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2. a. Label the diagram, which describes how bacteriophages replicate, with the following terms:

attachment

biosynthesis

integration

lysogenic cycle

lytic cycle

maturation

penetration

release

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prophage

_________________

_____________

_____________

_______________

bacterialchromosome

bacterialcell wall

capsid

nucleic acid

________________

__________

____________

_______________

Which cycle produces bacteriophages? b.____________________

Which cycle is dormant? c.____________________

Which cycle kills, or lyses, the host? d.____________________

3. Associate these portions of a retrovirus with the statements below: envelope, capsid, viral genome,

transcriptase, cDNA

a. integrated into host genome

b. composed of RNA

c. allows the virus to adhere to plasma membrane receptors

d. carries out RNA

e. enters the host cell (choose two)

4. Describe these additional steps needed for the virus to reproduce.

a. biosynthesis _____________________________________________________________________

b. maturation ______________________________________________________________________c. release _________________________________________________________________________

5. Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

a. Antibiotics are helpful for viral infections.

b. Antiviral drugs act by interfering with viral replication.

c. There are no vaccines for viral infections.

d. Prions are neither viruses nor bacteria; they are protein particles.


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28.2 K INGDOM MONERA (P. 577)

The monera are prokaryotes of small size but are very diverse metabolically.

Most bacteria are heterotrophic by absorption but the cyanobacteria are important photosynthesizers.

6. Label this diagram of a bacterial cell with the following terms:

capsule

cell wall

cytoplasm

fimbriaeflagell um

nucleoid

plasma membrane

plasmid

ribosome

232

d.

e.

c.

b.

h.

i.

g.

f.

a.

7. Based on the diagram you labeled in question 6, which of these structures are present in eukaryoticanimal/plant cells but are not in a bacterial cell?

a. plasma membrane

b. nucleus

c. ribosomes

d. mitochondria

e. cell wall

f. chloroplasts

g. flagella

8. Based on the diagram you labeled in question 6, what three structures are present in a bacterial cell but absent

from a eukaryotic cell? What are their functions?

Structure Function

a. ____________________________ ____________________________

b. ____________________________ _______________________________c. ____________________________ ____________________________


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233

9. Match the descriptions with the following organisms:

1 chemosynthetic bacteria

2 cyanobacteria

3 obligate anaerobes

4 saprotrophic bacteria

a. decomposers

b. O2 given off

c. NH3 NO3-

d. cannot survive in O2 environment

10. Match the relationships with the following terms:1 commensalism

2 mutualism

3 parasitism

4 symbiotic

a. includes all the others

b. bacteria living in nodules of legumes

c. bacteria living on your skin

d. bacteria that cause strep throat

11. Label the three shapes of bacteria in the following diagram:

a.

b.

c.

12. Place a check next to all characteristics that are typical of cyanobacteria.

a. many forms of nutrition

b. always photosynthe ticc. have flagella

d. form lichens

e. associated with algal bloom

f. nitrogen fixing

13. Match the descriptions with the following terms pertaining to the reproduction of bacteria.

1 binary fission

2 conjugation

3 transformation

4 transduction

5 endospores

a. bacteria picks up free pieces of DNA

b. a means of survivalc. asexual division

d. male passes DNA to female

e. bacteriophages carry DNA from one cell to the next


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28.3 K INGDOM PROTISTA (P. 583)

The protists include eukaryotic unicellular organisms and some related multicellular forms.

Among protists, algae are the plantlike protists; protozoa are the animal-like protists; slime molds and water

molds are the funguslike protists.

Algae (p. 583)

14. Green algae are believed to be related to plants because they have a cell wall that

contains a.____________________, they possess ch lorophylls b.____________________

and c.____________________, and they s tore reserve food as d.____________________.

15. Complete the table describing the algae by placing the following terms in the appropriate columns (some

terms are used more than once):

I II

unicellular isogametes

filamentous heterogametes

colonial conjugation

multicellular alternation of generations

daughter colonies

zoospores

Algae I. II.

Volvox

Chlamydomonas

Spirogyra

Ulva

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16. Label this diagram of the life cycle of Chlamydomonas with the following terms:fertilization , meiosis,

zoospores , andzygote.

Which portions of this life cycle are haploid? e. _____________________________________________________________

Which portion is diploid? f. _________________________________________________________________________________

What type of life cycle is this? g. ____________________________________________________________________________


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17. Label this diagram of the life cycle of Ulva with the following terms:fertilization , gametophyte, meiosis, and

sporophyte.

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18. Match the traits with the following algae (some numbers are used more than once):

1 brown algae

2 diatoms

3 euglenoids

4 dinoflagellates

a. are numerous photosynthesizers in oceanb. have animal-like and plantlike characteristics

c. have chlorophylls a and c, and carotenoid pigment

d. have silica-impregnated valves

e. are used as filtering agents and scouring powders

f. cause red tide

g. have a symbiotic relationship with corals

h. are seaweeds

19. Label each of the following descriptions as identifying brown algae (B) or red algae (R):

a. Fucus, a rockweed

b. Laminaria, a kelp

c. adapted to cold, rough water

d. adapted to warm, gentle water

e. economically important as source of agar

Protozoans (p. 588)

20. Protozoans are typically a.____________________, b.____________________, and c.____________________

organisms. Some protozoans d.____________________and engulf their food; others are e.______________________

and absorb nutrients; others are f.____________________ and cause disease.

21. Complete the following table, classifying the protozoans by means of locomotion and giving an example

organism of each:

Classes Organelle of Locomotion Example

amoeboids

ciliates

zooflagellates

sporozoa


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22. Label this diagram of Paramecium with the following terms:

anal pore

contractile vacuole

food vacuole

macronucleus

micronucleus

oral groove

pel licle

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; ;

; ;

; ;

; ;

; ;

f.

e.

b.

a.

d.

c.

g.

23. Ciliates, such as Paramecium, have hundreds of a.____________________tha t extend through a pell icle.

Beneath the pellicle are numerous oval capsules that contain b.____________________, which are used for

defense. Food is swept down a(n) c.____________________, at the end of which food vacuoles form. Ciliates

have two nuclei: a large d.____________________ that controls normal metabolism and one or more micronuclei

used during conjugation.

24. Concerning the life cycle of Plasmodium,

Where does sexual reproduction occur? a. ___________________________________________________________________

Where does asexual reproduction occur? b. __________________________________________________________________

What causes the cycle of recurring chills and fever? c. ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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25. Complete this table to describe slime molds and water molds.

Type of Mold Body Organization Nutrition Reproduction

plasmodial slime molds

cellular slime molds

water molds

28.4 KINGDOM FUNGI (P. 591)

Fungi are multicellular eukaryotes with a filamentous body.

Fungi are the most complex organisms to rely on saprotrophic nutrition.

26. Indicate whether the following statements about fungi are true (T) or false (F):

a. usually multicellularb. usually unicellular

c. composed of hyphae

d. saprotrophic

e. can be parasitic

f. can be photosynthetic

g. cell wall contains cellulose

h. cell wall contains chitin

i. have flagella at some time in their life cycle

j. do not have flage lla at any t ime in thei r life cycle

k. form spores only during asexual reproduction

l. form spores during both asexual and sexual reproduction

27. Fungi are mostly a.____________________ decomposers that assist in the recycling of nutrients in ecosystems.

The bodies of most fungi are made up of filaments called b.____________________, a collection of which are

called a(n) c.____________________. They reproduce in accordance with the d.____________________ li fe cycle.

Classification is largely based on the mode of e.____________________.

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28. Label this diagram of the life cycle of black bread mold with the following terms (some are used more than

once):

asexual reproduction

gametangia fuse

meiosis

mycelium

nuclear fusion

sexual reproduction

sporangiophore

sporangiumspores

zygospore

zygote

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suspensor

diploid (2n)

haploid (n)

germinationof spores

sporangium

cytoplasmic

fusion

suspensors

+ mycelium

mycelium

stolon

rhizoid

mating type + mating type

5 m

a.

b.

c .

d.

f.

j.

k.

l.

m.

h.

g.

e.

i.


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29. Label each of the following as describing a free-living sac fungi (F) or a parasitic sac fungi (P):

a. powdery mildew that grows on leaves

b. red mold that grows on bread

c. cup fungi that grows on the forest floor

d. chestnut blight that grows on chestnut trees

e. ergot that grows on rye plants

f. unicellular yeasts

30. Why are all these fungi classified as sac fungi? _____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

31. Explain what is happening in each of the following sequential drawings of asci:

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a. b. c. d.

32. What do mushrooms, puffballs, birds nest fungi, stinkhorn fungi, and bracket fungi have in common?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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33. Label this diagram of the life cycle of a mushroom with the following terms:

basidiospores gill (portion of)

basidium meiosis

cap monokaryotic

cytoplasmic fusion nuclear fusion

dikaryotic (n+n) nuclei

dikaryotic mycelium spore germination

diploid (2n) spore release

fruiting body stalk

gill zygote

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a. ________________ n. _________

q. ____________

r. ___________

m. __________

l. ____________

k. _____________

j. ______________

______________h. _____________

_____________

i. __________

__________g. ________

f. ________

e.

c. __________

b. ___________

p. ____________ o. ____________

d. __________

34. Complete the following table concerning imperfect fungi.

Fungus Significance Associated Disease

Penicillium

Asperg illus

Candida albicans


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35. Like sac fungi, imperfect fungi reproduce asexually by producing spores called a.____________________. Unlike

sac and club fungi, however, sexual reproduction b.____________________ in imperfect fungi.

36. Label this diagram of a lichen with the following terms: algal cells and hyphae of fungus.

37. Match the type of lichen with the following descriptions:

1 compact

2 leaflike

3 shrublikea. crustose

b. fruticose

c. foliose

38. a.____________________(fungus roots) , which are b.____________________ relationships between

a(n) c.____________________ and d.____________________roots, help plants acquire e.____________________

nutrients.

CH A P T E R TE ST

24

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Do not refer to the text when taking this test.

1. In the lytic cycle, the term maturation refers to

the

a. translation of RNA.

b. integration of cDNA.

c. assembly of parts into new viruses.

d. All of these are correct.

2. Which of the following is NOT a form of genetic

recombination in bacteria?

a. binary fission

b. conjugation

c. transduction

d. transformation3. The function of the bacterial endospore is to

a. increase the rate of anaerobic respiration.

b. promote asexual reproduction.

c. protect against attack from immune systems.

d. withstand harsh environmental conditions.

4. A bacterium that can exist in the presence or ab

sence of oxygen is a(n)

a. autotroph.

b. facultative anaerobe.

c. obligate anaerobe.

d. saprotroph.

5. Viruses are not in the classification system

because

a. they are obligate parasites.

b. they are noncellular.

c. they can integrate into the host genome.


6. Chemosynthetic bacteria

a. give off oxygen just like plants do.b. are exemplified by the nitrifying bacteria tha

oxidize ammonia (NH3) to nitrites (NO2-).

c. are decomposers like all bacteria.

d. Both b and c are correct.


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7. Why cant cyanobacteria be classified with the

eukaryotic algae?

a. They fix atmospheric nitrogen.

b. They form a symbiotic relationship with fungi.

c. They cause disease.

d. They do not have a nucleus.

8. Classification of algae according to color

a. can no longer be justified.

b. is based on the type of pigments they contain.

c. suggests that they do not have chlorophyll.d. means that some algae are colorless.

9.Volvoxis a colonial alga that

a. does not reproduce.

b. produces heterogametes.

c. produces daughter colonies.

d. Both b and c are correct.

10. Diatoms

a. reproduce sexually.

b. have a cell wall impregnated with cellulose.

c. are flagellated.

d. resemble a pill box.

11. Which is (are) true of euglenoids?

a. They have flagella.

b. Some have chloroplasts.c. They reproduce asexually.


12. Both red algae and brown algae

a. have the same pigments.

b. are delicate in appearance.

c. are seaweeds.

d. are economically unimportant.

13. Amoebas

a. have pseudopods.

b. never have a shell.

c. always live in fresh water.


14. Ciliatesa. have a macronucleus and a micronucleus.

b. do not move.

c. are parasitic.

d. are usually saprotrophic.

15. A trypanosome causes

a. malaria.

b. trichinosis.

c. an intestinal infection.

d. African sleeping sickness.

16. In the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, a cause of

malaria,

a. sexual reproduction occurs in a mosquito.

b. red blood cells burst causing chills and fever.

c. spores and gametes form.


17. Slime molds

a. are exactly like fungi.

b. have a body composed of hyphae.

c. produce spores.d. All of these are correct.

18. Club fungi

a. include the mushrooms.

b. have a basidiocarp that looks like a cup.

c. include more parasites than all the other types

of fungi.


19. In fungi, the gametes are

a. heterogametes.

b. flagellated.

c. the ends of hyphae.

d. produced by meiosis.

20. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of

lichens?a. soil formers

b. algal cells and fungal hyphae

c. form a type of moss

d. can live in extreme conditions

21. A fruiting body is

a. a special type of vacuole found in fungi.

b. a symbiotic relationship between algae and

bacteria.

c. a reproductive structure found in fungi.

d. always the same shape.

22. Sexual reproduction in a bread mold involves

the production of

a. a sperm and an egg.b. flagellated zoospores.

c. zygospores.

d. fruiting bodies.

23. In a mushroom, the _______ is (are) analogous to

the asci of a sac fungus.

a. stalk

b. cap

c. basidia

d. spores

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243

THOUGHT QUESTIONS

STUDY EXERCISES

1.

Viruses

capsid plus nucleic

acid core

in host cell

always

2. a. See Figure 28.2, page 575, in text. b. lytic c. lyso-

genic d. lytic 3. a. cDNA b. viral genome c. enve-

lope d. transcriptase e. capsid, viral genome 4. a. Viral

components are synthesized. b. assembly of viral com-

ponents c. Budding gives virus an envelope 5. a. F

b. T c. F d. T 6. a. cytoplasm b. ribosome c. nucleoid

d. plasmid e. flagellum f. capsule g. cell wall h. plasmamembrane i. fimbriae 7. b, d, f 8. a. plasmid, ac-

cessory ring of DNA b. fimbriae, attachment to a sub-

stratum c. capsule, protection 9. a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3

10. a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3 11. a. spirillum b. coccus

c. bacillus 12. b, d, e, f 13. a. 3 b. 5 c. 1 d. 2 e. 4

14. a. cellulose b.a c.b d. starch

15.

I. II.

colonial heterogametes, daughter colonies

unicellular isogametes, zoospores

filamentous conjugation

multice llular isogametes, a lternation of

generations, zoospores

16. a. fertilization b. zygote c. meiosis d. zoospore

e. zoospores, adult, gametes f. zygote g. haplonti

17. a. meiosis b. gametophyte c. fertilization d. sporo

phyte 18. a. 2, 4 b. 3 c. 1, 2 d. 2 e. 2 f. 4 g. 4 h.

19. a. B b. B c. B d. R e. R 20. a. heterotrophi

b. unicellular c. motile d. capture e. saprotrophic f. par

asitic 21. See page 588 in text. 22. See Figure 28.19

page 589, in text. 23. a. cilia b. trichocysts c. gul

let d. macronucleus 24. a. in the mosquito b. in th

human c. Toxins, or poisons, enter the blood when re

blood cells release spores.

Answer in complete sentences.

24. Algae and protozoa are in the same kingdom. Do they seem closely related? Why or why not?

25. How do you think the earth would change ecologically if fungi were not present?

Test Results: ______ Number right 25 = ______ 100 = ______ %

AN S W E R KE Y

25.

Body Organization Nutrition Reproduction

2n plasmodium phagocytosis sporangium produces spores by meiosis, which

produce flagellated haploid cells that fuse

individual amoeboid cells phagocytosis sporangium produces spores

2n f ilamentous, cel l walls are cel lulose parasit ism meiosis produces haploid gametes; otherwise

asexual by zoospores


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26. a. T b. F c. T d. T e. T f. F g. F h. T i. F j. T

k. F l. T 27. a. saprotrophic b. hyphae c. mycelium

d. haplontic e. sexual reproduction 28 . See Figure

28.23, page 592, in text. 29. a. P b. F c. F d. P e. P

f. F 30. because they form asci during sexual repro-

duction 31. a. Ascus with two nuclei is forming. b. Nu-

clei have fused, and zygote has formed. c. Meiosis has

occurred. d. A mitotic division has resulted in eight as-

cospores 32. They are all basidiomycetes. 33. See

Figure 28.25, page 594, in text.34.

Significance Associated Disease

makes penicillin none

makes various chemicals none

yeastlike vaginal infections

244

35. a . conidiospores b. has never been observed

36. a. algal cells b. hyphae of fungus 37. a. 1 b. 3

c. 2 38. a . Mycorrhizae b. symbiotic c. fungus

d. plant e. mineral

CHAPTER TEST

1. c 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. d 8. b 9. d

10 . d 11 . d 12 . c 13 . a 14 . a 15 . d 16 . d

17 . c 18 . a 19 . c 20 . c 21 . c 22 . c 23 . c

24. They do not seem related in that algae are photo-

synthetic and protozoa are heterotrophic. They do seem

related in that some of the algae are motile in the same

way protozoa are. 25. Recycling would be reduced and

organic waste would accumulate. Without efficient recycling,

the carrying capacities of ecosystems would diminish.

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