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UNDERSTANDING AUTISM FROM

ANTHROPOLOGICALPERSPECTIVE

FROM:

DR. BIPIN JETHANI M.D. (Hom.)

LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF ORGANON OF MEDICINENEHRU HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,

NEW DELHI 

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PERSONALITY TRAIT OF AUTISM

Autistic children are of high intelligencewith better appreciation for microscopicdetails enabling them to ‘APPRECIATE THE TREES FOR THE FOREST’ 

Breakdown of WHOLISTIC PERCEPTION

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RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE

Autism spectrum conditions are more prevalentin areas that are heavily involved with theinformation technology industry, according to a

new study done at the University of Cambridge. Based on data drawn from threeregions in the Netherlands, researchers foundthat an area with a technology-oriented

university and tech-business campus saw twoto four times the incidences of autism inschoolchildren as control regions.

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Simon Baron-Cohen’s RESEARCH 

Simon Baron-Cohen, one of the researchers

and director of Cambridge's Autism

Research Centre, proposes that regionswhere parents gravitate toward jobs

involving "systemizing," like IT, have a

higher rate of autism because the genesfor autism are expressed "as a talent in

systemizing" in first-degree relatives. 

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Simon Baron-Cohen’s RESEARCH 

Baron-Cohen goes on to say that the results may

explain why autism genes have persisted in

the gene pool: they are linked to "adaptive,

advantageous traits : traits which held to

understand the microscopic details at the

expense of whole.

SEEING TREES FOR THE FOREST

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HALLMARK STUDY OF COHEN etal.

Is there a link between engineering and autism?

Simon Baron-Cohen, Sally Wheelwright, CarolStott, Patrick Bolton, and Ian Goodyer

Departments of Experimental Psychology andPsychiatry, University of Cambridge

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HALLMARK STUDY OF COHEN etal

At the cognitive level children with autism areimpaired in the development of their “folk psychology”, whilst they are normal or evensuperior in the development of their “folk physics”.

We predicted that if their parent shared thiscognitive phenotype, then they should be over-represented in engineering as an occupation.

This prediction was confirmed. Both fathers and

grandfathers of children with autism were foundmore than twice as often in the field of engineering, compared to fathers andgrandfathers of other children.

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Baron-Cohen’s HYPOTHESIS 

Baron-Cohen proposes that the cause of 

autism at a biological level may be hyper-

masculinization. This hypothesis positsthat certain features of autism

(‘obsessions’ and repetitive behaviour,

previously regarded as ‘purposeless’) asbeing highly purposive, intelligent (hyper-

systemizing), and a sign of a different way

of analytical thinking.

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Baron-Cohen’s HYPOTHESIS 

They later developed theory that

autism is an extreme form of the

"male brain", which involved a re-conceptualisation of typical

psychological sex differences in

terms of empathizing –systemizing

theory.

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EMPATHIZING – SYSTEMIZING

(E-S) THEORY 

• The empathizing – systemizing (E-S)

theory classifies people on the basis of their

scores along two dimensions: empathizing (E)

and systemizing (S). It measures a person's

strength of interest in empathy (defined as the

drive to identify a person's thoughts and

feelings and to respond to these with anappropriate emotion); and a person's strength

of interest in systems (defined as the drive to

analyse or construct a system).

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E-S profile SEX DIFFERENCES

• E-S profiles show reliable sex

differences in the general population

(more females showing the profile E>Sand more males showing the profile

S>E). The E-S theory is a better predictor

of who goes into STEM (Science,Technology, Engineering and

Mathematics) subjects than is gender.

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BARON-COHEN’S STUDIES 

Baron-Cohen’s studies have uncovered four traitsof parents which he believes leads to a higher

risk of producing a child which may develop

autism, these include:

1) Both parents of children with autism are likely

to be super-fast on attention tasks, in which thepurpose is to spot a detail as quickly as possible.

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BARON-COHEN’S STUDIES 

2) Both parents have an increased likelihood of 

having worked in the fields having S>E according

to EMPATHIZING – SYSTEMIZING theory. 

3) Both parents are more likely to have elevated

scores on subtle measures of autistic traits.

4) Both parents show a trend toward a more male

pattern of brain activity when measured with an

MRI.

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