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UPS-Tech rev 5.3
1
Show information...Show information...
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•- then click left mouse key.
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•A star * above the slide number indicates available slide-note in mode “Showing Notes”
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
2
UPS TechnologyUPS Technology & &
Delta-Conversion Delta-Conversion
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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UPS Technology index...UPS Technology index...
HeadHead lineslinesOption: Select and jumpOption: Select and jump to a specific subject...to a specific subject...
Power interruptions
What is a UPS ?
The different types of UPS systems
Delta-Conversion tech. and performances
Load-step pictures
Power flow
Delta-Conversion main components
Delta-Conversion circuit diagram
Questions...
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Power Power interruptionsinterruptions
Power interruptions
HeadHead lineslinesPower interruptions
What is a UPS ?
The different types of UPS systems
Delta-Conversion tech. and performances
Load-step pictures
Power flow
Delta-Conversion main components
Delta-Conversion circuit diagram
Questions...
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Power Quality - DistributionPower Quality - Distribution
Liberalization of the power market - will result in decreasing power quality
“It´s a long way” from
power producer to end user
Power transport
disturbances: Power station break down Transformer switches Distribution switches High voltage power net Wind generators Net corruption Net voltage regulation Flash of lightning Gales and Damages by water ……..
Power interruptions
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Power quality is also influenced by...Power quality is also influenced by...
Few of many disturbances...
Powerdisturbances
UPS
Motors
Power interruptions
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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meansmeans……
• System DowntimeSystem Downtime
• Black screenBlack screen
• System Lock upSystem Lock up
• Lost or corrupted dataLost or corrupted data
• Keyboard lock-upKeyboard lock-up
• Hardware corruptionHardware corruption
Poor power quality...Poor power quality...
- on power critical - on power critical applications...applications...
Power interruptions
+ +
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Power interruptionsPower interruptions
Power break down
Low voltage
High voltage
Power interruptions
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Power interruptionsPower interruptions
Spikes
Combined interruptions
Harmonics
Power interruptions
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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““The perfect wave”The perfect wave”
- the optimal power condition...- the optimal power condition...
ConstantConstant
CleanClean
PowerPower
Power interruptions
more solutions
available…
few
“close to perfect”
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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What is a What is a UPS UPS
HeadHead lineslinesPower interruptions
What is a UPS ?
The different types of UPS systems
Delta-Conversion tech. and performances
Load-step pictures
Power flow
Delta-Conversion main components
Delta-Conversion circuit diagram
Questions...
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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200V - 250 V
What is a UPS ?What is a UPS ?
What is a UPS ?
230V +/-1%
S I L C O N G R O U P
A UPS ensures...A UPS ensures...
Up-timeUp-time
Data SafetyData Safety
Hardware protectionHardware protection
UPS … means UUn-interruptible PPower SSupply
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Requirements to your UPS...Requirements to your UPS...
UPS• Lowest installation cost• No electrical disturbances• Resistive load - PF1
• Low weight• Small foot print
• Constant clean power• Lowest electricity bill
• Low heat dissipation• Low audible noise
What is a UPS ?
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Consider your UPS requirementsConsider your UPS requirements
UPS• Lowest installation cost• No electrical disturbances• Resistive load - PF1
• Low weight• Small foot print
• Low heat dissipation• Low audible noise
What is a UPS ?
• Size of cable and fuses ?• Mains repercussion - EMC ?• Phase compensation ?
• Efficiency• Cooling requirement more solutions
available…
few
“close to perfect”
• Constant clean power• Lowest electricity bill
• The technology• Efficiency• Service organization• Supplier reputation
• The technology• Efficiency and cabinet
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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UPS InstallationUPS InstallationWhat is a UPS ?
Mains Supply Distribution Panel
Loads
SBP
UPS
Input Panel
Diesel Generator
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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UPS technologies...UPS technologies...
Standby system Line interactive
Double conversion
What is a UPS ?
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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UPS technologies...UPS technologies...
MG
Rotary conversion
Single conversion 1st
Single conversion 2nd
Delta-Conversion
What is a UPS ?
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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HeadHead lineslines
The different typesThe different typesof UPS systemsof UPS systems
Power interruptions
What is a UPS ?
The different types of UPS systems
Delta-Conversion tech. and performances
Load-step pictures
Power flow
Delta-Conversion main components
Delta-Conversion circuit diagram
Questions...
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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UPS systems of today is more than...UPS systems of today is more than...
On-line (working)On-line (working)
Off-line (sleeping)Off-line (sleeping)““Standby”Standby”
UPS systems
*
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Different UPS topologies...Different UPS topologies...
...m
ost c
omm
on Standby Line Interactive Standby On-Line Hybrid Standby Ferro Double Conversion On-Line Delta Conversion On-Line
Identifying the topologies - is to understand the differences
UPS systems
*
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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The Standby UPS...The Standby UPS...
SurgeSuppressor Filter
Battery
+-
Inverter
D C
A C
BatteryCharger
AC/DC
LoadTransferSwitch
0 - 0.5 kVA
•Uses battery during brownouts•Impractical over 2kVA
•High efficiency•Compact•Low cost
Benefits: Limitations:
UPS systems
*
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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The line Interactive UPS...The line Interactive UPS...
Battery
+-
TransferSwitch
Inverter
D C
A C
Load
Charging (normal)
Discharging (Power fail)
0.5 - 3 kVA
•Impractical over 5 kVA•High reliability•High efficiency•Good voltage conditioning
Benefits: Limitations:
UPS systems
*
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Standby On-line Hybrid...Standby On-line Hybrid...
Rectifier
Combiner
Load
Inverter
D C
A C
BatteryCharger
AC/DC
StandbyDC to DCConverter
D C
D C
Battery
+-
0.5 - 5 kVA
•Low efficiency•Low reliability•High cost•Impractical over 5kVA
•Excellent voltage conditioning
Benefits: Limitations:
UPS systems
*
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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The Standby-Ferro UPS...The Standby-Ferro UPS...
Battery
+-
Inverter
D C
A C
BatteryCharger
AC/DC
Load
TransferSwitch
Transformer
3 - 15 kVA
•Low efficiency•Unstable in combination with someloads and generators
•Excellent voltage conditioning
Benefits: Limitations:
UPS systems
*
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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The Double Conversion The Double Conversion On-Line UPS...On-Line UPS...
•Low efficiency•Impractical under 5kVA
•Excellent voltage conditioning•Ease of paralleling
Benefits: Limitations:
*
SurgeSuppressor Filter
Battery
+-
Inverter
D C
A C
BatteryCharger
AC/DC
Load
5 - 5000 kVA
UPS systems
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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The Delta ConversionThe Delta ConversionOn-Line UPS...On-Line UPS...
•Impractical under 5kVA
•High efficiency•Excellent voltage conditioning•Ease of paralleling •Compact
Benefits: Limitations:
UPS systems
*
SurgeSuppressor
Inverter
D C
A C
Load
Battery
+-
5 - 5000 kVA
DeltaConverter
Filter
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Comparing UPS characteristics ...Comparing UPS characteristics ...
Practical
power range(kVA)
Voltage conditioning Cost per VA Efficiency
Inverter always
operating
Standby 0 - 0.5 Low Low Very High No
Line interactive 0.5 - 3 Design depending Medium Very High Design
depending
Standby On-Line Hybrid 0.5 - 5 High High Low Partially
Standby Ferro 3 - 15 High High Low No
Double Conversion On-Line 5 - 5000 High Medium Low Yes
Delta Conversion On-Line 5 - 5000 High Medium High Yes
Char.Technique
The unique combination...
UPS systems
*
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Comparing UPS characteristics ...Comparing UPS characteristics ...
APC´s FindingsChar.
Technique LimitationsBenefitsUsed in APC
products
•Best value for personal workstations
•Uses battery during brownouts•Impractical over 2kVA
•Low cost•High efficiency•Compact
•Back-UPSStandby
•High reliability•Ideal for rack or distributed servers•For and harsh power environment
•Impractical over 5kVA
•High reliability•High efficiency•Good voltage conditioning
•Smart UPS
Line interactive
•Good reliability•Good voltage conditioning
•Low efficiency•Low reliability•High cost•Impractical over 5kVA
•Excellent voltage conditioning
•Not used by APC
Standby On-Line Hybrid
•Limited application due to low efficiency•Instability problems•N+1 On-Line design offers better reliability
•Low efficiency•Unstable in combination with some loads and generators
•Excellent voltage conditioning
•Not used by APC
Standby Ferro
•Well suited for N+1 designs
•Low efficiency•Impractical under 5kVA
•Excellent voltage conditioning•Ease of paralleling •Symmetra
Double Conversion On-Line
Delta Conversion On-Line
•Well suited for N+1 designs•Outstanding Return Of Investment benefit, at high power plant
•Impractical under 5kVA
•High efficiency•Excellent voltage conditioning•Ease of paralleling •Compact
•DP300E
*
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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HeadHead lineslines
Delta-Conversion Delta-Conversion tech. and tech. and
performancesperformances
Power interruptions
What is a UPS ?
The different types of UPS systems
Delta-Conversion tech. and performances
Load-step pictures
Power flow
Delta-Conversion main components
Delta-Conversion circuit diagram
Questions...
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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““Close to perfect” solutionClose to perfect” solution
...is Combining advantages
from
existing
technologies
Delta-Converter
Battery
Load
Mains
Delta-Conversion...Delta-Conversion...
On-line Delta-ConversionOn-line Delta-Conversion
• On line technologyOn line technology
• Pure sinusoidal output powerPure sinusoidal output power
• Maximum protection against spikes, Maximum protection against spikes,
surges, sags and power break downsurges, sags and power break down
• Clean output at all time Clean output at all time
• Optimum system efficiencyOptimum system efficiency
• Full rated output available in kWFull rated output available in kW
• Input power factor corrected to 1Input power factor corrected to 1
• No mains repercussionsNo mains repercussions
• Small footprintSmall footprint
• 200% overload capability 200% overload capability
• Energy losses < 4%Energy losses < 4%
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionOn-Line and high efficiency…?On-Line and high efficiency…?
what´s the trick…?
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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The Energy Saving Trick...The Energy Saving Trick...
Double conversion
4. Floor
5. Floor
Delta Conversion
4. Floor
5. Floor
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Who makes the trick...Who makes the trick...
The APC-Delta Conversion Technology is today protected by patents.
APC is the exclusive supplier of this technology - DP300E
The technology is not likely to be available from many other UPS-suppliers for some time
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Silcon DP300E - power flowSilcon DP300E - power flow
Mains input
Battery
DeltaInverter
MainInverter
Regulating the delta, ± diff. in/out
1. Normal operation
2. Regulated operation
3. Battery operation
4 Recharge battery
Load
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Diesels Best Friend...Diesels Best Friend...
100 kW
DIESEL
Silcon DP300E
130 kVA
No harmonicsAlmost same size as UPS
100 kVA
DIESEL
LegacyUPS
300 - 500 kVA
Harmonics3-5 times oversized
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Diesels Best Friend...Diesels Best Friend...
Diesel / DP300E installationMains Supply
Diesel Generator
Input Panel
DP310E - DP340E
SBP Distr. Panel
Loads
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Delta-conversionDelta-conversionand single-conversion
Smaller diesel generatorcan be used due to:
Power factor correctedregardless of load
Soft start – no load stepfor the generator
UPS: DP3480E with 480 kW load
Diesel Generator:625kVA/500kW
CH 1: Input VoltageCH 2: Input CurrentCH 3: Output VoltageCH 4: Output Current
(100% SMPS load)
CH 1: Input Current (0-100%) during soft startCH 2: Frequencyvariations on diesel generator during soft start.
CH1CH2
CH3CH4
CH1
CH2
21
1
2
Diesel GeneratorDiesel Generator
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Delta-conversionDelta-conversion& single-conversion
1.The load is protectedagainst mains sideharmonics
2.Harmonics from unlinear (SMPS) load are filtered out (not fed back to themains)
CH 1: Input VoltageCH 2: Output Voltage
CH 1: Input VoltageCH 2: Input CurrentCH 3: Output VoltageCH 4: Output Current
(100% SMPS load)
CH1CH2
CH3CH4
CH1
CH2
Two way filterTwo way filter
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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UPS comparative analysis...UPS comparative analysis...
Delta-conversion UPSDelta-conversion UPS
Single conversion UPSSingle conversion UPS
Double conversion UPSDouble conversion UPSTypical 30% input current distortion
No input current distortion Complies to G 5/3 and future norms
1 = Input voltage2 = Input current
1
2
1
2
2
1
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Silcon DP300E: 10 - 480 kVA 3-phaseSilcon DP300E: 10 - 480 kVA 3-phase
External Batteries
External Batteries
Built-in Batteries
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Comparative conclusionComparative conclusion
True no-break protection Yes Yes Yes
Capability of running SMPS load without derating Yes Yes Yes
True 2-way filter function Yes Yes Yes
Sinusoidal input current No > 30% distortion
Optional Yes
Unity input power factor Optionalbut expensive Optional. Yes
Energy losses, large systems> 10 kVA <100 kVA > 8 - 12% < 5% < 4%
Energy losses, large systems> 100 kVA > 6.5 - 10% < 4% < 4%
Energy losses, small systems< 10 kVA >10 - 15% < 8% < 5%
Basic propertiesDouble Double conversionconversionUPSUPS
Single Single conversion conversion UPSUPS
Delta Delta conversion conversion UPSUPS
Comparative chart
UPS-technologies
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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HeadHead lineslines
DP300E -DP300E - load step pictures load step pictures
Power interruptions
What is a UPS ?
The different types of UPS systems
Delta-Conversion tech. and performances
Load-step pictures
Power flow
Delta-Conversion main components
Delta-Conversion circuit diagram
Questions...
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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DP300E - Load StepDP300E - Load Step
Input voltage
Output voltage
Input current
Output current
1
100%load step 0%
Load step pictures
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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DP300E - Load StepDP300E - Load Step
Input voltage
Output voltage
Input current
Output current
load step 100% 0%
2
Load step pictures
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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DP300E - Short CircuitDP300E - Short Circuit
Input terminals - short circuit
3
Input voltage
Output voltage
Input current
Output current
Normal operation to battery operation
Load step pictures
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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DP300E - Short CircuitDP300E - Short Circuit
Output terminals - short circuit
4
Output voltage
Output current
- fuse clearing in battery operation
Load step pictures
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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HeadHead lineslines
Power FlowPower Flow analysis... analysis...
Power interruptions
What is a UPS ?
The different types of UPS systems
Delta-Conversion tech. and performances
Load-step pictures
Power flow
Delta-Conversion main components
Delta-Conversion circuit diagram
Questions...
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Power Flow analysis...Power Flow analysis... nominal mains voltagenominal mains voltage
0%Mains input
Battery
DeltaInverter
MainInverter
0%
Voltage 100%
Current 100%
Power 100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Power flow
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Power Flow analysis... Power Flow analysis... -15% mains voltage -15% mains voltage
Power flow
Voltage 85%
Current 115%
Power 100%
100%
115%
115%
100%
100%
100%
15% 15%
15%
Mains input
Battery
DeltaInverter
MainInverter
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Power Flow analysis... Power Flow analysis... + 15% mains voltage + 15% mains voltage
Power flow
Voltage 115%
Current 85%
Power 100%
100%
85%
85%
100%
100%
100%
15% 15%
15%
Mains input
Battery
DeltaInverter
MainInverter
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Power Flow analysis... Power Flow analysis... battery charging battery charging
Power flow
Voltage 100%
Current 110%
Power 110%
100%
110%
110%
100%
100%
100%
10%0%1
0%
Mains input
Battery
DeltaInverter
MainInverter
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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HeadHead lineslines
Delta-Conversion Delta-Conversion main componentsmain components
Power interruptions
What is a UPS ?
The different types of UPS systems
Delta-Conversion tech. and performances
Load-step pictures
Power flow
Delta-Conversion main components
Delta-Conversion circuit diagram
Questions...
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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DP300E principle diagramDP300E principle diagram
Main components
Load
Main inverterDelta inverter
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Main inverter:4 Quadrant Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
• Controls the output voltage• Charge the batteries • Supplies the load during Battery operation
Delta-inverter
Load
Mains input
Main inverter
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionMain inverterMain inverter
Main components
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionDelta inverterDelta inverter
Delta-inverter Load
Mains input Main inverter
Delta inverter:4 Quadrant Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
• Controls the input current• Controls the battery charging • Makes up for any difference between in- and output voltage• Regulates the input Power factor
Main components
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Delta-ConversionDelta-Conversioncontrol loopscontrol loops
Main components
Delta-inverter Load
Mains input
Battery
Main inverter
V out senseV bat. sense
Feed back loop for battery charging and input current regulation.Controls the pulse width modulation for the Delta-inverter.
Feed back loop for output voltage regulation.Controls the pulse width modulation for the Delta-inverter.
Load
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionBasic configuration:Basic configuration:
Basic configuration:
•4Q-PWM Inverter is capable of distribute energy in either forward or reverse direction. Meaning that theinverter can work as a charger as well.
•In the UPS we use the fly-back diodes to pass energy to the batteries.
V out
Iout
Half-bridge 4Q-inverter
Iout
Vout3. Inverter
1. Inverter
2. Charger
4. Charger
4Q Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
Main components
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Delta-Conversion Delta-Conversion Forward mode/Inverter modeForward mode/Inverter mode
Forward mode/Inverter mode• The current is flowing out of the inverter • The inverter is building the sinusoidal output voltage,
the inverter operates in Q1 and Q3 • The switching of the inverter is controlled by a control loop.
The control loop is sensing the output voltage and compares it to the
reference, any difference will make changes in the PWM switching
signals, to make corrections very quick.
V out
Iout
Half-bridge 4Q-inverter
Iout
Vout3. Inverter
1. Inverter
2. Charger
4. Charger
4Q Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
Main components
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionReverse mode/ rectifier modeReverse mode/ rectifier mode
V out
Iout
Iout
Vout3. Inverter
1. Inverter
2. Charger
4. Charger
Reverse mode/rectifier mode• The current is flowing in to the inverter
• The inverter is still building the sinusoidal output voltage, the inverter operates in Q2 and Q4
• The switching of the inverter is controlled by the same control loop, as in forward/inverter mode.
• The current is now flowing in the fly-back diodes to the batteries
Half-bridge 4Q-inverter 4Q Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
Main components
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Main Inverter
• Constant voltage regulation
• The output voltage is kept to the reference
• Basically it is a PI-regulation, where the
actual value is compared to the reference.
The result is given to the controller, which
is adjusting the voltage.
• The constant voltage control results in a low
Internal impedance.
4 Q Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
Main Inverter
PWM
Output voltage ref.
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionMain Inverter Main Inverter
Main inverterMain components
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Delta Inverter
Constant Current regulation
As the Inverter can work with constant voltage It can operate with constant current.
• The Current is kept to the reference • Basically it is a PI-regulation, where the actual value is compared to the reference. The result is given to the Controller, which is adjusting the Current.
• The reference is calculated according to the load and the charge level of the batteries
•The constant current regulation results in a high Internal impedance.
4 Q Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
Delta Inverter Battery
PWM
Battery voltage ref.
Input current ref.
Delta-inverter
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionDelta InverterDelta Inverter
Main components
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Let´s recall what we have seen...
• 4 Quadrant inverter can operate in either forward (inverter mode) or reverse (rectifier mode)
• It can operate with constant voltage or constant current control.
• The voltage/current is kept to the reference • There is a regulation, where the actual value is compared to the reference. The result is given to the controller, which is adjusting the value.
Two inverters - Is that all in a UPS?Two inverters - Is that all in a UPS?Not all - Lets see the other componentsNot all - Lets see the other components
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionAnything more…?Anything more…?
Main components
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Static Switch
• The Static switch consist of anti-parallel connected thyristors.
• There are two static switches one for mains and one for bypass.
Purpose of the Static switch
• Bypass static switch is to ensure uninterrupted transfer to mains supply in case of overload or inverter failure.
• Main static switch ensures that the UPS will not feed back into mains, during battery operation upon mains failure.
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionStatic SwitchStatic Switch
Main components
Static Switch
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Main Static Switch
• The Static switch consist of anti-parallel connected thyristors • Each thyristor is controlled separately • This is possible due to the unity Power factor • This ensure that the UPS will not feed back into a mains short circuit
12
Mains short circuit in period 1
Thyristor 2 will be off and cannot carry current towards the short circuit.
Thyristor 1 is conducting the current into the UPS, but the thyristor cannot conduct current in the opposite direction - it works as a diode.
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionMain Main Static SwitchStatic Switch
Main components
1
2
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Bypass Static Switch
• The Static switch consist of anti-parallel connected thyristors
• The thyristor is controlled in pairs.
• In Bypass there is no regulation of the power factor so we need to energise both of them.
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionBypass Static SwitchBypass Static Switch
1
2
Main components
1
2
Due to the overlapping voltage and current we have to energise the
thyristors in pairs
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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The final components...
Back feed protection contactor...
• Have same purpose as the Main static switch, but has a physical separation.
• Filters on in and output
• Used to suppress the harmonic content of the voltage and currents in the unit, caused by the load and the switching of the inverter.
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionThe final components The final components
Main components
That´s all - Now lets build the UPS circuit
diagram...
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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HeadHead lineslines
Delta-Conversion Delta-Conversion circuit diagramcircuit diagram
Power interruptions
What is a UPS ?
The different types of UPS systems
Delta-Conversion tech. and performances
Load-step pictures
Power flow
Delta-Conversion main components
Delta-Conversion circuit diagram
Questions...
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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The Main Inverter...
Main Inverter
PWM
Output voltage ref.
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionThe circuit diagram - main inverter The circuit diagram - main inverter
Main inverter
Circuit diagram
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
69
Now we add the Delta inverter...
Output
L
N
Delta Inverter Main InverterBattery
PWM PWM
Output voltage ref.Battery voltage ref.
Input current ref.
Circuit diagram
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionThe circuit diagram - main inverter + Delta inverterThe circuit diagram - main inverter + Delta inverter
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Total system...
Delta Inverter Main InverterBattery
PWM PWM
Bypass SSW
Mains SSW
Mains Input
N
L
Sync.
Crystalcontr.
Output voltage ref.Battery voltage ref.
Input current ref.
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionThe circuit diagram - the total system The circuit diagram - the total system
Circuit diagram
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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We have now build up the system...
Please answer the following questions:
• What is the working principle of the Main inverter ?
• What is the working principle of the Delta inverter ?
• What is the purpose of static switches ?
• What function does the Main inverter have ?
• What function does the Delta inverter have ?
Brush up !
Delta-Conversion - Delta-Conversion - Questions...Questions...
Circuit diagram
How are the
Batteries
charged ?
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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The batteries are charged by passing energy through the fly-back diodes of the inverter - it´s a kind of work-sharing between the inverters
• The Delta inverter monitors the voltage of the batteries and in case of need for more energy, the control gains the current reference for the input current.
This results in an increasing input Power
• As the output does not demands more Power, the energy will due to Kirchoff law flow to the battery as the energy have to be in balance.
Battery Charging
Input power 110% output power 100%
Battery Power 10%We cannot store energy in a point
Delta-ConversionDelta-ConversionBattery ChargingBattery Charging
Circuit diagram
UPS-Tech rev 5.3
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Questions...
Conclusion and...Conclusion and...
HeadHead lineslinesPower interruptions
What is a UPS ?
The different types of UPS systems
Delta-Conversion tech. and performances
Load-step pictures
Power flow
Delta-Conversion main components
Delta-Conversion circuit diagram
Questions...