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Chap 8-1 Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Estimation: Single Population Statistics for Business and Economics 6 th Edition
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Page 1: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Chap 8-1Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8

Estimation: Single Population

Statistics for Business and Economics

6th Edition

Page 2: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-2

Chapter Goals

After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

Distinguish between a point estimate and a confidence interval estimate

Construct and interpret a confidence interval estimate for a single population mean using both the Z and t distributions

Form and interpret a confidence interval estimate for a single population proportion

Page 3: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-3

Confidence Intervals

Content of this chapter Confidence Intervals for the Population

Mean, μ when Population Variance σ2 is Known when Population Variance σ2 is Unknown

Confidence Intervals for the Population Proportion, (large samples)p̂

Page 4: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-4

Definitions

Một hàm ước lượng của một tham số tổng thể là: biến ngẫu nhiên phụ thuộc vào thông tin mẫu. . . mà giá trị của nó sẽ cho giá trị xấp xỉ của tham số

chưa biết

Một giá trị cụ thể của biến ngẫu nhiên này được gọi là một ước lượng

Page 5: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-5

Point and Interval Estimates

Một điểm ước lượng là một con số, Một khoảng ước lượng cung cấp thêm thông

tin về độ biến thiên

Điểm ước lượng

Giới hạn tin cậy dưới

Giới hạn tin cậy trên

Độ rộng khoảng tin cậy

Page 6: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-6

We can estimate a Population Parameter …

Ước lượng điểm

with a SampleStatistic

(a Point Estimate)

Trung bình

Tỷ lệ P

Page 7: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-7

Ước lượng không chệch

được coi là hàm ước lượng điểm không

chệch của tham số nếu kỳ vọng, hay trung

bình của phân phối chọn mẫu của là

Examples: Trung bình mẫu là hàm ước lượng không chệch của μ Phương sai mẫu là hàm ước lượng không chệch củaσ2

Tỷ lệ mẫu là hàm ước lượng không chệch của P

θ̂

θ̂

θ)θE( ˆ

Page 8: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-8

là hàm ước lượng không chệch, là hàm ước lượng chệch

1θ̂ 2θ̂

θ̂θ

1θ̂2θ̂

Unbiasedness(continued)

Page 9: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-9

Bias

Let be an estimator of

Độ chệch của (bias) được định nghĩa là hiệu giá trị trung bình của và

The bias of an unbiased estimator is 0

θ̂

θ̂

θ)θE()θBias( ˆˆ

θ̂

Page 10: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-10

Ước lượng vững

Let be an estimator of

là hàm ước lượng vững của of nếu hiệu giá trị trung bình của nó và giảm dần khi tăng kích thước mẫu

Cần hàm ước lượng vững khi không thể chọn được hàm ước lượng không chệch

θ̂

θ̂θ̂

Page 11: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-11

Hàm ước lượng hiệu quả nhất

Suppose there are several unbiased estimators of Hàm ước lượng hiệu quả nhất hay hàm ước lượng không

chệch phương sai cực tiểu của là hàm ước lượng với phương sai nhỏ nhất

Let and be two unbiased estimators of , based on the same number of sample observations. Then,

hữu hiệu hơn nếu Độ hữu hiệu tương đối của so với là:

)θVar()θVar( 21ˆˆ

)θVar(

)θVar( Efficiency Relative

1

2

ˆ

ˆ

1θ̂ 2θ̂

1θ̂ 2θ̂

1θ̂ 2θ̂

Page 12: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-12

Khoảng tin cậy

How much uncertainty is associated with a point estimate of a population parameter?

An interval estimate provides more information about a population characteristic than does a point estimate

Such interval estimates are called confidence intervals

Page 13: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-13

Ước lượng khoảng tin cậy

một khoảng giá trị : xét đến cả sự biến thiên của số thống kê

trong các mẫu khác nhau

dựa vào giá trị quan sát được từ 1 mẫu

cung cấp thông tin về mức độ sát với tham số tổng thể

mức độ tin cậy không bao giờ đạt 100%

Page 14: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-14

Khoảng tin cậy và mức độ tin cậy

P(a < < b) = 1 - khoảng từ a đến b được gọi là khoảng tin cậy 100(1 - )% của

Định lượng (1 - ) is được gọi là mức độ tin cậy level của khoảng đó ( giữa 0 và 1)

In repeated samples of the population, the true value of the parameter would be contained in 100(1 - )% of intervals calculated this way.

The confidence interval calculated in this manner is written as a < < b with 100(1 - )% confidence

Page 15: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-15

Quy trình ước lượng

(trung bình, μ, là ẩn số)

Tổng thể

Mẫu ngẫu nhiên

X = 50

Mẫu

I am 95% confident that μ is between 40 & 60.

Page 16: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-16

Mức độ tin cậy, (1-)

Suppose confidence level = 95% Also written (1 - ) = 0.95 A relative frequency interpretation:

From repeated samples, 95% of all the confidence intervals that can be constructed will contain the unknown true parameter

A specific interval either will contain or will not contain the true parameter No probability involved in a specific interval

(continued)

Page 17: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-17

Công thức chung

Công thức chung cho tất cả các khoảng tin cậy:

Giá trị của thừa số tin cậy phụ thuộc vào mức độ tin cậy cần đạt được

Điểm ước lượng (Thừa số tin cậy)(Sai số chuẩn)

Page 18: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-18

Khoảng tin cậy

trung bình tổng thể

không biết σ2

ConfidenceIntervals

tỷ lệ tổng thể

biết σ2

Page 19: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-19

Khoảng tin cậy cho μ(biết σ2 )

Giả thiết Population variance σ2 is known Population is normally distributed If population is not normal, use large sample

Khoảng tin cậy ước lượng:

(where z/2 is the normal distribution value for a probability of /2 in each tail)

n

σzxμ

n

σzx α/2α/2

Page 20: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-20

Sai số biên

The confidence interval,

Can also be written as

where ME is called the margin of error

Độ rộng của khoảng tin cậy bằng 2 lần sai số biên

n

σzxμ

n

σzx α/2α/2

MEx

n

σzME α/2

Page 21: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-21

Giảm sai số biên

Có thể giảm sai số biên bằng cách:

the population standard deviation can be reduced (σ↓)

The sample size is increased (n↑)

The confidence level is decreased, (1 – ) ↓

n

σzME α/2

Page 22: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-22

Tìm thừa số tin cậy z/2

Consider a 95% confidence interval:

z = -1.96 z = 1.96

.951

.0252

α .025

2

α

Point EstimateLower Confidence Limit

UpperConfidence Limit

Z units:

X units: Point Estimate

0

Find z.025 = 1.96 from the standard normal distribution table

Page 23: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-23

Các mức độ tin cậy phổ biến

Commonly used confidence levels are 90%, 95%, and 99%

Confidence Level

Confidence Coefficient,

Z/2 value

1.28

1.645

1.96

2.33

2.58

3.08

3.27

.80

.90

.95

.98

.99

.998

.999

80%

90%

95%

98%

99%

99.8%

99.9%

1

Page 24: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-24

μμx

Khoảng và mức độ tin cậy

Confidence Intervals

Intervals extend from

to

100(1-)%of intervals constructed contain μ;

100()% do not.

Sampling Distribution of the Mean

n

σzx

n

σzx

x

x1

x2

/2 /21

Page 25: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-25

Example

A sample of 11 circuits from a large normal population has a mean resistance of 2.20 ohms. We know from past testing that the population standard deviation is 0.35 ohms.

Determine a 95% confidence interval for the true mean resistance of the population.

Page 26: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-26

2.4068μ1.9932

.2068 2.20

)11(.35/ 1.96 2.20

n

σz x

Example

A sample of 11 circuits from a large normal population has a mean resistance of 2.20 ohms. We know from past testing that the population standard deviation is .35 ohms.

Solution:

(continued)

Page 27: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-27

Interpretation

We are 95% confident that the true mean resistance is between 1.9932 and 2.4068 ohms

Although the true mean may or may not be in this interval, 95% of intervals formed in this manner will contain the true mean

Page 28: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-28

Confidence Intervals

Population Mean

ConfidenceIntervals

PopulationProportion

σ2 Unknown σ2 Known

Page 29: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-29

Student’s t Distribution

Consider a random sample of n observations with mean x and standard deviation s from a normally distributed population with mean μ

Then the variable

follows the Student’s t distribution with (n - 1) degrees of freedom

ns/

μxt

Page 30: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-30

If the population standard deviation σ is unknown, we can substitute the sample standard deviation, s

This introduces extra uncertainty, since s is variable from sample to sample

So we use the t distribution instead of the normal distribution

Confidence Interval for μ(σ2 Unknown)

Page 31: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-31

Assumptions Population standard deviation is unknown Population is normally distributed If population is not normal, use large sample

Use Student’s t Distribution Confidence Interval Estimate:

where tn-1,α/2 is the critical value of the t distribution with n-1 d.f. and an area of α/2 in each tail:

Confidence Interval for μ(σ Unknown)

n

Stxμ

n

Stx α/21,-nα/21,-n

(continued)

α/2)tP(t α/21,n1n

Page 32: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-32

Student’s t Distribution

The t is a family of distributions

The t value depends on degrees of freedom (d.f.) Number of observations that are free to vary after

sample mean has been calculated

d.f. = n - 1

Page 33: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-33

Student’s t Distribution

t0

t (df = 5)

t (df = 13)t-distributions are bell-shaped and symmetric, but have ‘fatter’ tails than the normal

Standard Normal

(t with df = ∞)

Note: t Z as n increases

Page 34: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-34

Student’s t Table

Upper Tail Area

df .10 .025.05

1 12.706

2

3 3.182

t0 2.920The body of the table contains t values, not probabilities

Let: n = 3 df = n - 1 = 2 = .10 /2 =.05

/2 = .05

3.078

1.886

1.638

6.314

2.920

2.353

4.303

Page 35: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-35

t distribution values

With comparison to the Z value

Confidence t t t Z Level (10 d.f.) (20 d.f.) (30 d.f.) ____

.80 1.372 1.325 1.310 1.282

.90 1.812 1.725 1.697 1.645

.95 2.228 2.086 2.042 1.960

.99 3.169 2.845 2.750 2.576

Note: t Z as n increases

Page 36: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-36

Example

A random sample of n = 25 has x = 50 and s = 8. Form a 95% confidence interval for μ

d.f. = n – 1 = 24, so

The confidence interval is

2.0639tt 24,.025α/21,n

53.302μ46.69825

8(2.0639)50μ

25

8(2.0639)50

n

Stxμ

n

Stx α/21,-n α/21,-n

Page 37: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-37

Confidence Intervals

Population Mean

σ Unknown

ConfidenceIntervals

PopulationProportion

σ Known

Page 38: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-38

Confidence Intervals for the Population Proportion, p

An interval estimate for the population proportion ( P ) can be calculated by adding an allowance for uncertainty to the sample proportion ( ) p̂

Page 39: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-39

Confidence Intervals for the Population Proportion, p

Recall that the distribution of the sample proportion is approximately normal if the sample size is large, with standard deviation

We will estimate this with sample data:

(continued)

n

)p(1p ˆˆ

n

P)P(1σP

Page 40: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-40

Confidence Interval Endpoints

Upper and lower confidence limits for the population proportion are calculated with the formula

where z/2 is the standard normal value for the level of confidence desired

is the sample proportion n is the sample size

n

)p(1pzpP

n

)p(1pzp α/2α/2

ˆˆˆ

ˆˆˆ

Page 41: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-41

Example

A random sample of 100 people

shows that 25 are left-handed.

Form a 95% confidence interval for

the true proportion of left-handers

Page 42: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-42

Example

A random sample of 100 people shows that 25 are left-handed. Form a 95% confidence interval for the true proportion of left-handers.

(continued)

0.3349P0.1651

100

.25(.75)1.96

100

25P

100

.25(.75)1.96

100

25

n

)p(1pzpP

n

)p(1pzp α/2α/2

ˆˆˆ

ˆˆˆ

Page 43: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-43

Interpretation

We are 95% confident that the true percentage of left-handers in the population is between

16.51% and 33.49%.

Although the interval from 0.1651 to 0.3349 may or may not contain the true proportion, 95% of intervals formed from samples of size 100 in this manner will contain the true proportion.

Page 44: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-44

PHStat Interval Options

options

Page 45: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-45

Using PHStat (for μ, σ unknown)

A random sample of n = 25 has X = 50 and S = 8. Form a 95% confidence interval for μ

Page 46: Uoc luong diem va khoang_2

Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chap 8-46

Chapter Summary

Introduced the concept of confidence intervals

Discussed point estimates Developed confidence interval estimates Created confidence interval estimates for the

mean (σ2 known) Introduced the Student’s t distribution Determined confidence interval estimates for

the mean (σ2 unknown) Created confidence interval estimates for the

proportion


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