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Updates on Issues in Molecular Genetics Testing Iris Schrijver, MD Stanford University November 19, 2009
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Page 1: Updates€on€Issues€in Molecular€Genetics€Testingaz9194.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/091104/OP_5.pdf · Genetics€in€Medicine,€Thompson€&Thompson. CDH1 š HDGC€is€the€only€known€cancer€syndrome

Updates on Issues inMolecular Genetics Testing

Iris Schrijver, MDStanford University

November 19, 2009

Page 2: Updates€on€Issues€in Molecular€Genetics€Testingaz9194.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/091104/OP_5.pdf · Genetics€in€Medicine,€Thompson€&Thompson. CDH1 š HDGC€is€the€only€known€cancer€syndrome

Overview

ResultsResults

MolecularMolecularTechniquesTechniques

Clinical CriteriaClinical Criteriaandand

FindingsFindings

Molecular PathologyMolecular Pathology

InheritanceInheritance

HDGCHDGC

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Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer

• Gastric cancer is the second most common causeof cancer death worldwide

• Two types:– Intestinal type– Diffuse type (DGC)

• 90% sporadic, 10% have familial clustering• 1­3% of all GC have an AD pattern• The majority of families with AD clustering are

associated with DGC

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Autosomal dominant inheritance

•Affected person has at least one affected parent•Affects either sex•Transmitted by either sex• Risk of being affected child after an affected with

unaffected mating: 50%

Genetics in Medicine, Thompson &Thompson.Genetics in Medicine, Thompson &Thompson.

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CDH1

• HDGC is the only known cancer syndromedominated by GC

• 30­40% of patients with HDGC have a CDH1mutation

• CDH1:– Tumor suppressor gene– Adhesion protein e­cadherin– Isolated, mucin filled tumor

cells– Decreased expression– LOF

Norton et al, Ann Surg. 2007 Jun;245(6):873Norton et al, Ann Surg. 2007 Jun;245(6):873­­9.9.

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Criteria for testing

• A patient with both DGC and lobular breast cancer

• > Two DGC in one family, one younger than age 50

• A patient age < 35 with DGC

• Multiple cases of lobular breast cancer in firstdegree relatives

Original criteria: International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium (IGCLC, 1999)Original criteria: International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium (IGCLC, 1999)

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AD inheritance, reduced penetrance

Stanford Report, May 2006Stanford Report, May 2006

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Clinical course, therapy, diagnosis

• All 11 cousins who inherited the CDH1 mutationwent ahead with the gastrectomy

• Endoscopy, random biopsies, stool tests andstomach PET and CT scans  ­­ all negative

• After gastrectomy, pathology review revealedhundreds of early tumors in 9 cases

• “The genetic legacy nolonger writes thefamily's history”

Stanford Report, May 2006Stanford Report, May 2006

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CDH1 mutation distribution

Journal of Medical Genetics 2004;41:508Journal of Medical Genetics 2004;41:508­­517517

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Which method to choose?

11

MUTATION PANELMUTATION PANEL

SEQUENCE BASED SCREENINGSEQUENCE BASED SCREENING

SEQUENCING ANALYSISSEQUENCING ANALYSIS

SEQUENCING ANALYSIS PLUS DEL/DUP TESTINGSEQUENCING ANALYSIS PLUS DEL/DUP TESTING

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Allele drop out

• Failure of a genotyping method to detect one of thetwo germline alleles

• For PCR­based methods, this may be caused by apolymorphism within a primer binding site

• For autosomal dominant conditions the primarydanger of allele dropout is a false negative result

• For autosomal recessive conditions, allele dropoutmay lead to a false positive or to a false negativeresult

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Primer design

• Known SNP data should be incorporated into thedesign of PCR­based assays whenever possible,but especially in cases of highly polymorphic genesfor which an incorrect test result may havedevastating consequences for patient care.

• Primers binding to regions with known SNPs shouldnot be incorporated into clinical CDH1 sequencingassays

Genet Med. 2007; 9: 752Genet Med. 2007; 9: 752­­760760

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PCR touchdown procedure

•The earliest PCR cycles use a high annealing temperature•Increased specificity and sensitivity•Example, Ta of 67º Cà 47º C (­1º per cycle) for 21 cycles,followed by 18 more cycles at 47º C

b                           bb                           b

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

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Sequence analysis : example IB.

2634 C>T

•A single nucleotide change: what does it mean?

•Gly878Gly in exon 15•Synonymous, protein unchanged

•Some sequence changes, e.g. missense mutations,can be difficult to interpret without functional studies

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Sequence analysis : example IIB.

2634 C>T2398del C

T   C   T    T   C   C   CT   C   T    T   C   C   C CC G   C  C   C   T   G   CG   C  C   C   T   G   C

T   C   T    T   C   C   C   G  C   C  C   T   G   CT   C   T    T   C   C   C   G  C   C  C   T   G   C

•A frameshift mutation•THE DOG CAN EAT AND RUN =•THE DOG CAN ATA NDR•Premature termination

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Sample considerations

• Peripheral blood

• Tumor tissue

• Paraffin embedded tissue

• Whole gene sequencing (16 exons)

• Single exon sequencing

(AMP Poster)

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Overview

ResultsResults(Examples)(Examples)

MolecularMolecularTestingTesting Specimen QuestionsSpecimen Questions

MaternalMaternalCell ContaminationCell Contamination

PaternityPaternity

IdentityIdentity

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Applications of identity testing

• AABB accredited relationship testing

• Maternal cell contamination testing in prenatalsamples (amnio, CVS)

• “Floaters” in surgical pathology• Specimen mix­ups

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Prenatal diagnostic testing

• CVS and AF sampling are invasive procedures

• Irreplaceable, small samples

• Lab needs to verify that the tissue is fetal

• Need excellent turn­around­time

• Requires highly accurate results

CVS = chorionic villus sampling, AF = amniotic fluidCVS = chorionic villus sampling, AF = amniotic fluid

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MCC risks

• Interpretation errors of diagnostic tests, includinganeuploidy FISH and molecular tests

• Low levels matter and MCC cannot be reliablyassessed by eye

• FISH alone will not detect MCC when the fetus isfemale

• FISH may seem mosaic when all cells areabnormal

• CVS has a higher risk than AF

MCC = maternal cell contaminationMCC = maternal cell contamination

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MCC risk factors

• Less experienced clinicians• Technique used during sample collection

Risk reduction:– Discard first 2­5 mL of the sample– Obtain the actual sample with second syringe– Minimize number of needle passes– Use ultrasound guidance– Avoid placenta penetration– Sample processing

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MCC testing in the U.S.

• Number of labsperforming MCCtesting

• Number of identitymarkers used

• Lower levelof detection

15; 44%

6; 18%

9; 26%

4; 12%Always

Always if amaternalsample wassentSometimes

Never

4

1 1

2

4 4

5

1

5

0

1

2

3

4

51%2%3%2­5%5%5­10%10%20%unsureJ Mol Diagn 2007; 9: 394J Mol Diagn 2007; 9: 394­­400400

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Direct AF or direct CVS                                                Back­up culture

MCC testing                         MCC                            AF:  use culturePositive                      CVS:  redissect or

recommend AF

MCC Negative                                                                  MCC testing

Diagnostic prenatal testing

Negative test result                                           Positive test result

Report result                                                     Confirm with culture

Confirm with culture                                                        Report

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MCC testing example

• Multiplex fluorescent­PCR, capillaryelectrophoresis, and GeneScan analysis of ninetetranucleotide repeat markers and X/Ychromosome analysis (ABI AmpFlSTR ProfilerPlus assay)

• Simultaneous with the prenatal sample, analysison a maternal blood sample is performed

• Each test initially performed on direct AF or CVSis followed by analysis of a cultured sample ifMCC could not be ruled out

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1% sens

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MCC take home points

• MCC testing of fetal samples is considered thestandard of care

• Requires lower limit of detection of <5%

• Ideally multiple markers are used to reduceuninformative tests and increase the chance ofdetecting MCC

• Culture capabilities are necessary

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Specimen identity example

• Bone marrow biopsies from a 55 yo woman and a52 yo male

• Specimens had been processed by Bouin’sfixation, decalcification, and were paraffinembedded => poor DNA yield

• Aspirate and biopsy findings did not match

• Amelogenin marker (X,Y) is low molecular weight

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Int J Surg Pathol. 2005; 13: 253Int J Surg Pathol. 2005; 13: 253­­258258

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Molecular testing as a QA measure

• QC measures to avoid specimen misidentificationshould be in place in all surgical pathologylaboratories

• If suspected misidentification cannot be ruled out,molecular means should be pursued

• Threshold should be low and close to routinepractice

• In the vast majority of cases, molecular testingprovides accurate and definitive results andprovides quality assurance for physician andpatient

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Pathology Department, Stanford UniversitySchool of Medicine, Stanford, CA

Acknowledgements:

• Franklin Mullins• Jim Zehnder• Jim Ford• Lisa Dietz• Marla Lay• Nicki Chun• Angela Bartley• Raj Mariappan• Sarah Cherny


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