Update on the Carbon Impacts of ITU Radiocommunication Sector Update on the Carbon Impacts of ITU...

Update on the Carbon Impacts ofUpdate on the Carbon Impacts ofITU Radiocommunication SectorITU Radiocommunication Sector

Alexandre VASSILIEVITU, Radiocommunication Bureau (BR)

Radiocommunication Study Group CounsellorBR Focal Point on Radiocommunications and

Climate Change

ITU-T Focus Group “ICTs and Climate Change” (ICT&CC) Meeting, Hiroshima, Japan, 24-27 March 2009


Radio and Minimizing CO2 Emissions

Main directions/activities:Monitoring Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Radio-based

devices called remote sensors are the main tool for the global monitoring of carbon dioxide emissions.

Minimizing CO2 emissions from radio equipment/systems - The use of advanced technologies, such as modern chips, coding and compression technic, digital modulation allowed significantly reduce power consumption per unit for almost all radio applications.

The use of radio-based devices/systems for reduction in other sectors - Wireless devices, such as mobile phones are currently the most common way of communications, which significantly reduce commuting and travelling. Radio, in many cases, is the most economically valuable solution of the “last mile” problem.

“Dematerialization” through the use of radio equipment/systems – The use of radio technologies, for example satellite systems, paves the way for Internet access from remote areas and allows to apply paperless working methods, switch from physical distribution DVDs and CDs to online delivery.


Radio and Environment Information

Most of people think that the radio frequencies are used for radiocommunications. However, radio emissions are also used for obtaining information about the environment with which they have been in contact.In the radio frequency spectrum a limited number of frequencies are suited, due to the physical phenomena, for extracting the environmental information.

Environmental information, including climate monitoring data, is currently being obtained by special measuring instruments called remote sensors.

Remote sensors (passive and active) are radio devices, that derive environmental information by analyzing the characteristics of received radio waves.


Remote Sensing in Environment Monitoring

Space-based remote sensors are the only tools that provide environmental data on a long term, repetitive and global scale.

Radiocommunication systems based on remote sensing play the major role in monitoring of environment, including greenhouse gases emissions, and weather forecasting.

Remote sensing is the essential tool for disaster prediction, detection, disaster mitigation and planning of relief operations.


Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite "IBUKI" (GOSAT) on January 23, 2009.The data have been acquired by the onboard Sensor - the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS).

Source: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/imgdata/topics/2009/tp090319.html


GOSAT Objectives Related to Environment Monitoring

GOSAT has three major mission objectives:• to monitor the density of greenhouse gases precisely

and frequently worldwide;• to study the absorption and emission levels of

greenhouse gases per continent or large country over a certain period of time (tool for Kyoto protocol implementation control);

• to develop and establish advanced technologies that are essential for precise greenhouse-gas observations.

Current ground observation points: about 260 (see on the left)

GOSAT's observation points: 56000


ITU-R and Environment MonitoringAs the steward of the global framework for spectrum,

ITU-R:through World Radiocommunication Conferences

(WRC) allocates the radio-frequency spectrum;

treaty status Radio Regulations– 4 volumes; voluntary standards (ITU-R Recommendations –

particularly in ITU-R Study Group 7 (Science services));

to foster the operation without interference of radio-based applications and radiocommunication systems used for environment monitoring, including greenhouse gases monitoring, weather forecasting, disaster prediction, detection and mitigation of negative effect of disasters.

through World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC) allocates the radio-frequency spectrum;

carries out studies and develops radiocommunication standards:


ITU-R Recent Decisions and Publication Related to Monitoring

- WRC-07 and Radiocommunication Assembly (RA-07) adopted a number of Resolutions on studies related to remote-sensing, which is a vital component in the science of climate change.

- ITU-R Recommendations on radiocommunication systems and radio-based applications operating in Earth-exploration satellite, meteorological-aids and meteorological satellite services, today provide most of data for the Global Observing System (GOS) and Global Climate Observing System (GCOS).

- ITU-R Study Group 7 (Science services) in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization produced WMO and ITU Handbook on Use of Radio spectrum for meteorology: weather, water and climate monitoring and prediction providing information on development and a proper use radiocommunication systems and radio-based technologies for environment observation, climate control, weather forecasting and natural and man-made disaster prediction, detection and mitigation. – It is the first handbook in the ITU history signed by the Secretary-Generals of two UN Agencies.


Radio-based Devices and CO2 Emissions

It seems that radio-based devices are the most used telecommunication devices. According to the recent statistics there are currently in use:

• more than 4 billions mobile phones;

• ~ 2.5 billions radios;

• ~1.5 billions TV sets;

• plus many set-top boxes, Wi-Fi cards, powerful broadcasting transmitters, etc.

Source: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2009/index.html and http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_tel-media-televisions


2-2.5 % ICT global CO2 emissions from ICTs – Is everything included?

Emissions from most radio devices (TV sets, broadcasting transmitters, etc.) except mobile phones are not taken into account. Are they significant? Let’s try calculate…

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The ICT Sector itself (excluding the broadcasting sector) contributes between 2-2.5 per cent of GHG.


TV and Set Top Box Energy Consumption

Appliance Usage Per use Cost per year

kg CO2 per year

Primary TV – CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) 34-37 inch

On Power 6.5 hours a day 198.5 W £47.09 203

Standby 17.5 hours a day 4.2 W £2.68 12

Primary TV – LCD 34-37 inch



Primary TV - Plasma 34-37 inch



Primary TV – Rear projection 34-37 inch



Digital TV Adapter, Terrestrial

On Power 6.5 hours a day 7.1W £1.68 7


Digital TV Adapter, Terrestrial – Recorder



http://www.carbonfootprint.com/energyconsumption.html


ICT Average Power ConsumptionPower consumption compared

TVs:Average plasma: 339 wattsAverage rear-projection: 211 wattsAverage LCD: 213 watts

Other AV gear (for comparison only):PlayStation 3: 197 wattsXbox 360: 187 wattsAverage PC: 78 wattsDirecTV HR20 DVR: 33 wattsNintendo Wii: 19 wattsSlingbox: 9 wattsWireless router: 7 watts

Source: CNET Reviews at: http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-6475_7-6400401-2.html


U.S. Department of Energy Statistics

Now, it’s no secret that one result of the flat-screen revolution is to make larger screen sizes practical. That 30-inch analog set of 2006 is likely to be replaced with an LCD-TV measuring 40 or 42 inches and consuming 200 to 250 watts. TV energy consumption is rising sharply because the average screen size is rising sharply. Energy Star, a joint program of the EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy, says 10% of residential consumer electrical energy consumption is now used by TV sets. (At about 10 cents per KW-hr that would be over $5 Billion in retail power costs!).

Source: http://www.lcdtvassociation.org/images/TV_Power_Consumption_White_Paper_LCD_TV_Association.pdf


How Much Time Spent With Media?Average Hours Per Week – All People 14+

Source: Roy Morgan Single Source Australia Jan 2008 – Dec 2008. Representative sample of 20,865 Australians (at: http://www.freetv.com.au/media/News-Media_Release/Tv_Tops_Media_Consumption_050309.pdf )


Based on previous slides optimistic estimation could be done using the following values:TV set power consumption: 0.21 kW (without standby consumption);On power usage: 6.5 hours a day (based on UK statistics see slide 11).

Then power average: P=0.21×1 500 000 000×6.5/24=85 312 500 kW

Using a coefficient 0.4 kG per 1 kW/hour from a draft Deliverable 1 and calculating for 365 days and 24 hours:

85 312 500×365×24×0.4=298935000000 Kg CO2 298.9 million tonnes carbon dioxide!

TV Sets Carbon Dioxide Emissions


ICT Footprint in 2007

Report “SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age” states:

“In 2007, the total footprint of the ICT sector – including personal computers (PCs) and peripherals, telecoms networks and devices and data centres – was 830 MtCO2e, about 2% of the estimated total emissions from human activity released that year.”

Compare with the a very optimistic figure related to TV sets emissions: 298.9 million tonnes CO2 per year!!!

What about set-top boxes, radios, DVDs, VCRs, powerful transmitters???

Source: http://www.theclimategroup.org/assets/resources/publications/Smart2020Report.pdf


European Commission Estimates

That probably explains why the European Commission uses different value for ICTs:

“ICTs are now embedded in almost all parts of the European economy. As a result of its own success, use of ICT products and services represents about 7.8% of electricity consumption in the EU and may grow to 10.5% by 2020.”

Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do

?uri=COM:2009:0111:FIN:EN:DOC.


Minimizing CO2 Emissions - Introducing New Technologies

An impressive example in this area is a digital broadcasting Plan GE06 developed by Regional Radiocommunication Conference 2006 for 120 countries.GE06 Plan envisages: reduction (by almost 10 times) in transmitter power due to the use of digital modulation. There are hundreds of thousands of transmitters around the world with power of up to 100-150 kW each. The resulting energy saving is very significant; possible reduction number of transmitters due to the transmitting up to 10 TV programmes in one 8 MHz channel instead of 1 TV programme per channel.

GE06 Plan is based on ITU-R and ITU-T standards (ITU-R and ITU-T Recommendations).


Minimizing CO2 Emissions – Standardization Regulations (samples)

• IEC 62087 standard - the world's International standard for measuring the energy efficiency of the latest generation of plasma and LCD televisions and other devices such as cable set-top boxes;

• European Commission submitted to EU Parliament a report “on mobilising Information and Communication Technologies to facilitate the transition to an energy-efficient, low-carbon economy” expecting to reap from EU legislation on smart technologies including radio technologies to tackle climate change (see at: http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/docs/com_2009_111/com2009-111-en.pdf).


Minimizing TV CO2 Emissions - Labeling

Labeling environment-friendly TVs is another way of minimizing emissions. Some samples:

Energy Star programme:• based on IEC 62087 standard;• sets thresholds that would permit about 25% of the

TVs on the market to receive the Energy Star label.LCD TV Association “Green TV” programme:• based on IEC 62087 standard;• sets the energy consumption thresholds of TV sets,

regardless of technology;• requires incorporation of advanced features such as

ambient light sensors and boosting efficiency;• takes account number of recyclable parts.


ITU-R Activities in Minimizing Power Consumption

The World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRCs) facilitate the use of less power hungry radio technologies by incorporating the most efficient ones in the Radio Regulations – international treaty status standard.

WRCs also abolish the use of outdated radio-based applications and systems on international level.

ITU-R Study Groups carries out analyses and approve ITU-R Recommendation allowing the use of the most environment-friendly methods, applications and systems.


“Dematerialization” and Radio

In terms of technologies for reducing carbon emission, the use of radiocommunications as a part of telecommunication infrastructure provides means for:

• reducing business travels by “virtual presence” (teleconferences) and working at home using remote access tools;

• online publications of documents;• use Internet and specifically IPTV instead of

DVDs/CDs;• using e-commerce to reduce shopping trips;• online billing (to save on paper bills), etc.

However, radio, in certain extend, is the next step in dematerialization – it “dematerializes” wires.


“Dematerialization” and Remote Wireless Collaboration

The work of ITU-R Study Groups 4, 5 and 6, on multimedia, is of particular importance, notably in terms of standards for remote wireless collaboration, such as the BO, M, S Series of ITU-R Recommendations on wireless audiovisual and multimedia systems, including video-conferencing, which provides means for people to collaborate/work at a distance without needing to travel (ITU-T’s also develops Recommendations on multimedia).


Climate Neutral ITU – Radiocommunication Sector Role (1)

ITU-R and its predecessor IFRB were pioneers in the ITU applying the relevant practices since 80-th. Few examples:

voluminous ITU-R service publications, distributed to all ITU-R Member States on weekly bases, are published on DVD and Internet, that significantly reduced the amount of paper (1 space networks data – up to 1000 pages), consumed by BR;

WRCs, that are the biggest ITU forums, are switching to paperless methods of work and significantly reducing number of paper copies distributing to delegates. Reduction of paper copies of conference documents at the last World Radiocommunication Conference 2007 (WRC-07), which was attended by more than 2800 participants, saved several millions pages of paper;

WRC-07 decided to publish series of maritime Service Publications in electronic form from 2011 (Res. 335 (WRC-07)). That will save about 300 tons of paper per year and reduce the carbon emissions from transporting paper copies;


Climate Neutral ITU – Radiocommunication Sector Role (2)

Resolution 906 (WRC-07) is completing ITU-R switching from paper to electronic submission of information on radio frequency assignments/allotments. As the result millions pages of paper are saved (in the past a notice with data related to one satellite network could require more than 1 thousand pages).

BR devotes significant efforts for development of tools for electronic access (through Internet) to frequency assignment/allotment data in the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR), that contains billions of data elements. These tools allow not only provide very quick access to these data, but also significantly reduce amount of publications on physical mediums;

in order to facilitate the use of ICT for submission of data to BR and access to ITU-R databases/documents, BR, through seminars and workshops (World and regional), provides training for the staff from administrations and other involved organizations. .



Supplementary Slides/

Information


SG 1: Spectrum management

SG 3: Radiowave propagation

SG 4: Satellite servicesSG 5: Terrestrial servicesSG 6: Broadcasting

serviceSG 7: Science services

>900 Recommendations

“Standards” in areas of spectrum management and radio technology

Result of consensus from meetings of world-wide experts

Some referred to in RR

Used by spectrum planners and system designershttp://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/rsg

In addition:CCV: Coordination Committee for

VocabularyCPM: Conference Preparatory MeetingSC: Special Committee on regulatory

and procedural mattersSupported by Counsellors and

Assistants in Study Group Department of BR

Radiocommunication Study GroupsRes. ITU-R 4-5 of Radiocommunication Assembly 2007: decided to establish 6 ITU-R Study Groups:


Application of ITU-R StandardsThe best samples:• Radio Regulations – applied by all countries around

the World for international spectrum management;• ITU-R Regional Agreements – applied by all country

parties of a given agreement (some countries are parties of several Agreements/Plans);

• ITU-R M-Series Rec. – e.g. for land mobile service: there are currently > 4 billions customers (more than 50% people on the Earth) using mobile phones built in accordance with ITU-R Rec.;

• ITU-R BT&BR-Series Rec. – used for broadcasting (TV and sound). There are more than 1.5 billions TV sets based on ITU-R standards;

• ITU-R standards for the use of radiocommunication services/systems for emergency situations;

• etc..


• BR International Frequency Information Circular (IFIC) – terrestrial and space services

• Space Radiocommunication Stations on DVD-ROM

• Radio Regulations• electronic file (WinWord, PDF)• CD-ROM• paper

• Service documents• ITU-R Recommendations

online subscriptions CD-ROM paper

• Handbooks, etc.http://www.itu.int/publications

ITU-R Publications


ITU-R Recommendation seriesBO: Satellite deliveryBR: Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for

televisionBS: Broadcasting service (sound)BT: Broadcasting service (television)F: Fixed serviceM: Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related

satellite servicesP: Radiowave propagationRA: Radio astronomyRS: Remote sensing systemsS: Fixed-satellite serviceSA: Space applications and meteorologySF: Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-

satellite and fixed service systemsSM: Spectrum managementSNG: Satellite news gatheringTF: Time signals and frequency standards emissionsV: Vocabulary and related subjects


Some ITU-R Web Pages

Main ITU-R Web page: http://www.itu.int/ITU-R

Terrestrial Services: http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/terrestrial

Space Services: http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/spaceStudy Groups:

http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.asp?category=study-groups&rlink=rsg&lang=en

ITU-R Publications:http://www.itu.int/publications/sector.aspx?sector=1&lang=en

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