UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREAgricultural Research Administration

Brareau of Entomology sad Plant Quarantine

University of California' Hawaii.Agr!cultural Experiment Station

Territorial Soard of Agriculture and Fqresfcxy

Pineappis Research laatitute Hawaiian Sugar Planters5 AssociationExperiment Station

OfGEai'AL FRUIT FL1

QDAilTSPAI ftBPOfiT

Jvily I - Ssptorabei* 30^ .19:50

0D0

CON T EH TS- Volume I

introduction ..»«.„.<,.„

Personnel Chart =.,..„«,.,

^-Biology -• K. L« Mashler

Effect of Protein Hydrolysate Upon Pre-oidpositioa5Fertility and Longevity of XL daEsalia at EooaTemperature and in Constant temperature Cabinets(N= E. Flitters) ...................... 9-16

Effect of Climate (K. L. Maehler, C. J. Da^is).

Meteorological Data .0.........<....... 17-20

Adult Stiadias

Mortality .... .. ................. a 21-27

Longevity .......... B . . . . . «„,..,. 28-35

SssneQ. HatariHgr .................... 36-38

Mating Studies ......o. ..«,..,.. 38-39

Oviposition. „ „ . . ............ . . .. o «, . 40-43

Egg Studies ....................... 44-45

Larval Studies ....„.....«, . . . . 4.5-50

Pupal Stiadies. .<...«.*............... 51-6O

Miscellaneous Studies

Competition betv/een D» dorsalis and C» capitata (Davis) . o 61

Sismmary and Evaluation of Adult Fruit F3^r aad Parasite

Emergence? Mani (Maehlsr)

Hosts of papas dorsalis. C

Kvaluation of Host Selatious of Dacua, dorsalis, ,<....„ 65-=67

Sransation of Fruit Collections on &sui and Hawaii. . . . . 68-81

Plus Survey on Matsi «o*o«..aJ».o»...<.<.oo 82-S7

Apricot Survey on Hawaii ..*.,....«.......» 88-90

PAG&

Hosts of Dacus dorsalis cont"d

Maui Fruit Collections . . . . 91-127

Hawaii Fruit Collections . . . . . 128-149

California Fruit Studies ................. 150-283

Population Trends (Maehlers Davis)

On iaaui ..«. ................ 284-316

On Hawaii ........... ........ 317-338

Movement Sttsdiea (Davis)

On Hawaii 339-341

Biological Control - D. $. Clancy

Chemical Control - L. F- Steiner

Area Control - C. F. Henderson

Commodity Treatments - J. W

Physiology - C. C. Hoan

(SSE VOLUSE 113

(SEE VOLUME IX)

(SSS ?OLDHE III)

(SEE VOLCME III)

(SEE VOUMS III)

342-472

620-709

710-832

ii

PAGgBiological Control ~ D. W. Clancy

Summary .........,......,«,..,„,.„,„ 342-345

Foreign Investigations, Africa (McGough, IJ.S.D.l.,} ....,, 346-347

Foreign Investigations* !lo» India (Waters, tJ.S_,,D.A.) . , „ . . 348-352

Foreign Investigations, China (Gress'itfc, U. of Calif.) • » • • 353

Foreign Investigations, Formosa (&aa, B. of Calif.) „ o . . „ 354-355

Foreign Investigations, So. India (Beevor,, U-S.DoiL.) . . . . . 356-358

Foreign Investigations^, How Caledonia^ Fiji j

?£' 93L Ml.' •§££!!££•) «..••.-. ...... o o . 359-360

Foreign Investigations, Thailand (Angalet, 5«S.»£»A<.) « • « . • 361-363

Receiving and Quarantine Handling, Honolulu (Clancy and

Staff, O.S.D.A.) ............... . 364-397

Propagation and Colonisation,, Honolulu (Chock, Weber aadStaff, Terr. Bd« of Agr. and For.) .<> ........... 39S-406

Mass Culture Techniquesy Honolulu (Finnsy^ Scith and StaffsU, of Calif,)

Mass Culture of Enemies of gacus dorsalie^ D. cucurMtas

and^C. capltata (Finney) .., >.,......•... 407-414.

Effect of Kutritioxs iJpon Fecundity and Longevity in

Adults of Certain Tephritid Species (Hagea) ....... 415-42©

Further Studies on the Nutritional Requirements of

D. dorsalis Larva. (Maeda). ... c ...... o . - ,» 427-4J32

Recovery and Evaluation., Honolulu (van dan Bosch, Bess,

Newell and Staff, D- of Hawaii]

Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of the Fruit Flies

of the Sub-family Dacinas, with Special Emphasis Upon

Those Regioae Yfhere Parasite Exploration Work in Being

Carried On. '{Hardy) -.-..*.. ...........

Establishment and Spread of Parasites (van dsn Bosch) . . . 435-447

Evaluation of Effectiveness of Hateral Enemies of

Fruit Files Jewell and P. S. Msssenger, C. of 448-472collaborating) .................

iii

(Volume 2 coni

Chemical Gcntrol - Loren F. Steiner

Preliminary Laboratory Testing of Insecticides (inmanj,Holloway, Steiner) ..................... 4.78-483

Field Testing of Insect!cidea (Steiner, Ta?iadas Himaa)

So31 TreatmsKts = <> „».... « „ a ...„,,. „ o . 4gi»,489

Poison-Bait Sprays ,.«....„. o „ 489-4.96

Small Plot Tests on Banana ......„,,.,,„.. 497-504

Field Tests »»..<>.............,,. 505-516

Bio-assays and Chemical Analysis of Foliage Sampled

from Field ?lct3 .................. 516-530

Fiimigatiag Effeet of Certain Insecticides ........ 531-532

Parasite Activity and Abundance In Sprayed Vs. Unsprayed

PlOtS oooeooo.uo.oa.coco.aa.a.e 533~53-4

tots 7a. tesfrollers .................. 535-536

Preliminasy Test of Systemic Poisons. .0.0..,=,. 537-539

Spray Residues On and In FJMnit (Tenada, Stsiner) ...... 5,40-5^2

Studies to Detenniae If the Development or Segregation of

Strains of Fruit Flaee R&sistant to Insecticides Is

Likely to Occur, (Steinsr^ HisjBanP Stoat) <>..■>..«, .543-544.

Development of Fermenting assd Kon-Fermenting L^area (Gow andSteiner)

Son-Fermenting and Fermenting Feiaale Liares ......«" 545~563

Olfactometer Tests ...... ...»...«. .....-' 5,64™-567

Effect of Trap Colsr oa Effectiveness ......... 5&7~568

Field Test of Methyl EugenoH-Parathioa ......... 569-583

Insecticides for th© Control ef the Jtelon Fly (Walter Ebeling,

Onit. of_ Califp;cni& in cooperation w.ith ike Hawaii Ag£. Sggt

Statics).■. 7 . . ..«.«. e......^.. . ..... 5SA-619

1Q.UQE.E.

Area Control -C. F. Henderson

Summary ...................... ..... 620-623

Insecticidal Control Studies

Bait-spray Studies (Kang£ Gammon* Henderson)...... . „ „ 624-631

DDT suspension and emulsion+sugar sprays applied by airplane 632-654

DDT emulsion and suspension sprays applied by airplane. . . „ 655-657

Effect of droplet size on BDT suspension, emulsion and

emulsion*sugar sprays. .........a..... „». 658-661

Mapping the guava areas on Lanai (Gammon,, Henderson) 662-

Incidental Host Survey of Lanai (Maehler3 Gammon) ..<,.„.. 662-663

Studies on Lanai

Program of Treatment for Lanai (Henderson).......... 664,-666

Population Studies on Lanai (geiser, Henderson) ....... 667-709

Commodity Treatments - J. W. Balock.

Sumiaaiy. .......... ..no...... ».....« 710-711

Investigations to Develop Mortality-Tias-Temperature Curves

Under ?apor-Heat Sterilisation (Balock, Kakata) ....... 712-713

Investigations to Develop Mortality-Tims-Temperatara

Under Low Temperatures (Balockj, Kozaiaia) ........... 714-74.7

Investigations to Develop Time-Dosage-aortality Curves Under

Hethyl Bromids Fumigation. (Balock5 Hakata). . ...... . 74S-750

Investigations to Test Hew and Previously Untried Fumigants

for Use in Comnodity Treatments (Baloeka Hiniaasa). ...... 751-757

Investigations to Determine Infestation Indices on Commercial

Grade Fruits and Vegetables (Balock, Nakata) ......... 758-763

(Volume 3 cont'd)

Commodity Treatments (cont'd)

Factors Affecting the Keeping Quality of Cut Flowers,

Foliages, Ornamentals, Fruits, and Vegetebles in Relationto Quarantine Sterilization Requirements for Export(E« K. Akaoine, Hawaii Agr. j&g. Station). ...,,„.« 764-773

A Study of the Influence of Sterilisation Treatments forthe Oriental Fruit Fly on the Physiology, Handling and

Marketability of Fresh Fruits,, Vegetables, and Chat Floraers.

General Summary of Commodity Treatments with Deciduous

Fruits (L.L.Claypooly H.JLVines, Only- of Califs) • . . 774-832

Division of Truck Crops (H. K. Pratt, et al, Oniv. of

Callfo) ......„„ . o . a . ' - . . 832a-832b

Physiology - C, C. Roan

Summary . . ... o ....... 833- 834

Factors Influencing the Matiag of to© Oriental Fruit Fly 835 -839

Reaction of the Oriental Fruit Fly to Light, Temperature,and Chemical Stimuli »...,., 840 -848

Observations on the Physiology of the Oriental Fruit Fly

(G. S» Frasnkel) ..».<,. .......»...<,... 849 -863

Baited States Stepartenacat of AgtuAgricultural fisseaveh Administration

Baraau of JSato/nology sacl Plant Quarantine

?E5r.? FLE IH'FSSH'I

-July 1 through Ssptembsr 30., 19;-;0u

This report is the first quarterly report of tha uecoad. ys&r of theoperations of the eooperafci*/o Orients! Fraii Fly Ititi

The following st»nais.ry has bean axtractad ifrcfc reports uhicb.in detail on the i'c>llowijag pesos <• Mora dstaSled suoajas-iQSj.by ths project workers* sill be fouitd in ociisecstdon rdita thprojects.

Some of the limifciug factors to -oha es-bab.liabs'.s^ asd raaaiatsssanes oflarge populations of .Dasgs pcrsa3.is are bagissniag fe bacoas clear- Attha higher altitvdi-s where temperatares faU. bslow 50° FO;, taapsratwresseam to be the limitixjg factor,, bat at the oediun altitodao {;'30005~5QOOJ)with a suitable t©mporat»ra range, host availabiiity and a suocessaioti ofhosts appear to bs the pi-edouriuiatiag factoro* Spseial conditioas sivshas hea'vy fogs and very high humidities aleo appear to be lisiitiag.

Sunrivalj longe-vd^jr said acti-saty ars ocnai bio^i'by dist as wall as weather.The fjly is sensitive to "rough weathRr" 9-Ajn in areas of suitable temperature aad this ssneifcivity say bs a iisaiting factor as temporattu'-efavorab:ll:Hy d

'^- 'In areas of lew temperature should be considered in relationship

to attainment of ssxeal matjjrity which can bo eo proloaged as to. constitute a factor limiting largo populations or oven the survival cf thespecies.. Again di.et is & factor and it is pos&ibls that editable wild

proteinaceo^s diets will not bs too plentifiil as temperatin-ea fall belowthose laeceBsary for <&\e de^elopusnt of large populations of h

producing, insect apscieo or of wild ya

•a-

The rate of larval devalepaest is conditioaea by temperature bat therapid breakdown of some tropical fruits accelerates development.

The lower thresholds of development for B. cjacurfoitae and C. capitataare significant with respect to their survival probabilities toaaSSclimates, In weighing the survival advantages of ». dorsails and 0,^aeitaga, perhaps the most important differancs legatingTiEns. dT£2£§§iU& fflates at twilight when temperaturas are low, while Co cap?mates throughout the day when temperatures ars, highest. This" -is?"poirticW7 *J»P°rtant at higher elections whore temperature gradients are" steepestas the sun goes dosm- If temperatures are below 60° F» activity willbe reduced and mating discouraged. As fcenrperatisres di*op lower raatin?will be predated entirely* Bass rasy be the weakest link in the biologyof S" dorsijlia and tha most limiting of all factors insofar as Itsestablishment aixd maintenance in certain areas are concerned*

Many taraperai^l zone fruits tire good hosts of both dorgglla and c£j?itataand on the island of ASaui are important factors i«~ffla!S£aiaing high"populations since they provide a sequence of hosts throughout the season.This great variety of host fruits may aecoumt for fas lag ia parasitismon that isiaad. Many infsstsd host fruits are negligibly parasitised inspite of /up to Tf% parasitism in one host f

The retaeafe of cagitate to higher «5levations aith the adveat of doxsaHgwas a favoi'able factor in reducing the hazard of the fox-mer pest reachiiag

the maialaride The recurrence of cagitata in soju« locations ^here dgrgaligpopulations have been materially reduced"V parasites indicates that thesetwo spades •■asy ebb and flow with fluctuations in parasite activity inlocalities favorable for dU

Biological Control

Quite the ff^st significant item is the ovidance for high pereeatageK ofparasitism \rv opiiaes and par-bdcalarly by the "WaSkaxse" Omjig^ which haeassumed the predominant positiono ""

It is now clear that & highly efficient complex of parasites and predatorsis operating to reduce field popalationB of iifirgaMg and it is oncepossible -io find isniafosted fruit3* With evidenco'?rom the Ecology ^ae to the inflvsencQ of host availability on jjgg^^g populations £nd vne

preference of parasites for certain host fruits, it will vnadcnbtedly roq\2:U'8several seasons, to adequately evaluate "hhe role' of beneficial ftaBects Instabilizing dorsaUB pcjpulebions bat prseent trsnda all indicate that &note-worthy acbiesreiaeat is in prospscto

Large numbers of fruit fly papersa are still ba:tog received from field

collectors but very few ne^ parasites of asyr promise are emerging. The

development of techniques for juass breeding by the Oniversity of Californiagroup are progressing satisfactorily^ and the aass production of 0. oer;-

i^ in quantity begun. Siase studies are of considerebie significancethi idit

Jii^fi y gapart from their imaediate object:.v©, finch valuable. data on insect

nutrition is accruing and the production of fruit fliea,. which ware madeavailable to cooperating agoncaos, has filled a r©a3. need.

Chemical

Bho"?,that fl0IBe of the newer organic insecticides are suc-*??"*** emer«ence of fruit ^« **» ^e soil. RathlrJ *? necessaz^ f°* example, complete control was

2^22 oS86 °f 20° lbB' of 25* »**•»• ai^in per acre, but« .P5?J?8 gaven98 P»«»ent control as did 20 Ibso of 25* lindan©! Sachquantities would be impracticable from the orchardists? point of vieW4 !f !Jconcerted atta<& on an incipient infestation 4Sia use of soilInsecticides appears to have distinct promise.

Also for use against incipient iafestationB? progress in orchard spraytechniques is such thft«4fe have reason to believe that such infestationscould be successfully attacked. Concentrated sprays using less than L os.tcadcant per acre have achie%-ed 9QJS control of both fruit infestations2??u^[*pop?7a i0ns and a ginning has baen made in combining these sprayswith attractive baits» *~-tf«

P/^ °f contro1 achieved nsay not seem adequate, at first sightsto justify any claim for its possible usefulness in containing an &a-cipient infestation but it mast be recalled that all spray plot experimentsin Hawaii are subject to a continuous barrage of flies from contiguousareas=

Dilute sprays have achieved up to 94% control with parathion 25# wettablepowder at 1,7 lbs. toxicant par acreo Aldrin3 fi.P.N,, dieldrin,, Dilaaand DDT were also high ranking insecticides in these tests* There isclearly a fairly wide choice in insecticides that could be used andstandard spray schedules could undoubtedly be used in many cases.

Parathion at 1»7 to 2.2 1b,, toxicant per acre shows an astonishing residualeffect with kill continuing for as long as 3 weeks. It, as well asdieldHn and aldria, has a powerful killing affect against flies cage®iasprayed plots. Complete mortality of flies that oake no direct contactwith sprayed surfaces has been obtained tsp to 4 days after a spray application with dieldx-ia.

Emulsions in general are Isss effective than, suspensions in dilute sprayao

There is some promising initial data on the use of systemic insecticides.Parathion, Metacide and Systox all gave evidence of systemic effectsagainst nawly hatched larvae o

The standard fermenting bait lures have been improved s&vesal fold by theuse of protein hydrolysate.. Even better results have come from the useof a Vitaasin B complex--over six times as efficient as the standard bait.Methyl ©vsgenol continues its remarkable attraction to aale dorsalig.Over 1j000s000 flies have been caught since June in the A5 traps aroundthe 4-Bile periphery of a pineapple field and there is evidence that thesewere drawn from up to 1/2 mils away.

Area Contgol

Important basic data sere necessary during this quarter since Area Controlwould soon be expected to be ready for its major operation on the Islandof Lanalc

A major problem was the comparison of suspensions and emsalsions applied'by airplaoeo Chemical control data indicate that 7/ith dilute sprays,suspensions are superior. These fornnalationa are difficult to apply byplane, however, and for that matter any £pie> applied from the air totree foliage has been shoBn to deposit on top of the leaves.

Several experiments on a considerable scale in guava gulches haveindicated that the DDT emulsions^ when fortified by raw sugar, controlwas improvedj, because flies were enticed to th© upper leaf surfacss. Difference between the two forsalations are not of great ssagnitudo but sufficient to be significant ©hsn thorough coverage is not possible inrough terrain,,

Parasitism up to 69$ in the jfemsalla. populations remaining after sprayingis aost encouraging but on the other side of the picture, the Med. fly wasmore evident ia the sprayed areas than in the checks. This is additionalevidence that Med« fly is moving bads to areas where dorgalig no longerdominates»

Plans were completed for the large-scale experiments on Lanai, These exments being conducted simultaneously should together provide the equivalent of a large area control program* There irers cogent arguments fordelaying the program *mtil next year but the probability of parasitesdeveloping to the point of rendering avaluation difficult wae so .real

that the decision was made to proceed this year aad develop a program ofmulti-large scale experiments.

Commodity Treatments

The tolerance of fruits to vapor-heat treatment is materially affected

by the pre-treatment. Pineapples are unaffected by the standard vapor-

heat treatment if they are firet held at reduced humidities for 8 to

13 hours* Reduced humidity seees to be essential to all commodities

requiring pre-treatment*

All pre-treatment has to be considered in relation to its possible effect

on conditioning larvae to high temperatures of treatment. There are

indications that this Is jJo&sibla but not at the levels of pre-treatmentusedo

Pineapple tolerates vapor-heat treatment if a pratreatment period of 8

to 13 hours at temperatures of 100 to 115° F-, and 50$ ft.3- before thestandard holding period of 8 3/4 hours at internal temperature of 110® F-

Low temperature offers some possibilities particularly for commoditiesthat can be stored or shipped over slov water routes.

The discovery that certain r.on-commercial hybrid "pineapples «ere subjectto a Gffich greater, degree of infestation than ths cosjaercial variety/Cay

d it ibl t fil ity? Gaysnne,

aga ess aroae.

Maturity s-equivsanaut for shipping fresh pineapples, astabiished by thaBoard of Agriculture aud Forestry rseccnsvidcd by the Oriental Fruit i7lvInvestigetAnn,/as, therefo<-s p^.v. .in question.

Fumigation is a move aatisfactory iren.i.!<!er:i in icsziy respects than vapheat. EqtdjpT/r-mt coist as nsglibly by ec>!Sp.'i;.-i/;on and the time facto:-1 isvery greatly •••siuctds

Screening of rss.v fvjaigants continued and 5 of these were found to bshighly todc fco aggs and lairras.

One nev; fiiiBigarsr. is past the scraaniag atege.- Sighty-BCv'en (87) tests

wsr-e conducted ixth ethyle^e dibveudds.. which is showii-g real proaisa.

Its principa!L a3"/ants,gaB lie in the lov? dosage necessarys tha 3hoi't time

required and ths tolerance of ccaa3odJ.tlas to it.

Indices of infestation continue to bs recordad. It is to be hoped that

these data will become of practical sigrxifieance in dst-sriaindBg coffi

treataients» At present^ in spatti of £ perfectly valid hypoiBssis they

are purely acedeaic. The treiserdc-isj; reductions in fly population,, however,

shciid be ref I s-itod in greatly zeduced indica« of infestation end cor-ss-

quently greatl.y reduced risk.

iyr/52tigatioiij3 have basn aadsr'&nd-Liao projects havD beet1,

established* 'JJisss deal vixh ftefcors .vaflvjs--c!jinf"the raaf.i»g of the

0ri.av-.tsl fruit :riy particularly with the pviroose of checking the light-

temperature relationship u=i indicatad by «Oiiers in the Scology-EiologyProject. A b'eg:ivjning has also been ffiac'.o in the study of reactions of thefyuitfly to light-., teroperatu?s ecd chensicai zrAitsaLi*

Walter Carter, Director

Oriental Fruit Fly investigations

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