URBAN DESIGN EVOLUTION

8/19/2019 URBAN DESIGN EVOLUTION

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EVOLUTION OF URBAN DESIGN


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Origins and Development

Settlement design has existed since

prehistorical times…what has changed is:

• Needs of the epoch

• Consciousness in approach

• Development of settlement design as a

professional discipline with its own toolsand concepts


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PreInd!strial vs PostInd!strial(Unself-conscious vs (self-conscious

• !he histor" of ur#an design can #roadl" #e categori$edinto preind!strial and post ind!strial …with theRenaissance period forming the interphase%

• Un-self-conscious approach: !his is created #" peoplewho do not thin& of themselves as designers' #ut who doaffect the form of the ur#an environment% Such a designis #ased upon intuitions that are not clearl" stated …e.gresponse to cosmic order or spontaneity

• Self-conscious Approach: !his is created #" peoplewho thin& of themselves as designers% !heir interest is inusing their design s&ills to create a pleasing ur#ansetting% self-conscious approach is usuall" #ased upona set of clearl" stated design ideas or principles%


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)re-*ndustrial (Unconscious(Period prior to the 19th Century)

• +ost of the ur#an development conse,uences

were not considered in detail

• Cities were structured in a comprehensi#le and

legi#le manner…%reflecting the cultures thatcreated them

• a"out of cities was mainl" #ased on ritual and

cosmological s"m#ols…%% ordered aroundceremonial procession routes' or militar"'

religious' and civic landmar&s%


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PreInd!strial "Un#ons#io!s$ % #ont&d

• *nha#itants adapted

to wider social'

ph"sical' and spiritual

order • Communication was

face-to-face

•)u#lic life too& placein pu#lic places (ref.

classical Forum)


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Pre-Industrial (Unconscious) – cont’d

P!'li# realm included:

• )u#lic thoroughfares

• Commercial avenues

and mar&et places(ref. islamic suqs)

• Social promenades

• +eeting places (ref.agoras)

A traditional Islamic town


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Pre-Industrial (Unconscious) – cont’d

• Cities as centres ofcivili$ation were alwa"scomplex and d"namic' oflarger cultural dimensions

and housing grand pu#licceremonies%

• +ost towns did not followpredetermined plans #ut

intuitivel" responded toecological choice' landownership structures andevolution of road andur#an infrastructure%


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The axis and the point had sacredconnotations in settlement design

Pre-Industrial (Unconscious) – cont’dPre-Industrial (Unconscious) – cont’d


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PreInd!strial "Un#ons#io!s$ % #ont&d

Articulation of the


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Design (eat!res o( di((erent preind!strial

#ivili)ations

• Pre*istori#al "+,,, B-$.

the concept of the centre' the cardinal orientation' scale' the axis' and thewall

• -lassi#al "/0,, B-$. scale' proportion' lines of movement' focal points' and visual lin&age%

• Islami# "1,, AD$.

clusters' cul-de-sacs' #uilding heights' visual lin&age' privac"' la#"rinthstreet form (including the cul-de-sac' and focal points (nodes

• 2edieval "3,, AD$. .ierach" of #uildings' visual lin&' perimeter wall design


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Renaissan#e -ivili)ation

"40,, AD$• -osmi# (or#es 5ere displa#ed '6 s#ienti(i# t*eories

and o'servations

• !r'an design #eased to 'e a nat!ral e7pression o(

#omm!nit6 li(e and 'e#ame a m!#* more #ons#io!sartisti# sel(e7pression

• renaissan#e !r'an design 5as mainl6 on aest*eti#s

as per#eived '6 t*e !ser o( p!'li# pla#es

• T*!s8 it *as 'een arg!ed t*at mainstream !r'andesign 5as 'orn in t*e renaissan#e age


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Design (eat!res o( t*e Renaissan#e

• reg!lar geometri# spa#es(entire cities or parts of

• t*e primar6 streets

• t*e p!'li# pla#es 9s:!ares9pia))as 5it*s#!lpt!res and (o!ntains

• se:!en#e and perspe#tive;

Ideal cities of regular geometry


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Design features of the /enaissance (cont0d

Pulic places and primarystreets showing se!uence andperspecti"e


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Ind!strial2odern "-ons#io!s$ Age

"43,, AD$

• *ndustrial ge was characteri$ed #" capitalism and rapidur#ani$ation that #ro&e down pre-industrial order

• 1ith introduction of machiner" and factor" s"stem' the

great mass of wor&force was separated from the land'nature' and social life

• s a living environment' the 23th centur" cit" was

conspicuous in its omissions. …………%its gross under-provision of pu#lic open space'educational facilities' communit" #uildings' and all those aspectsthat did not attract economic profit' #ut which were central to good

citi$en life%


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• !hus' it has #een argued that “urban design was

murdered in the industrial age”.

• .owever' the dar& side of industrial cities was

enough to trigger a whole s"stem of reforms

#ased on pu#lic responsi#ilit" and enterprises%

• +inimal standards of all &inds (roads' housing'

gardens' #uilding heights' e%t%c were slowl"evolved leading to improved living standards%


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• 2ainstream Ur'an design originated in t*e late 43t*#ent!r6 at t*e *eart o( #it6 planning8 as #ivi# or to5n design in aso#ial #onte7t

• T*ese 5ere attempts "o( planners and engineers8 ar#*ite#ts8 andso#ial re(ormers$ to #ome to grips 5it* t*e pro'lems #reated '6rapid ind!striali)ation and !r'ani)ation o( t*e late 43 t* #ent!r6

• 5*en planning (irst 'e#ame instit!tionali)ed in t*e 5est in t*eearl6


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Design (eat!res o( t*e Ind!strial Age

Some of the concepts tested included:• Suburban decentralization (illiam !orris)"

• #arden city ($benezer %oward)&

• 'eighbourhood (%enrietta arnett Raymond *nwin)&• +onser,ation the par- mo,ement

(Fredric- aw /lmsted)&

• 0rtistic +ity 1lanning (+amillo sitte)

• inear city (Soria 4 +atta'

• 2deal industrial city (3ony #arnier)


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Design (eat!res o( t*e Ind!strial Age "#ontin!ed$

Industrial #ity (T$%arnier)

&inear #ity

('oria ata)

*loating #ity(+$ +i,uta,e)


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Design (eat!res o( t*e Ind!strial Age "#ontin!ed$

oward’s garden #ity

Above: concepts

Left: odel town of.elwyn


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+odern ge Ur#an Design

• 2odernist ">se#ond generation?$ ideals 'egan to ta=e s*ape int*e 430,s a(ter t*e @orld @ar II;

• T*ese '!ilt on t*e pre5ar e7periments s!#* as o5ard&sGarden -it6;

• T*e6 e7pressed a romanti# (!sion o( ma#*ineage modernism5it* t*e pi#t!res:!e aest*eti#s o( traditional8 *ig*densit6 preind!strial to5ns;

• As 'eing part o( t*e 5ider str!#t!re o( #ompre*ensiveplanning8 !r'an design all!ded to t*e pro#ess o( >S!rve6Anal6sisPlan? 5*i#* 5as t*e (orer!nner to t*e rationalde#ision model arti#!lated '6 t*e (o!nding (at*ers s!#* asPatri#= Geddes "43418 4313$


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• Designs were to #e served #" a sophisticated

pu#lic transport s"stem

• Ur#an renewal' slum clearance' and newhousing too& centre stage

• +odern designers attempted to assimilate themassive technological and societal changes thatso affected life at that time

• !hus' it can #e said that “mainstream urbandesign was resurrected in the modern age”


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+odern ge Ur#an Design (cont0d

Some of the prominent wor&s included:

• 3he city beautiful mo,ement (+amillo Sitte)

• 'ew +ommunities !o,ement

(+larence stein& ewis !umford)

• +ity of 4 million and plan ,oisin for rebuilding

1aris (e +orbusier)

• road acre city

(fran- loyd right)

• +irculation models

(ouis 5han6s 1hiladelphia 5enzo 3ange6s 3o-yo).


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#loc,wise/ A0'plan of &ondon(1234)5 0adurn (cul-de-sac)5 #handigarh5#ity of 3 millionpeople (centralportion)


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Plan for To,yo

- KenzoTange

6road Acre #ity

– Llyod Wright

ile-highs,yscraper

– Llyod


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)ost-+odernism5Neomodernism

• Neomodernists propounded an influential view of thelatet5entiet* #ent!r6 #it6 as re,uiring a response thatrecognises #oth its d"namic and indeterminate characterin the face of glo#al mar&et forces and the continuingneed to impose minimum ordering principles%

• *t ma&es use of a series of unconventional formaltechni,ues to create ur#an interventions that express theessential fragmentation or spatial and temporal

complexit" of our age

• common theme in Neomodernist wor& is the attempt to>de#onstr!#t? modernist architectural forms


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• )ostmodernism departs from modernism in its

emphasis on complex' am#iguous anddiscordant ur#an forms as well as d"namic andanti-functional approaches to design

• !he neo-modernist themes of technolog"'flexi#ilit"' and indeterminac" derive from theur#an concepts of a previous generation ofarchitectural visionaries%

• !hus' it can #e said that 6urban design is beingquestioned7interrogated in the postmodern

period”


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E7amples o( Neomodernist 5or=

• 1arc de la 8illette (ernard 3schumi)• Cardiff opera house (9aha %adid)

• 7ffice for +etropolitan rchitecture (Rem5oolhaas)

• 8uggenheim +useum' 9il#ao (Fran- #herry)


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Ts#*!mi&s Neomodernist 5or=

Above: Above: Lausanne businessLausanne business

park park

Right:Right: Par de la !illettePar de la !illette


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Ne5 Ur'anism"


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-onte7t!al appli#ations

!hrough space and time' ur#an design has #eenexplored in the following areas with different levels ofsuccess:

• Visioning9!topia "4C,,s$. towards desira#le ur#an

futures:(ref. cities of imagination)

• Sl!m !pgrading "4C,,s$. reactions to the slum cities:(ref. city of the dreadful night" city of the permanentunderclass)

• E:!it6 "4C3,s$. in search of autonomous ur#ancommunities (ref. +ity of Sweat $quity)


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• 2ass transit "43,,s$. connecting cities to

su#ur#s through pu#lic transport s"stems(ref.the mass transit suburb).

• Garden -ities "43,,s$. ideal Ur#an communit"

design (ref. the city in the garden)

• 2etropolitan design "43,,s$. concern withcities in the regional sense (ref. city in the

region)

• -ivi# Design and p!'li# aest*eti#s "43,,s$. Concern with cit" #eaut"…cit" #eautifulmovement:(ref. city of monuments)


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Contextual applications (cont0d

• Densi(i#ation "43


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T7 789


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Parc de la "illette


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URBAN DESIGN EVOLUTION

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