with China on political and territorial issues. Nations and races must subordinate rivalriies, forget animosities, and be simply human when famine comes, say the wiser Japanese. Out of Asia there thus comes again the essence of the gospels of Jesus and Buddha.

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