CRICOS Provider Number 00103DCRICOS Provider Number 00103D
University of Ballarat
DIPLOMA OF BUILDING DESIGN (ARCHITECTURAL)
Materials
FEBRUARY - MARCH 2009
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Facilitator• My name is Richard Sapwell I have 30 years
experience in building design• Have operated my own building design firm
for 18 years• Have been accredited in building thermal
performance assessment for 6 years and participated in pilot programs for FirstRate5, AccuRate and now the Householder Sustainability Assessments programs
• Facilitated FirstRate5 and Home Sustainable Assessor training here at the University
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Concrete
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Unit outline
• Analyse characteristics of construction materials
• Evaluate materials for their suitability for building projects
• Recommend suitable materials
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Analyse characteristics of construction materials
• Manufacturing processes of a range of construction materials is researched to establish limitations of practical application
• Quality standards and performance of materials are investigated for adherence to the Building Code of Australia (BCA), legislative requirements and the suitability for types of structures
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Analyse characteristics of construction materials
• Materials are analysed to determine their application with regard to substructure, fixings, coatings or finishes, specific construction systems, visual effects and compatibility.
• Manufacturing/conversion tolerances are detailed, including 'building in' tolerances to determine their impact on material properties
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Analyse characteristics of construction materials
• Relevant information is recorded in a suitable format for future reference
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Materials and manufacture
• On its own, concrete is very strong in compression (when it is being squashed) but very weak in tension (when it is being stretched)
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Materials and manufactureThe components are:• cement• fine aggregate• coarse aggregate• water
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General-purpose cementThe classifications are:• Type GP—general-purpose Portland
cement;• Type GB—general-purpose blended
cement
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Special-purpose cement• Type HE—high early strength cement• Type LH—low-heat cement• Type SR—sulphate-resisting cement• Type SL—shrinkage-limited cement
These cements may be Portland cement or blended cement that complies with the requirements set out in AS 3972—1997,Table 1
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Fine aggregate (sand)Some types of sand available for
concrete work are:• pit sand• river sand• beach sand• crusher fines
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Coarse aggregate • This consists of crushed rock such as
basalt, granite, diorite, quartzite and the harder types of limestone
• Special types of coarse aggregate, such as blast furnace slag, expanded shale and clay, may also be used
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Coarse aggregate A good coarse aggregate would be:• dense and hard, not brittle• durable and chemically inert• clean, with no silt, clay or salt• rough and of various sizes over 5 mm• non-porous to help prevent water
penetration of the finished concrete
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Coarse aggregate
• The average size of coarse aggregate for general domestic work would be up to 20 mm
• for most structural building construction up to 75 mm
• and for massive structures, like dams, up to 150 mm
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Water
As a guide, water that is• suitable to drink, or potable water, is
recommended for concrete mixing
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Reinforcement
Basically, reinforcement is hot-rolled and/or tensile steel. It is used for its good tensile and shear properties which, combined with the good compressive properties of concrete, form a strong, versatile material with many positive characteristics.
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Reinforcement
Basically, reinforcement is hot-rolled and/or tensile steel. It is used for its good tensile and shear properties which, combined with the good compressive properties of concrete, form a strong, versatile material with many positive characteristics
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Reinforcement
Reinforcement is useful to counteract the various stresses applied to members
• Shear• Tension• Compression• Torsion
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Shear
Failure may be vertical, horizontal or diagonal
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Tension
Occurs when a member is stretched or bent and the surface cracks or splits
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Compression
Occurs when a member is stretched or bent and the surface cracks or splits
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Torsion
Occurs when a member has forces applied on opposite sides at each end and tends to twist like a propeller
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Water:cement ratio
• the single most important factor relating to the end result of the mix
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Enviro-Cement The key advantages of Enviro-Cement are:• Excellent performance for waste utilisation
and immobilisation • Long term pH control and ideal levels
• Carbonation self terminates other than in permeable materials (Eco-Cements)
• Less or no bleed water • Lower cost for performance • Less corrosive, pollutants etc.
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Enviro-Cement • More forgiving of poor workmanship • Improved durability and performance
• Reduced permeability and greater density • Greater resistance to sulphate and chloride
• Greater freeze-thaw resistance • Improved rheology
• Easier placement • Reduced dimensional change including
shrinkage • Reduced cracking, improved crack control
• Reduced efflorescence
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Eco-Cement The key advantages of Eco-Cement are:• Improved durability and performance
• Greater resistance to sulphate and chloride • Reduced corrosion of steel and other reinforcing
• Reduced delayed reactions • Delayed hydration of dead burned lime and
other minerals • Reduced delayed reactions • Delayed hydration of dead burned lime and other
minerals • Reduced alkali aggregate and delayed ettringite
reactions
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Eco-Cement • Higher tolerance of a wider range of
aggregate material • Greater freeze-thaw resistance
• Reduced alkali aggregate and delayed ettringite reactions
• Higher tolerance of a wider range of aggregate material
• Potentially lower cost • Carbon sequestration and waste utilisation on
a massive scale • No expensive additives required • More forgiving of poor workmanship
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Eco-Cement The key advantages of Eco-Cement are:• Improved rheology • Greater workability • Reduced dimensional change including
shrinkage • Reduced cracking, improved crack control • Better bonding (e.g. to brick and tiles) • Greater fire resistance • Reduced efflorescence • Excellent performance for waste utilisation
and immobilisation
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Types of concrete• Reinforced• Prestressed• No-fines concrete• Structural lightweight concrete• Foamed concrete• Water resistant concrete• Air-entrained concrete• Coloured concrete
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Reinforcement bar types
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Fabric reinforcement
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excursions• Eureka Pre-mix1207 Latrobe StreetDelacombe
• Sovereign ConcreteProducts192 Ring RoadWendouree
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Pre-mixed concreteThe plant control centre
Ready-mix plant
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Commercial projects
Residential projects
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Concrete homes
Architect: Stutchbury and Pane Architects
Location: Seaforth Sydney
Architect: Richard Szklarz Architects Pty Ltd,
Location: 71/73 Rowland Street, Subiaco,
Perth
Architect: de Campo Architects
Location: Toorak, Victoria
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Glass
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Windows• Windows glass –http://www.ecospecifier.ae/knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_windows_glass• Windows frames –http://www.ecospecifier.ae/knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_windows_frames
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Windows• Windows glass –http://www.ecospecifier.ae/knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_windows_glass• Windows frames –http://www.ecospecifier.ae/knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_windows_frames
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Windowsglazing in an insulated building can account for:
• 80% of summer heat gain• 40% of winter heat loss
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Windowsglazing transfers heat by:
•conduction though the glass and frame
•convection – air movement over surfaces
•infiltration – air leakage through gaps•solar radiation through the glass•emittance of absorbed heat
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Windowsglazing has multiple components:• glass, frame, seals
• performance is described:• for individual elements
• ( glass values, frame values )• or
• system performance• ( glazing unit as a whole )
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Windowsframes • can have a disproportionate impact on
window conductance, e.g.: • single glazing (U-value 5.9) • standard aluminium frame (U-value
12.7)• frame area of 17%
• a third of the total heat flow will be through the frame
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WindowsFrame fraction• system performance depends on the
“vision area” or “frame fraction”:• the ratio of glass to frame
• frame fraction varies according to:•frame section dimensions•overall dimensions
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WindowsFrame fraction• If the frame is less conductive than the glass
( e.g. timber frame / single clear glass )increasing the frame fraction reduces the system conductance ( better performance )
• If the frame is more conductive ( e.g. aluminium frame / single clear glass)increasing the frame fraction increases the system conductance ( lower performance )
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WindowsFrame fraction• If the frame is less conductive than the glass
( e.g. timber frame / single clear glass )increasing the frame fraction reduces the system conductance ( better performance )
• If the frame is more conductive ( e.g. aluminium frame / single clear glass)increasing the frame fraction increases the system conductance ( lower performance )
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Windows
Components U
aluminium frame 10.0
timber frame 2.8
3mm clear glass 5.9
double glazing – 3 mm glass with 6mm air gap 3.1
Systems Ualuminium frame with 3mm clear glass 6.9
aluminium frame with double 3mm clear glass and 6mm gap 3.8
timber frame with 3mm clear glass 5.5
timber frame with double 3mm clear glass and 6mm gap 3.0
Conductance defined by U-value of: • individual elements ( frame or glass ) • system ( complete unit )
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WindowsConductance through frames reduced by:
•slim profile – less area for heat transfer
•timber or PVC – lower conductivity•aluminium with thermal break
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WindowsConductance through glazing reduced by surface and cavity resistance:
•emissivity of surfaces •number of surfaces•thickness of cavity•fill (e.g. argon in cavity)
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WindowsFrame Glass UAluminium single, clear glass 7.63 Timber single, clear glass 5.71 Aluminium single, toned glass 7.57 Timber single, toned glass 5.67 Aluminium single, supertoned glass 7.58 Timber single, supertoned glass 5.67 Aluminium single, low-e glass 5.70 Timber single, low-e glass 3.99 Aluminium double, clear /6 air gap /clear 5.34 Timber double, clear /6 air gap /clear 3.67 Aluminium double, clear /12 air gap /clear 4.99 Timber double, clear /12 air gap /clear 3.35 Aluminium double, clear /12 Argon gap /low-e 4.05 Timber double, clear /12 Argon gap /low-e 2.51
Conductance: indicative system U-values
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WindowsRadiationStandard glass transmits:
•most short-wave, solar radiation •little long-wave, infra red radiant heat
from warm objects
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Windows
Radiation – standard glass transmittance
Tran
smitt
ance
80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%
blackbody spectrum
24°C
solar spectrum
visible
long-wave infrared solar infrared visible UV50.0 10.0 5.0 1.0 0.5
Wavelength (micrometers)
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WindowsRadiationGlass creates a “greenhouse effect”
•solar heat is transmitted through glass
•absorbed by internal mass•emitted as infrared radiation•most infrared radiation blocked by
glass
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WindowsRadiation• transmitted, reflected or absorbed
transmitted solar radiation
absorption
solar radiation
reflection
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WindowsRadiation• absorbed heat is re-radiated (infrared)
transmitted solar radiation
absorption
solar radiation
IR radiation of absorbed heat(inside)IR radiation of absorbed heat
(outside)
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WindowsRadiation - emissivity
radiation of absorbed heat depends on emissivity of glass•low e coating on inside reduces heat
gain by reducing radiation of absorbed heat
•most beneficial on toned or tinted glass with high absorptance
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WindowsRadiation – emissivity
low E coating on inside reduces
radiation of absorbed heat
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WindowsRadiation - emissivity• low e coating on inside surface of glass
reflects infrared heat:•reducing heat loss
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WindowsSolar radiation – reflectanceat right angles:
•about 4% of solar radiation is reflected from each glass surface
•clear single glazing, with two surfaces, reflects about 7.5%
•clear double glazing reflects about 14.5%
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Windows
Solar radiation – angle of incidencethe amount of radiation transmitted
varies depending on the ‘angle of incidence’
• 0° means perpendicular to surface • 90° means parallel to the surface
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Windows
Solar radiation – angle of incidence• Reflectance increases as the angle of
incidence increases. • It rises rapidly beyond 50°
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Windows• Solar radiation – angle of incidence
4 mm low E double glazing (outer pane is tinted)
absorbed, outer
transmitted
absorbed, inner
reflected
0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.
100
80
60
40
20
0
SC=0.45
%
6 mm reflective glass
transmitted absorbed
reflected
0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.
100
80
60
40
20
0
SC=0.52 %
5 mm tinted glass
transmitted
absorbed reflected
0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.
SC=0.70
100
80
60
40
20
0
%
4 mm clear glass
transmitted
absorbed
reflected
0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.
100
80
60
40
20
0
SC=0.98 %
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Windows• Solar radiation – angle of incidence
4 mm low E double glazing (outer pane is tinted)
absorbed, outer
transmitted
absorbed, inner
reflected
0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.
100
80
60
40
20
0
SC=0.45
%
6 mm reflective glass
transmitted absorbed
reflected
0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.
100
80
60
40
20
0
SC=0.52 %
5 mm tinted glass
transmitted
absorbed reflected
0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.
SC=0.70
100
80
60
40
20
0
%
4 mm clear glass
transmitted
absorbed
reflected
0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.
100
80
60
40
20
0
SC=0.98 %
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WindowsSolar radiation – angle of incidenceangle of incidence varies
•the effective area of glass exposure to the sun
•reflectance
85% transmitted= 0.85 x 800 W/m2
= 680 W/m21 M2 800
W/m2
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Windowsperformance certificationNFRC values are available for generic window systems from:www.wers.net
BCA Vol 1 part 3.12.2.1 provide “worst case” performance values
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Windowsperformance certificationglazing must comply with AS 2047thermal performance rating is not in Australian Standards – determined in accordance with industry recognised schemes
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WindowsSHGC & SCShading co-efficient (SC) has been replaced by SHGCSHGC is proportion of total radiant heat.SC is a comparison to 3mm clear glass.e.g. 3mm clear glass
SC = 1SHGC = 0.87
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WindowsSHGC – indicative system values
Frame Glass SHGCAluminium single, clear glass 0.75
Timber single, clear glass 0.66
Aluminium single, toned glass 0.57
Timber single, toned glass 0.49
Aluminium single, supertoned glass 0.52
Timber single, supertoned glass 0.45
Aluminium single, low-e glass 0.47
Timber single, low-e glass 0.40
Aluminium double, clear /6 air gap /clear 0.67
Timber double, clear /6 air gap /clear 0.59
Aluminium double, clear /12 air gap /clear 0.67
Timber double, clear /12 air gap /clear 0.59
Aluminium double, clear /12 Argon gap /low-e 0.63
Timber double, clear /12 Argon gap /low-e 0.55
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Windows
100%
Solar heat gain through 4 mm clear glass
86% 14%
SHGC=0.86
100%
Solar heat gain through 5 mm tinted glass
62% 38%
SHGC=0.62
100%
Solar heat gain through 6 mm reflective glass
46% 54%
SHGC=0.46
100%
Solar heat gain through 4 mm clear double glazing
77% 23%
SHGC=0.77
100%
Solar heat gain through 4 mm clear glass
86% 14%
SHGC=0.86
100%
Solar heat gain through 5 mm tinted glass
62% 38%
SHGC=0.62
100%
Solar heat gain through 6 mm reflective glass
46% 54%
SHGC=0.46
100%
Solar heat gain through 4 mm clear double glazing
77% 23%
SHGC=0.77
100%
Solar heat gain through 4 mm clear glass
86% 14%
SHGC=0.86
100%
Solar heat gain through 5 mm tinted glass
62% 38%
SHGC=0.62
100%
Solar heat gain through 6 mm reflective glass
46% 54%
SHGC=0.46
100%
Solar heat gain through 4 mm clear double glazing
77% 23%
SHGC=0.77
reflective – SHGC 0.46
double clear – SHGC 0.77
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Windowsglazing typeslow e coating
‘hard coat’ (exposed grade) and ‘soft coat’ (internal IGU grade only)‘clear’ low e coatings: low SHGC with high VTlarge benefit used on inside of toned glass, to minimise heat gain orinside double glazing to minimise heat loss
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Windowsperformance certificationglazing must comply with AS 2047thermal performance rating is not in Australian Standards – determined in accordance with industry recognised schemes
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Windowswindow treatments
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Windowsperformance certification
prior to May 2006 : ANACAustralian National Average Conditions
post May 2006 : NFRCNational Fenestration Rating Council
internationally recognised scheme for test conditions
ANAC and NFRC give different U & SHGC values
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Windowsperformance certification
Window Energy Rating Scheme (WERS)
• NFRC system U, SHGC• VT• air leakage • five-star rating of heating &
cooling performance
• WERS also includes skylights
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Windowsperformance certificationWindow Energy Rating Scheme (WERS)
labels on window certifying performance and manufacturer
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WindowsSHGC Solar heat gain coefficient
•is the proportion of total incident solar radiant heat transmitted through glass at 0°
•including inward radiation of absorbed solar heat
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Windowsskylights • can admit three times as much light as a
vertical window of the same dimension and three times more heat
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Windows• skylights – improved performance • double glazed, low E, fixed or opening
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Windowsskylights – improved performance angular selective
•prism cut internal lens surface •differential performance summer &
winter
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Windowsskylights – improved performance tubular, high specularity shaft
• minimum heat gain from small opening
• maximum light from lenses & reflective shaft
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Timber
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Timberhttp://www.ecospecifier.ae/
knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_timber_and_wood_products