Unix Fundamentals and command references

Solaris

Linux

HP-UX

AIX

Commands

uname - It shows system identification information

showrev - System information with Host ID

# pwd – It shows the present working directory

Unix file types

ls - List of directories and files

ls continues

ls continues …

cal - It shows calendar

date - it shows the current date

Date format :

mm dd hh mm yy . s

mkdir – to create a new directory

cd - to change the directory

rmdir or rm –r - to remove the directory

mv – move or rename the directory or file

mv continues … ( if destination directory already exists “ mv “ moves source directory to destination directory ).

cp - It copies directories and files from one location to another location.

“ cp “command copies only files from one location to another location. “ cp - r “ Can be used to copy directories.

“ cat “ command is used to create or read the contents of the files.

To append some more content with the existing file “ >> “ can be used.

“ file “ is a command which tells you the property of file orDirectory.

“ more “ command displays the file contents page wise.

“ less “ command displays the file content like “ more “ command but, it has to be closed with “ q “.

“ touch “ is the command which creates zero length files or it puts time stamp on the file or files which are already exist.

“ head “ command displays the file contents with “ – “option

“ tail “ command displays file contents like “ head “with “ - , + “ option.

“ sort “ command displays file contents in ascending and descending order.

“ wc - word count “ command displays words, lines, chars, bytes, mem size and all.

“ which “ command shows the location of the commands, which are set in environment variable “ PATH “

“ df – Disk free “ command shows the disk space level

“ clear “ command clears the screen

“ tty “ the terminal command shows the pseudo terminals.

“ echo “ command show the given value or shows the value of the environment varriables.

“ grep “ is the command which displays the line with the matching pattern. It can be executed with more options.

Searches for the expression as a complete word, ignoring

those matches that are substrings of larger words.

- w

Counts the lines that contain the pattern- c

Inverts the search to display lines that do not match the

pattern

- v

Precedes each line with the relative line number in the file- n

Lists the names of files with matching lines- l

Searches for both uppercase and lowercase characters- i

DefinitionOption

The “ grep “ command supports several regular expressionMeta characters to further define a search pattern. This table describes some of the regular expression meta characters. Regular expression meta characters:

Matches all lines ending

with “pattern”

’pattern$’End of line

anchor$

Matches all lines beginning

with “pattern”

’^pattern’Beginning of

line anchor^

ResultExamplePurposeMetacharacter

Additional regular expression meta characters:

Matches

Lowercase

Alphanumeric

characters or

nothing at all

’[a-z]*’Matches the

preceding

item zero or

more times

*

Matches lines

containing a

“p,” followed by

Five characters,

and followed

by an “n”

’p.....n’Matches one

character.

ResultExamplePurposeMetacharacter

“ grep “ continues …

Matches lines that

do not contain “a”

through “m” and

followed by“attern”

’[^am]

attern’

Matches one

character not

in the pattern[^]

Matches lines

Containing

“Pattern” or

“pattern”

’[Pp]attern’

Matches one

character in

the pattern[ ]

ResultExamplePurposeMetacharacter

“ grep “ continues …

“ grep “ continues ….

“ grep “ continues ..

“ grep “ continues ..

“ grep “ continues ….

“ grep “ continues….

“ grep “ continues …

The egrep command searches the contents of one or more files for a pattern using extended regular expression metacharacters. Extended regular expression metacharacters include the regular expression metacharacters that the grep command uses, plus some additional metacharacters.

Egrep

Matches lines

Containing the literal

character or

metacharacter it

follows

‘patte[r?]’Matches zero

or one

character

?

Matches for either

expression

’apple | orange’Matches either x or

yx | y

Matches one or more

lowercase letters

followed by “ark” (for

example, “airpark,”

“bark,” “dark,”

“landmark,” “shark,”

“sparkle,” “trademark”)

’[a-z]+ark’Matches one or

more of the

preceding

characters

+

ResultSamplePurposeMetacharacter

Egrep

“ egrep Example :

“ egrep “ continues…

“ egrep continues …

Pgrep The “ process grep “ command finds and displays the process ID along with It’s parent process ID.

“ find “ is a command to find a file or directory in the system globally.

FIND

“ find “ continues …

“ find “ continues …

“ find “ continues …

“ find “ continues ..

“ w “ is a command which shows the particular user’sInformation in an elaborate manner.

“ SU “ command can be used to switch over from one user to an other user physically.

“ who “ command shows a respective user’s information

“ who “ continues …

“ id “ command shows user’s ID and primary group ID

“ finger “ command displays the user information along with user’s status

“ Link “ is a command which creates link between source and destination file. The following example shows the symbolic link.

“ Hard Link “ creates link between source and destination.

Unix File permissions

Changing file permissions in symbolic mode

“ chmod “ continues …

“ chmod “ continues in octal mode …

“ chmod “ continues in octal mode…

“ umask “ continues …

Korn Shell

The Default korn shell variables

Customizing Korn Shell Variable

To change the shell environment from Bourn shell to Korn shell :

To change the prompt ..

To change the prompt variable…

“ History command …

“ alias command …”

Using VI Editor

Identifying the Fundamentals of vi Editor operation

• Introducing the vi editor modes of operation

• The command mode

• The edit mode

• The last line mode

• Switching between the command and edit modes

• Introducing the vi command

Remote Login using TELNET and RLOGIN

Using RLOGIN …

File Archives

tar - c - to create tar archive - v - to get verbose - f - the out put device or directory - t - table of contents - x - extract from the tar archive

Example

To see the table of content

To create tar archive

To extract from the tar archive

CompressTo compress the tar archive

Example for compress archive

Uncompressing tar archive

gzip

To create gzip archive

To extract the tar archive by gunzip

Unix Administration

Solaris

Solaris User Administration

Each user account consists of five main components:

• User name

• Password

• User’s home directory

• User’s login shell

• User initialization files

Before you can add user accounts to the system, you mustdetermine the following information for each new user:

• Login name

• User identification (UID) number

• Group identification (GID) number

• Comment

• home directory

• Login shell

• Password aging

Managing User Accounts

The Solaris Operating Environment stores user account and group account information in the following system files:

• /etc/passwd – Authorized system users have login account entries in the /etc/passwd file.

• /etc/shadow – All passwords are encrypted and maintained in a separate shadow file named

/etc/shadow.

• /etc/group – The /etc/group file defines the default system group accounts.

Storing User and Group Account information

root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/shdaemon:x:1:1::/:bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin:sys:x:3:3::/:adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm:lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp:smtp:x:0:0:Mail Daemon User:/:uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp:nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucicolisten:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls:nobody:x:60001:60001:Nobody:/:noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/:nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x Nobody:/:

The “ /etc/passwd “ file format

root:LXeoktCoMtwZN:6445::::::daemon:NP:6445::::::bin:NP:6445::::::sys:NP:6445::::::adm:NP:6445::::::lp:NP:6445::::::smtp:NP:6445::::::uucp:NP:6445::::::nuucp:NP:6445::::::listen:*LK*:::::::nobody:NP:6445::::::noaccess:NP:6445::::::nobody4:NP:6445::::::

The “ /etc/shadow “ file format

root::0:rootother::1:bin::2:root,bin,daemonsys::3:root,bin,sys,admadm::4:root,adm,daemonuucp::5:root,uucpmail::6:roottty::7:root,tty,admlp::8:root,lp,admnuucp::9:root,nuucpstaff::10:daemon::12:root,daemonsysadmin::14:lister,toreynobody::60001:noaccess::60002:nogroup::65534:

The “ /etc/group “ file format

The following command-line tools add, modify, and deleteuser accounts and group accounts on the local system:

• useradd – Adds a new user account

• usermod – Modifies a user’s account

• userdel – Deletes a user’s account

• groupadd – Adds (creates) a new group account

• groupmod – Modifies a group account

• groupdel – Deletes a group account

Command line User Account Administration

Example :

Example :

Example :

Example :

Example :

Example :

Scheduled Process Control

Viewing current process status

Re-scheduling the process

Administering the active process