Updateonmini-satelliteforairqualityobservationwith1x1horizontalresolutionandNICTprojectforairpollution
HAPIESTproject:HealthcareAssistbyairPollutIon ESTimation
Yasko Kasai1,TakeshiKuroda1,TomohiroSato1,KotaKuribayashi,DaisukeGoto2,andKojiZettsu1
1NationalInstituteofInformationandCommunicationsTechnology,Japan2NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies,Japan
MotivationInKyusu iland,morethan70%ofpollutioncomefromoutsideofJapan.
WHOreport(2014):Globally,3.7milliondeathswereattributabletoambientairpollution(AAP)in2012.TheWesternPacificandSouthEastAsianregionsbearmostoftheburdenwith1.67millionand936’000deaths,respectively.About236’000deathsoccurintheEasternMediterraneanregion,200’000inEurope,176’000inAfrica,and58’000intheAmericas.Theremainingdeathsoccurinhigh-incomecountriesofEurope(280’000),Americas(94’000),WesternPacific(67’000),andEasternMediterranean(14’000).
Seriousdamage:HowabouttoprovideapredictionofdetailhealthindexforFukuoka-cityin1kmlevel?
Sprinter(Takemura etal.,)
12:00JST10Oct2016PM2.5prediction
APollutionpredictionsysteminFukuoka,Kyushu,Japan
InKyusu iland,morethan70%ofpollutioncomefromoutsideofJapan.
Therearemanyground-basedobservationbaseforpollutionspecies.
HAPIESTproject:HealthcareAssistbyairPollutIon ESTimation
APollutionpredictionsysteminFukuoka,Kyushu,JapanSatellite data setsHIMAWARI-8GEMS
1km[Googleマップ]
FukuokaDistributionofAirQualityHealthIndex:AQHI𝐴𝑄𝐻𝐼 =
100010.4 × 𝑒,.,,,-./×01 − 1 + 𝑒,.,,,45/×678.9 − 1 + 𝑒,.,,,5/:×;08 − 1
Transboundarypollutant
Otherdatasets(Soramame,Sky-net,DOAS,Lidaretc)
StretchNICAM-Chem[Goto etal.,2015]
Fukuoka
5km
HAPIESTproject:HealthcareAssistbyairPollutIon ESTimation
ModelAssimilation
OptimalSatellitedata(minisatellitesconstellation)For1x1kmorderairqualityobservation
Newoptimalsatelliteobservations
1kmx1km(HAPIESTTarget)
7kmx7kmCurrentsatelliteobservations
NOx emissiondatabyKannari etal.,EAGrid2000,JCAP
139.95E
←CarIndustry
←Airlinestreet
←Metalindustry
←Metalshop
←Road
←Gasindustry
1km27km2
HAPIESTproject:HealthcareAssistbyairPollutIon ESTimation
StatusofModelSimulation
UsingtheStretchNICAM-Chem[Goto etal.,2015]NICAM:NonhydrostaticICosahedral AtmosphericModel[TomitaandSatoh,2004;Satohetal,2004]
PM2.5inAsia
5km
FukuokaCity(afewkmresolution)
OutsideAsia:Putclimateparametersmonthly
PM2.5予測
[SPRINTARS,KyushuUniv.]
PlanoftheairpollutionpredictionsystemforFukuokaCity
[Stretchgridcoordinate:Tomita,2008]
Scalablesimulation:coveringglobalandalsowithafewkmresolutionatthetargetplace,withsmallercalculationresources
AerosolemissionsfromAsia(20-30kmresolution)
AchievementsoftheStretchNICAM-Chem[Goto etal.,2015]
• glevel=6,stretchratio=100(minimumhorizontalresolutionof~11kmaroundTokyo[140°E,35°N])
• Aerosolmodel(SPRINTARS)[Takemura etal.,2000andlater]hasbeenimplemented.
• Verywellvalidatedbytheobservations.
EC:elementalcarbon
2mtemperatureandrelativehumidity
Surfacetemperatureand
windvelocity
Demonstrationofthe~5kmhorizontalresolutionsimulationon/aroundFukuoka• StretchNICAM-Chem (withSPRINTARS)withglevel=7,stretchratio=100(minimumhorizontalresolutionof~5.5km)
• Minimumhorizontalresolutioniscenteredat127°E,31°N.
• 11-hoursimulationfrom2009/07/010:00UTC(9:00JST)usingtheNCEPFNLdatasetastheinitialstate
• Forwardrunfromtheinitialstate(nonudgingofatmosphericdataduringtherun)
• Calculationtimestepof3-10seconds
Fukuoka
127°E,31°N[Googlemap]
Demonstrationofthe~5kmhorizontalresolutionsimulationon/aroundFukuokaAnimation
Fukuoka
Demonstrationofthe~5kmhorizontalresolutionsimulationon/aroundFukuokaAnimation (focusedinFukuokaPref.)
5km
Futureplan:Stretchglobalsimulationforprediction
12
Day-meanPM2.5distributionsin29-31January2016
(SPRINTARS,KyushuUniv.)whichcan’tbehigherthan
~35kmhorizontalresolution
Simulationin/aroundFukuokawithStretch NICAM-Chem NCEP/FNL
climatedata
Trythepredictionofaerosoldistributionswithhigherhorizontalresolution(~5km)
• Simulationofaerosol/oxidantdistributionsin/aroundFukuokaCitywithStretchNICAM-Chem withSPRINTARSmodule(nudgingtherecentclimatedataofNCEP/FNL,2014-2016)
• Comparisonwithobservationaldata(Himawari 8,NASA/CALIPSO)andassimilation →Feasibilitystudyofprediction,with~5kmhorizontalresolutionand2-3daysinadvance
Himawari 8aerosoldistribution
NASA/CALIPSO
Aconceptofmini-satelliteforairqualityobservation
- apossibilityaftertheGEMSsatellite-
Products Standard: NO2,O4
Detection limit(NO2 totalcolumndensity)[molecules/cm2]
3.0x1015 (5%)(about0.6ppb inboundarylayer)
(ex) Tropospheric NO2columnamount[molecules/cm2]
6.0x1016 (Boundary layer 4.7x1016)
IFOV 1kmx1km(2kmx2km)
Vertical resolution Troposphericcolumn
Swathwidth approx. 200km
Mission Concept
In this study, we performed a feasibility study for observation precisions of NO2
→Synthetic spectra are calculated using SCIATRAN (RTM) with two geometries.→Slant column densities (SCDs) are derived by DOAS method and converted to
vertical column densities (VCDs) by division with air mass factor (AMF) derived from SCIATRAN.
ScientificrequirementMissionconcept:Amicrosatellitewithhighhorizontalresolution
SetupofeachparameterParameters The number of
parametersElements of parameters
Wavelength range 2 Reference : 425 -450 nm(conventional region)460-490 nm
Area 2 Seoul (as polluted area)Hokkaido (as clean area)
Season 1 Winter(Jan.)
Altitude of satellite 1 300 km
Spectral resolution (FWHM) 1 0.4 nm
Sampling step 1 0.1 nm
Detector size 1 0.064 mm
Aperture size 1 0.74 cm
Read noise 1 10 e
IFOV 2 1 x 1 km2
2 x 2 km2
Instrumental parameters in this study
TheseparametersmadewithA.Kuze (JAXA)
Fig.FlowofalgorithmforestimationofprecisionsandaccuraciesofretrievedNO2(Noguchietal.,2011)
Precisionanalysis:・Prepare the vertical profile of NO2 and the other species as input data into RTM (SCIATRAN)・Convolute with Gaussian slit function and make 100 spectra added the pseudo-noise・Conduct DOAS fitting and retrieve SCDs from each spectrum・Estimate precisions of retrieval NO2 column as 1σ standard deviation of 100 SCDs.
Error analysis
NO2 verticalprofileTroposphere : surface – 10 km CHASER model, monthly mean, Jan. 2005(2.8 ×2.8°gridded cell) Stratosphere : 10 km – 100 km SOCRATES model , annually mean(from Aeronomy of the middle atmosphere ver.2 by G.P. Brasseur and S. Solomon)OthergasesProvided by GMAP-Asia science team (Noguchi et al., 2011)Pressure,TemperatureU.S. standard atmosphere
Input profile data - preparation of vertical profile
Results - Synthetic spectra from SCIATRAN
・This figure shows a example of radiance spectra at 300 km of altitude by SCIATRAN.・Spectra convolved with Gaussian slit function with an FWHM of 0.4 nm were plotted in steps of 0.1 nm.・The radiance at Seoul was larger than that at Hokkaido because SZA assumed at Seoul in this simulation was lower than that at Hokkaido.
Expected SNRs for each IFOV case
Wavelength[nm] Spatialresolution[km2]
ExpectedSNR(Electronics)
ExpectedSNR(Shot) DarkcurrentSNR ExpectedSNR(all)
480(460- 490)
1x1 1642 691 2806 621
2x2 9287 1954 11222 1885
450(425- 450)
1x1 1411 620 2518 554
2x2 7983 1753 10073 1688
SNRsexpectedineachwavelengthandspatialresolution
・We assumed that the detector was Si-CMOS 2D array sensor and the optical efficiency and quantum efficiency was 0.43.
・In both cases of wavelength, expected SNRs of 2 x 2 km2 became about three times larger than them of 1 x 1 km2.
Error[%]
Error[molec/cm
2 ]
Error[%]
Error[molec/cm
2 ]
Upperfigure:SCD(total=tropo.+strato.),Middlefigure:Error[molec/cm2],Lowerfigure:Error[%]
Winter(Jan.),Alt.ofsatellite=300km,FWHM=0.4,460-490nm,Δλ =0.1nmLeft:SeoulRight:Hokkaido
NO2 observation error vs Instrumental SNR
1x1km2→SNR=621@480nm(red),2x2km2 →SNR=1885@480nm(purple)
NO2 obs. Science requirement NO2 obs. Science requirement
Winter(Jan.),Alt.ofsatellite=300km,FWHM=0.4,425-450nm,Δλ =0.1nmLeft:SeoulRight:Hokkaido
Upperfigure:SCD(total=tropo.+strato.),Middlefigure:Error[molec/cm2],Lowerfigure:Error[%]
Error[%]
Error[molec/cm
2 ]
Error[%]
Error[molec/cm
2 ]
1x1km2→SNR=554@450nm(red),2x2km2 →SNR=1688@450nm(purple)
NO2 observation error vs Instrumental SNR
NO2 obs. Science requirement NO2 obs. Science requirement
• InstrumentalSNRisbetterfor460– 490nmthan425– 450nm.Thisdifferenceiscriticalforthechoiceof1x1km2/or 2x2km2
resolution.
• Spatialresolutionof1x1km2,NO2totalcolumnerror6%,providedSNRabout500isfeasiblewith460– 490nmsetup.
Summary for instrumental feasibility study
APollutionpredictionsysteminFukuoka,Kyushu,JapanSatellite data setsHIMAWARI-8GEMS
1km[Googleマップ]
FukuokaDistributionofAirQualityHealthIndex:AQHI𝐴𝑄𝐻𝐼 =
100010.4 × 𝑒,.,,,-./×01 − 1 + 𝑒,.,,,45/×678.9 − 1 + 𝑒,.,,,5/:×;08 − 1
Transboundarypollutant
Otherdatasets(Soramame,Sky-net,DOAS,Lidaretc)
StretchNICAM-Chem[Goto etal.,2015]
Fukuoka
5km
HAPIESTproject:HealthcareAssistbyairPollutIon ESTimation
ModelAssimilation
OptimalSatellitedata(minisatellitesconstellation)For1x1kmorderairqualityobservation
Newoptimalsatelliteobservations