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My Favorites from

Unusual andMarvelous Maps

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Hideous monsters devouring ships? Cryptic symbols, correctly showing storm fronts & dangerous

currents

Ive always been fond of maps, from those antique ones showing sea serpents and hideous monsters

devouring ships in the vast expanses of the ocean, to those showing what the world looked like in the

distant, and not so distant, past. Maps have, of course, been with us in one form or another, for a long

time.

Jerusalem is in the center - from "Itinerarium Sacrae Scipturae", by Heinrich Bunting, 1545-1606

http://lh3.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SohuOC8uV9I/AAAAAAABEp0/x3vFlXMvMI4/s640/vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv.jpg

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Heres a world map according toPosidonius, from around 150-130 B.C. -

Ptolemy's version of the world, printed ten years before Christopher Columbus' first voyage - imagevia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidoniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidoniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidoniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_mapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_mapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_mapshttp://lh4.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWUO2kA-I/AAAAAAABEkQ/ZNPlfOByFD8/s640/56i7e5tujfg.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidoniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_mapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonius

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The Cantino planisphere from 1502 is the earliest surviving map showing recent discoveries by

Portuguese mariners in the east and west. This is thought to be the earliest map of America (other than

the map called "America's Birth Certificate", read about ithere) and shows the Caribbean islands and

parts of Florida coastline, plus Africa, Europe and Asia, along with the coast of Brazil, only discovered a

few years earlier (click to see the large version):

Fragment: Europe and Jerusalem

http://www.neatorama.com/2009/07/07/the-waldseemller-map-americas-birth-certificate/http://www.neatorama.com/2009/07/07/the-waldseemller-map-americas-birth-certificate/http://www.neatorama.com/2009/07/07/the-waldseemller-map-americas-birth-certificate/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.pnghttp://www.neatorama.com/2009/07/07/the-waldseemller-map-americas-birth-certificate/

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Fragment: Caribbean islands

Fragments: Brazil's coastline (left), Persian Gulf (right)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.png

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From a few years later, the Pietro Coppo map of 1520 is one of the last ones to feature the so-called

Dragons Tail leading down from the edge of Asia, based on Ptolemy's idea from 1500 years earlier that

the Indian Ocean was almost landlocked:

(imagevia)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_mapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_mapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_mapshttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/PietroCoppo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps

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Heres a great map of the city of Venice, showing most of the major buildings from 1565. Maps in this

style are still used quite often on tourist postcards and in guidebooks for the city:

http://lh5.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWeKRt6KI/AAAAAAABElo/0wqQx0yQXRI/s640/67iteyjryfjfgtdfs.jpg

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From Asia's "Dragon's Tail" to the Fabulous Sea Beasts

The richly decorated Carta Marina, from 1539 might seem a little crude by todays standards but

modern satellite imaging revealed that the sea monsters shown in parts of the ocean on the map

actually correspond to well known storm fronts, dangerous currents and maritime hazards. This was

perhaps just a method of depicting this at the time, as a warning to sailors venturing into these areas

(click to enlarge):

http://www.nerc.ac.uk/images/photos/carta-marina-full.jpg

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Fragments shown. Click to see the full version (imagevia)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_mapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_mapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_mapshttp://www.nerc.ac.uk/images/photos/carta-marina-full.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps

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This is a similar one, showing the monsters living in the seas surrounding Iceland in the early sixteenth

century:

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1570 - imagevia

http://www.strangescience.net/http://www.strangescience.net/http://www.strangescience.net/http://www.strangescience.net/enlar/en_iceland.jpghttp://www.strangescience.net/

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A glorious catalog of"sea monsters" inhabiting old maps and mariner's imagination can be seen on this

page. Here are some examples:

Natural History of Norway, 1755

Sea Serpents of Buffalo Land, North America, 1872

http://www.strangescience.net/stsea2.htmhttp://www.strangescience.net/stsea2.htmhttp://lh3.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWZpEFZ_I/AAAAAAABElA/q5AFNBFh5N0/s640/67ier6yjuertftg.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWYyaxaLI/AAAAAAABEk4/InOhuRAz1iQ/s640/7i6t5yirjjfdg.jpghttp://www.strangescience.net/stsea2.htm

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http://www.strangescience.net/enlar/en_ske6.jpghttp://www.strangescience.net/enlar/en_whayng.gif

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and finally: a whale as an island! - published in Novi Orbis Indiae Occidentalis, 1621:

(imagesvia)

http://www.strangescience.net/stsea2.htmhttp://www.strangescience.net/stsea2.htmhttp://www.strangescience.net/stsea2.htmhttp://www.strangescience.net/enlar/en_brendan.jpghttp://www.strangescience.net/enlar/en_whlship.gifhttp://www.strangescience.net/stsea2.htm

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Various incarnations of the "Land Down Under" include... Antarctica

The southern portions of the globe were among the last to be charted by Europeans following the Age

of Discovery, but the idea ofTerra Australis had been around since the time of Aristotle in the fourth

century BC. There were various theories over the centuries the Indian Ocean was enclosed on the

south by land, that the lands in the northern hemisphere had to be balanced by land in the southern half

of the world, or Africa stretched all the way to the South Pole. In 1820, Antarctica was finally sighted in

the region always associated with Terra Australis, but heres a map showing the mythical continent

occupying a large chunk of the southern hemisphere from 1587:

http://lh4.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWhYRTjTI/AAAAAAABEmA/DuLWbjpmJPw/s640/5i67uerjtrjfgd.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWgSMNkEI/AAAAAAABEl4/j7XYn_mJ0ig/s640/67ie56iutrurthfyjyu.jpg

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This very decorative world map, with Antarctica, as well as parts of North America, still absent, was

produced in Amsterdam in 1689.Click to enlarge, very large file, here are some fragments:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG

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Fragments, click to seethe whole map

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG

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Heres an Italian map of North America from 1566, one of the first ones to describe the northernmost

portions as Canada:

http://lh3.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWfWze_bI/AAAAAAABElw/P7rIJjMsfdA/s640/54iue6jtrhedrfd.jpg

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Alternate history in hypothetical maps

The genre of alternate history has produced its fair share of hypothetical maps. Here are a couple

depicting what Europe might have looked like had the Greater German Reich triumphed in the 1940s

(click toenlarge).

Fragment, click to seethe whole map

http://moinansari.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/3rd-reich-map-of-germanic-people-denk-highlighted.jpghttp://moinansari.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/3rd-reich-map-of-germanic-people-denk-highlighted.jpghttp://moinansari.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/3rd-reich-map-of-germanic-people-denk-highlighted.jpghttp://moinansari.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/3rd-reich-map-of-germanic-people-denk-highlighted.jpghttp://moinansari.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/3rd-reich-map-of-germanic-people-denk-highlighted.jpghttp://moinansari.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/3rd-reich-map-of-germanic-people-denk-highlighted.jpghttp://moinansari.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/3rd-reich-map-of-germanic-people-denk-highlighted.jpghttp://moinansari.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/3rd-reich-map-of-germanic-people-denk-highlighted.jpghttp://moinansari.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/3rd-reich-map-of-germanic-people-denk-highlighted.jpg

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Fragment, click to seethe whole map

In a similar vein, here is the world in 1964, according to the alternate history novel Fatherland, which

was based on the premise that Germany won Word War Two. The Greater German Reich is shown in

red, the European Union representing Nazi allies and subject races in maroon, colonial possessions in

orange, US possessions and allies in blue with neutrals in yellow:

http://lh6.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWmjjQ4tI/AAAAAAABEmo/Ul29NVGbkDg/s1600-h/nazis.jpg.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWmjjQ4tI/AAAAAAABEmo/Ul29NVGbkDg/s1600-h/nazis.jpg.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWmjjQ4tI/AAAAAAABEmo/Ul29NVGbkDg/s1600-h/nazis.jpg.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWoXEJc7I/AAAAAAABEm4/LjvJT5P9I1k/s640/6i75utyjyukiuku.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWmjjQ4tI/AAAAAAABEmo/Ul29NVGbkDg/s1600-h/nazis.jpg.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWmjjQ4tI/AAAAAAABEmo/Ul29NVGbkDg/s1600-h/nazis.jpg.jpg

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And here is the world as imagined in George Orwells novel 1984. The zones of the globe shown as being

in dispute, leading to a perpetual state of conflict between the various power blocs, are reminiscent of

the struggles of the Cold War in Africa and Asia between the superpowers:

(click to enlarge)

Back in the seventies, C. Etzel Pearcy, a professor of geography, suggested redrawing all the borders of

the American states. The country would then comprise thirty eight states, rather than fifty, with each

new name representing an areas physical or cultural distinctiveness. It was never implemented, of

course, but very intriguing all the same:

http://lh4.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWp08NgVI/AAAAAAABEnI/FFqaBJeothQ/s640/4iuer6utrjhfryhjdft.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/1984_Orwell_arrows.PNG

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Still on the topic of redrawing US borders, this recent Absolut Vodka ad campaign which ran in Mexico

caused quite a stir. In the US there were calls to boycott the Swedish vodka, and yet the map has some

basis in fact, since Mexico only lost the territories of Alta California and Nueva Mexico following the

Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. Mexico ceded 42% of its territory, which later became California,

Nevada and Utah, plus parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming. Absolut decided to issue

an apology, pointing out that the ad was created for the Mexican market and did not mean they were

protesting immigration issues, fostering anti-American sentiments, demanding a redrawing of borders

and so on, in an attempt to defuse the issue:

http://lh5.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWq23yBZI/AAAAAAABEnQ/A_Ehu9jQwP0/s640/80987o98y6uitjuytg.jpg

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For those non-believers, here is a genuine map of Mexico in 1824, showing the territory later lost to the

United States:

(click to enlarge)

http://www.emersonkent.com/images/mexico_1824.jpg

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Most students of history will be familiar with this map of Africa, completely dominated by European

powers just before the First World War. After 1918, the German colonies were divided between Britain

and France and Africa remained under the foreign control for decades to come. Colour coding is as

follows: Britain red, France blue, Portugal purple, Germany light green, Spain pink, Italy emerald green,

Belgium yellow. Only Ethiopia and Liberia, established as a homeland for freed slaves in the mid-

nineteenth century, remained independent:

http://lh5.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWsXcsjoI/AAAAAAABEng/ykInUBNqjk8/s640/67ier6utshdhdfd.jpg

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On a similar note, these days its hard to imagine that a country as small as Britain once ruled over a

quarter of the worlds surface, including huge populations such as those in India. Here is the British

Empire in the 1920s, after the acquisition of the German colonies in Africa and the partition of the

former Turkish territories in the Middle East between Britain and France:

http://lh4.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWuHvkc3I/AAAAAAABEnw/oSOJ_yp6OKQ/s640/6itgykjyukgtujgh.jpg

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This is a caricature map of England by Robert Dighton from 1795:

(imagevia)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Geography_Bewitched_-_England.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Geography_Bewitched_-_England.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Geography_Bewitched_-_England.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWtWm-srI/AAAAAAABEno/GLz7ic2zXc8/s640/789r678ityuyj.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Geography_Bewitched_-_England.jpg

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Here are some similar maps from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This is an Asian view

of the world situation around the time of the Chinese revolution of 1912. This map was actually

published in Japan, but indicates the belief that there was a lot of foreign influence in China at this time.

In this period just prior to the outbreak of war, the Russian bear looms large over Europe and Asia,

Britain is depicted as a sea monster, reflecting the countrys position as the worlds predominant naval

power at the time, while Germany is shown as a tusked warthog:

(image credit: Bibliodyssey)

http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/http://www.flickr.com/photos/bibliodyssey/2473178962/http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/

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This satirical map of Europe dates from 1870, indicating the political situation of the day. England holds

Ireland, drawn as a vicious looking dog, tightly on a leash, while France struggles against Prussia:

(image viaStrangeMaps)

http://strangemaps.wordpress.com/2007/12/23/227/http://strangemaps.wordpress.com/2007/12/23/227/http://strangemaps.wordpress.com/2007/12/23/227/http://strangemaps.wordpress.com/2007/12/23/227/http://strangemaps.wordpress.com/2007/12/23/227/

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The so-called Octopus Map is from a few years later. At the time, the Russian Empire was seen as very

expansionist and already has its tentacles around Turkey and Persia, but is being held off by Germany:

See another version of this sort of comic map of Europehere

http://catholicgauze.blogspot.com/2007/05/one-of-best-historical-maps-i-have-ever.htmlhttp://catholicgauze.blogspot.com/2007/05/one-of-best-historical-maps-i-have-ever.htmlhttp://catholicgauze.blogspot.com/2007/05/one-of-best-historical-maps-i-have-ever.htmlhttp://lh3.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWwm3lVyI/AAAAAAABEoM/MTdexwG6jGg/s640/68itjutrhdf.jpghttp://catholicgauze.blogspot.com/2007/05/one-of-best-historical-maps-i-have-ever.html

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This one, showing an even more aggressive Russian octopus, was created in Japan at the time of the

Russo-Japanese War in 1905:

"A Humorous Diplomatic Atlas of Europe and Asia" by Kisaburo Ohara (Japan), 1904 (click to enlarge)

http://lh3.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeWylEd8rI/AAAAAAABEoU/c5XS1Ci4FBg/s640/t87o98ityjty.jpg

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Map of the "Hand of Moscow", pretty hilarious:

(map by R. M. Chapin, Jr., Time)

http://lh4.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeW2Kisc_I/AAAAAAABEo0/2_wWCHtYItw/s640/50_pics.jpg

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Superimposing modern political map with Lands and Magical Kingdoms from the Lord of the Rings lore,

we get this "correct politial map" version (don't take it too seriously, folks):

Incredible in its philosophical and psychological depthMap of Humanitycan be viewedhere.

Click to see the full map. Map credit:JT Illustration

http://www.joeydevilla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/map_of_humanity.jpghttp://www.joeydevilla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/map_of_humanity.jpghttp://www.joeydevilla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/map_of_humanity.jpghttp://www.joeydevilla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/map_of_humanity.jpghttp://www.joeydevilla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/map_of_humanity.jpghttp://www.joeydevilla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/map_of_humanity.jpghttp://www.jtillustration.com/http://www.jtillustration.com/http://www.jtillustration.com/http://www.joeydevilla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/map_of_humanity.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/_hVOW2U7K4-M/SoeW1LfRqmI/AAAAAAABEos/Cp4o0gicv8s/s640/58or67ityjhfhgd.jpghttp://www.jtillustration.com/http://www.joeydevilla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/map_of_humanity.jpghttp://www.joeydevilla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/map_of_humanity.jpg

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Also don't miss the bizarre post-war New World Map (for the establishing New World Moral Order) -

clickhere. And finally, heres same old world, but with different perspective, in this reve rsed version

showing north at the bottom of the map.

Order this maphere- moreinfo

http://lh3.ggpht.com/abramsv/SEnR56Pi4kI/AAAAAAAATuk/OCxPKEFo-xc/s1600-h/dhit2.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/abramsv/SEnR56Pi4kI/AAAAAAAATuk/OCxPKEFo-xc/s1600-h/dhit2.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/abramsv/SEnR56Pi4kI/AAAAAAAATuk/OCxPKEFo-xc/s1600-h/dhit2.jpghttp://www.mapstop.co.uk/product2390_Political-World-Upside-Down-Wall-Map---Global-Mapping---Wall-Map.aspxhttp://www.mapstop.co.uk/product2390_Political-World-Upside-Down-Wall-Map---Global-Mapping---Wall-Map.aspxhttp://www.mapstop.co.uk/product2390_Political-World-Upside-Down-Wall-Map---Global-Mapping---Wall-Map.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_maphttp://www.mapstop.co.uk/product2390_Political-World-Upside-Down-Wall-Map---Global-Mapping---Wall-Map.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_maphttp://www.mapstop.co.uk/product2390_Political-World-Upside-Down-Wall-Map---Global-Mapping---Wall-Map.aspxhttp://lh3.ggpht.com/abramsv/SEnR56Pi4kI/AAAAAAAATuk/OCxPKEFo-xc/s1600-h/dhit2.jpg

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There is also a "reversed map", showing land where oceans are supposed to be:

(Map made byVladStudio, get your wallpaper sizehere)

------

We are also grateful for the research and additional material from Marty Weil ofEphemera: The World

of Old Paper. Read his interviews with antique map collectorsDavid RumseyandRichard Horwitz

Simon Roseis the author of science fiction and fantasy novels for children, includingThe Alchemist's

Portrait,The Sorcerer's Letterbox,The Clone Conspiracy,The Emerald Curse,The Heretic's Tomband

The Doomsday Mask.

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