Update on the Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria (AMFm) / Private Sector Co-payment Mechanism for ACTs

Interagency Pharmaceutical Coordination Group Meeting 18-19 June 2015

Dr. Melisse MurraySpecialist, Sourcing Department

Key events leading to the start of Phase 1

2004 IOM releases report Saving Lives, Buying Time - Global-level subsidy for ACTs an urgent “public good” to address increasing ineffectiveness of widely available treatment, risk posed by oral AMTs and the high cost of ACTs

2006 Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Partnership fosters multi-institutional process

2007 AMFm Technical Design approved by RBM Board - Included the addition of “supporting interventions” (SIs) to promote the appropriate use of

ACTs

Hosting and management by the Global Fund- 2008 Global Fund Board requests the Secretariat to begin operations - 2009 select countries invited to submit applications, Technical Review Panel recommendations, Global Fund Board approvals- By mid 2010, Global Fund grant amendment processes completed for each pilot to

permit initiation of country-level operationsIOM = Institute of Medicine ACT: Artemisinin-based combination therapy AMT = artemisinin mono-therapy

Purpose:

Widely availability of quality-assured ACTs Sharply retail prices of quality-assured ACTs use of quality-assured ACTs, including by vulnerable groups Displace oral artemisinin monotherapies Displace use of ineffective medicines

AMFm comprised three elements:

1) Negotiations with ACT manufacturers price of ACTs and offer public sector prices to private sector buyers

2) Buyer subsidy (co-payments) at top of global supply chain price to importers; use pre-existing supply chains

3) “Supporting interventions” to ensure effective ACT scale-up Including communications campaigns, private sector training, etc.

Phase 1 was a “Test of Concept”

ZANZIBAR

AMFm Phase 1 Private Sector Co-payment Mechanism

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Mid 2010 to end 2012: AMFm Phase 1 implementation

>Mid 2010 to end 2012 in nine pilots in eight countries: Cambodia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and Zanzibar

>Four donors funded co-payments (US$ 333 million):

>Global Fund grants funded supporting interventions (IEC/BCC, private sector training, etc.)

>290 million co-paid treatment doses delivered by end 2012, mostly A/L

November 2012 Global Fund Board Decision*>Based on evidence from AMFm Phase 1 Independent Evaluation*, following a transition period, and building on lessons

learned, grantees permitted to use grant funding for co-payments and supporting interventions

>Going forward: private sector only; each country to determine subsidy level and demand-shaping levers*Board Decision and full AMFm Phase 1 Independent Evaluation Report available in public domain.

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Questions asked by IPC:

• How have changes since the end of AMFm Phase 1 impacted the availability of co-paid ACTs in private sector outlets in these countries?

• How have changes since the end of AMFm Phase 1 impacted the price of co-paid ACTs available in private sector outlets in these countries?

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Summary of key changes since the end of AMFm Phase 1

Key changeAMFm Phase 1

(mid-2010 to end-2012) 2013 Transition2014 Transition/

IntegrationParticipating countries

9 pilots in 8 countries 6 countries 5 countries (6th to resume in 2015)

Source of co-payment funding

plus grant funds in 2 countries

Co-payment financing

Resources mobilized for co-payments across all

pilots for the periodCountry-specific financial amounts for co-payments

Subsidy level and demand-shaping levers

Set by Secretariat and applied across all pilots

simultaneously

Set by each country and applied on country-specific basis, evolving over time

Timing of order approvals

On demand then monthly Aug 2011 to Dec 2012

Bi-monthly Quarterly

Price negotiations with ACT suppliers

Maximum price approachCompetitive tender resulting in supplier- and product-specific

prices (~ 30% reduction)

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Annual quantities of co-paid ACTs delivered to private sector buyers in six participating countries since the end of AMFm Phase 1 (end 2012)

have decreased or increased, depending on the country

Annual quantities of co-paid ACT treatment doses delivered to private sector buyers 2010 to 2014, as reported to the Global Fund by ACT suppliers

Ghana Kenya Tanzania Uganda0

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Nigeria0

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AMFm Phase 1 Peak in 2013

Peak in 2011

Trends in Availability and Price of Co-paid ACTs • No formal post-AMFm Phase 1 evaluation has been undertaken.

• Trend data is available from surveys implemented by Health Action International*- Commissioned by Global Fund during AMFm Phase 1 and beyond in select countries.- Not intended to substitute in scope or depth for the Independent Evaluation, which reported

on urban and rural availability, price and market share of all categories of antimalarials, and more.- Intended to provide visibility on availability and price of co-paid ACTs to facilitate

in-country discussions by implementers, technical partners and the Global Fund, with a view of informing adjustments as and when appropriate.

- Four rounds of surveys conducted between Jun and Nov 2011, four rounds between Jan and Sept 2012, two rounds in 2013, plus four rounds in DFID-supported countries in 2014, using the same methodological approach.

• 30 formal and 30 informal outlets were visited per country, per round.• Formal outlets defined as registered retail pharmacies; • Informal outlets defined as unregulated, unlicensed outlets.

• Availability of products bearing the ACTm logo and their prices are recorded, along with some additional information (e.g., price of originator brand and lowest priced generic).

* For additional detail on the use (and limitations) of WHO / HAI methodology to analyze medicines availability, see www.haiweb.org/medicineprices.

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Annual trends in availability of co-paid ACTs in formal outlets appear to follow trends in quantities of co-paid ACTs delivered.

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Ghana Kenya Tanzania Uganda

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Average annual availability of any co-paid ACTs in formal outlets, as reported by HAI, 2011-2014, and annual quantities of co-paid ACTs delivered to private sector buyers, as reported to the Global Fund by ACT suppliers, 2010-2014

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nsAnnual trends in availability of co-paid ACTs in informal outlets appear to show greater variation/more sensitivity over time than measures in formal outlets in some countries.

Average annual availability of any co-paid ACTs in formal and informal outlets, as reported by HAI, 2011-2014, and annual quantities of co-paid ACTs delivered to private sector buyers, as reported to the Global Fund by ACT suppliers, 2010-2014

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Countries achieved different prices at the end of 2011 as documented in the AMFm Phase 1 Independent Evaluation, with different paces and

scale of implementation of supporting interventions, particularly of IEC/BCC

Ghana Kenya Madagascar Niger Nigeria Tanzania mainland

Uganda Zanzibar0.00

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1.130.58 0.60

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Public health sector (Baseline) Public health sector (Endline) Private for-profit sector (Baseline)Private for-profit sector (Endline)

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Since the end of AMFm Phase 1, retail prices of co-paid A/L 6x4 have generally increased, possibly linked to either decreases in deliveries of co-paid ACTs or a reduction in subsidy level (or both), with the

exception of Madagascar. Further, it should be noted that nearly every country has scaled down communications campaigns regarding the subsidy program following a peak during AMFm Phase 1.

CountryOutlet Type

Number of unique price observations

Median Retail Price of co-paid A/L 6x4 AMFm

Phase 1 period

Number of unique price observations

Median Retail Price of co-paid

A/L 6x42013-2014

Per-cent-age

change in price

Key observations

GhanaFormal 359 $ 0.93 54 $1.20 28% Peak deliveries late 2011, further

decline in 2013 linked to 2013 Transition envelopeInformal 103 $ 0.96 10 $1.50 56%

KenyaFormal 371 $ 0.52 227 $1.17 125% Peak deliveries in Q3 2012; subsidy

level reduced to 70% in 2013 Informal 207 $ 0.53 109 $1.15 117%

Nigeria Formal 450 $ 1.44 283 $2.01 40% Peak deliveries Q3 2013; subsidy level

reduced to 85% in 2013Informal 370 $ 1.50 260 $1.81 20%

TanzaniaFormal 285 $ 0.63 63 $0.92 47% Peak deliveries in Q2 2012; subsidy

level reduced to 80% in 2013Informal 211 $ 0.70 50 $0.92 33%

MadagascarFormal 73 $ 0.51 33 $0.46 -11% Peak deliveries in 2013, when

implementation was on hold.Informal 29 $ 0.57 8 $0.69 22%

Uganda Formal 440 $ 1.24 227 $1.81 46% Peak deliveries in early 2014, just as

subsidy level is reduced to 50%Informal 191 $ 1.81 128 $1.95 8%

* Data as reported by HAI, per methods described in previous slides. Key observations noted by Global Fund.

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Three examples of country-specific variation regarding changes in deliveries of co-paid ACTs, prices of co-paid A/L 6x4 and changes in subsidy levels over time

2011 2012 20130

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Introduction of subsidy reduction

Introduction of subsidy reduction

Ghana Kenya Nigeria

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HAI data from February 2015 reports prices of subsidized ACTs below those of unsubsidized originator brands and

lowest priced generics.Median price trends of A/L 20/120 mg (6x4): co-paid (AMFm) versus

unsubsidized originator brand and lowest price generic, February 2015

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Key conclusions

• Several changes have been implemented since the end of AMFm Phase 1 in countries that have chosen to implement the Private Sector Co-payment Mechanism.

• Data available for the six AMFm Phase 1 countries implementing the Private Sector Co-payment Mechanism indicate variations across countries in the annual supply of co-paid ACTs delivered to private sector buyers each year, availability and price of co-paid A/L 6x4 in retail outlets.

• These need to be interpreted in light of implementation changes that have occurred with the private sector co-payment mechanism, including reductions in subsidy levels in some countries.

From RBM:

• Key Learnings from AMFm Phase 1

From the Global Fund:

• AMFm Phase 1 Independent Evaluation Report

• Information Note on the Private Sector Co-payment Mechanism

• Operational Policy Note

• HAI Price Tracking Survey Reports

Additional Resources on AMFm Phase 1 and the Private Sector Co-payment Mechanism

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Thank you

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Data for slide 12: HAI survey data2011: 4 rounds; 2012: 4 rounds; 2013: 3 rounds; 2014: 4 rounds

2011* 2012* 2013** 2014*

     NMedian Price  N

Median Price N

Median Price N

Median Price

Ghana Formal 168 $ 0.97 191 $0.90 54 $ 1.20    Informal 38 $ 0.99 65 $0.94 10 $ 1.50  Kenya Formal 229 $ 0.43 142 $0.67 67 $ 1.17 160 $1.18   Informal 118 $ 0.43 89 $0.67 34 $ 1.17 75 $1.14 Tanzania Formal 153 $ 0.62 132 $0.64 63 $ 0.92    Informal 109 $ 0.75 102 $0.64 50 $ 0.92  Uganda Formal 204 $ 1.13 236 $1.33 79 $ 1.95 148 $1.73   Informal 81 $ 1.74 110 $1.86 40 $ 1.95 88 $1.95 Nigeria Formal 213 $ 1.30 237 $1.57 111 $ 2.04 172 $2.00   Informal 167 $ 1.40 203 $1.59 91 $ 1.73 169 $1.85 Madagascar Formal 23 $ 0.60 50 $0.48 33 $ 0.46    Informal 9 $ 0.54 20 $0.58 8 $ 0.69  

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Trends in availability of co-paid ACTs in private sector outlets late 2011 to 2014, as reported by HAI International

Ghana Kenya Madagascar Nigeria Tanzania Uganda0

20406080

100

Ghana Kenya Madagascar Nigeria Tanzania Uganda0

20406080

100

Aug-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Oct-12 Apr-13 Aug-13 Jan-14 Apr-14 Aug-14 Oct-14

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• Availability of co-paid ACTs in informal outlets appears to be more sensitive than that in formal outlets.

• Availability as reported by HAI appears to track with deliveries of co-paid ACTs to each country as reported to the Global Fund by ACT suppliers.

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Price trends of co-paid ACTs• A February 2015 round of data collection by HAI International revealed a decrease and

increase in formal and informal outlets in Kenya, decreases in Nigeria and Uganda. Data was not collected during 2014 in Ghana and Tanzania.

• It should be noted that subsidy levels decreased in several countries from AMFm Phase 1 levels of ~95% (to 70% in Kenya, 85% in Nigeria and 50%/70% in Uganda).

Price trends of A/L (20/120 mg) (6x4) in private sector outlets