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Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends...

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Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat Yusef Samari
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Page 1: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Urban biodiversity conservation:Sharing the human habitat

Yusef Samari

Page 2: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Outline

• Urbanisation trends• Characteristics of the urban habitat• Why conserve urban biodiversity?• Managing urban green spaces for biodiversity: quantifying potential trade-offs

Page 3: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

All organisms change their environment

• Ecosystem engineers• “It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organized creatures.”  - Charles Darwin 1881

Page 4: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Yiwu, east China

Competition for the earthworm?

Page 5: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Humans are becoming an urban species

• 30% urban in 1950 – 66% urban 2050United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014).World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352).

Page 6: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

What is urban?

• Scotland – settlement of 3,000+• England/ Wales– settlement of 10,000+• Finland – settlement of 200, no more than 50m between buildings

• India – settlement of 5000, min density of 400/ km2, >75% “main male working population not employed in agriculture”

• Increase in population density• Increase in concentration of  built structures

Page 7: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Extent of the urban habitat

Due to increase by 1.2 million km2 by 2030 – 300% compared to 2000Seto, K. C., Güneralp, B., & Hutyra, L. R. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40): 16083-16088.

Page 8: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Characteristics of  the urban habitat

Page 9: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

• Converting land• Changing climate

• Moving species around

The Anthropocene epoch

Steffen, W., Broadgate, W., Deutsch, L., Gaffney, O., & Ludwig, C. (2015). The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great acceleration. The Anthropocene Review 2(1): 81-98.

 

Page 10: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Cities are habitat mosaics               Urban                                       Savanna  

• High habitat heterogeneity (scale dependent)

• Fragmented vegetation

Page 11: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

A global city environment?

Groffman, P. M., Cavender-Bares, J., Bettez, N. D., Grove, J. M., Hall, S. J., Heffernan, J. B., ... & Nelson, K. (2014). Ecological homogenization of urban USA. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12(1): 74-81.

 

Page 12: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Socioeconomics / culture as ecological drivers

Hope, D., Gries, C., Zhu, W., Fagan, W. F., Redman, C. L., Grimm, N. B., ... & Kinzig, A. (2003). Socioeconomics drive urban plant diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(15): 8788-8792.

Page 13: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Why conserve urban biodiversity?

Page 14: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Threats: homogenisation

• Urban environments are more similar to each other than their rural counterparts

• Humans may have similar preferences around the world

• May filter a suite of closely related species, from the regional pool – Generalists that are well adapted to the urban environment

– Plant species that people like

Page 15: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Threats: homogenisation

Groffman, P. M., Cavender-Bares, J., Bettez, N. D., Grove, J. M., Hall, S. J., Heffernan, J. B., ... & Nelson, K. (2014). Ecological homogenization of urban USA. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12(1): 74-81.

 

Page 16: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Threats: extinctions

Aronson, M. F., La Sorte, F. A., Nilon, C. H., Katti, M., Goddard, M. A., Lepczyk, C. A., ... & Dobbs, C. (2014, April). A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proc. R. Soc. B 281 (1780) 20133330

Page 17: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Jennifer Owen’s garden

A suburban garden in Leicester with 2,673 species of flora and fauna, including474 different plants, 80 spiders, 183 bugs,375 moths442 beetles.

Cities are not biodiversity deserts

Page 18: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Cities are not biodiversity deserts

Sirohi, M. H., Jackson, J., Edwards, M., & Ollerton, J. (2015). Diversity and abundance of solitary and primitively eusocial bees in an urban centre: a case study from Northampton (England). Journal of Insect Conservation, 19(3), 487-500.

Page 19: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Cities are hotspots for threatened species

• Challenge: Most areas of forecasted future urban expansion are in “biodiversity hotspots” – high biodiversity threat through habitat loss

• Opportunity: We can protect a relatively large number of species through a relatively small land area (with appropriate management)

Ives, C. D., Lentini, P. E., Threlfall, C. G., Ikin, K., Shanahan, D. F., Garrard, G. E., ... & Rowe, R. (2016). Cities are hotspots for threatened species. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25(1), 117-126.

Page 20: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Human benefits of urban biodiversity

Fuller, R. A., Irvine, K. N., Devine-Wright, P., Warren, P. H., & Gaston, K. J. (2007). Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity. Biology Letters 3(4): 390-394.

Page 21: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

How to conserve urban biodiversity?

• Grow cities in ways that minimise their impact on existing biodiversity

• Improve habitat in cities to support more biodiversity

Page 22: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Enhancing biodiversity in urban green spaces

Page 23: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Why green spaces?

• Urban green spaces such as parks, roadside verges and golf courses typically cover a large proportion of urban area

• Recent research has shown they support low pollinator populations per unit area

• Good target for improvement

Page 24: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

• City councils manage large areas on limited budgets

• Floral meadows are expensive

Constraints: cost

Page 25: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Urban green spaces are highly managed ecosystems

• Mowed 2-6 times per month for 9 months• Herbicide, fertiliser, etc.

Page 26: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Biodiversity could be improved by managing more

Page 27: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

…or managing less

Page 28: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

What is the relationship between investment and biodiversity value per 

unit area?

Page 29: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Constraints: public appreciation

• Biodiversity is (often) messy

• Features that people don’t like, don’t tend to stick around

Page 30: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

What is the relationship between biodiversity value and public 

appreciation?

Page 31: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Does biodiversity influence human behaviour?

Page 32: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

What are the trade-offs between management cost, biodiversity value 

and amenity value? 

Page 33: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Edinburgh as a testing ground

• ~60 floral meadows throughout the city– High investment

• “Naturalised Grassland” created by relaxing mowing regime– Low investment

Page 34: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Questions

• How do the management cost and biodiversity value of the different management options vary with area?

• Do the different options vary in the biodiversiy they support?

• Which of the different management options is preferred by humans?

• How do the different management options influence human behaviour (litter, dog fouling)?

Page 35: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Measurements

• 20-30 sites, each with annual meadow, naturalised grassland and amenity grassland (control) areas

• Survey for plants, pollinators, ground-dwelling invertebrates, birds

• Measure human behaviour (litter, dog fouling, time spent in area)

• Measure human perception 

Page 36: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

ExpectationsNaturalised grassland                         Floral meadow

Page 37: Urban biodiversity conservation: Sharing the human habitat · Outline •Urbanisation trends •Characteristics of the urban habitat •Why conserve urban biodiversity? •Managing

Outcomes

• Platform for future experiments• A model to inform city councils how to best manage an urban green space for biodiversity and people, on a given budget


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