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Unpacking the Ground Rules to Diagnose and Intervene in
Group Process
ADLT 675, November 18, 2014TiME Program
Assumptions and Inferences
Assumptions
Taking something for granted without verifying it
Inferences
Drawing a conclusion about what you do not know on the basis of things that you do know
Ground Rule # 1: Test assumptions and
inferences
Ground Rule # 2: Share all relevant information
Ground Rule # 3: Use specific examples and
agree on what important words mean
Ground Rule # 4: Explain your reasoning
and intent
Ground Rule # 5: Focus on interests, not
positions
Ground Rule # 6: Combine advocacy and
inquiry
Ground Rule # 7: Jointly design next steps and
ways to test disagreements
Ground Rule # 8: Discuss undiscussible
issues
Ground Rule # 9: Use a decision-making rule to generate commitment
Nine Ground Rules for Effective Groups
Take action base on belief
Adopt beliefs
Draw conclusions
Make assumptions
Add meanings
Select data
Observable data and experience
Ladder of Inference (Argyris & Schön, 1978)
Identify the conclusion someone is making
Ask for the data that led to the conclusion
Inquire into the reasoning that connects data and conclusion
Infer a possible belief or assumption
State your inference and test it with the person
How Do You Apply the Ladder of Inference by Using Advocacy and inquiry?
Walk “Down” the Ladder
1. Observe Behavior
2. Infer meaning (recognize your inference)
3. Decide whether, how, and why to test your inference
The Diagnosis and Intervention Cycle
4. Describe behavior. Test for different views.
5. Share inference.Test for differentViews.
6. Help group decide whether and how to change behavior. Test for different views.
The Diagnosis and Intervention Cycle
Step 1. Directly observe the behavior in the group – the words that are spoken and the nonverbal actions they make. (like a video camera would record them!)
Step 2. Infer meaning from the behavior you observe. Draw a conclusion about something unknown on the basis of things that are known to you.
Step 3. Decide whether, how, and why to intervene. You either remain silent or you decide what you will say, and to whom.
The Diagnosis and Intervention Cycle
Step 4. Publically describe the behavior you observed. Ask the group member(s) whether they observed behavior differently. If they agree with you, move to Step 5.
Step 5. Publicly share the inference that you made privately in Step 2 and test it with group members. You are asking if others see it differently. If it is not seen differently, move to Step 6.
Step 6. Help group members change their behavior. Group members need to decide whether or how to change their behavior to be more effective.
The Cycle Continues
0At Steps 4, 5, and 6, you publically share your reasoning and intent. TRANSPARENCY!
0Assuming that group members are willing to change their behavior to be more effective, the cycle begins again.
0As the facilitator, you continue to observe whether the behavior of group members is contributing to or hindering the group’s effectiveness.