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COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION University of the Philippines Diliman
FORMAT GUIDEBOOK FOR
THESES AND DISSERTATIONS
DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY
JUNE 2008
Guidebook page 2
This document is designed as a guide for preparing and presenting theses and
dissertations at the University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication.
This guidebook uses inputs from the style manuals of the UP School of Library and
Information Science and the Ohio University. It was developed by the Thesis Format
Committee organized by Dean Elena Pernia. The committee was chaired by Dr. Fernando
D. Paragas with Prof. Yvonne T. Chua, Ms. Luzviminda J. Matulac, Dr. Perlita G.
Manalili, and Dr. Arminda V. Santiago as members.
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE GUIDEBOOK
I. General Guidelines
A. Formatting of Text 3
B. Formatting of Charts, Pictures and Illustrations, and Tables and Matrices 4
C. Submission Procedures 4
II. Formatting Guidelines 6
A. Sample Cover 7
B. Sample Spine 8
C. Sample Title Page 9
D. Sample Approval Sheet Page for B.A. Theses 10
E. Sample Approval Sheet Page for M.A. Theses and Dissertations 11
F. Sample Biographical Page 12
G. Sample Acknowledgment Page 13
H. Sample Dedication Page 14
I. Abstract Page Samples 16
J. Sample Table of Contents 18
K. Sample Lists 19
L. Sample Page Layout 20
M. Sample First Page of a Chapter 21
N. Subheads 22
O. Sample Tables 23
P. Sample Chart 25
Q. Sample Graphics (Pictures, Illustrations) 26
R. Sample Matrix 27
III. Supplementary Materials 28
A. Basic Outline of Chapters and Sections 28
B. Basic Writing Guidelines 28
C. Basic Citation using APA Style 33
D. Basic Citation using MLA Style 49
Guidebook page 3
I. GENERAL GUIDELINES
A. Formatting of Text
Use the following for the entire document:
1. Citation and references: Use APA (American Psychological Association) 5th
Edition or MLA (Modern Language Association) for in-text citation and the listing of
references. Do not mix citation styles.
2. Font: Times New Roman 12 points or Arial 11 points normal, for the entire
document, except for footnotes (see below). No other font may be used, even for the
preliminary section.
3. Paper: White, 8.5 x 11, 80gsm. No special paper may be used in any part of the
document, except for photo paper for pictures, graphics, and other illustrations.
4. Margin: 1.5 for the left margin, 1.0 for the top, right, and bottom margins
5. Justification. Use ragged right margin because this is more readable than forced
justify margin.
6. Spacing: Double spacing for the entire document. No additional spacing between
paragraphs. Add an extra double space between sections.
7. Page numbers: Place page numbers in the header, on the top right corner. Follow
these formatting guidelines for specific pages in the document. Examples are in
Sections III and IV.
a. For all pages preceding the first chapter, use lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii,
iii). However, page numbers shall first appear on the Table of Contents.
Although the Title, Approval Sheet, Biographical Data, Acknowledgment,
Dedication, and Abstract pages are counted in the pagination, their page numbers
are not shown.
b. For the body, use Hindu-Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3). Numbering should begin
with the first page of the first chapter, but the page number should not appear on
the first page. Similarly, the first page of each succeeding chapter should have no
page number.
c. Page numbers stand alone, with no special formatting. Do not use dashes (-2-) or
the word Page (Ex.: Page 2) to identify page numbers.
8. Footnotes should be used instead of endnotes to promote readability. Place
sequentially numbered footnotes at the bottom of the appropriate page. Footnotes
must be single-spaced, using Times New Roman 11 points or Arial 10 points.
Footnotes must be separated from the main body by a short line.
B. Formatting of Charts, Pictures and Illustrations, and Tables and Matrices
1. Charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices should appear on the same
page or on the following page after they are mentioned in the text. Put an extra double
space before and after these items. Photo paper may be used for charts, pictures, and
illustrations.
Guidebook page 4
2. Images must fit and be centered within margins. If a table, figure, or picture does not
fit in a portrait page layout, change to a landscape layout. Put this landscaped page
immediately after the page that cites the table, figure, or picture. The landscaped page
must have a 1.5 margin at the top, and 1.0 margin on all others. Landscaped pages
must be oriented away from the binding.
3. No text should appear to the left or to the right of the charts, pictures and illustrations,
and tables and matrices.
4. Label charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices chronologically using
Hindu-Arabic numerals.
5. Put titles at the top of the charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices.
Ensure that these titles match those in the Table of Contents and in the document.
Titles must be flush left, rather than centered, on the page.
6. Place captions at the bottom of the pictures and illustrations. Captions must be single-
spaced. Separate captions from the text with an extra double space.
C. Submission Procedures
The deadline for submission of theses and dissertations is one week before the last day
for the submission of grades for graduating students to provide sufficient time for content
and format checking, corrections and binding. For example, if the deadline for
submission of grades is April 4, theses and dissertations must be with the advisers by
March 28.
Undergraduate and masters theses must be hardbound using maroon leatherette with
gold lettering. Doctoral dissertations must be hardbound using black leatherette with gold
lettering.
The filenames for the digital files (either the document version or the digital version of
the production work) should be as follows: Last Name, First Name Middle Name; the
month and year of graduation; and the title of the thesis/dissertation (Ex.: De la Cruz,
Juana Santos 04-07 A Case Study of the University of the Philippines College of Mass
Communication)
The CD/DVD must be submitted in a thin transparent plastic case without any special
cover or label. Simply write the title and the name/s of the author/s on the disc itself using
an alcohol-based CD/DVD marker. The ink of ordinary pentel pens penetrates the disc
and destroys the files. Consult the CMC Library for an example.
Guidebook page 5
To be considered for graduation, an undergraduate student should submit the following to
his/her Department Secretary:
1. For Broadcast Communication
- Three hardbound copiesone each for the library, the department, and the
student
- Four CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in PDF formatone each for the
library, the department, the adviser, and the student
- Four CD/DVD copies of any production workone each for the library, the
department, the adviser, and the student
2. For Communication Research
- Three hardbound copies and three CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in
PDF formatone each for the library, the adviser, and the student.
- One additional CD/DVD copy of the consolidated thesis in PDF format for the
department
3. For Film
- Four hardbound copiesone each for the library, the Institute, the adviser, and
the student
- Four DVD copies of the production workone for the library, the Institute, the
adviser, and the student. These DVD copies may use a designed cover.
- One CD/DVD copy of the consolidated thesis in PDF format for the library
- One mini-DVD copy for the Institute
4. For Journalism
- Four CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in PDF formatone each for the
library, the department, the adviser, and the student
- One hardbound copy for the library
According to the 2006 UP CMC Rules for MA and PhD Students, an applicant for
graduation must submit to the Graduate Studies Department at least five (5) bound copies
and at least one digital copy of the approved masters thesis as a prerequisite for
graduation.
Moreover, PhD students who are applying for graduation must submit to the Graduate
Studies Department at least one pre-print (or pre-publication) paper on the approved
doctoral dissertation, where applicable, as another prerequisite for graduation.
Guidebook page 6
II. FORMATTING GUIDELINES
External features
A. Cover
B. Spine
Preliminary Section
C. Title page
D. Approval Sheet page
E. Biographical page
F. Acknowledgment page
G. Dedication page
H. Abstract page
I. Table of Contents
J. List of Tables
Body
K. Page layout
L. First page of a chapter
M. Subheads
N. Tables
O. Chart
P. Graphics (Pictures, Illustrations)
Q. Matrix
Guidebook page 7
AN ACADEMIC LIFE:
A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION
JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ
COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN
APRIL 2008
Only one of the following
may appear on the cover:
October for First
Semester, April for Second
Semester, and May for
Summer graduation. Use
all caps.
The name of the
College and the
University must
appear about 3.5
above the bottom edge
of the cover. Please
note the correct
spelling of UP
Diliman.
The month and the year of
graduation must appear
about 2 above the bottom
edge of the cover.
A. SAMPLE COVER
All theses and dissertations must be hardbound. They must use gold lettering and
Times New Roman, 14 points, on the cover. Theses must be covered in deep maroon
leatherette and dissertations in black leatherette. Bound copies must measure 8.5
by 11.
All text in the cover must be single-spaced.
The full title must appear centered within
the cover, with the creative title (if any) on
the first line. Use all caps for the title.
Your FULL name must
appear about 5.5 from
the top edge of the
cover. Use all caps. In
case of multiple
authors, vertically
center your names
around 5.5 from the
top edge of the cover.
The title should
appear 2.5 from
the top edge of
the cover.
Alphabetically list multiple authors
according to their surnames.
Guidebook page 8
DE
LA
CR
UZ
, JS
UP
CM
C
AP
RIL
20
08
A
N A
CA
DE
MIC
LIF
E: A
CA
SE
ST
UD
Y O
F T
HE
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
OF
TH
E
PH
ILIP
PIN
ES
CO
LL
EG
E O
F M
AS
S C
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
B. SAMPLE SPINE
The spine must use
gold lettering and
Times New Roman, 14
points. All caps must be
used.
The first 3 must contain the
name/s of the author using
this format: Surname, First
name initials Middle name
initials. For streamlined look,
remove periods after initials.
(Use DE LA CRUZ, JS.
Do not use DE LA CRUZ J.S.)
Name/s must be horizontally
and vertically centered within
this space.
East Asian names may omit
the comma.
There is a single 6-
point gold line at
the top and bottom
areas of the spine,
as well as between
the main items in it.
The middle 6 must contain
the full title, which must be
horizontally and vertically
centered within this space.
The bottom 2 of the spine
must contain the initials UP
CMC as well as the month
and the year of graduation.
Guidebook page 9
AN ACADEMIC LIFE:
A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION
JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ
Submitted to the
COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION
University of the Philippines Diliman
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
[STATE DEGREE] IN [STATE PROGRAM]
[State Month Year]
Right
margin:
1
Top margin: 1
Bottom margin: 1
C. SAMPLE TITLE PAGE
Two double spaces from the
top margin. The title should be
typed on the third double
space. Remove a double space
if the title is long or if there
are multiple authors.
Four double spaces from the
last line of the title. Your
name should be typed on the
fifth double space. In the
case of a longer title or
multiple author/s, decrease
this space accordingly.
Two double spaces from the
name of the author. The line
submitted to the must be
typed on the third double
space.
Make sure you indicate
the correct degree and
program:
BACHELOR OF ARTS IN
- BROADCAST
COMMUNICATION
- COMMUNICATION
RESEARCH
- JOURNALISM
- FILM
MASTER OF ARTS IN
COMMUNICATION
(COMMUNICATION
RESEARCH)
MASTER OF ARTS IN
MEDIA STUDIES
- (BROADCAST
COMMUNICATION)
- (FILM)
- (JOURNALISM)
DOCTOR OF
PHILOSOPHY IN
COMMUNICATION
Extra double space here.
Extra double space here.
Only one of the following may
appear on the cover: October for
First Semester, April for Second
Semester, and May for Summer
graduation. Use regular caps
(e.g. April 2008), with no comma
between the month and the year.
Please follow the
system of capitalization
as indicated in this
example.
Left
margin:
1.5
Guidebook page 10
AN ACADEMIC LIFE:
A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION
by
JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ
(Author 2)
(Author 3)
(Author 4)
has been accepted for
the degree of [STATE DEGREE] IN [STATE PROGRAM]
by
[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree]
and approved for the
University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication
by
[State Rank, Name of the Dean, Degree]
Dean, College of Mass Communication
Top margin: 1
Left
margin:
1.5 Bottom margin: 1
Right
margin:
1
D. SAMPLE APPROVAL SHEET FOR B.A. THESES
Nine single spaces from the title.
The word by must be typed on
the tenth single space. Remove a
space for every additional line in
the case of a long title.
Four single spaces from the preceding line.
Type the name of the adviser on the fifth single
space. Make sure you have the correct names
and degrees of your adviser and the dean.
Ex:
Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD
Make sure
you specify
the correct
degree. See
previous
page for the
correct
degree titles.
Seven single spaces
between the line of the
first authors name and
the line has been
approved for.
Four single spaces from the top
margin. The title begins on the fifth
single space.
Guidebook page 11
AN ACADEMIC LIFE:
A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION
by
JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ
has been accepted for
the degree of [STATE DEGREE] IN [STATE PROGRAM]
by
[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree]
Adviser
[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree]
Critic
[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree]
Reader
[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree]
Member
and approved for the
University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication
by
[State Rank, Name of the Dean, Degree]
Dean, College of Mass Communication Left
margin:
1.5
Bottom margin: 1
Right
margin:
1
E. SAMPLE APPROVAL SHEET FOR
M.A. THESES & Ph.D. DISSERTATIONS
Five single spaces from the title.
The word by must be typed on
the ninth single space. Remove a
space for every additional line in
the case of a long title.
Four single spaces from the preceding line.
Type the name of the adviser on the fifth
single space. Make sure you have the correct
name and degree of your adviser.
Four single spaces between
authors name and the line
has been approved for.
Four single spaces
Four single spaces
Four single spaces
Example for faculty entries:
Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD
Guidebook page 12
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
PERSONAL DATA
Name Juana S. De la Cruz
Permanent Address Line 1
Line 2
Telephone Number (+63-Area Code) First Three Digits-Last Four Digits
Date & Place of Birth Day Month Year, Manila
EDUCATION
Secondary Level Honor (if applicable), School, City/Municipality, Province
of School
Primary Level Honor (if applicable), School, City/Municipality, Province
of School
ORGANIZATIONS Position, Organization
Position, Organization
WORK EXPERIENCE Position, Office, Months working
Position, Office, Months working
Position, Office, Months working
ACHIEVEMENTS Achievement 1
Achievement 2
F. SAMPLE BIOGRAPHICAL DATA SHEET
Limit to one page per
author. No pictures and
special paper.
Example for educational
level: Valedictorian,
Philippine School for the
Arts, Los Baos, Laguna
For work experience,
cite the three most
recent/comprehensive
jobs you have had in
college.
For achievements, cite
the three most
prestigious. Combine
similar achievements in
one line. Example:
College scholar: 1st and
2nd semester, AY2006-
2007, 2nd semester, AY
2007-2008.
Guidebook page 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The following thesis, while an individual work, benefited from the insights and
direction of several people.
First, my Thesis Adviser, Dr. Bituin N. Masinag, exemplifies the high quality
scholarship to which I aspire. In addition, Mr. Pasencioso N. Masigasig provided timely
and instructive comments and evaluation at every stage of the thesis process, allowing me
to complete this project on schedule. Next, I wish to thank the complete Thesis
Committee. Each individual provided insights that guided and challenged my thinking,
substantially improving the finished product.
In addition to the technical and instrumental assistance above, I received equally
important assistance from family and friends. My colleague, Lito N. Glito, provided on-
going support throughout the thesis process, as well as technical assistance critical for
completing the project in a timely manner.
Finally, I wish to thank the respondents of my study (who remain anonymous for
confidentiality purposes). Their comments and insights created an informative and
interesting project with opportunities for future work.
G. SAMPLE ACKNOWLEDGMENT PAGE
This is an optional page. If you decide to write one, make it sound professional
since the thesis/dissertation is an academic document. The example in this page is
culled from http://www.gradschool.uky.edu/ThesisExample11.pdf.
Limit your acknowledgments to one page only, focusing on those who directly
helped you in conducting your study. Consolidate your acknowledgments if you
are part of a group.
Double-space and justify your text. Note that there is no e after the letter g
in acknowledgment.
Guidebook page 14
DEDICATION
To my parents
Victorio and Milagros de la Cruz
For instilling in me
From an early age
The desire to obtain a UP degree
H. SAMPLE DEDICATION PAGE
This is an optional page. If you decide to write one, make it sound professional
since the thesis/dissertation is an academic document.
Limit your dedication/s to one page. Consolidate your dedications in one page if
you are part of a group.
Double-space and horizontally and vertically center your text.
Guidebook page 15
ABSTRACT
De la Cruz, J.S. (2007). Rhetoric and Riot in Rio de Janeiro, Unpublished Doctoral
Dissertation, University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication.
This dissertation examines the role of newspaper editors in the political turmoil
and strife that characterized late First Empire Rio de Janeiro (1827-1831). Newspaper
editors and their journals helped change the political culture of late First Empire Rio de
Janeiro by involving the people in the discussion of state. This change in political culture
is apparent in Emperor Pedro I's gradual loss of control over the mechanisms of power.
As the newspapers became increasingly numerous and powerful, the Emperor lost his
legitimacy in the eyes of the people. To explore the role of the newspapers in the political
events of the late First Empire, this dissertation analyzes all available newspapers
published in Rio de Janeiro from 1827 to 1831. Newspapers and their editors were
leading forces in the effort to remove power from the hands of the ruling elite and place it
under the control of the people. In the process, newspapers helped change how politics
operated in the constitutional monarchy of Brazil.
I. ABSTRACT PAGE SAMPLES
Your abstract must be 200 words or less. (The text above has 163 words). It must
succinctly contain the following: a statement of your problem/s and objectives
based on a synthesis of your related literature review and theoretical framework,
a short description of your methodology, and a brief discussion of your most
pertinent findings and interpretation. If your thesis has a production component,
include a concise explanation of how it relates to your research.
The abstracts above and on the next page were downloaded from
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstracts.html.
Include the proper citation of
your work.
Guidebook page 16
ABSTRACT
Andrews, K.T. (1997). 'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences
of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,
State University of New York at Stony Brook.
This dissertation examines the role of newspaper editors in the political turmoil
and strife that characterized late First Empire Rio de Janeiro (1827-1831). Newspaper
editors and their journals helped change the political culture of late First Empire Rio de
Janeiro by involving the people in the discussion of state. This change in political culture
is apparent in Emperor Pedro I's gradual loss of control over the mechanisms of power.
As the newspapers became increasingly numerous and powerful, the Emperor lost his
legitimacy in the eyes of the people. To explore the role of the newspapers in the political
events of the late First Empire, this dissertation analyzes all available newspapers
published in Rio de Janeiro from 1827 to 1831. Newspapers and their editors were
leading forces in the effort to remove power from the hands of the ruling elite and place it
under the control of the people. In the process, newspapers helped change how politics
operated in the constitutional monarchy of Brazil.
Your abstract must be 200 words or less. (The text above has 163 words). It must
succinctly contain the following: a statement of your problem/s and objectives
based on a synthesis of your related literature review and theoretical framework,
a short description of your methodology, and a brief discussion of your most
pertinent findings and interpretation. If your thesis has a production component,
include a concise explanation of how it relates to your research.
The abstracts above and on the next page were downloaded from
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstracts.html.
I. ABSTRACT PAGE SAMPLES Include the proper citation of
your work.
Guidebook page 17
ABSTRACT
Andrews, K.T. (1997). 'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences
of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,
State University of New York at Stony Brook.
This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered
study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through
the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by
which movements transform social structures and the constraints' movements face when
they try to do so. The time period studied in this dissertation includes the expansion of
voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and
the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty
programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level
data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews,
newspapers and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that
movements are inconsequential. Indeed, some view federal agencies, courts, political
parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change. Typically these
groups acted in response to movement demands and the leverage brought to bear by the
civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent
structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling
change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy
in Mississippi.
I. ABSTRACT PAGE SAMPLES Include the proper citation of
your work.
Guidebook page 18
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Biographical Data iii
Acknowledgments iv
Dedication v
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables x
List of Matrices xi
List of Figures xii
I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. Background of the Study 1
B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives 5
C. Significance of the Study 7
D. Scope and Limitations 10
The first page number
appears on the page of the
Table of Contents. Locate
it 0.5 from the top and
align it with the right
margin. Use Times New
Roman 12 points.
Use this as a checklist for the needed
pages/sections in your thesis:
Insert a two-column table, with the
right column width pegged at 0.5
The subheads indicated here are only
for formatting purposes. They are not
the required minimum contents for
each chapter.
Note that only the first-level subhead is
included in the Table of Contents.
J. SAMPLE TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
Guidebook page 19
LIST OF TABLES
Number Title Page
1 Profile of Respondents 1
2 1
3 5
4 7
5 10
LIST OF FIGURES
Number Title Page
1
2
3
4
5
The following examples serve as a guide for the look of your lists of tables,
matrices, and figures (which includes charts, illustrations, pictures, and other
graphics). In your actual document, begin a new page for each list.
Make sure that the titles in these lists are the same as those in the body of your
document. Also, number all your tables consecutively using Hindu-Arabic
numerals without decimal places (E.g. 1, 2, 3 and not 1.0., 1.1., 1.2.) . Details for
the titling of tables and other collaterals are in Section IV.
In creating these lists, insert a three-column table and label each column
accordingly. The first column has a width of 0.75 while the third column has a
width of 0.5.
Single-space titles, but put a double space between titles.
K. SAMPLE LISTS
Guidebook page 20
2
Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil
molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud
exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu
fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui
officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.1
Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium
doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et
quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo (Cicero, 1995). Nemo enim ipsam
voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni
dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud
exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
1 Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur,
adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore
magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem.
Top
margin:
1 L. SAMPLE PAGE LAY-OUT
Left
margin:
1.5
Right
margin:
1
The page number
appears on the second
page of each chapter.
Locate it 0.5 from the
top and align it with the
right margin. Use
Times New Roman, 12
points.
Use superscripted Hindu-Arabic
numerals for footnotes. Use footnotes
rather than endnotes.
Footnotes are located at the bottom of each page, separated from
the main text by a line. Footnotes are numbered consecutively using
Hindu-Arabic numerals. The text uses the same font and font size
as the main body. The footnote text is single-spaced and the
justification is ragged right. Its first line is indented by 0.5.
Make sure that the footnote and its referent are on the same page.
Bottom margin: 1
Guidebook page 21
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud
exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu
fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui
officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium
doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et
quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo (Cicero, 1995). Nemo enim ipsam
voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni
dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt.
Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur,
adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore
magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum
exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi
consequatur?
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis
praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi
sint occaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt
mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et
expedita distinctio.
M. SAMPLE FIRST PAGE OF A CHAPTER There is no page number
on the first page of each
chapter.
The chapter must be labeled with the
appropriate Roman numeral and title, in
all caps.
Paragraphs must be indented, ragged right justify,
and double-spaced. There are no extra spaces
between paragraphs. But there is an extra double
space between sections.
READ the supplementary materials for details about
in-text citation, using either APA or MLA. Do not
mix citation styles.
Do not use any footer. The bottom part of the page must be devoted to footnotes, if any.
Guidebook page 22
I. INTRODUCTION
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud
exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu
fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui
officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
A. The First Subhead
Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium
doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et
quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia
voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui
ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt.
1. The Second Subhead
Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur,
adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore
magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum
exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi
consequatur?
a. The Third Subhead
Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil
molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?
N. SUBHEADS
The chapter must be labeled with the appropriate
Roman numeral and title, in all caps.
This is the only subhead that appears in
the Table of Contents (TOC). It must be
the same as the one in the TOC.
The first-level subhead must be centered and
labeled with the appropriate letter in caps.
The second-level subhead must be centered,
italicized, and labeled with the appropriate
Hindu-Arabic numeral.
There must only be three levels of subheads to promote readability. The flush-left
third-level subhead is labeled with a lowercase letter.
Guidebook page 23
Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur,
adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore
magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem.
Table 2. Profile of Respondents (N=365)
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 44.4
Female 55.6
Age
21 to 34 50.3
35 to 57 49.7
Notes:
Instructions:
1. Consolidate similar data in one table with spanner heads, as shown in the example.
Column heads and spanner heads (e.g. Gender) must be centered within the cell,
while row entries must be flush left.
2. Single-space the table. Include an extra double space before and after the table.
3. Figures must be aligned right, then centered in the cell. Distinguish percentage figures
from frequencies through a single decimal place.
4. Do not compute percentages for sample sizes where the units of analysis number less
than 100. Use either raw frequencies or proportions.
5. Include notes on the last merged row of the table. Examples of notes include sources,
multiple response items, among others.
6. Place a table immediately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not fit
on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page.
Remember that since tables are visual aids, they must be located after they are cited.
In other words, the discussion must precede the table.
O. SAMPLE TABLES
Extra double space before a table. Number tables consecutively using Hindu-Arabic numerals.
Separate Table Numbers from the Table Title
Titles must be concise and italicized. Ensure that titles are the
entered the same way in the TOC. N indicates total sample size.
Guidebook page 24
Table 3. Change in Job by Gender and Age
Change in job
Sample
(N=320)
Gender Age
Male
(n=142)
Female
(n=178)
21 to 34
years old
(n=161)
35 to 57
years old
(n=159)
First employment 27.2 19.7 33.1 26.7 27.7
Underemployed 13.4 7.7 18.0 12.4 14.5
The same 56.9 68.3 47.8 59.0 54.7
Better 2.5 4.2 1.1 1.9 3.1
Chi-square
2 (3, N = 320) = 30.30,
p < .01
2 (3, N = 320) = 1.06,
p = .79
Instructions:
1. For cross-tabulations, put independent variables on the columns and dependent
variables on the rows.
2. Indicate the sub-sample sizes with a small letter n.
3. For bi-variate and multi-variate tables with Chi-square tests of significance,
remember to include the following statistics:
- 2 (1, N = 320) = 1.00, p = .32
2 (Degree of freedom, N = Sample size),
Computed Chi-square value, p = Significance score
4. For t-tests and ANOVA, create a table that shows mean scores and standard
deviation. Include the following statistics:
- t (318 = 3.99, p < .01) t (Degree of freedom = Computed T-test value, p =
Significance score)
- F (3,316 = 5.76, p < .01) F (Degree of freedom, Sample size = ANOVA value,
p = Significance score)
5. If SPSS shows p = .00 change the notation to p < .01
Guidebook page 25
Chart 1. Annual Deployment of Overseas Filipino Workers, 1984-2002
Instructions:
1. Consecutively number charts using Hindu-Arabic numerals.
2. Streamline charts, removing extra lines, zeroes, etc.
3. Do not use color in distinguishing the categories in the charts. Instead, use patterns or
a palette of black, white, and distinct shades of gray.
4. Single-space the text in the chart. Include an extra double space before and after the
chart.
5. Include notes at the bottom of the chart. Examples of notes include sources and
multiple response items. For sources, follow APA guidelines, as shown in the
example above.
6. Place a chart immediately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not fit
on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page. As
with other visual aids, charts must be located after they are cited. In other words, the
discussion must precede the chart.
P. SAMPLE CHART
Source. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. (2005). Overseas Employment
Statistics [Data in Microsoft Excel files]. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from
.
Land-based
Sea-based
Total
2002
Year
Nu
mb
er (
in
00
0)
1984 1986 1988
1,000
800
600
400
200
01990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2003 2004
Guidebook page 26
Figure 1. Images from the 2005 Philippine Fiesta in America
Clockwise, from top left: Last years beauty pageant winners; a booth selling Philippine
cable TV services, food items sold turo-turo (point-point) style; a booth with a traditional
hut; and a parade of colors.
Instructions:
1. Consecutively number figures using Hindu-Arabic numerals. Include all pictures,
illustrations, and graphics under figures.
2. Consolidate similar images in a collage as shown above. Crop pictures to save space.
3. Single-space the caption. Include an extra double space before and after the chart.
4. Include notes after the caption. Examples of notes are sources, in which case, follow
APA guidelines.
5. Place a figure immediately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not
fit on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page. As
with other visual aids, figures must be located after they are cited. In other words, the
discussion must precede the figure.
Q. SAMPLE GRAPHIC
Guidebook page 27
Matrix 1. Sample Episode Codes for Sex and the City
Item Episode 7. The Chicken Dance Episode 9. The Man, the Myth, and
the Viagra
Alcohol They drink at the footsteps of the
apartment next to Mirandas while
chatting. They even walk with
open containers. Samantha looks
drunk at the wedding reception.
Carrie drinks wine at the dinner
with Big. Miranda drinks at the
Comic bar then when she meets
Steve. Cocktails at Denial. Brunch
with alcohol. Samantha is at a bar
drinking wine when she meets the
old guy.
Nutrition Meals are served during the love
triangle date, the going-away party
for Jeremy, during their regular
meal at Caf, caf and also during
the wedding.
Brunch al fresco at Vermouth.
Mountains of vegetables. Miranda
eats rice pudding.
Instructions:
1. Include only summary matrices in the body of the document. Place extended
matricessuch as those that include verbatim interview transcriptsin the
appendices. Since these extended matrices organize transcripts, raw transcripts must
no longer be included in the thesis.
2. Vertically and horizontally center column heads.
3. Matrices must be formatted the same way as the other organizing tools. Notice the
title format and the single-spaced text, for instance. Also, include an extra double
space before and after the matrix.
4. Consecutively number matrices using Hindu-Arabic numerals.
5. Place a matrix on the same page, or on the next page immediately after the page,
where it is cited.
R. SAMPLE MATRIX
Guidebook page 28
III. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
A. Basic Outline of Chapters and Sections
The following are suggested chapters and sections that may be used for theses and
dissertations.
Title Page
Approval Sheet Page
Biographical Data Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
Lists of Tables, Matrices, Figures (if any)
I. Introduction
II. Review of Related Literature
III. Study Framework
IV. Methodology/Research Design
V. Results and Discussion
VI. Summary and Conclusion
VII. Implications and Recommendations
Bibliography
Appendices
B. Basic Writing Guidelines
I. INTRODUCTION. This chapter provides an overview of the entire work.
A. Background of the Study. This section must contain the following:
1. An introduction of the communication or media concern that the work seeks
to discuss using historical and baseline data (e.g., timelines, statistical trends,
population data, media facts and figures), and qualitative insights (e.g.,
quotations, anecdotes, reviews);
2. An introduction and explanation of the chosen cases (e.g., a media
organization, the population of young adults, a specific geographical area) that
are going to be used to study the communication or media concern.
[For example, the introduction first introduces corruption in media outlets by
explaining envelopmental and checkbook journalism. It then explains why beat
reporters are the best people to study for this type of corruption in media.]
B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives. This section must not only be a listing
of the problem and objectives. Instead, it must link the problem to the arguments
presented in the background of the study (ideally, in a 100-word paragraph). The
research problem itself must be a clearly articulated research question or a series
of questions.
C. Significance of the Study. This must state why the study is being done. It must
draw arguments from the background of the study, the related literature, the study
Guidebook page 29
framework to explain 1) how the study can illuminate a specific communication
or media concern and 2) why the chosen cases can best address this concern. It
must provide a preview of the implications and recommendations.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. This chapter must provide a substantive
review of the findings, methods, and theories from previous studies as published in
academic and scholarly-reviewed documents such as journals, research anthologies,
theses, and dissertations. Some helpful tips in writing the review:
- Begin the literature with a description of the concepts that are being explored in
the chapter. Do not say, This chapter reviews related literature.
- The literature that is being reviewed must be organized according to substantive
concepts/themes that adhere to the objectives of the study. Thus, refrain from
organizing the literature into local studies and foreign studies unless the
research objective of the study is to compare territorial perspectives. Also, never
organize the related literature review according to document type (e.g., journals,
books, theses, dissertations).
- The literature must not be an enumeration of previous studies. In other words, it
must not appear as an extended annotated bibliography. (An example would be to
have a series of paragraphs that begin with A thesis by, Another thesis
by, and Yet another thesis by.)
- The literature links your study to previous research. Thus, a review must cogently
compare and contrast what has been argued in literature on the communication or
media concern that is at the heart of the current work; afterwards, explain how
these arguments relate to your own research. Group together similar findings, then
contrast these with dissenting results. Provide a critique of the literature being
reviewed.
- Textbook definitions and the etymologies of concepts must appear in the
introduction, not in this chapter.
- In citing related literature, use the past tense (e.g., Cicero (1945) said/argued/
wrote; According to Cicero (1945), pleasure was). However, in relating related
literature to your own research, use the present tense. Please use the appropriate
APA or MLA in-text citation format.
- Conclude this chapter with a synthesis of research gapswhat is known and what
is unknown, what has been done and what has not been done, what theoretical
approaches have been used and which have not been used as regards your
research question. This facilitates the connection of your study to previous
knowledge and helps you articulate the significance of your research.
III. STUDY FRAMEWORK. This chapter presents the theoreticalsociological, critical,
humanisticfoundations of your research. Further, it explains how previous
scholarly arguments inform your research. Finally, it serves as a blueprint as to how
the variables/concepts in your study relate to one another.
There are generally two ways of presenting the study framework. One approach that
is perhaps useful for qualitative research is a conceptual framework that combines the
theoretical concepts and conceptual constructs that are used in the research. Another
Guidebook page 30
approach that is perhaps useful for quantitative research is the three-level
operationalization process, which is discussed below.
The use of models is encouraged since this helps visualize the relationships among
variables and measure or concepts and indicators.
A. Theoretical Level. This section explains why a chosen theory best informs the
research. It discusses the theorys author/s and historical roots as well as the
original context for which it was developed. It explains each concept in the theory
and the inter-relations among these concepts. Moreover, the section includes a
literature-based critique of the theory. Thus, the discussion of the theoretical level
must not solely depend on a textbook compendium of theories (such as
Littlejohns), but on a thorough research of the theorys evolution itself and a
comprehensive analysis of its concepts and arguments using various scholarly
sources.
Should the research involve several theories, each individual theory must be
discussed as described in the preceding paragraph. Then, a discussion of how the
theories integratewhich concepts are either included or excluded, for instance
must be included.
Remember that theoretical framework must be parsimonious. Thus, avoid
unnecessarily complicated models and arguments that cover a bigger ground than
what the research does.
B. Conceptual Level. This applies the theory or the integrative theory into the
thesis/dissertation. It explains the soundness of how a concept as originally
defined by its author translates into the current effort.
C. Operational Level. This section explains the specific measures for the measures or
indicators that are being used in the study to explore particular variables and
concepts. This section must match the components of the research instrument.
D. Operational Definition of Terms. This section includes terms that are used
differently from their dictionary definitions.
E. Statement of Hypotheses. Quantitative studies that involve statistical analysis must
include this section. Each hypothesis (labeled as H1, H2a, H2b) must be
introduced by an explanatory paragraph.
IV. METHODOLOGY. This chapter describes and explains the logic behind the
gathering and analysis of research data. In the proposal stage, this chapter is written in
the future tense. Thus, during thesis writing stage, make sure that this chapters text is
changed into past tense.
A. Research Design and Methods. This section explains the choices in the conduct of
the research. Did the study use a qualitative, a quantitative, or a triangulate
approach? Did it use a one-shot, cross-sectional, or longitudinal approach? Which
specific methods were used? Why?
B. Concepts and Indicators/Variables and Measures. This links the framework and
the methodology. Thus, this section discusses how specific variables or concepts
were operationalized into particular measures or indicators.
Guidebook page 31
C. Research Instruments. This section describes the questionnaires that were used to
gather data. Rather than simply regurgitating the elements of the instruments, this
section must explain the logic behind the design of these questionnaires.
D. Units of Analysis and Sampling. This section explains how specific units (e.g.,
households or groups, newspapers or news articles) were chosen for the study.
Also, it explains how these units were selected using probability or non-
probability sampling.
E. Data Gathering/Generation and Construction. This section describes in detail the
protocols that were followed during data gathering, especially in the
implementation of the sampling scheme, and the rationale behind these protocols.
It can also include a timetable or a budget report. This section also explains any
changes between the proposed and the implemented data gathering procedure.
F. Data Analysis. This section explains how and why the data were organized,
analyzed, and interpreted accordingly.
G. Scope and Limitations. This section must explain the parameters of the study. An
important caveat is that a concern that is not within the scope of the study must
not be considered as a limitation. For instance, do not say that a qualitative study
is limited by its inability to provide representativeness and generalizability
because, in the first place, a qualitative study is not designed to do so.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION*. This chapter presents the findings of the study. To
ensure that the research does address what it originally sought to do, this chapter must
be organized according to the specific objectives.
In the case of studies that use triangulation, this chapter must not be organized
according to methods to promote consistency across theses and dissertations and ease
of access to their findings. Thus, a section in the Results and Discussion chapter must
draw from both quantitative and qualitative data to address the objectives. Findings
can only be organized by method if the study is primarily methodological in nature.
Thus, an answer to a specific objective must draw from both quantitative and
qualitative data.
This transmutation table below must be used for quantitative data. Never use
percentages for sample sizes where the units of analysis number less than 100.
Instead, use proportions or ratios. Percentage Proportion/Fractions Ratios
20 1/5 1 out of 5 2 out of 10
25 1/4 1 out of 4 2 out of 8
33.3 1/3 1 out of 3 More than 3 out of 10
50 1/2 1 out of 2 5 out of 10
51 Majority
60 3/5 6 out of 10 A big majority
66.7 2/3 2 out of 3 About 7 out of 10
70 Exactly 7 out of 10
75 3 out of 4 6 out of 8
80 4/5 4 out of 5 8 out of 10
90 9 out of 10 Almost all
95-99 Most
100 All
Guidebook page 32
Some helpful items to remember in writing the results and discussion:
- Discussion must precede any visual aid such as tables, charts, pictures or
matrices.
- All direct quotes must be italicized and attributed to specific informants (use
pseudonyms if needed). Quotes that are longer than three manuscript lines must
be indented by 0.5. Non-English quotes from interviewees and FGD participants
must be followed by an English translation in brackets.
- When discussing data, use the past tense because there were gathered weeks
before the write-up is composed. However, use the present tense when making
inferences across findings.
- The findings of the study must be linked to the earlier chapters. To compose a
sound and solid thesis or dissertation, compare and contrast the findings with
what has been earlier found in literature or argued in theory. Thus, cite previous
studies and theories in making your arguments.
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. This chapter must include the following:
A. Summary. This answers the general objective by discussing the findings
across specific objectives. In doing this, cite previous studies and theories to
support various arguments.
B. Conclusion. This succinctly answers the research question.
V. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Any research must ultimately
answer the question So what? This chapter directly answers this question on at
least three levels (see below). There are other possible implications and
recommendations.
A. Theoretical Issues. This section explains 1) the theoretical value of the
findings and 2) the soundness of the original study framework. It must chart
future research directions on the same topic but use a different theoretical
perspective. It may also offer a new theorythis is particularly important for
a dissertation.
B. Methodological Issues. This section explains the soundness of the
methodology as it was implemented. It discusses the implications of the
methods, the units of analysis, sampling scheme, research instruments, and
data gathering procedures on the resultant findings. It must chart future
directions on the same topic but use a different methodology.
C. Practical Issues. This section describes the practical implications and
applications of the findings. Examples include recommendations on
improving media literacy and communication practice.
Guidebook page 33
C. Basic Citation Using APA Style
Neyhart, D. & Karper, E (2007). The Owl at Purdue University. Retrieved October 17,
2007, from The Owl at Purdue University Web site:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/printable/560/.
This resource was written by David Neyhart and Erin Karper. Additional material by
Kristen Seas. Last full revision by Jodi Wagner and Kristen Seas. Last edited by Dana
Lynn Driscoll on June 6th 2007 at 2:25PM
Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite
sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 5th edition of
the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text
citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.
In-Text Citations: The Basics
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 207-214 of the Publication Manual.
What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your
essay.
Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when
using signal phrases to describe earlier research. E.g., Jones (1998) found or Jones
(1998) has found...
APA Citation Basics
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means
that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the
text, e.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at
the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material,
or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make
reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference.
In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining
Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four
letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions
apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing
New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note that in your References list, only the
first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)
When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-
Born Cyborgs.
Guidebook page 34
Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of
Hitchcock's Vertigo."
Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies,
television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The
Wizard of Oz; Friends.
Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles
from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia
Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."
Short Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of
publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the
quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of
publication in parentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications
does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of
publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not
offer an explanation as to why.
Long Quotations
Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines,
and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from
the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of
any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin.
Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing
punctuation mark.
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time
citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to
purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
Summary or Paraphrase
Guidebook page 35
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to
the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines
encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
In-Text Citations: Author/Authors
APA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the author-date
system. There are additional rules for citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and
sources without page numbers.
Citing an Author or Authors
A Work by Two Authors:Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses
each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the
text and use "&" in the parentheses.
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) showed...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in
parentheses the first time you cite the source.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the
signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Kernis et al., 1993)
In et al., et should not be followed by a period.
Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase
or in parentheses.
Harris et al. (2001) argued...
(Harris et al., 2001)
Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the
signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports
are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in quotation marks.
Guidebook page 36
A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).
Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's
name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.
Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency,
mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time
you cite the source.
According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets
the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.
First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)
Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation
includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list,
separated by a semi-colon.
(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last
names.
(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources
by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order
the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text
citation.
Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...
Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person
communication, cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal
communication in the reference list.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal
communication, November 3, 2002).
Guidebook page 37
Citing Indirect Sources
If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your
signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary
source in the parentheses.
Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102).
Note:When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above.
Electronic Sources
If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the
author-date style.
Kenneth (2000) explained...
Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your
signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the
abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").
Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring
("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
Sources Without Page Numbers
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that
will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has
numbered paragraphs, use the symbol, or the abbreviation "para." followed by the
paragraph number (Hall, 2001, 5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not
numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and
specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web
pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).
Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print
Web pages with different pagination.
Footnotes and Endnotes
Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, APA style guidelines
recommend the use of endnotes/footnotes. In the text, place a superscript numeral
immediately after the text about which you would like to include more information, e.g.:
Guidebook page 38
Scientists examined the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.1
Number the notes consecutively in the order they appear in your paper. At the end of the
paper, create a separate page labeled Notes (with the title centered at the top of the page).
Below are examples of two kinds of notes.
Evaluative bibliographic comments
1 See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis of this
extraordinary animal.
2 On the problems related to yaks, see Wollens (1989, pp. 120-135); for a contrasting view, see
Pyle (1992).
Explanatory or additional information considered too digressive for the
main text
3 In a recent interview, Weller (1998) reiterated this point even more strongly: "I am an artist, not
a yak!" (p. 124).
Reference List: Basic Rules
Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information
necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper.
Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry
in the reference list must be cited in your text.
Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this
page References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the
page. It should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
Basic Rules
All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half
inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all
authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has
more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's
name to indicate the rest of the authors.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each
work.
If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or
multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed
in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.
When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page,
capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a
Guidebook page 39
colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the
second word in a hyphenated compound word.
Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal
articles or essays in edited collections.
Reference List: Author/Authors
The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all
APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article,
electronic resource, etc.)
Single Author
Last name first, followed by author initials.
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Two Authors
List by their last names and initials. Use the "&" instead of "and."
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The
hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-
1048.
Three to Six Authors
List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name
is preceded again by "&"
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to
self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
More Than Six Authors
If there are more than six authors, list the first six as above and then "et al.," which stands
for "and others." Remember not to place a period after "et" in "et al."
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001).
Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-
245.
Guidebook page 40
Organization as Author
American Psychological Association. (2003).
Unknown Author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-
Webster.
NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author
named, use a shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use
quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two
sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993) and ("New Drug,"
1993).
Two or More Works by the Same Author
Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first).
Berndt, T.J. (1981).
Berndt, T.J. (1999).
When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author
of a group, list the one-author entries first.
Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to school. Educational
Psychologist, 34, 15-28.
Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents' adjustment to school.
Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.
References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are
arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the
third if the first and second authors are the same.
Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections
of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law,
6, 629-654.
Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration
attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social
Psychology, 24, 25-43.
Guidebook page 41
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of
authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the
reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter
suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference
list, e.g.: "Berdnt (1981a) makes similar claims..."
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and
behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child
Development, 52, 636-643.
Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
Basic Form
APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year
goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-
case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The
periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the
title, is also italicized or underlined.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
volume number(issue number), pages.
Article in Journal Paginated by Volume
Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue
numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Article in Journal Paginated by Issue
Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number
gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not
italicized or underlined.
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.
Article in a Magazine
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
Guidebook page 42
Article in a Newspaper
Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in
APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or
pp. C1, C3-C4.
Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The
Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.
Letter to the Editor
Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific
American, 287(2), 12.
Review
Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The
self-knower: A hero under control ]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.
Reference List: Books
Basic Format for Books
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Location: Publisher.
NOTE: For "Location," you should always list the city, but you should also include the
state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state.
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal
publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Edited Book, No Author
Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New
York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Edited Book with an Author or Authors
Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Anchor.
A Translation
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L.
Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814).
Guidebook page 43
NOTE: When you cite a republished work, like the one above, work in your text, it
should appear with both dates: Laplace (1814/1951).
Edition Other Than the First
Helfer, M.E., Keme, R.S., & Drugman, R.D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B.
Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
NOTE: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book
title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not
appear before the page numbers in periodical references, except for newspapers.
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for
healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the
life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.
Multivolume Work
Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). New York:
Scribner's.
Reference List: Other Print Sources
An Entry in An Encyclopedia
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp.
501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Work Discussed in a Secondary Source
List the source the work was discussed in:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-
route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-
608.
NOTE: Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original
work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and
McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work, list
the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation:
Guidebook page 44
In Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), ...
Dissertation Abstract
Yoshida, Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation (Doctoral dissertation, Boston
College, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62, 7741A.
Government Document
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness
(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office.
Report From a Private Organization
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of
patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.
Conference Proceedings
Schnase, J.L., & Cunnius, E.L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL '95: The First
International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Mahwah,
NJ: Erlbaum.
Reference List: Electronic Sources
Article From an Online Periodical
Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the
online host makes available, including an issue number in parentheses.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online
Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved month day, year, from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who
Make Websites, 149. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Online Scholarly Journal Article
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume number. Retrieved month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Guidebook page 45
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of
Buddhist Ethics, 8.Retrieved February 20, 2001, from
http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use
"Electronic version" in brackets after the article's title.
Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science
Research, 29, 535-555.
Article From a Database
When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in the
library), provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a "normal"
print citation would be for that type of work). Then add information that gives the date of
retrieval and the proper name of the database. This will allow people to retrieve the print
version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article.
You can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end, but
the APA manual says that this is not required. (For more about citing articles retrieved
from electronic databases, see page 278 of the Publication Manual.)
Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas.
Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3). Retrieved February 20, 2003, from PsycARTICLES
database.
Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report
List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have to hunt
around to find the information; don't be lazy. If there is a page like
http://www.somesite.com/somepage.htm, and somepage.htm doesn't have the information
you're looking for, move up the URL to http://www.somesite.com/):
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved month
day, year, from http://Web address.
NOTE: When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that
links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available
for the document use (n.d.) for no date.
Chapter or Section of a Web document
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or
larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved month day, year, from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/.
Guidebook page 46
Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In Apache
HTTP Server Version 1.3 Documentation (Apache modules.) Retrieved March 10, 2006,
from http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html
NOTE: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the
chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.
E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in
your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting
Message posted to an online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group. Include the title of
the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board.
Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworl