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ntroduction This practical course in SMR304/ SMR502 is intended to provide practical skills to
learners at undergraduate level pursuing B.Sc. in Meteorology and PGD. in Meteorology
analytical and computational skills in synoptic Meteorology. The computation skills
include; computation of speed and direction from the zonal and meridional components,
computation of horizontal divergence and computation of absolute vorticity. The
analytical skill include plotting meteograms, streamline isotach analysis.
THE OBJECTIVES OF SMR 304 PRACTICALS
The main objective of this unit is to enable the student to learn analytical and
computation skill in Synoptic Meteorology and to be able to use computer soft
wares to solve meteorological problems.
The specific course objectives:
At the end of the practical course the learner should be able to:
1. Compute the horizontal of divergenge and absolute vorticity from the zonal and
meridional wind component
2. Plot a Meteogram
3.Plotting Divergent wind from velocity potential
4.Plot the sounding on a T gram
5.Decode and code a METAR
PRACTICAL TIME TABLE (SMR 304 2015/16)
SERIAL NO. DESCRIPTION DATE DUE FOR
HANDING IN
Allocation of
percentage
Marks
Practical - 01 Computation of speed, direction,
horizontal divergenge and absolute
vorticity
30th
June 2016
Practical -02 Plotting Meteogram for a given
Station
7th
July 2016
Practical - 03 Plotting Divergent wind, and
streamline and isotachs.
14th
July 2016
Practical - 04 Plotting the Sounding on a
T gram
21th
July 2016
Practical - 05 Decoding and coding METAR
4th
Aug 2016
CAT
Mid- July 2015
TOTAL MARKS
Practical One
COMPUTATION OF SPEED, DIRECTION, HORIZONTALDIVERGENGE AND ABSOLUTE
VORTICITY
Objective:
The practical is aimed at enabling the student compute the speed, direction, horizontal,
divergence and absolute vorticity given the zonal and meridional components of the
wind.
Tools
a) A table of zonal and meridional components of the wind.
b) Lecture Notes
c) Any of the following , softwares; BASIC, EXCEL or MATLAB
Instructions:
a) Extract zonal and meridional wind component for 850mb level for the month and
year you have been allocated from the NCEP data set for the region; LON 30oE to
60oE and LAT 15
oN to 15
o S .
https://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.NOAA/.NCEP-NCAR/.CDAS-
1/.MONTHLY/.Intrinsic/.PressureLevel/
b) Compute the wind speed and direction at all grid points
c) Compute the divergence at the inner grid points using the centred differencing
scheme.
d) Compute the absolute vorticity at the inner grid points using the centred
differencing scheme.
Background Information on divergence
The horizontal divergence is given Div V
Thus:
y
v
x
uV
.
Evaluation of x
u
and
y
v
using centred finite differencing schemes.
Centred Differencing Scheme
x
uu
x
u xxxx
2
y
vv
y
v yyyy
2
When determining divergence over the surface of the earth for large distances the
curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration. Thus
cosax and
ay
Where and are the longitude and latitude respectively and a the radius of the
earth.
Background Information on v
The relative vorticity (vertical vorticity iis given Vkk
.ˆ Thus:
y
u
x
v
Evaluation of x
v
and
y
u
using centred finite differencing schemes.
Centred Differencing Scheme
x
vv
x
v xxxx
2
y
uu
y
u yyyy
2
Absolute Vorticity
f
y
yyxuyyxu
x
vvyxfyx
yxxyxx
2
),(),(
2),(),(
),(),(
When determining divergence over the surface of the earth for large distances the
curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration. Thus
cosax and
ay
Where and are the longitude and latitude respectively and a the radius of the
earth.
TABLE ALOCATION OF DATA FOR PRACTICA NO.1
S/N SEASON REG NO .NAME 1 MAY 2016 II0/1290/2013 CHEMUNJE KEVIN SADDY 2 APRIL 2016 I10/1300/2013 ACHOKA EDGAH 3 MARCH 2016 I10/1468/2014 NG'ANG'A MICHAEL KAMUNG'A 4 FEBRUARY 2016 I10/1470/2014 ABDALLAH HASSAN HASSAN 5 JANUARY 2016 I10/1471/2014 MOHAMED KARRO SORA 6 DECEMBER 2015 I10/1472/2014 OTIANG'A ATEMO EDWARD 7 NOVEMBER 2015 I10/1473/2014 ZINDE MWANAJUMA KHAMISI 8 OCTOBER 2015 I10/1474/2014 OTIENO A ROSE 9 SEPTEMBER 2015 I10/1475/2014 MUTHONI PAUL NG'ANG'A 10 AUGUST 2015 I10/1476/2014 OWINO ERIC ISAIAH 11 JULY 2015 I10/1477/2014 OGOL ANTONY OUMA 12 JUNE 2015 I10/1478/2014 ONDURU OSCAR AKUNGU 13 JUNE 2015 I10/1480/2014 OMONDI VICTOR 14 MAY 2015 I10/1481/2014 CHEPTOO ROSE SOY 15 APRIL 2015 I10/1482/2014 TOWETT CHEROBEN PAUL 16 MARCH 2015 I10/1483/2014 KIRUI KAREN CHERONO 17 FEBRUARY 2015 I10/1484/2014 MWANGI JOSEPH NJOROGE 18 JANUARY 2015 I10/1485/2014 MBAI EZRA MURURU 19 DECEMBER 2014 I10/1486/2014 CHEPTOO BRENDA 20 NOVEMBER 2014 I10/1487/2014 MBITHI WAMBUA 21 OCTOBER 2014 I10/1488/2014 OUMA DAVIES 22 SEPTEMBER 2014 I10/1489/2014 SARUNI JOSHUA MALOI 23 AUGUST 2014 I10/1491/2014 LANGAT MICHAEL 24 JULY 2014 I10/1492/2014 IMBUKWA HILLARY 25 JUNE 2014 I10/1494/2014 DAVID KITALI 26 JUNE 2014 I10/1495/2014 ESIBWE AMUKUNE WILLY 27 MAY 2014 I10/1497/2014 KARANJA APUPHIA WANGECHI 28 APRIL 2014 I10/1498/2014 MOGI AUSTIN AMING'A 29 MARCH 2014 I10/1500/2014 WAFULA S WANYONYI 30 FEBRUARY 2014 I10/1501/2014 MAINA W KELVIN 31 JANUARY 2014 I10/1504/2014 ODHIAMBO DANCUN MOLA 32 DECEMBER 2013 I10/1507/2014 GICHUHI ERIC MURIUKI 33 NOVEMBER 2013 I10/1510/2014 ALUOCH FREDRICK GEORGE 34 OCTOBER 2013 I10/1511/2014 MEITIAKI EMILY SEMPEO 35 SEPTEMBER 2013 I10/1514/2014 MBURU JAMES GIT
36 AUGUST 2013 I10/1515/2014 WANYONYI W HUMPHREY 37 JULY 2013 I10/1517/2014 OTIENO BRIAN MANDELA 38 JUNE 2013 I10/1518/2014 MANG'ENI SIBADO LUCAS 39 JUNE 2013 I10/1519/2014 AKOKO ZENAH PATRICIA 40 MAY 2013 I10/1521/2014 MURIUKI SYMON MURIMI 41 APRIL 2013 I10/1522/2014 OJIAMBOH B JOSEPH 42 MARCH 2013 I10/30102/2014 TSOMBE JOHN IAN 43 FEBRUARY 2013 I10/32094/2014 MOTSEONAGENG TSHOLOFELO 44 JANUARY 2013 I10/32095/2014 IKANENG BOAGO 45 DECEMBER 2013 I10/32096/2014 DIPAO LULU NKOME 46 NOVEMBER 2013 45/85176/2016 MOHAMED YANGBAY KAMARA
Practical Two Plotting Meteogram for a Given Station
Objective:
The practical is aimed at enabling the student decode the weather messages and plot on a
weather chart.
Tools
a) A table of coded weather messages
b) A table of symbols for plotting characteristics of meteorological elements on a
meteogram.
Instructions
Extract the Synop report for 12UTC for the stations you have been allocate for all the
days of the month.
http://www.ogimet.com/synopsc.phtml.en
Using the WMO symbols ( a summary is included in this manual) plot the synop weather
report.( Time cross section of weather at the station you are allocated)
Draw the time series of the following parameters; total cloud cover, wind speed,
zonal wind, meridional wind,
STUDENT STATION DURATION
S/N
1 II0/1290/2013 CHEMUNJE KEVIN SADDY 63820, Mombasa 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
2 I10/1300/2013 ACHOKA EDGAH 63793, Voi 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
3 I10/1468/2014 NG'ANG'A MICHAEL KAMUNG'A
63772, Lamu 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
4 I10/1470/2014 ABDALLAH HASSAN HASSAN
63740, Nairobi 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
5 I10/1471/2014 MOHAMED KARRO SORA 63723, Garissa 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
6 I10/1472/2014 OTIANG'A ATEMO EDWARD
63720, Embu 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
7 I10/1473/2014 ZINDE MWANAJUMA KHAMISI
63714, Nakuru 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
8 I10/1474/2014 OTIENO A ROSE 63708, Kisumu 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
9 I10/1475/2014 MUTHONI PAUL NG'ANG'A 63695, Meru 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
10 I10/1476/2014 OWINO ERIC ISAIAH 63671, Wajir 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
11 I10/1477/2014 OGOL ANTONY OUMA 63661, Kitale 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
12 I10/1478/2014 ONDURU OSCAR AKUNGU 63631, Lira 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
13 I10/1480/2014 OMONDI VICTOR 63612, Lodwar 1ST
-31ST
MARCH ,2016
14 I10/1481/2014 CHEPTOO ROSE SOY 63820, Mombasa 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
15 I10/1482/2014 TOWETT CHEROBEN PAUL 63793, Voi 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
16 I10/1483/2014 KIRUI KAREN CHERONO 63772, Lamu 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
17 I10/1484/2014 MWANGI JOSEPH NJOROGE
63740, Nairobi 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
18 I10/1485/2014 MBAI EZRA MURURU 63723, Garissa 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
19 I10/1486/2014 CHEPTOO BRENDA 63720, Embu 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
20 I10/1487/2014 MBITHI WAMBUA 63714, Nakuru 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
21 I10/1488/2014 OUMA DAVIES 63708, Kisumu 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
22 I10/1489/2014 SARUNI JOSHUA MALOI 63695, Meru 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
22 I10/1491/2014 LANGAT MICHAEL 63671, Wajir 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
23 I10/1492/2014 IMBUKWA HILLARY 63661, Kitale 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
24 I10/1494/2014 DAVID KITALI 63631, Lira 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
25 I10/1495/2014 ESIBWE AMUKUNE WILLY 63612, Lodwar 1ST
-30TH
APRIL ,2016
26 I10/1497/2014 KARANJA APUPHIA WANGECHI
63820, Mombasa 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
27 I10/1498/2014 MOGI AUSTIN AMING'A 63793, Voi 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
28 I10/1500/2014 WAFULA S WANYONYI 63772, Lamu 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
29 I10/1501/2014 MAINA W KELVIN 63740, Nairobi 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
30 I10/1504/2014 ODHIAMBO DANCUN MOLA
63723, Garissa 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
31 I10/1507/2014 GICHUHI ERIC MURIUKI 63720, Embu 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
32 I10/1510/2014 ALUOCH FREDRICK GEORGE
63714, Nakuru 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
33 I10/1511/2014 MEITIAKI EMILY SEMPEO 63708, Kisumu 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
34 I10/1514/2014 MBURU JAMES GIT 63695, Meru 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
36 I10/1515/2014 WANYONYI W HUMPHREY 63671, Wajir 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
37 I10/1517/2014 OTIENO BRIAN MANDELA 63661, Kitale 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
38 I10/1518/2014 MANG'ENI SIBADO LUCAS 63631, Lira 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
39 I10/1519/2014 AKOKO ZENAH PATRICIA 63612, Lodwar 1ST
-31ST
MAY ,2016
40 I10/1521/2014 MURIUKI SYMON MURIMI 63820, Mombasa 1ST
-30TH
NOVEMBER 2015
41 I10/1522/2014 OJIAMBOH B JOSEPH 63793, Voi 1ST
-30TH
NOVEMBER 2015
42 I10/30102/2014 TSOMBE JOHN IAN 63772, Lamu 1ST
-30TH
NOVEMBER 2015
43 I10/32094/2014 MOTSEONAGENG TSHOLOFELO
63740, Nairobi 1ST
-30TH
NOVEMBER 2015
44 I10/32095/2014 IKANENG BOAGO 63720, Embu 1ST
-30TH
NOVEMBER 2015
45 I10/32096/2014 DIPAO LULU NKOME 63714, Nakuru 1ST
-30TH
NOVEMBER 2015
46 I45/85176/2016 MOHAMED YANGBAY KAMARA
63661, Kitale 1ST
-30TH
NOVEMBER 2015
Practical Three: STREAMLINES OF DIVERGENT WIND AND
STREAMLINE-ISOTACH ANALYSIS
Objective:
The practical is aimed at enabling the student gain skill in analyzing the divergent wind
and wind using streamline-isotach method.
Definition:
Isotach
Isotach are lines joining points of equal wind speed
Singular points:
Tools:
Chart of velocity potential
The wind plots on the chart
Procedure:
1. Divergent Wind
The divergent wind is given by
V
Thus the streamlines of the divergent wind will be orthogonal (at right angle) to the
isolines of the velocity potential.
2. Streamline Isotach Analysis
Draw two sets of lines, the streamlines and isotachs
Streamline:
Starting at the edge of the chart draw smooth streamlines, ensuring that each
streamline is parallel to wind vector.
Where two streamlines diverge you may start another between them
Where two streamline flow together join them smoothly
Identify singular points
Isotach
Determine a suitable interval and draw the isotachs.
Practical Four:
PLOTTING THE SOUNDING ON A T
Objective:
The practical is aimed at enabling the student to plot the sounding on T
And compute the convective parameters.
Tools
a) A table of coded Temp Report
b) A chart (T )
c) Colored pencils (Red, Yellow, Green and Blue)
Instructions
1. Extract the Temp report for the allocated station and date from the following
website http://www.ogimet.com/synopsc.phtml.en
2. Print a thermodynamic diagram from this manual .
3. Sounding for the two consecutive days as assigned should be at the same time
between 11hr and 18hr local time of the station allocated
4. Plot the given temperature and dew point temperature for the two days on the
same T gram and answer the following questions with regard to the second
day of your data.
a) Indicate the layers that experienced warming/ cooling and moistening / drying.
b) Determine the LCL, equivalent potential temperature, lifted Index and K-index
c) Find the thermal wind in the layer between the following layers; 850-700, 700-
500 , 500-400 and 300-200mb.
d) Find the relative humidity, specific humidity and vapor pressure at surface,
850mb,700mb, 600mb, 500mb, and 400mb
S/N DATES STATION STUDENT
REG NO. 1 1
st and 2
nd May 2016 68263, Pretoria Irene (South Africa II0/1290/2013
2 1st and 2
nd May 2016 94120, Darwin Airport (Australia)
I10/1300/2013
3 1st and 2
nd May 2016 84628, Lima-Callao / Aerop. I10/1468/2014
Internacional Jorgechavez Peru) 4 1
st and 2
nd May 2016 96035, Medan / Polonia (Indonesia) I10/1470/2014
5 1st and 2
nd May 2016 42809, Calcutta / Dum Dum (India) I10/1471/2014
6 1st and 2
nd May 2016 03808, Camborne (United Kingdom) I10/1472/2014
7 1st and 2
nd May 2016 97180, Ujung Pandang / Hasanuddin
(Indonesia) I10/1473/2014
8 1st and 2
nd May 2016 70261, Fairbanks, Fairbanks
International Airport (United States) I10/1474/2014
9 1st and 2
nd May 2016 70200, Nome, Nome Airport (United
States) I10/1475/2014
10 1st and 2
nd May 2016 70026, Barrow, Wiley Post-Will Rogers
Memorial Airport (United States) I10/1476/2014
11 3rd
and 4th May 2016 68263, Pretoria Irene (South Africa I10/1477/2014
12 3rd
and 4th May 2016 94120, Darwin Airport (Australia)
I10/1478/2014
13 3rd
and 4th May 2016 84628, Lima-Callao / Aerop.
Internacional Jorgechavez (Peru) I10/1480/2014
14 3rd
and 4th May 2016 96035, Medan / Polonia (Indonesia) I10/1481/2014
15 3rd
and 4th May 2016 42809, Calcutta / Dum Dum (India) I10/1482/2014
16 3rd
and 4th May 2016 03808, Camborne (United Kingdom)
I10/1483/2014
17 3rd
and 4th May 2016 97180, Ujung Pandang / Hasanuddin
(Indonesia) I10/1484/2014
18 3rd
and 4th May 2016 70261, Fairbanks, Fairbanks
International Airport (United States) I10/1485/2014
19 3rd
and 4th May 2016 70200, Nome, Nome Airport (United
States) I10/1486/2014
20 3rd
and 4th May 2016 70026, Barrow, Wiley Post-Will Rogers
Memorial Airport (United States) I10/1487/2014
21 5th and 6
th May 2016 68263, Pretoria Irene (South Africa I10/1488/2014
22 5th and 6
th May 2016 94120, Darwin Airport (Australia)
I10/1489/2014
23 5th and 6
th May 2016 84628, Lima-Callao / Aerop.
Internacional Jorgechavez (Peru) I10/1491/2014
24 5th and 6
th May 2016 96035, Medan / Polonia (Indonesia) I10/1492/2014
25 5th and 6
th May 2016 42809, Calcutta / Dum Dum (India)
I10/1494/2014
26 5th
and 6th
May 2016 03808, Camborne (United Kingdom) I10/1495/2014
27 5th
and 6th
May 2016 97180, Ujung Pandang / Hasanuddin (Indonesia)
I10/1497/2014
28 5th
and 6th
May 2016 70261, Fairbanks, Fairbanks 29International Airport (United States)
I10/1498/2014
29 5th
and 6th
May 2016 70200, Nome, Nome Airport (United States)
I10/1500/2014
30 5th
and 6th
May 2016 70026, Barrow, Wiley Post-Will Rogers Memorial Airport (United States)
I10/1501/2014
31 7th
and 8th
May 2016 68263, Pretoria Irene (South Africa I10/1504/2014
32 7th
and 8th
May 2016 94120, Darwin Airport (Australia) I10/1507/2014
33 7th
and 8th
May 2016 84628, Lima-Callao / Aerop. Internacional Jorgechavez (Peru)
I10/1510/2014
34 7th
and 8th
May 2016 96035, Medan / Polonia (Indonesia) I10/1511/2014
35 7th
and 8th
May 2016 42809, Calcutta / Dum Dum (India) I10/1514/2014
36 7th
and 8th
May 2016 03808, Camborne (United Kingdom) I10/1515/2014
37 7th
and 8th
May 2016 97180, Ujung Pandang / Hasanuddin (Indonesia)
I10/1517/2014
38 7th
and 8th
May 2016 70261, Fairbanks, Fairbanks International Airport (United States)
I10/1518/2014
39 7th
and 8th
May 2016 70200, Nome, Nome Airport (United States)
I10/1519/2014
40 7th
and 8th
May 2016 70026, Barrow, Wiley Post-Will Rogers Memorial Airport (United States)
I10/1521/2014
41 5th
and 6th
May 2016 68263, Pretoria Irene (South Africa I10/1522/2014
42 5th
and 6th
May 2016 94120, Darwin Airport (Australia) I10/30102/2014
43 5th
and 6th
May 2016 84628, Lima-Callao / Aerop. Internacional Jorgechavez Peru)
I10/32094/2014
44 5th
and 6th
May 2016 96035, Medan / Polonia (Indonesia) I10/32095/2014
45 5th
and 6th
May 2016 42809, Calcutta / Dum Dum (India) I10/32096/2014
46 5th
and 6th
May 2016 03808, Camborne (United Kingdom) I45/85176/2016
Practical Five:
Decoding and coding METAR Objective:
The practical is aimed at enabling the student to code and decode aviation weather.
And compute the convective parameters.
Tools
a) A table of coded METAR
b) A table of observed and forecast aviation weather
Instructions:
1. Decode the METAR given in table 5.1
2. Code the aviation weather given in table 5.2
TABLE 5.1
METAR EGSS 200450Z AUTO 31002KT 2800 HZ BKN001 OVC023
01/M00 Q1018=
METAR EGNH 191720Z 00000KT 5000 HZ FEW012 SCT027 04/02
Q1017=
METAR EGLC 201050Z 22004KT 170V250 9000 BKN028 02/M02
Q1021=
METAR HTKJ 191700Z 06010KT 9999 FEW028CB BKN030 26/20
Q1013 NOSIG=
METAR HTTB 201100Z 00000KT 9999 FEW022 BKN070 25/19
Q1018=
HTTB 201000Z 00000KT 9999 FEW022 BKN070 25/19
Q1019=
METAR HTDA 200400Z 27012KT 9999 SCT019 FEW021CB OVC070
24/24 Q1011 TEMPO 8000 SHRA=
TABLE 5.2
(A)
Complete Landing Forecast or Aviation routine weather report with
trend forecast
for Entebbe Int. airport
The time of origin (issuing) at 1200Z on the 12th
February, 2016
Observed weather
Wind direction is 90 degrees, Wind speed 06 knots
Visibility 7500 meters
Cloud layer 1 amount 3 - 4 oktas (or 3/8 - 4/8) at base 1500 ft
Cloud layer 2 amount 3 - 4 oktas of Cumulonimbus (or 3/8 - 4/8) at base
1700 ft
Temperature 26ºC, Dew point temperature 24ºC
QNH 865 hPa (mb)
Forecast weatherchange
Time from 120Z on 20th
until 1250 on 12th
February, 2016
Horizontal Visibility is 3000m
Weather phenomena is moderate thunderstorm with rain
The end signal of the message
(B)
Complete Landing Forecast/ Aviation routine weather report with trend
forecast
Jomo Kenyatta Int. airport
The time of origin (issuing) at 1200Z on the 15th
January 2016
Observed weather Wind direction is 70 degrees, Wind speed 08 knots
Visibility 8000 meters
Cloud layer 1 amount 5 - 6 oktas (or 5/8 - 6/8) at base 1400 ft
Cloud layer 2 amount 3 - 4 oktas of Cumulonimbus (or 3/8 - 4/8) at base
1600 ft
Temperature 22ºC, Dew point temperature 19ºC
QNH 823hPa (mb)
Forecast Change in weather
Time from 1200 on 20th
until 1220Z on 20th
Horizontal Visibility is 4000m
Weather phenomena is moderate thunderstorm with rain
The end signal of the message
