Upfc Placement

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International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Develop ment Issue 2, Vol.6 (September 2012)

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_inde x.htm ISSN 2249-6149

Page 89

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF POWER LOSS

MINIMIZATION USING UPFC WITH INTELLIGENT

TECHNIQUE

K.Saravanan#1

, Dr. R. Anita#2

and Dr. C. Manoharan#3

#1 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Paavai college

of Engineering, India,9003742853#2 Professor& Head, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, IRTT, India,

#3 Principal, AMS Engineering College, India,

___________________________________________________________________________ABSTRACT

In addition to steady-state power flow control, damping oscillations in a power network isone of the primary applications of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). This paperdescribes that the PSO based UPFC controller using an objective function has an excellent

capability in damping power system oscillations and enhance greatly the stability of thepower systems. Newton Raphson algorithm is implemented for load flow studies. The

parameters of UPFC are optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. Installationof UPFC with such optimal parameters will eliminate or minimize the overloaded lines andthe bus voltage violations under critical contingencies. Validation through the

implementation on the IEEE-14 bus system shows that the PSO based UPFC is found feasibleto achieve the task. The simulation results of the network with and without using UPFC is

compared in an attempt to highlight the merit of the proposed PSO based UPFC controller. Key words:Stability, Flexible ac transmission systems, Unified Power Flow Controller,

Voltage Stability Index, Particle Swarm Optimization.__________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTIONThe power system is an exceedingly nonlinear system that operates in a constantly

changing environment; loads, generator outputs, topology, and key operating parameterschange continually. The system must be able to operate satisfactorily under these conditions

and successfully meet the load demand. It must also be able to survive numerous disturbancesof a severe nature, such as a short-circuit on a transmission line; loads are adding or falling

and loss of a large generator. Further, devices used to protect individual equipment mayrespond to variations in system variables and thereby affect the power system performance.

Hence, instability in a power system may occur in many different ways depending on thesystem topology, operating mode, and the form of the disturbance. Instability that may resultoccurs in the form of a progressive fall or rise of voltage of some buses. The possible

outcome of voltage instability is loss of load in the area where voltages reach unacceptablylow values, or a loss of integrity of the power system.

In order to expand or enhance the power transfer capability of existing transmission

network the concepts of FACTS (Flexible AC transmission system) is developed by theElectric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the late 1980s. The main objective of FACTS

devices is to replace the existing slow acting mechanical controls required to react to thechanging system conditions by rather fast acting electronic controls. FACTs meansalternating current transmissions systems incorporating power electronic based and other

static controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability [1].FACTSdevices provide innovative control facilities, both in steady state power control and dynamic


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stability control [3].There are various forms of FACTS devices, some of which are connectedin series with a line and the others are connected in shunt or a combination of series and

shunt. The UPFC allowing independent control of the voltage magnitude, and the real andreactive power flows along a given transmission line. In general, conventional optimization

methods are unable to locate the global optimum but only locate the local optimum. The

premature convergence of genetic algorithm [5] degrades the performance and reduces itssearch capability, by which it leads a higher property of local minimum. The Particle Swarm

Optimization (PSO) can generate high quality solutions within short time with a highglobal searching ability at the beginning of iteration and the local search at the end of the

iteration [4]. Therefore, in this paper PSO is used for loss minimization incorporating UPFC.The voltage stability enhancement and loss minimization is evaluated for IEEE-14 bus

system incorporating UPFC at its optimal location obtained using PSO technique. The

results indicate that PSO is capable of undertaking a global search with a faster convergence.

RELATED WORKSSome of the recent research works related to power stability using FACTS controller are

discussed in this section.Sharma et al. [12] have focused on the damping of power system oscillations of the singleand multi machine power system by way of STATCOM with combined PI and Fuzzy Logic

controlled voltage regulator. Here, the efficacy and performance of the STATCOM have beenanalyzed by the rate of debauchery of transient energy in post fault time, which providingadditional damping. The main purpose of the STATCOM is to maintain the bus bar voltage

by injecting appropriate reactive power, and also it augments the dynamic performance of thepower system.

Marouani et al. [13] have proposed a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) forsolving the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem by means of FACTS devices.This nonlinear multi-objective problem (MOP) has been solved by reducing the real power

loss in transmission lines and voltage deviat ion at load buses simultaneously, by changing theparameters and searching optimal location for FACTS devices. The constra ints of this MOP

have been splitted to equality constraints described by load flow equations and inequalityconstraints such as, generation of reactive power sources and security limits at load buses.Two types of FACTS devices, such as SSSC and UPFC have been considered.

Moses et al. [14] have introduced a Service Oriented Architectural (SOA) model forexhibiting the transient stability of a large interconnected power system and tested for a

sample of 14, 30 and 39 bus systems. The proposed model was applicable for any number ofpower system clients and also the stability services can be invoked by the clients without anyrestriction in this service oriented environment. Several power system services have been

plugged into this model and the services have been made accessible at anytime and anywherefor the power system operations.

Farahani et al. [15] have presented the application of UPFC in order to maintain voltage aswell as to improve stability at a Multi-Machine electric power system installed with UPFC.PI type controllers have been considered for UPFC control and the parameters of these PI

type controllers have been tuned by PSO. The capability of UPFC in voltage control and alsostability improvement has been exhibited by comparing the results of the proposed UPFC

based system with the results without UPFC. Nonlinear time domain simulation results haveproved the potency of UPFC in simultaneous control of voltage and also stabilityenhancement.

Murali et al. [16] have examined the enhancement of transient stability of a two-area power

system via UPFC, which is an efficient FACTS device able to control the active and reactivepower flows in a transmission line through controlling properly its series and shunt


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parameters. S imulations have been done in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform for the two-areapower system model with UPFC in order to evaluate the effects of UPFC on transient

stability performance of the system. Also, the performance of UPFC has been compared withother FACTS devices namely, SSSC, TCSC and SVC respectively.

Venkateswarlu et al. [19] have presented the increase in power demand, operation and

planning of large interconnected power system are becoming more complex, so power systemwill become less secure and stable. Voltage stability is one of the phenomena which have

result in a major blackout. FACTS controllers narrow the gap between the no controlled andthe controlled power system mode of operation, by providing additional degrees of freedom

to control power flows and voltages at key locations of the network because of theirflexibility and fast control characteristics. Placement of these devices in suitable location canlead to direct in line flow and preserve bus voltages in desired level and so improve voltage

stability margins. This paper presents a GA and PSO analysis based allocation algorithm forUPFC considering Cost function of UPFC device, VSI for optimal placement, Improvement

of voltage profile and Reduction of power system losses. Proposed algorithm is tested on aIEEE- 5 bus and IEEE-30 bus test power system for optimal allocation of UPFC device and

results are presented. Hamid et al. [20] have introduced a new technique for identifying the most suitable generatorand load buses for the purpose of preventive and corrective actions by means ofFVSI-T. The

method has promoted a reliable technique for ranking the priority of generator bus to beperformed power scheduling and load buses for shunt element installation accurately. Thiscan be valuable knowledge for a system operator (SO) when confronting with a problem

related to voltage stability assessment and improvement. Moreover, the Artificial Intelligencebased FVSI-T via Evolutionary Programming has also been promoted and the results using

the developed EP algorithm is comparable to the alternative technique such as TopologicalGenerator and Load Distribution Factor (TGLDF) method. Validation on IEEE 14-Bus and57-Bus reliability test system (RTS) revealed that the proposed method has great capability to

be applied into real system.Sakthivel et al. [21] have proposed a PSO based optimization algorithm to crack the problem

of optimal real and reactive power dispatch counting the post and sizing of SVC and TCSCdevice in a medium size power network for voltage stability limit enhancement and reducingthe fuel cost. This work proves that voltage stability limit enhancement (stress relief) is

additional effective when it is done equally by control of real and reactive power generationand power flows. Reactive power generation control is indicated by the control of generator

bus voltages and VAR support due to SVC. The PSO algorithm is efficient, easy toimplement and widely used in the geography of engineering. The settings of the PSO

parameters are exposed to be optimal for this type of application. The algorithm is able to

locate the best solutions with a relatively little number of iterations and particles, thereforewith a reasonable computational effort.

UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC) A UPFC is the most promising device in the FACTS concept. It has the ability to regulate

the three control parameters, i.e. the bus voltage, transmission line reactance, and phase anglebetween two buses. A major function of the UPFC is to redistribute power flow among

transmission lines during steady state. During transients, it can be used to improve thedamping of low frequency oscillations. To perform these tasks, the UPFC needs to beequipped with a power flow controller, a DC voltage regulator, and a supplementary damping

controller. The basic components of the UPFC are two voltage source inverters (VSIs)

sharing a common dc storage capacitor, and connected to the power system through couplingtransformers. One VSI is connected to in shunt to the transmission system via a shunt


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transformer, while the other one is connected in series through a series transformer. The DCterminals of the two VSCs are coupled and this creates a path for active power exchange

between the converters.

Fig 1: Structure of UPFC

The series inverter is controlled to inject a symmetrical three phase voltage system of

controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the line to control active and reactivepower flows on the transmission line. So, this inverter will exchange act ive and reactive

power with the line. The reactive power is electronically provided by the series inverter, andthe active power is transmitted to the dc terminals. The shunt inverter is operated in such away as to demand this dc terminal power (positive or negative) from the line keeping the

voltage across the storage capacitor Vdc constant. So, the net real power absorbed from theline by the UPFC is equal only to the losses of the inverters and their transformers. The

remaining capacity of the shunt inverter can be used to exchange reactive power with the lineso to provide a voltage regulation at the connection point.

UPFC Equivalent CircuitThe model of UPFC is shown in fig.2. A controllable series voltage source Vse is placed

between nodes i and j and in series with the line reactance Xs. The two voltage sourceconverters of the UPFC, connected through a D.C link can be modelled as two ideal voltagesources, one connected in series and the other in shunt between the two buses [23, 24]. The

output of the series voltage source Vse and se are controllable magnitude and angle betweenthe limits Vsemax Vse Vsemin and 0 se 2 respectively and of the shunt voltage source is

Vshand sh controllable between the limits VshmaxVshVshmin and 0 sh 2. Fig. 2 shows

the voltage source model of UPFC. Zse and Zsh are the impedances of the two couplingtransformer one connected in series and other in shunt between the line and the UPFC.

Fig.2 Voltage source model of UPFC


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Mathematical Representation of UPFCThe two ideal voltage sources of the UPFC can be mathematically represented as:

Vse=Vse (cosse+jsinse) (1)Vsh =Vsh (cossh+jsinsh) (2)

UPFC is connected between two buses k and m in the power system [24]. Applying the

Kirchhoffs current and voltage laws for the network in Fig. 2 gives:

(3)Where Yse= 1/Zse and Ysh=1/Zsh.

The UPFC converters are assumed lossless in this voltage sources model. This implies that

there is no absorption or generation of active power by the two converters for its losses andthe active power demanded by the series converter at its output is supplied from the ACpower system by the shunt converters via the common D.C link [1]. The elements of transfer

admittance matrix can be put as:

Ykk= Gkk+jBkk= yse+yshYmm = Gmm+jBmm = yse (4)Ykm = Ymk= Gkm+jBkm = -yseYsh = Gsh+jBsh = -ysh

The DC link capacitor voltage Vdc remains constant. Hence the active power supplied to theshunt converter Psh must be equal to the active power demanded by the series converter Pse at

the DC link. Then the following equality constraint has to be guaranteed.Pse+Psh=0 (5)

From Fig.1 and by (1), (2), (3) for the series and shunt sources the power equations of UPFCcan be written as:Pse = V

2seGmm+VseVk(Gkm cos(se-k) + Bkm sin(se- k)) +VseVm(Gkmcos(se- k) +

Bmmsin(se-k)) (6)Psh = -V

2shGsh+VshVk(Gsh cos(sh-k) +Bshsin(sh-k)) (7)

Implementation of UPFC in Newton Raphson Power Flow Algorithm

The algorithm for solving a power flow problem embedded with UPFC is implemented by

using the MATLAB programming. The Newton Raphson load flow algorithm incorporatingthe UPFC is shown by flow chart in Fig. 3. The input system data includes the basic systemdata needed for conventional power flow calculation consisting of the number and types of

buses, transmiss ion line data, generation and load data, location of UPFC and the control

variables of UPFC i.e., the magnitude and angles of voltage output Vse and Vsh of twoconverters[14]. The UPFC power equations are combined with the network equations to give

equation (8):

(8)

Where

Pi+ jQi = active and reactive power flow due to UPFC between the bus k and m.Pi+ jQi = active and reactive power at the ithbus.


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Vi


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ORPF Problem FormulationOptimal reactive power flow (ORPF) problem is mainly concerned with minimization

active power loss of power system, subject to a choice of equality and inequality constraints.Mathematica lly ORPF problem may be represented as

Min J(x, u) (9)

Subject to g(x, u) = 0 and h(x, u)


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Transformer ConstraintsTransformer tap settings must be within its specified lower and upper limits as

follows:

, i= 1, 2, ...NT (18)

Shunt VAR Compensator ConstraintsReactive power output of shunt VAR compensators must be restricted within their

lower and upper limits as follows:

, i = 1, 2,. NC (19)

Voltage Constraint

Voltage of each PQ bus must be within its lower and upper operating limits asfollows:

, i = 1, 2 ...NPQ (20)

The inequality constraints of the dependant variable (like PG1, VL, QG) may beincorporated within the objective function as quadratic penalty terms in order to keep theirfinal values close to their operating limits. Therefore, to account for these constraints, the

objective function (1) may be modified to

+V +Q 2 (21)

Where P,V, Q are the penalty factors. & are calculated as

(22)

(23)

VOLTAGE STABILITY INDEX COMPUTATIONConsider the power network where n is the total number of buses with 1,2,g

generator buses, and g+1,.,n remaining (n-g) buses. In this paper we have tested onthe IEEE 14 bus system for a given operating condition, using the load flow results, the

Voltage stability index L can be calculated as

(24)

where j=g+1 n and all the terms inside the sigma on the right hand side of (24) are complexquantities. The complex values of F ij are obtained from the Ybus matrix of power system. For

a given operating condition:

(25)

where IG ,IL , and VG , VL , represent complex current and voltage vectors at the generatornodes and load nodes.


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[YGG] [YGL] [YLL] [YLG]

are corresponding partitioned portions of the Ybus matrix

(26)

This analysis will be carried out only for the load buses; hence the index that to be obtainedfor load buses only. For stability the index L must not be more than one for any of the nodes

j. The global index for stability of the given power system is defined to be

The index far away from 1 and close to 0 indicates voltage stability. The L index will give the

scalar quantity to each load bus. Among the various indices for voltage stability and voltagecollapse forecast (i.e. far away from 1 and secure to 1 or >1 respectively), the L index will

give more accurate results. The L indices for given loads conditions are calculated for all loadbuses and the maximum of the L indices gives the proximity of the system to voltagecollapse.

PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

PSO is originally attributed to Kennedy, Eberhart and Shi and was first intended forsimulating social behaviour as a stylized representation of the movement of organisms in a

bird flockor fish school. The algorithm was simplified and it was observed to be performing

optimization. PSO is a metaheuristic as it makes few or no assumptions about the problembeing optimized and can search very large spaces of candidate solutions. More specifically,

PSO does not use the gradient of the problem being optimized, which means PSO does notrequire that the optimization problem be differentiable as is required by classic optimizationmethods such as gradient descent and quasi-newton methods. PSO can therefore also be used

on optimization problems that are partially irregular, noisy, change over time, etc. PSOoptimizes a problem by having a population of swarm ofparticles and moving these particles

around in the search-space according to simple mathematical formulae over the particle'sposition and velocity. Each particle's movement is influenced by its local best known positionand is also guided toward the best known positions in the search-space, which are updated as

better positions. This is expected to move the swarm toward the best solutions.

The following PSO algorithm is used to obtain the optimal location of UPFC for lossminimization:Step1: Initial searching points and velocities are randomly generated within their

limits.Step2: Pbest is set to each initial searching points. The best evaluated values among the Pbest

are set to gbest.

Step 3: New velocities are calculated using equation, .

Step 4: If Vid(t+1)Vdmax then Vid(t+1)=Vdmax.

Step 5: New searching points are calculated using the following equation:X id (t +1) = X id (t) +Vid (t +1).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kennedy_(social_psychologist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_C._Eberharthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocking_(behavior)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaheuristichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_descenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-newton_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_(mathematics)#Concepts_and_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(vector)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(vector)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_(mathematics)#Concepts_and_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-newton_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_descenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaheuristichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocking_(behavior)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_C._Eberharthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kennedy_(social_psychologist)


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Step6: Check the capacity limits constraintsIfPid(t+1)>Pdmax, then Pid(t+1)=Pdmax

IfPid(t+1)


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Table I Test results of 14bus test system

Specified data: For Bus no:2, , ,

, , ,

Calculated results

Loadchange Pli

MW

Bestconnected

bus

Best Best inj(degree)

PlossMW

WithoutUPFC

With UPFC

23.87 2-5 0.05 131 13.7136 12.0022

26.042-5 0.05 131 13.8359 11.8531

Fig.5 Voltage Vs Iteration

Figure 5 compares the voltage and iteration. The voltage level can be varied upto 10

iterations, voltage gets damped the oscillation after 11 iteration. In Figure 6 theta getoscillated upto 15 iteration and then remains constant.

Fig.6 Theta () Vs Iteration

Fig.7 Loss Vs Iteration


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Fig.8Power Loss Comparison

Fig.9 Voltage Vs Iteration

Fig.10 Theta Vs Iteration

Figure 7 gives the result of loss performance with respect to iteration. Losses get decreasedbefore 5 iteration.

Fig.11 Loss Vs Iteration


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Fig.12 Power Loss Comparison

CONCLUSION

PSO has been utilized to search for the optimal controller parameter settings that optimizethe objective function. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through

computer simulation using an IEEE 14 bus, 5 generator power system associated with asingle UPFC. Results show that the real power loss and voltage violation have been verymuch reduced after optimization using the proposed method. Also, the simulation results

demonstrate that PSO can be successfully applied to practical power system. This paperpresents an improvement in the loss minimization and voltage stability enhancement ofpower system through the transmission line with UPFC when compared to the system

without UPFC.Future work involves employing new control strategies based on artificial intelligence such

as neuro-fuzzy that take advantages of its strengths to enhance the dynamic performance ofthe system.

REFERENCES [1] N.G.Hingorani, L.Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of Flexible

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[4]Konstantinos E. Parasopoulos and Michael N. Vrahatis, "On the Computation of All

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[7]. LijiunCai, and IstvanErlich, Optimal choiceand allocation of FACTS DevicesusingGenetic Algorithms, ISAP IntelligentSystems Application to Power Systems, August

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[8].http://www.siemens/td.com/trancSys/pdf/cost/Effective ReliabTrans.pdf

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[10] The IEEE 57-Bus Test System, Availableonline:http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca. .

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[12] D.K. Sharma and Aziz Ahmad, "Improvement of Power System Stability by Modelingand Designing of Cascade PI and Fuzzy Logic Controllers for STATCOM", InternationalJournal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol.3, No.8, pp. 6543-6553, Aug 2011.

[13] Ismail Marouani, TawfikGuesmi, HsanHadjAbdallah and AbdarrazakOuali, "OptimalReactive Power Dispatch Considering FACTS Device", Leonardo Journal of Sciences, Issue

18, and pp. 97-114, Jun 2011.

[14] J. Jegatheesan and A. Nazar Ali, "Improvement of Transient Stability PerformanceUsing Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy for FACTS Controllers", African Journal of ScientificResearch, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 291-304, 2011.

[15] Shoorangiz Shams ShamsabadFarahani, HossainTourang, BehrangYousefpour, Mehdi

GhasemiNaraghi and Seyed Ali Mohammad Javadian, "Effect of UPFC Tuned Based onParticle Swarm Optimization on Dynamic Stability Improvement in Power Systems",Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 11, pp.

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[16] Murali, M. Rajaram and Reka, "Comparison of FACTS Devices for Power SystemStability Enhancement", International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol.8, No.4, pp. 30-35, Oct 2010.

[17] Mark NdubukaNwohu, "Voltage Stability Improvement using Static Var Compensator in

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[19] K. Venkateswarlu, Ch. Saibabu, A New valutionary algorithms used for Optimallocation of UPFC on power system, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information

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[20] Z. Hamid, I. Musirin, M. M. Othman, M. N. A. Rahim, bus priority ranking via stabilityindex Tracing and evolutionary programming, Journal of Theoretical and Applied

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Improvement using Two-Bus Equivalent Model, International Journal of Emerging trends inEngineering and Development, Issue 2, Vol.1 , January-2012.

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[24] Fuerte-Esquivel C.R., E. Acha, H. Ambriz-Prez, comprehensive Newton-RaphsonUPFC model for the quadratic power flow solution ofpractical power networks, IEEETrans. on Power Systems, Vol. 15, No.1, Feb. 2000, pp. 102-109.

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Upfc Placement

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