UpToDate® Editorial Board
Adult and Pediatric Emergency MedicineCo-Editors-in-ChiefGary R. Fleisher, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolJohn A. Marx, MD
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Ron M. Walls, MD, FRCPC, FAAEMHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s Hospital
Deputy EditorsJonathan Grayzel, MD, FAAEM
University of Massachusetts Medical School
James F. Wiley, II, MD, MPHUniversity of Connecticut School of Medicine
Section EditorsAdult Cardiology EmergenciesJames Hoekstra, MD
Wake Forest University
Adult Environmental EmergenciesDaniel F. Danzl, MD
University of Louisville School of Medicine
Adult OrthopedicsPatrice Eiff, MD
Oregon Health Sciences UniversityKarl B. Fields, MD
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Adult ProceduresCatherine B. Custalow, MD, PhD
University of Virginia School of Medicine
Allan B. Wolfson, MDUniversity of Pittsburgh
Adult ResuscitationRon M. Walls, MD, FRCPC, FAAEM
Harvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s Hospital
Adult Signs and SymptomsRobert S. Hockberger, MD, FACEP
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Adult ToxicologyStephen J. Traub, MD
Harvard Medical School
Adult TraumaJohn A. Marx, MD
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Bone RadiologyMary Hochman, MD
Harvard Medical School
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Emergency Medical Services/Disaster MedicineRichard D. Zane, MD
Harvard Medical School
Pediatric Critical Care MedicineAdrienne G. Randolph, MD, MSc
Harvard Medical School
Pediatric Environmental EmergenciesDaniel F. Danzl, MD
University of Louisville School of Medicine
Pediatric ProceduresAnne M. Stack, MD
Harvard Medical School
Pediatric Psychosocial EmergenciesDaniel M. Lindberg, MD
Harvard Medical School
Pediatric ResuscitationSusan B. Torrey, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Pediatric Signs and SymptomsGary R. Fleisher, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolStephen J. Teach, MD, MPH
George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
George A. Woodward, MDUniversity of Washington School of Medicine
Pediatric Surgical EmergenciesJonathan I. Singer, MD
Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine
UpToDate is an evidence-based, physician-authored clinical information resource. With UpToDate, physicians can answer questions quickly, increase their clinical knowledge and improve patient care.
Adult and Pediatric Emergency Medicine 1
Adult Primary Care and Internal Medicine 2
Allergy and Immunology 2
Cardiology 3
Dermatology* 3
Endocrinology 4
Family Medicine 4
Gastroenterology and Hepatology 5
Hematology 5
Infectious Diseases 6
Nephrology 7
Neurology 7
Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health 8
Oncology 8
Pediatrics 9
Psychiatry* 10
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine 10
Rheumatology 11
Surgery* 11
Evidence-based Medicine Advisory Group 12
UpToDate Faculty 12
*in development
2
Pediatric ToxicologyMichele Burns Ewald, MD
Harvard Medical School
Pediatric TraumaRichard G. Bachur, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolSusan B. Torrey, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Adult Primary Care and Internal MedicineCo-Editors-in-Chief Mark D. Aronson, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolRobert H. Fletcher, MD, MSc
Harvard Medical SchoolSuzanne W. Fletcher, MD
Harvard Medical School
Deputy EditorsPracha Eamranond, MD, MPH
Harvard Medical SchoolDavid M. Rind, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolH. Nancy Sokol, MD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsCalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
DermatologyRobert P. Dellavalle, MD, PhD, MSPH
University of Colorado Denver and Colorado School of Public Health
General MedicineMark D. Aronson, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolRobert H. Fletcher, MD, MSc
Harvard Medical SchoolSuzanne W. Fletcher, MD
Harvard Medical School
GeneticsBenjamin A. Raby, MD, MPH
Harvard Medical School
GeriatricsKenneth E. Schmader, MD
Duke UniversityDurham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers
LipidsMason W. Freeman, MD
Massachusetts General Hospital Lipid Metabolism Unit
NutritionTimothy O. Lipman, MD
Veterans Affairs Medical Center
OphthalmologyJonathan Trobe, MD
University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center
OtorhinolaryngologyDaniel G. Deschler, MD, FACS
Harvard Medical School
PsychiatryThomas L. Schwenk, MD
University of Michigan Health System
Spinal Disease and Back PainSteven J. Atlas, MD, MPH
Harvard Medical School
Substance AbuseMark S. Gold, MD
University of Florida College of Medicine
UrologyMichael P. O’Leary, MD, MPH
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Allergy and ImmunologyCo-Editors-in-ChiefBruce S. Bochner, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
E. Richard Stiehm, MD David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Robert A. Wood, MD Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Deputy EditorsAnna M. Feldweg, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolElizabeth TePas, MD, MS
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsAdult AllergyBruce S. Bochner, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
AnaphylaxisF. Estelle R. Simons, MD, FRCPC
University of Manitoba
AsthmaPeter J. Barnes, DM, DSc, FRCP, FRS
National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, London
Bruce S. Bochner, MDJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Basic SciencePeter H. Schur, MD
Harvard Medical School
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Drug AllergyN. Franklin Adkinson, Jr., MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Food AllergyScott H. Sicherer, MD, FAAAAI
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
ImmunologyE. Richard Stiehm, MD
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
ImmunotherapyPeter S. Creticos, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Philip S. Norman, MD Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Insect AllergyDavid B. Golden, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Pediatric AllergyRobert A. Wood, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Rhinitis and SinusitisJonathan Corren, MD
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Urticaria and AngioedemaSarbjit Saini, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
3www.uptodate.com | Tel: +31 172 641440 | Email: [email protected]
CardiologyCo-Editors-in-ChiefMorton F. Arnsdorf, MD, MACC
Pritzker School of Medicine of the University of Chicago
Nathan A. Estes, MDTufts University School of Medicine
Bernard J. Gersh, MB, ChB, DPhil, FRCPMayo Medical School
Sharon A. Hunt, MDStanford University School of Medicine
Catherine M. Otto, MDUniversity of Washington
Deputy EditorsGordon M. Saperia, MD, FACC
Tufts University School of MedicineSusan B. Yeon, MD, JD, FACC
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsCalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Cardiac ArrhythmiasMorton F. Arnsdorf, MD, MACC
Pritzker School of Medicine of the University of Chicago
Leonard I. Ganz, MDTemple University School of Medicine
Bradley P. Knight, MD, FACCPritzker School of Medicine of the University of Chicago
Samuel Levy, MDUniversity of Marseille, France
Mark Link, MDTufts Medical School
Brian Olshansky, MDUniversity of Iowa Medical Center
Richard L. Page, MDUniversity of Washington School of Medicine
Peter J. Zimetbaum, MDHarvard Medical School
Nathan A. Estes, MDTufts University School of Medicine
Cardiac EvaluationCatherine M. Otto, MD
University of Washington
Cardiac SurgeryGabriel S. Aldea, MD
University of Washington School of Medicine
Edward Verrier, MDUniversity of Washington School of Medicine
Congenital Heart DiseaseHeidi M. Connolly, MD
Mayo Medical SchoolThomas P. Graham, Jr., MD
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Coronary DiseaseChristopher P. Cannon, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolBernard J. Gersh, MB, ChB, DPhil, FRCP
Mayo Medical SchoolAllan S. Jaffe, MD
Mayo Medical SchoolJuan Carlos Kaski, MD, DM, DSc, FRCP,
FESC, FACCSt. George’s Hospital Medical School, London
Guy S. Reeder, MDMayo Medical School
Scott Solomon, MDHarvard Medical School
Freek Verheugt, MD, FACC, FESCUniversity of Nijmegen, Netherlands
ElectrocardiographyAry L. Goldberger, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolDavid M. Mirvis, MD
University of Tennessee College of Medicine
Heart FailureWilson S. Colucci, MD
Boston University School of MedicineStephen S. Gottlieb, MD
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Heart TransplantationSharon A. Hunt, MD
Stanford University School of Medicine
HypertensionGeorge Bakris, MD
Rush Medical CollegeNorman M. Kaplan, MD
University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
Interventional CardiologyDonald Cutlip, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolDavid O. Williams, MD
Brown University Medical School
Lipid DisordersMason W. Freeman, MD
Massachusetts General Hospital Lipid Metabolism Unit
Robert S. Rosenson, MDUniversity of Michigan
Myopericardial DiseaseBernard J. Gersh, MB, ChB, DPhil, FRCP
Mayo Medical SchoolMartin M. LeWinter, MD
University of VermontWilliam J. McKenna, MD
University College, London
Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging and Stress TestingJeroen J. Bax, MD, PhD
Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Ami E. Iskandrian, MDUniversity of Alabama, Birmingham
Warren J. Manning, MDHarvard Medical School
Patricia A. Pellikka, MDMayo Clinic College of Medicine
Nelson B. Schiller, MDUniversity of California, San Francisco
Peripheral Arterial DiseaseDenis L. Clement, MD, PhD
University of Ghent, BelgiumEmile R. Mohler III, MD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
StrokeJose Biller, MD, FACP, FAAN, FAHA
Stritch School of MedicineScott E. Kasner, MD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Valvular DiseaseWilliam H. Gaasch, MD
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Catherine M. Otto, MDUniversity of Washington
Dermatology
Editor-in-Chief Jeffrey Callen, MD, FACP
University of Louisville School of Medicine
Deputy EditorAbena O. Ofori, MD, FAAD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsCosmetic DermatologyJeffrey S. Dover, MD, FRCPC
Yale University School of Medicine
in development
4
General DermatologyRobert P. Dellavalle, MD, PhD, MSPH
University of Colorado Denver and Colorado School of Public Health
Melanocytic Nevi and MelanomaHensin Tsao, MD, PhD
Harvard School of Medicine
Nonmelanoma Skin CancerJune K. Robinson, MD
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Pediatric DermatologyMoise L. Levy, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Skin and Systemic DiseaseJeffrey Callen, MD, FACP
University of Louisville School of Medicine
EndocrinologyCo-Editors-in-ChiefDavid S. Cooper, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
David M. Nathan, MDHarvard Medical School
Peter J. Snyder, MDUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Deputy EditorsKathryn A. Martin, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolJean E. Mulder, MD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsAdrenal DiseaseAndre Lacroix, MD
University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lynnette K. Nieman, MDNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH
Bone DiseaseMarc K. Drezner, MD
University of Wisconsin Medical SchoolClifford J. Rosen, MD
University of Maine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Diabetes MellitusRury R. Holman, FRCP
University of OxfordDavid M. Nathan, MD
Harvard Medical School
Female Reproductive EndocrinologyRobert L. Barbieri, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolWilliam F. Crowley, Jr., MD
Harvard Medical School
Fluid and Electrolyte DisordersRichard H. Sterns, MD
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
HypertensionGeorge Bakris, MD
University of Chicago-Pritzker School of Medicine
Norman M. Kaplan, MDUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical School
Lipid DisordersMason W. Freeman, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolRobert S. Rosenson, MD
University of Michigan
Male Reproductive EndocrinologyAlvin M. Matsumoto, MD
University of Washington School of Medicine
Peter J. Snyder, MDUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
ObesityF. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, MD, MPH
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Pituitary DiseaseDavid S. Cooper, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Peter J. Snyder, MDUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Thyroid DiseaseDavid S. Cooper, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Douglas S. Ross, MDHarvard Medical School
Family MedicineCo-Editors-in-ChiefPatrick Dowling, MD, MPH
The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
Carlos R. Jaen, MD, PhDUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Warren P. Newton, MD, MPHUniversity of North Carolina School of Medicine
E. Robert Schwartz, MDUniversity of Miami School of Medicine
Jeff L. Susman, MDUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Deputy EditorsDavid M. Rind, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolH. Nancy Sokol, MD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsAdult OrthopedicsPatrice Eiff, MD
Oregon Health Sciences University
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
DermatologyRobert P. Dellavalle, MD, PhD, MSPH
University of Colorado Denver and Colorado School of Public Health
General MedicineMark D. Aronson, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolRobert H. Fletcher, MD, MSc
Harvard Medical SchoolSuzanne W. Fletcher, MD
Harvard Medical School
GeneticsBenjamin A. Raby, MD, MPH
Harvard Medical School
GeriatricsKenneth E. Schmader, MD
Duke UniversityDurham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers
LipidsMason W. Freeman, MD
Massachusetts General Hospital Lipid Metabolism Unit
5www.uptodate.com | Tel: +31 172 641440 | Email: [email protected]
Robert S. Rosenson, MDUniversity of Michigan
NutritionTimothy O. Lipman, MD
Veterans Affairs Medical Center
OphthalmologyJonathan Trobe, MD
University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center
OtorhinolaryngologyDaniel G. Deschler, MD, FACS
Harvard Medical School
PsychiatryThomas L. Schwenk, MD
University of Michigan Health System
Spinal Disease and Back PainSteven J. Atlas, MD, MPH
Harvard Medical School
Substance AbuseMark S. Gold, MD
University of Florida College of Medicine
UrologyMichael P. O’Leary, MD, MPH
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Gastroenterology and HepatologyCo-Editors-in-ChiefSanjiv Chopra, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolJ. Thomas LaMont, MD
Harvard Medical School
Deputy EditorsPeter A.L. Bonis, MD
Tufts University School of MedicineCarla H. Ginsburg, MD, MPH, AGAF
Harvard Medical SchoolAnne C. Travis, MD, MSc, FACG
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsAcid Peptic DiseaseMark Feldman, MD
Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas
Alcoholic and Metabolic Liver DiseaseMarshall M. Kaplan, MD
Tufts University School of Medicine
Anorectal Disorders and Misc. Lower GI DiseaseJ. Thomas LaMont, MD
Harvard Medical School
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Cholestatic Liver DiseasePaul Angulo, MD
University of Kentucky
Cirrhosis and its ComplicationsBruce A. Runyon, MD
Loma Linda University Medical Center
EUS/ERCPDouglas A. Howell, MD, FASGE, FACG
University of Vermont-Maine Medical Center
Gallbladder and Biliary Tract DiseaseSanjiv Chopra, MD
Harvard Medical School
General GastroenterologyLawrence S. Friedman, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolTufts University School of Medicine
General HepatologySanjiv Chopra, MD
Harvard Medical School
Hepatitis BRafael Esteban, MD
Hospital General Valle Hebron
Hepatitis CAdrian M. Di Bisceglie, MD
St. Louis University School of Medicine
Inflammatory Bowel DiseasePaul Rutgeerts, MD, PhD, FRCP
University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
Liver TransplantationRobert S. Brown Jr., MD, MPH
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Motility DisordersNicholas J. Talley, MD, PhD
University of Newcastle and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Nutrition, Malabsorption, and Misc. Upper GI DiseaseJ. Thomas LaMont, MD
Harvard Medical School
Pancreatic DiseaseDavid C. Whitcomb, MD, PhD
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Therapeutic and Diagnostic EndoscopyAdam Slivka, MD, PhD
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
John R. Saltzman, MD, FACP, FACGHarvard Medical School
HematologyCo-Editors-in-ChiefRichard A. Larson, MD
University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine
Lawrence L.K. Leung, MDStanford University School of Medicine
Stanley L. Schrier, MDStanford University School of Medicine
Deputy EditorsRebecca F. Connor, MDStephen A. Landaw, MD, PhD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsBone Marrow TransplantationNelson J. Chao, MD
Duke University School of MedicineRobert S. Negrin, MD
Stanford University School of Medicine
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Disorders of Hemostasis and CoagulationLawrence L.K. Leung, MD
Stanford University School of MedicinePier Mannuccio Mannucci, MD
University of Milan, Italy
LeukemiaRichard A. Larson, MD
University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine
Bob Lowenberg, MD, PhDErasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Lymphoproliferative DisordersArnold S. Freedman, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolTimothy M. Kuzel, MD
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
Andrew Lister, MD, FRCP, FRCPath, FRCRSt. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London
6
Myeloproliferative DisordersStanley L. Schrier, MD
Stanford University School of Medicine
Plasma Cell DisordersRobert A. Kyle, MD
Mayo Medical School
Red Cell DisordersWilliam C. Mentzer, MD
University of California San FranciscoStanley L. Schrier, MD
Stanford University School of Medicine
Transfusion MedicineSteven Kleinman, MD
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Arthur J. Silvergleid, MDFlorida Blood Services
White Blood Cell DisordersNancy Berliner, MD
Harvard Medical School
Infectious DiseasesCo-Editors-in-ChiefJohn G. Bartlett, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Stephen B. Calderwood, MDHarvard Medical School
Martin S. Hirsch, MDHarvard Medical School
Daniel J. Sexton, MDDuke University Medical Center
Peter F. Weller, MDHarvard Medical School
Deputy EditorsElinor L. Baron, MD, DTMH
Tufts University School of MedicineBarbara H. McGovern, MD
Tufts University School of MedicineAnna R. Thorner, MD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsAntimicrobial DrugsStephen B. Calderwood, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolDavid C. Hooper, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolDaniel J. Sexton, MD
Duke University Medical Center
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
CNS InfectionsStephen B. Calderwood, MD
Harvard Medical School
Compromised Host InfectionsMichael Boeckh, MD
University of WashingtonKieren A. Marr, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Endocarditis and BacteremiaStephen B. Calderwood, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolDaniel J. Sexton, MD
Duke University Medical Center
Fungal InfectionsCarol A. Kauffman, MD
University of Michigan Medical SchoolKieren A. Marr, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Gastrointestinal InfectionsStephen B. Calderwood, MD
Harvard Medical School
Global HealthJohn A. Bartlett, MD
Duke University Medical CenterKilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre
Gram-negative RodsStephen B. Calderwood, MD
Harvard Medical School
Gram-positive CocciDaniel J. Sexton, MD
Duke University Medical Center
Head and Neck InfectionsStephen B. Calderwood, MD
Harvard Medical School
Hepatitis/HIV CoinfectionDavid Thomas, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
HIV Drug ResistanceDaniel R. Kuritzkes, MD
Brigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical School
HIV InfectionJohn G. Bartlett, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
HIV and PregnancyLynne M. Mofenson, MD
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH
Hospital-acquired InfectionsAnthony Harris, MD, MPH
University of Maryland
Immunizations and TravelKarin Leder, MBBS, FRACP, PhD, MPH,
DTMHMonash University
Peter F. Weller, MDHarvard Medical School
Lyme DiseaseAllen C. Steere, MD
Harvard Medical School
MalariaJohanna Daily, MD
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial InfectionsC. Fordham von Reyn, MD
Dartmouth Medical School
Other Tick, Flea, Mite, Louse-borne InfectionsDaniel J. Sexton, MD
Duke University Medical Center
Parasitic InfectionsPeter F. Weller, MD
Harvard Medical School
Pulmonary InfectionsJohn G. Bartlett, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Daniel J. Sexton, MDDuke University Medical Center
Skin, Soft Tissue and Bone InfectionsDaniel J. Sexton, MD
Duke University Medical Center
TuberculosisC. Fordham von Reyn, MD
Dartmouth Medical School
Upper Respiratory InfectionsStephen B. Calderwood, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolDaniel J. Sexton, MD
Duke University Medical Center
Urinary Tract InfectionsStephen B. Calderwood, MD
Harvard Medical School
Viral InfectionsMartin S. Hirsch, MD
Harvard Medical School
7www.uptodate.com | Tel: +31 172 641440 | Email: [email protected]
NephrologyCo-Editors-in-ChiefDaniel C. Brennan, MD
Washington University School of Medicine
Richard J. Glassock, MD, MACPThe David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
Burton D. Rose, MDHarvard Medical School
Steve J. Schwab, MDCollege of Medicine, University of Tennessee
Deputy EditorsTheodore W. Post, MDAlice M. Sheridan, MD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsCalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Chronic Kidney DiseaseGary C. Curhan, MD, ScD
Harvard Medical School
Cystic DiseaseRonald D. Perrone, MD
Tufts University School of Medicine
DialysisJeffrey S. Berns, MD
University of Pennsylvania Medical Center-Presbyterian
Thomas A. Golper, MDVanderbilt University Medical Center
Steve J. Schwab, MDCollege of Medicine, University of Tennessee
Fluid and Electrolyte DisordersRichard H. Sterns, MD
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Michael Emmett, MDBaylor University Medical Center
Glomerular DiseasesGerald B. Appel, MD
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Richard J. Glassock, MD, MACPThe David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
HypertensionGeorge Bakris, MD
University of Chicago-Pritzker School of Medicine
Norman M. Kaplan, MDUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical School
Mineral and Bone MetabolismStanley Goldfarb, MD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Renal FailurePaul Palevsky, MD
University of Pittsburgh
Renal OsteodystrophyL. Darryl Quarles, MD
University of Kansas Medical Center
Renal TransplantationDaniel C. Brennan, MD
Washington University School of Medicine
Barbara Murphy, MDMount Sinai School of Medicine
NeurologyCo-Editors-in-ChiefMichael J. Aminoff, MD, DSc
University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
Timothy A. Pedley, MDColumbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Jerome B. Posner, MDMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Deputy EditorsJohn F. Dashe, MD, PhD
Tufts University School of MedicineJanet L. Wilterdink, MD
Brown University Medical School
Section EditorsBehavioral and Cognitive NeurologyMario F. Mendez, MD, PhD
University of California, Los Angeles
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
DementiaSteven T. DeKosky, MD, FAAN
University of Virginia School of Medicine
EpilepsyTimothy A. Pedley, MD
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
HeadacheJerry W. Swanson, MD
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Medical NeurologyMichael J. Aminoff, MD, DSc
University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
Movement DisordersHoward I. Hurtig, MD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Multiple SclerosisFrancisco Gonzalez-Scarano, MD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Neuromuscular DiseaseJeremy M. Shefner, MD, PhD
Upstate Medical University
NeurooncologyJay S. Loeffler, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolJerome B. Posner, MD
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Patrick Y. Wen, MDHarvard Medical School
NeuroophthalmologyPaul W. Brazis, MD
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
NeuroradiologyEric D. Schwartz, MD
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Neurovirology and NeuroAIDSFrancisco Gonzalez-Scarano, MD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Pediatric NeurologyDouglas R. Nordli, Jr., MD
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Marc C. Patterson, MD, FRACPMayo Clinic College of Medicine
StrokeJose Biller, MD, FACP, FAAN, FAHA
Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine
Scott E. Kasner, MDUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
8
Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s HealthEditor-in-ChiefRobert L. Barbieri, MD
Harvard Medical School
Deputy EditorsVanessa A. Barss, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolSandy J. Falk, MD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsAnesthesia in Obstetrics and GynecologyDavid Hepner, MD
Harvard Medical School
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Diabetes in PregnancyMichael F. Greene, MD
Harvard Medical School
Family PlanningMimi Zieman, MD
Emory University School of Medicine
Female Reproductive EndocrinologyRobert L. Barbieri, MD
Harvard Medical School
General GynecologyRobert L. Barbieri, MD
Harvard Medical School
Gynecologic OncologyBarbara Goff, MD
University of Washington
Gynecologic SurgeryWilliam J. Mann, Jr., MD
Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA
Howard T. Sharp, MDUniversity of Utah Health Sciences Center
ImagingDeborah Levine, MD
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical School
Minimally Invasive Gynecologic SurgeryTommaso Falcone, MD, FRCSC, FACOG
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
ObstetricsCharles J. Lockwood, MD
Yale University School of MedicineSusan M. Ramin, MD
University of Texas Medical School at Houston
Prenatal Diagnosis and GeneticsLouise Wilkins-Haug, MD, PhD
Harvard Medical School
Urogynecology and Pelvic Organ ProlapseLinda Brubaker, MD, FACS, FACOG
Loyola University Health System
OncologyCo-Editors-in-ChiefGeorge P. Canellos, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolLowell Schnipper, MD
Harvard Medical School
Deputy EditorsRachel Lerner, MD, MS
Massachusetts General HospitalMichael E. Ross, MDDiane M.F. Savarese, MD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsBladder CancerSeth P. Lerner, MD
Baylor College of MedicineDerek Raghavan, MD, PhD
Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center
Breast CancerJulie R. Gralow, MD
University of WashingtonDaniel F. Hayes, MD
University of Michigan School of Medicine
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Cancer of the KidneyMichael B. Atkins, MD
Harvard Medical School
Cancer of the Lung and MediastinumJames R. Jett, MD
Mayo Clinic College of MedicineRogerio C. Lilenbaum, MD, FACP
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine The Mount Sinai Cancer Center
Arthur T. Skarin, MDHarvard Medical School
Cancer of the Urethra, Penis and UreterJerome P. Richie, MD, FACS
Harvard Medical School
Chemotherapy RegimensJohn W. Mucenski, PharmD
UPMC Cancer Centers
Complications of CancerReed E. Drews, MD
Harvard Medical School
End of Life CareEzekiel Emanuel, MD, PhD
National Institute of HealthLinda Emanuel, MD, PhD
Northwestern Feinburg School of Medicine
Gastrointestinal MalignanciesRichard M. Goldberg, MD
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
Kenneth K. Tanabe, MDHarvard Medical School
Head and Neck CancerBruce E. Brockstein, MD
University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine
Marshall R. Posner, MDHarvard Medical School
Malignant Melanoma and Other Cutaneous NeoplasmsMichael B. Atkins, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolRobert S. Stern, MD
Harvard Medical School
Neoplasms in AIDS and Post-transplantationBruce J. Dezube, MD
Harvard Medical School
Neoplasms of Bone and Soft TissueThomas F. DeLaney, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolRobert Maki, MD, PhD
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
NeurooncologyJay S. Loeffler, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolJerome B. Posner, MD
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Patrick Y. Wen, MDHarvard Medical School
9www.uptodate.com | Tel: +31 172 641440 | Email: [email protected]
Prostate CancerW. Robert Lee, MD, MS, MEd
Duke University Medical CenterJerome P. Richie, MD, FACS
Harvard Medical SchoolNicholas Vogelzang, MD
University of Nevada School of Medicine
Radiation TherapyDavid M. Brizel, MD
Duke University Medical SchoolBrian Kavanagh, MD, MPH
University of ColoradoArno J. Mundt, MD
University of California, San DiegoLori J. Pierce, MD
University of MichiganDavid E. Wazer, MD
Tufts University School of MedicineChristopher G. Willett, MD
Duke University Medical School
Supportive CarePaul J. Hesketh, MD
Lahey Clinic Medical CenterTufts University School of Medicine
Testicular CancerPhilip W. Kantoff, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolDana Farber Cancer Institute
William K. Oh, MDMount Sinai School of MedicineTisch Cancer Institute
PediatricsCo-Editors-in-ChiefSheldon L. Kaplan, MD
Baylor College of MedicineF. Bruder Stapleton, MD
University of Washington
Deputy EditorsAlison G. Hoppin, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolMelanie S. Kim, MD
Boston University School of MedicineMary M. Torchia, MD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsAdolescent MedicineAmy B. Middleman, MD, MPH, MS Ed
Baylor College of MedicineAbigail English, JD
Center for Adolescent Health and the Law
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Developmental and Behavioral PediatricsMarilyn Augustyn, MD
Boston University School of MedicineCarolyn Bridgemohan, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolElizabeth B. Caronna, MD
Boston University School of Medicine
General PediatricsJan E. Drutz, MD
Baylor College of MedicineTeresa K. Duryea, MD
Baylor College of MedicineMartin I. Lorin
Baylor College of Medicine
GeneticsHelen V. Firth, DM FRCP DCH
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
NeonatologySteven A. Abrams, MD
Baylor College of MedicineJoseph A. Garcia-Prats, MD
Baylor College of MedicineLeonard E. Weisman, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
NutritionKathleen J. Motil, MD, PhD
Baylor College of Medicine
Pediatric Allergy and ImmunologyE. Richard Stiehm, MD
University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine
Robert A. Wood, MDJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Pediatric CardiologyDavid R. Fulton, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolJohn K. Triedman, MD
Harvard Medical School
Pediatric DermatologyMoise L. Levy, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Pediatric EndocrinologyJohn L. Kirkland, MD
Baylor College of MedicineJoseph I. Wolfsdorf, MB, BCh
Harvard Medical School
Pediatric GastroenterologyGeorge D. Ferry, MD
Baylor College of MedicineCraig Jensen, MD
Baylor College of MedicineWilliam J. Klish, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Pediatric HematologyDonald H. Mahoney, Jr., MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Pediatric HepatologyElizabeth B. Rand, MD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Pediatric HIV InfectionMark W. Kline, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Pediatric Infectious DiseasesMorven S. Edwards, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Pediatric NephrologyTej K. Mattoo, MD, DCH, FRCH
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Patrick Niaudet, MDHôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris
Pediatric NeurologyDouglas R. Nordli, Jr., MD
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Marc C. Patterson, MD, FRACPMayo Clinic
Pediatric OncologyAlberto S. Pappo, MD
St. Jude Children’s Research HospitalJulie Park, MD
University of WashingtonDavid G. Poplack, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Pediatric OphthalmologyEvelyn A. Paysse, MD
Baylor College of MedicineRichard A. Saunders, MD
Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina
Pediatric Oral HealthAnn Griffen, DDS, MS
Ohio State UniversityDimitris N. Tatakis, DDS, PhD
The Ohio State University College of Dentistry
Pediatric OrthopedicsWilliam Phillips, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
10
Pediatric OtolaryngologyEllen M. Friedman, MD
Baylor College of MedicineGlenn C. Isaacson, MD, FAAP, FACS
Temple University School of Medicine
Pediatric PulmonaryGeorge B. Mallory, MD
Baylor College of MedicineGregory Redding, MD
University of Washington School of Medicine
Pediatric RheumatologyThomas J.A. Lehman, MD
Cornell University Medical CenterRobert Sundel, MD
Harvard Medical School
Pediatric Sleep MedicineRonald D. Chervin, MD, MS
University of Michigan Sleep Disorders Center
Pediatric Sports MedicineJoseph Chorley, MD
Baylor College of MedicineAlbert C. Hergenroeder, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Pediatric UrologyLaurence S. Baskin, MD, FAAP
University of California at San Francisco
Psychiatry
Co-Editors-in-ChiefPeter P. Roy-Byrne, MD
University of Washington School of Medicine
Murray B. Stein, MD, MPHUniversity of California San Diego
Deputy EditorsRichard Hermann, MD
Tufts University School of MedicineDavid Solomon, MD
Brown University School of Medicine
Section EditorsAnxiety DisordersMurray B. Stein, MD, MPH
University of California San Diego
Bipolar DisordersPaul Keck, MD
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Depressive DisordersPeter P. Roy-Byrne, MD
University of Washington School of Medicine
Mental and Medical DisordersJonathan M. Silver, MD
New York University School of Medicine
Personality DisordersAndrew Skodol, MD
University of Arizona College of Medicine
Psychotic DisordersStephen Marder, MD
Semel Institute of Neuroscience at UCLA
Somatoform DisordersJoel Dimsdale, MD
University of California, San Diego
Substance Use DisordersMark S. Gold, MD
University of Florida College of Medicine
Kathleen Brady, MD, PhDMedical University of South Carolina
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineCo-Editors-in-ChiefPeter J. Barnes, DM, DSc, FRCP, FRS
National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, London
Talmadge E. King, Jr., MDUniversity of California San Francisco School of Medicine
Polly E. Parsons, MDUniversity of Vermont College of Medicine
Mark H. Sanders, MDUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Deputy EditorsHelen Hollingsworth, MD
Boston University School of MedicineKevin C. Wilson, MD
Boston University School of Medicine
Section EditorsAsthmaPeter J. Barnes, DM, DSc, FRCP, FRS
National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College, London
Bruce S. Bochner, MDJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseJames K. Stoller, MS, MD
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Critical CareScott Manaker, MD, PhD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Polly E. Parsons, MDUniversity of Vermont College of Medicine
Interstitial Lung DiseaseKevin R. Flaherty, MD, MS
University of Michigan Health SystemTalmadge E. King, Jr., MD
University of California San Francisco School of Medicine
Interventional PulmonologyPraveen N. Mathur, MB, BS
Indiana University School of Medicine
Lung TransplantationElbert P. Trulock, MD
Washington University School of Medicine
Pleural DiseaseSteven A. Sahn, MD
Medical University of South Carolina
Pulmonary PathologyAndrew Nicholson, MD
Imperial College of Medicine, London
Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseJess Mandel, MD
University of California San Diego
Sleep (Non-obstructive sleep disorders)Mark W. Mahowald, MD
University of Minnesota Medical School
Mark H. Sanders, MDUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Sleep (Obstructive sleep disorders)Robert C. Basner, MD
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
in development
11www.uptodate.com | Tel: +31 172 641440 | Email: [email protected]
Mark H. Sanders, MDUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Thoracic ImagingNestor L. Muller, MD, PhD
University of British Columbia
RheumatologyEditor-in-ChiefPeter H. Schur, MD
Harvard Medical School
Deputy EditorsJerry M. Greene, MD
Harvard Medical SchoolPaul L. Romain, MD
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsBasic SciencePeter H. Schur, MD
Harvard Medical School
CalculatorsLouis Leff, MD, FACP
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Crystal DiseasesMichael A. Becker, MD
Pritzker School of Medicine of the University of Chicago
H. Ralph Schumacher, Jr., MDUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Diagnostic Issues in RheumatologyRobert H. Shmerling, MD
Harvard Medical School
LupusDavid S. Pisetsky, MD, PhD
Duke University Medical Center
Muscle DiseaseIra N. Targoff, MD
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
OsteoarthritisPeter Tugwell, MD
University of Ottawa
Pain Disorders in RheumatologyDon L. Goldenberg, MD
Tufts University School of Medicine
Rheumatoid ArthritisR.N. Maini, BA, MB BChir, FRCP,
FmedSci, FRSImperial College London
James R. O’Dell, MDUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center
SclerodermaJohn S. Axford, DSc, MD, FRCP
St. George’s University of London
Soft Tissue Rheumatic DiseaseZacharia Isaac, MD
Harvard Medical School
SpondyloarthropathiesJoachim Sieper, MD
Charitè, University Medicine Berlin
Treatment Issues in RheumatologyDaniel E. Furst, MD
University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine
Eric L. Matteson, MD, MPHMayo Clinic College of Medicine
VasculitisGene G. Hunder, MD
Mayo Clinic College of MedicineJohn H. Stone, MD, MPH
Massachusetts General Hospital
Surgery
Co-Editors-in-ChiefRaphael E. Pollock, MD
The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center
David Soybel, MDHarvard Medical School
Deputy EditorsKathryn A. Collins, MD, PhD, FACSRosemary B. Duda, MD, MPH, FACS
Harvard Medical SchoolSusan E. Pories, MD, FACS
Harvard Medical School
Section EditorsAbdominal Wall and Hernia SurgeryRichard Turnage, MD
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Anesthesia and AnalgesiaStephanie B. Jones, MD
Harvard Medical School
Bariatric and Metabolic SurgeryVivek N. Prachand, MD, FACS
University of Chicago Medical Center
Breast SurgeryAnees B. Chagpar, MD, MSc, MPH
University of Louisville
Burn SurgeryMarc G. Jeschke, MD, PhD
Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreUniversity of Toronto
Colorectal SurgeryMartin Weiser, MD
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Endocrine SurgerySally E. Carty, MD, FACS
University of Pittsburgh
General Surgical PrinciplesHilary Sanfey, MD
SIU School of Medicine
Head and Neck SurgeryAmy C. Hessel, MD, FACS
The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center
Minimally Invasive SurgeryJeffrey Marks, MD
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary SurgeryStanley W. Ashley, MD
Brigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical School
Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryCharles E. Butler, MD, FACS
The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center
Skin and Soft Tissue SurgeryRussell S. Berman, MD
New York University Langone Medical Center
Thoracic SurgeryJoseph S. Friedberg, MD
University of Pennsylvania
Trauma SurgeryRosemary Kozar, MD
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Upper GI SurgeryDavid Soybel, MD
Harvard Medical School
Urologic SurgeryJerome P. Richie, MD, FACS
Harvard Medical School
Vascular SurgeryJohn F. Eidt, MD
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Joseph L. Mills, Sr, MDUniversity of Arizona Health Sciences Center
in development
UpToDate, Inc. | 95 Sawyer Road | Waltham, MA 02453-3471 | www.uptodate.com ©UpToDate, Inc. 07/10 SKU#000007INT
INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATION
P.O. Box 42400 MA Alphen aan den Rijn,The Netherlands
Tel: +31 172 641440
Fax: +31 172 641486
Email:international@ uptodate.com
Evidence-based Medicine Advisory GroupGordon Guyatt, MD
McMaster UniversityRoman Jaeschke, MD
McMaster UniversityHolger Schunemann, MD
Italian National Cancer Institute in RomeMcMaster University
Yngve Falck-Ytter, MDCase Western Reserve University
UpToDate FacultyFounding Editor, UpToDateBurton D. Rose, MD
Harvard Medical School
Editor-in-Chief, UpToDateDenise S. Basow, MD
Chief Medical OfficerPeter A.L. Bonis, MD
Executive EditorsTheodore W. Post, MDDavid M. Rind, MD
Senior Deputy EditorsVanessa A. Barss, MDMelanie S. Kim, MDKathryn A. Martin, MDMichael E. Ross, MDH. Nancy Sokol, MDMary M. Torchia, MDJanet L. Wilterdink, MD
Deputy EditorsElinor L. Baron, MD, DTMHKathryn A. Collins, MD, PhD, FACSRebecca F. Connor, MDJohn F. Dashe, MD, PhDRosemary B. Duda, MD, MPH, FACSPracha Eamranond, MD, MPHSandy J. Falk, MDAnna M. Feldweg, MDCarla H. Ginsburg, MD, MPH, AGAFJonathan Grayzel, MD, FAAEMJerry M. Greene, MDRichard Hermann, MDHelen Hollingsworth, MDAlison G. Hoppin, MDStephen A. Landaw, MD, PhDRachel Lerner, MD, MSBarbara H. McGovern, MDLeah K. Moynihan, RNC, MSNJean E. Mulder, MDAbena O. Ofori, MD, FAADSusan E. Pories, MD, FACSPaul L. Romain, MDGordon M. Saperia, MD, FACCDiane M.F. Savarese, MDAlice M. Sheridan, MDDavid Solomon, MDElizabeth TePas, MD, MSAnna R. Thorner, MDAnne C. Travis, MD, MSc, FACGConstanza Villalba, PhDJames F. Wiley, II, MD, MPHKevin C. Wilson, MDSusan B. Yeon, MD, JD, FACCJonathan M. Zand, PharmD