University of Massachusetts Lowell ECE

University of yMassachusetts Lowell ECE

16 100 Introduction to Your Wireless World16.100 Introduction to Your Wireless WorldProfessor Jay Weitzen

LF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XMTS LF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XRAYMTS, IMTS

ContentsContents

• History of Wireless Putting it into Context• History of Wireless, Putting it into Context

• Future of Wireless Communication 4G and beyond

• Careers in Wireless

c 2004 -2008 Dr. Jay Weitzen

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Generations of Wireless• First Generation, Analog Circuit Switched Voice, Analog

Modem/Fax over Circuit Switched Voice– AMPS (1980’s)AMPS (1980 s)

• 2nd Generation: Digital Vocoded Circuit Switched Voice, Circuit Switched data 16-64 kbps (1993 +)

IS 95 A&B IS 136 GSM (GPRS) IDEN– IS-95 A&B, IS-136, GSM (GPRS), IDEN– 2.5G low rate packet data comes to wireless (GPRS,edge)

• 3rd Generation, Digital Circuit Switched Voice, Packet Switched Broadband Data (2001 +)Broadband Data (2001 +)– CDMA 2000 (1xRTT+ 1xEV-DO), WCDMA (UMTS)– 3.5 G, Voip and QOS come to wireless

• 4th Generation, Broadband Packet Switched Voice (VOIP), 10M Broadband Packet Switched Data MBPS (2012+)– WiMax), LTE, WiFi


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History of Wireless C i tiCommunication

Days before radioDays before radio.....• 1680 Newton first suggested

concept of spectrum, but for visible light onlyvisible light only

• 1831 Faraday demonstrated that light, electricity, and magnetism are relatedU

N Smagnetism are related

• 1864 Maxwell’s Equations: spectrum includes more than light

ULF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XRAY light

• 1890’s First successful demos of radio transmission

RAY


4

Telegraphy• Samuel F.B. Morse had the idea of the telegraph on

a sea cruise in the 1833. He studied physics for two years, and In 1835 demonstrated a working prototype, which he patented in 1837.

• Derivatives of Morse’ binary code are still in use todatoday

• The US Congress funded a demonstration line from Washington to Baltimore, completed in 1844.

• 1844: the first commercial telegraph circuits were coming into use The railroads soon were usingcoming into use. The railroads soon were using them for train dispatching, and the Western Union company resold idle time on railroad circuits for public telegrams, nationwide

• 1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was

Samuel F. B. Morseat the peak of his career

• 1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was installed

Field TelegraphySubmarine Cable Installationc 2004 -2008 Dr. Jay Weitzen

5

Field Telegraphyduring the US Civil War, 1860’s

Submarine Cable Installationnews sketch from the 1850’s

Telephony• By the 1870’s, the telegraph was in use all over the world and largely

taken for granted by the public, government, and business. • In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for

carrying actual voices over wirescarrying actual voices over wires. • Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by

the late 1890’s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA

Telephone Line Installation Crew


6

1880’sAlexander Graham Bell and his phonefrom 1876 demonstration

Radio Milestones• 1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo of , p y , g

existence of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies• 1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radio

telegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy• 1897: the British fund Marconi’s development of reliable p

radio telegraphy over ranges of 100 kM• 1902: Marconi’s successful trans-Atlantic demonstration • 1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio• 1906: Lee De Forest invents “audion”, triode vacuum tube1906: Lee De Forest invents audion , triode vacuum tube

– feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals

• 1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I• 1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting

Guglielmo Marconiradio pioneer, 1895

• 1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting• 1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection of

incoming German planes during WW II• 1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony - MTS,

Mobile Telephone SystemMTS, Mobile Telephone System• 1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical• 1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service• 1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICs Lee De Forest

vacuum tube inventor

MTS, IMTS


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• 1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial deployment vacuum tube inventor

Early Wireless systemsEarly Wireless systems


8

History of Mobile PhonesHistory of Mobile Phones


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History of Mobile Phones (cont’d)History of Mobile Phones (cont d)

2007 Iphone and Androidc 2004 -2008 Dr. Jay Weitzen

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2007 Iphone and Android

Overview of the Radio Spectrump

AM LORAN Marine

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 MHz3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHzShort Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur CB

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz30,000,000 i.e., 3x107 Hz

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 300 MHzFM VHF TV 7-13VHF LOW Band VHFVHF TV 2-6

0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 GHz3 000 000 000 i e 3x109 Hz

UHF TV 14-69UHF GPSDCS, PCSCellular

300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz30 000 000 000 i e 3x1010 Hz

3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz


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30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x10 HzBroadcasting Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony

Terrestrial Microwave Satellite

General Wireless BandsGeneral Wireless Bands


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History of North American Cellular

• In the late 1970’s, the FCC (USA Federal Communications Commission) and the Canadian government allocated 40 MHz. of spectrum in the 800 MHz. range for public mobile telephony.

Cellular

spectrum in the 800 MHz. range for public mobile telephony. • FCC adopted Bell Lab’s AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)

standard, creating cellular as we know it today– The USA was divided into 333 MSAs

333 MSAs300+ RSAs(Metropolitan Service Areas) and over 300 RSAs (Rural

Service Areas)• By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted

d t l t t ti C di k t l

300+ RSAs

and at least one system operating. Canadian markets also developed.

• In 1987, the FCC allocated 10 MHz. of expanded spectrum In the 1990’s additional technologies were developed for cellular• In the 1990 s, additional technologies were developed for cellular

– TDMA (IS-54,55,56, IS-136) (also, GSM in Europe/worldwide)– CDMA (IS-95)

US O t did t f th i t lth h ic 2004 -2008 Dr. Jay Weitzen

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• US Operators did not pay for their spectrum, although processing fees (typically $10,000’s) were charged to cover license administrative cost

North American Cellular Spectrum

Downlink Frequencies(“Forward Path”)

Uplink Frequencies(“Reverse Path”)

F MH824 835 845 870 880 894

869

849

846.5825

890

891.5

Frequency, MHz

Paging, ESMR, etc.A B A B

Ownership andFrequencies used by “A” Cellular OperatorInitial ownership by Non-Wireline companies

Licensing Frequencies used by “B” Cellular OperatorInitial ownership by Wireline companies

• In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted– “A” licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants

only


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– “B” licenses awarded to existing telephone companies only – subsequent sales are unrestricted after system in actual

operation

History of North America PCS• By 1994, US cellular systems were seriously

overloaded and looking for capacity relief– The FCC allocated 120 MHz. of spectrum

around 1900 MHz. for new wireless 51 MTAsaround 1900 MHz. for new wireless telephony known as PCS (Personal Communications Systems), and 20 MHz. for unlicensed servicesallocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10 year

51 MTAs493 BTAs

– allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-year licenses were auctioned to highest bidders

PCS Licensing and Auction Details• A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas )& spect u b oc s ce sed 5 s ( ajo ad g eas )

• Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995) • C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas)

• C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996)• Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology• Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology

A D B E F C unlic.data

unlic.voice A D B E F C

PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA


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1850 MHz.

1910 MHz.

1990 MHz.

1930 MHz.

15 15 155 5 5 15 15 155 5 5

The Search for More SpectrumThe Search for More Spectrum

• Wireless data growing at 5% + per month• Wireless data growing at 5% + per month, is unsustainable given existing spectrum allocationsallocations– New Wireless Bands are being taken from other services

• AWS 1700/2100• 700 MHz LTE bands (from TV channels 59-79)• MMDS (2.5 GHz)• ???? (looking for more spectrum)???? (looking for more spectrum)

– Billing Plans now forcing you to use Wifi or pay very high monthly fees


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Major North American Carriers a tail of consolidationThe largest players, areas, and technologies• Sprint PCS

– Partnership of sprint, TCI, Cox cable– Technology: CDMA: going to LTE,Wi-max

• AT&TSprint PCS

– Formed from Singular and AT&T– Technology: GSM, UMTS, LTE– Shut Down IS-136 network

• VerizonAT&T Wireless– Partnership of Airtouch, US west, bell Atlantic,

GTE– 50% owned by Vodaphone and Verizon– Technology: CDMA, LTE

T mobile• T-mobile– Formed from GSM Alliance, Deutche Telecom– Technology: GSM, UMTS, LTE

• The small Players waiting to be acquired

Verizon

– USCellular: CDMA– Metro PCS: CDMA– Leap Wireless

• For complete information, check www.fcc.Gov

Western Wireless

Pacific Bell

PowertelBellSouth

OmniPoint

Aerial

T-Mobile


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Formation of USA Wireless Carriers

c 2004 -2008 Dr. Jay Weitzen18

How A Wireless Communication S t W k Th b iSystem Works: The very basics

• Electrical Signal is delivered to the transmitterg

• Modulated onto an RF or Optical Carrier

•Can be either Analog or Digital Modulation•Can be either Analog or Digital Modulation

•Signal Propagates through a channel to the receive

ff ff•Different effects depending on propagation modes and frequency

At receiver the signal is collected by the antenna•At receiver, the signal is collected by the antenna

•Amplified and demodulated by the receiver


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Elements of A Wireless SystemElements of A Wireless System


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The Future of Wireless Coming to !you!

• 4G QOS Enabled Services Over wireless• 4G QOS Enabled Services Over wireless– Next Generation Push to Talk Services

Video Telephony– Video Telephony– Interactive Gaming between Cell Phones

V i O IP (V LTE)– Voice Over IP (VoLTE)• Fixed Mobile Convergence

– Wifi/Personal BTS at home, Macro Cellular Network

Fixed Mobile ConvergenceFixed Mobile Convergence3G Macro-Cellular Overlay Network

Home AP Underlay Network

• Overlay network – Outdoor coverage & mobility. Operator bears cap-ex and op-ex

• Underlay network – Inbuilding coverage. Consumer shares cap-ex and op-ex

Small Cells and FMC3GPP2 Compliant PDIF – Security Gateway and Mobile IP Foreign Agent

Picasso CDMA Femto Cell1xRTT & EVDO. 6 Users.Integrated BSC/RNC/PDSN

DSL, Cable, FiberIP Network

Existing handset

TR 069 Device

Network Planning

Service Activation

Value Proposition

Picasso Service Manager

TR-069 Device Management

p• Creates home phone service• Superior user experience• Off-loads macro network

Activation, Provisioning & Remote Management

Emerging Careers in WirelessEmerging Careers in Wireless

• Each box in the new architecture• Each box in the new architecture• Wireless Service Providers (can you hear

me)me)• Applications Development• For more Information

– Jay Weitzen, Ball 411y– [email protected]

Preparing for Future Careers in Wi lWireless

• Basic Courses:Basic Courses:– 16.362 (signals and systems)– 16.363 (probability and random signals)– 16.460 (electromagnetics)

• Elective/Advanced courses– Wireless Communication (16.418/16.582)– Communication Theory (16.543)

Antenna Design– Antenna Design – RF Design– Digital Signal ProcessingDigital Signal Processing

• Programming Classes

End Of NotesEnd Of Notes

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