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Primitive Times
Believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies
Primitive Times
Herbs and plants were used as medicineexamples:– Foxglove plants leaves were chewed to strengthen & slow heart– Now given by pills, IV, or injections
Trepanation One of the first
surgeries A hole was cut into
the skull to release demons
What are some of the possible complications of this treatment?
Egyptians First to keep accurate health records Wrote prescriptions on papyrus Physicians were priests Temples were used as places of worships, medical schools, and hospitals
Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC)
Embalming led to increased understanding of anatomy and diseases
Was done by special priests, not doctor priests
Gauze used to wrap bodies is much like the surgical gauze used today
Strong antiseptics kept bodies from decaying
Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC) Leeches would be use for
bloodletting (draining human blood)
Does not hurt because their saliva contains a natural anesthetic
Their saliva also contains a blood thinner, a vasodilator, and an agent that prevents bacteria from infecting the wound
FDA has recently approved use of leeches as a medical treatment.
Ancient Chinese (1700 BC–AD 220)
Religion prohibited dissection
Believed you had to treat both the body and spirit
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based on herbs
Therapies included acupuncture
Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)
Made observations about the human body and the effects of disease that led to modern medical sciences
Believed illness is a result of natural causes
Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy and herbal treatments
Discovered that diet and cleanliness could prevent disease
Romans (753 BC – AD 410) They established
the first public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
Treated disease with diet, exercise, and medication
Romans (753 BC – AD 410)
Rooms in doctors houses where they cared for solders became the first hospitals
Believed body was regulated by 4 humors that had to stay balanced to prevent illness (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile)
Dark Ages (AD 400 – AD 800) Study of medicine
was prohibited Emphasis was on
saving the soul Monks and priests
treated patients with prayer
Middle Ages (AD 800 –AD 1400)
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia
Medical Universities were created
There was renewed interest in medical practices of the Greek and Romans
Middle Ages (AD 800 –AD 1400)
Arab physicians used chemistry to advance pharmacology
Arabs begin requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses
Renaissance (AD 1350–AD 1650)
Dissection of the body led to an increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
Invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared.
First anatomy book by Andreas Vesalius, was published
16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries Invention of the
microscope in 1666 allowed doctors to see disease-causing organisms
Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies
16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries Edward Jenner developed the first
vaccination to prevent the spread of smallpox in 1796
19th Century Formal training for
nurses led by Florence Nightingale began
Infection control methods were developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
20th Century Gained an increased knowledge about the
role of blood in the body: ABO blood groups discovered Determined how white blood cells protect against
disease
20th Century New medicines were
developed:– Insulin to treat diabetes– Antibiotics to fight
infections caused by bacteria
– Vaccines to prevent people from getting diseases caused by viruses
20th Century New machines were
developed:– Kidney dialysis
machine– Heart lung
machine– Computerized
axial tomography (CAT) scan
20th Century Surgical and diagnostic
techniques were developed to cure once fatal conditions:
Organ transplants Limbs reattached Test tube babies Amniocentesis Implanted first artificial
heart
20th Century Health care plans
developed to help pay the cost of health care
Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena
HMO’s provided an alternative to private insurance
Hospice was organized
16th-18th Centuries Medical Advances
Cause of diseases not known-many people died from infections.
Invention of the microscope allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies
First vaccination developed-Smallpox
19th Century Medical Advances Formal training for nurses began. Infection control developed once
microorganisms were associated with diseases.
Viruses discovered in 1892. Women became active participants in health
care.
20th Century Medical Advances: Blood
Increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body.
ABO blood groups discovered. Discovery of white blood cells protection
against diseases
20th Century Medical Advances: Medications
Insulin was used to treat diabetes. Antibiotics used to fight infections. Vaccines for immunizations
20th Medical Advances: Surgical and Diagnostic Techniques
Organ transplants Test tubes babies Implantation of the artificial heart
20th Century Medical Advances: Health Insurance Plans
Medicare and Medicaid-entry of the federal government into the health care arena.
HMOs provided an alternative to private insurance.
Hospice was organized.
Historical Contributions Hippocrates (460-377 BC) Greek physician “Father of Medicine” Hippocratic Oath-authored code of conduct
for physicians that is based on medical practices.
Believed illness were not caused by evil spirits and stressed importance of good diet, fresh air, cleanliness and exercise.
Historical Contributions Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Invented the microscope that allowed
visualization or organisms. Scraped his teeth and observed the bacteria
that causes tooth decay.
Historical Contributions Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Invented bifocals Found that colds could be passed from
person to person (communicable).
Historical Contributions Rene Laennec (1781-1826) Invented the stethoscope in 1819. First stethoscope was made of wood.
Historical Contributions Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) The “Founder of Modern Nursing” Established efficient and sanitary nursing
units during the Crimean War in 1854. Invented the call bell system and used of
dumbwaiters to deliver meals to soldiers. Began the professional education of nurses.
Historical Contributions Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) The “Father of Microbiology” Germ Theory proved the microorganism
caused disease. Proved that heat can be used to destroy germ
via pasteurization Developed Rabies vaccine in 1885 Established basis rules for sterilization.
Historical Contributions Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Used Carbolic Acid on wounds to kill
germs. First physician to use an antiseptic during
surgery.
Historical Contributions Clara Barton (1821-1912) Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers
during the Civil War. Established a bureau or records to search
for missing soldiers. Campaigned for the US to sign the Treaty
of Geneva. Founded the American Red Cross in 1881.
Historical Contributions Robert Koch (1843-1910) Developed cultural plates method to
identify pathogens. Isolated the bacterium that caused
Tuberculosis.
Historical Contributions Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) Discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) 1895. Used wife’s hand for X-Ray discovery. Allowed physicians to see inside the body.
Historical Contributions Sigmund Freud (1836-1939) Discovered the conscious and unconscious
part of the mind. Studies were the basis for Psychology and
Psychiatry.
Historical Contributions Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Discovered Penicillin in 1928-considered
one of the most important discoveries of the 20th century.
Historical Contributions Jonas Salk (1914-1995) Albert Sabin (1906-1993) Discovered Polio vaccine. Saved many people from the virus that
paralyzed thousands of adults and children.
Historical Contributions Francis Crick and James Watson Described the structure of DNA and how it
carries genetic information in 1953. Built a three-dimensional model of the
molecules of DNA. Won/shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962.
Historical Contributions Christian Barnard Performed the first successful heart
transplant in 1968 (South Africa)
Historical Contributions Benjamin Carson Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns
Hopkins University. Famous for separating conjoined Siamese
twins. Refined the hemispherectomy-surgery on
the brain to stop seizure activity.