Urban design in Britain

7/31/2019 Urban design in Britain

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/urban-design-in-britain 1/125

O K

G ] B F @ I R G

RZJAF @B_ICF

Ddbbdyf'@a~ibs



rzjaf bsicf okg}bfìrg

bfcdisl }azpfbzsli}s

plb lkrsifc okz}kzapikf

ddbbdyf'à~ibs



: rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

bfcdisl }azpfbzsli}s

Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s is plb fapikfad nkzob nkz zbcbfbzapikf af`

`b~bdk}gbfp& Krz aig is pk `bdi~bz licl'qradipy$ bdd'`bsicfb`$ srspaifajdb

}daobs nkz }bk}db pk di~b$ kzh af` bfeky& Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s nizgdyjbdib~bs if plb ig}kzpafob kn ckk` rzjaf `bsicf af` bf~izkfgbfpad

srspaifajidipy& Plzkrcl }kdioy `b~bdk}gbfps b bfokrzacb5 srspaifajdb

a}}zkaolbs pk di~ifc plzkrclkrp krz `b~bdk}gbfps$ 8 a gi| kn rsbs af`

pbfrzbs pk ozbapb di~bdy }daobs pk di~b af` kzh8 af` iffk~apikf if `bsicf

af` okfspzropikf kn plb jridp bf~izkfgbfp& Plzkrcl okddajkzapi~b bsicf

kzhslk}s fb `b~bdk}gbfps idd bfeky5 ~ijzafp$ jrp sanb$ spzbbps af`

}daobs8 af` licl'qradipy }rjdio zbadg& Jy bfokrzacifc af ifodrsi~b a}}zkaol

pk bsicf b oaf ozbapb bf~izkfgbfps plap oaf gbbp plb fbb`s kn add rsbzs&

If plis ay$ Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s oaf okfpifrb pk }day af ig}kzpafp zkdb if

}zkgkpifc jbsp }zaopiob if bsicf qradipy af` srspaifajidipy if plb

zbcbfbzapikf af` `b~bdk}gbfp if`rspzy&

plb lkrsifc okz}kzapikf

Plb Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf zbcrdapbs Zbcispbzb` _koiad Daf`dkz`s ,Z_Ds)

if Bfcdaf` af` if~bsps if plb fb lkrsifc plap plby }zk~i`b& Plb

Okz}kzapikf’s zkdb af` spzapbcy zbndbop plb za}i` czkpl kn plb Z_D sbopkz&

Plis is a zbsrdp kn jkpl plb pzafsnbz kn dkoad arplkzipy lkrsifc pk fb kz

b|ispifc Z_Ds af` kn fb b~bdk}gbfp af` zbcbfbzapikf$ sr}}kzpb` ipl a

gi| kn }rjdio af` }zi~apb nrfìfc& If add as}bops kn Z_Ds’ kzh$ plb

Okz}kzapikf bfokrzacbs qradipy if `bsicf af` sbz~iob spafàz`s af`

zbokcfisbs plb fbb` nkz odksb ok'k}bzapikf ipl zbsi`bfps af` kplbz

acbfoibs& Plis is pk bfsrzb plap zbskrzobs azb rsb` pk jbsp bnnbop pk ozbapb

srspaifajdb okggrfipibs&

Rzjaf @bsicf Addiafob5 Gbssacb kn _r}}kzp

Plb Rzjaf @bsicf Addiafob ,R@AD) is bdiclpb` pk sr}}kzp Bfcdisl

]azpfbzsli}s af` plb Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf if plb sbokf` bìpikf kn plb

Rzjaf @bsicf Okg}bfìrg 1 af` plb fb }rjdioapikf kn Rzjaf @bsicf

Okg}bfìrg :& R@AD jzifcs pkcbplbz }zknbssikfad af` gbgjbzsli}

kzcafisapikfs okggippb` pk ig}zk~ifc plb qradipy kn rzjaf dinb plzkrcl

rzjaf `bsicf$ aigifc pk nkspbz czbapbz aazbfbss af` liclbz spafàz`s&

Rzjaf @bsicf Okg}bfìrg :$ dihb plb nizsp ~kdrgb$ idd gahb a sicfinioafpokfpzijrpikf pk aolib~ifc plbsb ckads$ lbd}ifc `b~bdk}bzs af` kplbz

}zaopipikfbzs aolib~b ckk` `bsicf plzkrcl jbsp }zaopiob af` ozbapi~b

plifhifc& Plb Okg}bfìrg is af ig}kzpafp `korgbfp nkz b~bdk}bzs$ rzjaf

`bsicfbzs$ }daffbzs$ azolipbops$ srz~bykzs$ daf`soa}b azolipbops$ bfcifbbzs$

jridìfc okfsbz~apikfisps af` a i`b zafcb kn kplbz }bk}db okfobzfb` ipl

ig}zk~ifc plb jridp bf~izkfgbfp&



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg ?

1 plb nrfàgbfpads okfpbfps

1 plb nrfàgbfpads >

1&1 Plb Ig}kzpafob kn Rzjaf @bsicf 1=

1&: Hby As}bops kn @bsicf 1:

1&? Lk plb Okg}bfìrg is Kzcafisb` 10

: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p 1<

:&1 Okggrfipy :=

:&: ]daob ::

:&? Faprzad Zbskrzobs :2

:&0 Okffbopikfs :<

:&2 Nbasijidipy ?=

:&> îsikf ?1

? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?:

?&1 Plb Gk~bgbfp Nzagbkzh ?0

?&1&1 Gk~bgbfp Assbssgbfp ?2

?&1&: Plb Sadhajdb Fbicljkrzlkk` ?2

?&1&? _pzbbp Fbpkzh ?>

?&1&0 Py}bs kn Czi` ?<

?&: Gi|ifc Rsbs ?9

?&:&1 Plb Fbicljkrzlkk` Rfip 0=

?&:&: Olazaopbz Azbas 0=

?&:&? Okg}apijdb Rsbs 01

?&:&0 Gi|b` Nkzgs$ Rsbs af` Rsbzs 01

?&:&2 Obfpzbs 0:

?&:&> B`cbs 0?

?&:&3 Pzafsipikf Ukfbs 02

?&? @bfsipy$ Naoidipib s af` Nkzg 0>

?&?&1 @bfsipy af` Naoidipibs 0>

?&?&: @bfsipy af` Nkzg 03

?&?&? @bfsipy af` Ifpbzikz _}aob 09

?&?&0 @bfsipy af` Pigb 09

?&0 Bfbzcy af` Zbskrzob Bnnioibfoy 2=

?&0&1 _kdaz @bsicf 2=

?&0&: Sapbz 21

?&0&? Bazpl 21

?&0&0 Sif` 2:

?&0&2 Saspb 2:

?&2 Daf`soa}b 2?

?&2&1 K}bf _}aob af` Daf`soa}b @bsicf 20

?&2&: ]rjdio Aoobss pk K}bf _}aob 23

?&2&? K}bf _}aob Fbpkzhs 23

?&2&0 Sid`dinb af` Bokdkcy 23

?&2&2 Pk}kcza}ly 2<

?&2&> Giozkodigapb 29

?&2&3 Gafacbgbfp >=

?&2&< Rzjaf Nkzbspzy >=



0 rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

1 plb nrfàgbfpads

?&> Daf`gazhs$ îspas af` Nkoad ]kifps >1

?&>&1 Daf`gazhs >1

?&>&: îspas >:

?&>&? Nkoad ]kifps >:

?&3 Jdkohs >0

?&3&1 ]bzigbpbz Jdkohs >0

?&3&: Jdkoh _iub >2

?&3&? Jdkoh _la}b >2

?&3&0 Jdkoh Ifpbzikzs >>

?&< ]azobds af` ]dkps >3

?&<&1 ]azobd _iub >3

?&<&: ]dkp _iub >3

?&<&? ]dkp af` ]azobd _rj'ì~isikfs >3

0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs ><

0&1 Sadhifc 31

0&1&1 Plb ]b`bspziaf Bf~izkfgbfp 31

0&: Oyodifc 3?

0&:&1 Plb Oyodisp Bf~izkfgbfp 3?

0&:&: Oyodb Dafbs 3?

0&:&? Oyodb _borzipy 3?

0&? ]rjdio Pzafs}kzp 30

0&?&1 ]rjdio Pzafs}kzp Oapolgbfps 30

0&?&: Jrs ]zk~isikf 30

0&0 _pzbbps af` Pzannio 32

0&0&1 _pzbbp Py}bs 32

0&0&: Gaif Zkrpbs 32

0&0&? _pzbbps as _koiad ]daobs 3>

0&0&0 Pzaohifc 3>

0&0&2 Erfopikfs 33

0&0&> Pzannio oadgifc af` ]b`bspziaf Ozkssifcs 33

0&2 ]azhifc af` _bz~ioifc 3<

0&2&1 ]azhifc _pafàz`s 3<

0&2&: ]ksipikfifc ]azhifc 39

0&2&? Oaz ]azhs <=

0&2&0 _bz~ioifc <1

0&> Rpidipibs Ifnzaspzroprzb <:

0&>&1 _bz~iobs Zkrpifc <:

0&>&: Bqri}gbfp Jk|bs <:

2 `bpaidifc plb }daob <0

2&1 ]ksipi~b Krp`kkz _}aob <>

2&1&1 ]ksipi~b af` Fbcapi~b _}aob <3

2&1&: Jridìfc Difbs af` _bp'jaohs <<

2&1&? Bfodksrzb <<

2&: Afigapifc plb B`cb <9

2&:&1 Aopi~b Nzkfpacb <9

2&:&: Ziolfbss af` Jbarpy 91

2&? Jridìfc _iub af` _oadb 9?

2&?&1 Jridìfc Lbiclp 9?

2&?&: Jridìfc @b}pl 90

2&?&? Okzfbzs 90

2&?&0 Jridìfc Si`pl 92

okfpbfps



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg 2

1 plb nrfàgbfpads

2&0 Jridìfc nkz Olafcb 9>

2&0&1 Grdpi'Rsb Jridìfcs 9>

2&0&: Aà}pajidipy af` Zb'rsb 93

2&2 A Plzi~ifc ]rjdio Zbadg 99

2&2&1 _koiad _}aobs 99

2&2&: @ispifopi~b ]daobs 1=1

2&2&? _pzbbp Nrzfiprzb 1=:

2&2&0 _icfacb 1=0

2&2&2 Diclpifc 1=0

2&> _anbpy af` _bfsb kn _anbpy 1=>

2&>&1 Jrid`'if _anbpy 1=>

2&>&: Ozigb ]zb~bfpikf af` plb ]rjdio Zbadg 1=>

> ig}dbgbfpapikf af` `bdi~bzy 1=<

>&1 Gafacifc Plb @bsicf ]zkobss 111

> &: _ pa cb K fb 5 C bp pi fc _ pa zp b` 11:

>&? _pacb Pk5 A}}zboiap ifc plb Okfpb|p 11?> & 0 _ pa cb Plzbb5 O zbapif c plb Rzjaf _ pzro pr zb

af` Gahifc plb Okffbopikfs 110

>&2 _pacb Nkrz5 @bpaidifc plb ]daob 11>

> &> _ pa cb N i~b 5 N kd dk i fc R } 113

zbnbzbfobs af` nrzplbz zbaìfc 119

if`b| 1:1

aohfkdb`cbgbfps 1::

disp kn pajdbs1&1 Plb Hby ]zifoi}dbs kn Rzjaf @bsicf 10

:&1 Okggrfipy af` ]kdioy A}}zaisad If~bfpkzy :1

:&: Olazaopbz A}}zaisad If~bfpkzy :0

:&? Bf~izkfgbfpad A}}zaisad If~bfpkzy :3

:&0 Gk~bgbfp Afadysis If~bfpkzy :<

:&2 Nbasijidipy A}}zaisad If~bfpkzy ?=

?&1 Plb Jbfbnips kn Gi|b` @b~bdk}gbfp ?9

?&: Plb Jbfbnips kn Liclbz @bfsipibs 0>

?&? @bfsipy Gapzi| 0<

?&0 A Py}kdkcy kn K}bf _}aobs 22

?&2 Py}bs kn ]rjdiody Aoobssijdb K}bf _}aob 2>

0&1 Oapolgbfp Azbas nkz ]rjdio Pzafs}kzp 300&: _pzbbp Py}bs plap Okgjifb Oa}aoipy af` Olazaopbz 32

2&1 Ifìoapi~b _bp'Jaoh @ispafobs aookz ifc pk Dkoapikfad _bppifc <<

2&: Lbiclp pk Si`pl Zapiks <<

2&? Aopi~b Nzkfpacb Cri`bdifbs <9

2&0 Plb Ig}dioapikfs kn Jridìfc @b}pl 90

2&2 Zbokggbfàpikfs nkz @bpaidb` @bsicf kn Gi|b`'rsb Jridìfcs 93

>&1 @bsicf Gafacbgbfp Ndkolazp 11=

okfpbfps



=1

PLBNRF@AGBFPAD_

1&1 Plb ig}kzpafob kn rzjaf bsicf 1&: Hby `bsicf }zifoi}dbs 1&? Lk plb Okg}bfìrg is kzcafisb`



Slbf plb Rzjaf @bsicf Okg}bfìrg as nizsp }rjdislb` if :===

ip fkpb` plap qradipy kn bsicf as jbokgifc kfb kn plb gksp

ig}kzpafp ozipbzia if bpbzgififc lbplbz a }zkebop slkrd` jb

bdicijdb nkz }rjdio nrfìfc& _ifob plis pigb rf`bzspafìfc kn plb

ig}kzpafob kn bsicf qradipy if ozbapifc }daobs }bk}db afp pk di~b

af` kzh if las czkf& Add b~bdk}gbfp }zk}ksads ‟ lbplbz nkz

fb b~bdk}gbfp kz zb`b~bdk}gbfp kn sgadd ifnidd sipbs ‟ fbb` pk

`bgkfspzapb plap plby idd jb bdi~bzifc qradipy }daobs&

Ip is plbzbnkzb ~ipad plap plksb b~adrapifc plb qradipy kn bsicf

}zk}ksads la~b skgb criàfob kf lap nkzgs kn rzjaf bsicf

kzh bdd af` ly& _igidazdy plksb b~bdk}ifc }zk}ksads fbb`

ifnkzgapikf kf lap idd jb b|}bopb` kn plbg if pbzgs kn plbiz

if~bspgbfp if }zkebop bsicf&

Plb }rz}ksb kn plb Rzjaf @bsicf Okg}bfìrg is pk lbd} bqri} add

plksb if~kd~b` if plb bdi~bzy kn }daobs ipl criàfob kf aolib~ifc

af` assbssifc plb qradipy kn rzjaf bsicf if b~bdk}ifc af`

zbspkzifc rzjaf azbas&

Ip is fkp af b|larspi~b pb|p& Plb Okg}bfìrg }zk~i`bs af afadysis

kn okzb bsicf issrbs plzkrcl plb innbzbfp spacbs kn plb }zkebop

}zkobss$ nzkg assbssgbfp kn k~bzadd okfpb|p pk boiìfc plb bpaid

kn }zk}ksb` b~bdk}gbfps& Ip is }zifoi}addy ajkrp plb srjspafob kn

rzjaf bsicf if ozbapifc plb }zk`rop& If kplbz kz`s$ lk k b

olafcb plb rzjaf daf`soa}b pk ozbapb }daobs lbzb }bk}db afp pk

di~b$ kzh af` skoiadisb$ nzkg plb spzbbp okzfbz pk plb jzaf` fb

sbppdbgbfp& Plb Okg}bfìrg is fkp cbfbzaddy ifpbf`b` as a cri`b

kf lk bsicf zbdapbs pk plb bpaid kn plb }daffifc af`

gafacbgbfp }zkobss& Lkb~bz$ b a``zbss plbsb issrbs if plb

fb okg}afikf }rjdioapikf “Rzjaf @bsicf Okg}bfìrg :5

@bdi~bzifc Qradipy ]daobs’&

Plb gapbziad iplif plb Okg}bfìrg zbndbops ckk` }zaopiob jkpl

if plb RH af` k~bzsbas$ zbdyifc kf plb spzbag kn fb af`

zbìsok~bzb` a}}zkaolbs pk rzjaf bsicf plap bgbzcb` ap plb bf`

kn plb pbfpibpl obfprzy& Plb zbcbfbzapikf gk~bgbfp las jbbf ap

plb nkzbnzkfp kn }zk`roifc plis fb a~b kn plifhifc ajkrp lk

`bsicf oaf }ksipikf b~bdk}gbfp if plb gazhbp$ olafcb

}bzob}pikfs kn }daob af` ozbapb ~adrb& Plbzb is adsk a spzkfc jk`y kn zbsbazol pk jb zaf r}kf lap okfspiprpbs rzjaf qradipy&




Plb Okg}bfìrg as b~bdk}b` nkddkifc plb kzh kn plb Rzjaf

Pash Nkzob$ liol as bspajdislb` jy plb Ck~bzfgbfp pk okfsi`bz

lk b oaf rsb a }zkebopb` :=" ifozbasb if plb frgjbz kn

lkrsblkd`s if Bfcdaf` k~bz plb fb|p := ybazs as a jasis nkzzbcbfbzapifc krz pkfs af` oipibs& If ips 1999 nifad zb}kzp5 Pkaz`s

af Rzjaf Zbfaissafob ‟ plb pash nkzob oadddb` nkz

`bsicf'db` zbcbfbzapikf& Plis db` pk i`bz sr}}kzp nkz ig}zk~ifc

`bsicf qradipy$ }azpiordazdy plzkrcl plb }daffifc }zkobss&

Plb Okg}bfìrg as b~bdk}b` pk okg}dbgbfp plb @BPZ+

Okggissikf nkz Azolipboprzb af` plb Jridp Bf~izkfgbfp bsicf

cri`b “Jy @bsicf5 Rzjaf @bsicf if plb ]daffifc _yspbg5 Pkaz`s

jbppbz }zaopiob& Plis korgbfp as }rjdislb` pk }zkgkpb liclbz

spafàz`s if rzjaf bsicf af` }zk~i`b skrf`$ }zaopioad a`~iob pk

lbd} ig}dbgbfp plb Ck~bzfgbfp’s okggipgbfp pk ckk` `bsicf$ as

sbp krp if ]daffifc ]kdioy Criàfob Fkpb ?5 Lkrsifc ,:===)&

If plb ybazs sifob plbsb korgbfps bzb }rjdislb` plbzb las jbbf

ifozbasifc ck~bzfgbfp okggipgbfp pk plb ig}zk~bgbfp kn

`bsicf qradipy& ]daffifc ]kdioy _papbgbfp 1 ,:==2) odbazdy spapbs

plap “licl qradipy af` ifodrsi~b bsicf slkrd` jb plb aig kn add

plksb if~kd~b` if plb b~bdk}gbfp }zkobss’&

@bs}ipb plis czkifc rf`bzspafìfc kn plb ig}kzpafob kn ckk`

rzjaf bsicf OAJB’s lkrsifc arìp la~b licldiclpb` plbzb azb nb

licl qradipy solbgbs aopraddy jbifc `bdi~bzb` kf plb czkrf`& Plis

bìpikf kn plb Okg}bfìrg is plbzbnkzb aookg}afib` jy Rzjaf

@bsicf Okg}bfìrg :5 @bdi~bzifc Qradipy ]daobs$ liol }zk~i`bs

`bpaidb` criàfob kf lk pk k~bzokgb hby jazzibzs if plb bsicf

}zkobss liol orzzbfpdy ig}b`b bdi~bzy kn qradipy }daobs&

Sly Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s af` plb Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf;

Nkz k~bz a boa`b Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s af` plb Lkrsifc

Okz}kzapikf la~b db` plb ay kf jbladn kn plb }rjdio sbopkz if

}zkgkpifc iffk~apikf if plb bsicf kn }zkebops plby azb if~kd~b` if&

Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s las adays bg}lasisb` plb ig}kzpafob kn

`bsicf af` qradipy af` las }rp plb dapbsp plifhifc ifpk }zaopiob if

ips }zkebops af` plksb kn ips }azpfbzs& Ip las }ikfbbzb` fb

pbolfiqrbs srol as Bfqrizy jy @bsicf af` @bsicf Okìfc kf ips

}zkebops af` }zkgkpb` iffk~apikf plzkrcl okg}bpipikfs srol as

@bsicf nkz Gafrnaoprzb af` plb Oazjkf Oladdbfcb& Ip as adsk plb

nizsp jk`y pk sbp okg}diafob ipl Jridìfc nkz Dinb assbssgbfp

ozipbzia as a spafàz` zbqrizbgbfp kf add }zkebops& Plis bg}lasis

kf bsicf las zbsrdpb` if }zkebops kn b|ob}pikfad bsicf qradipy

jbifc bdi~bzb`&

< rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

1 plb nrfàgbfpads

Czbbfiol Giddbffirg iddacb is adzba`y bgkfspzapifc

fb nkzgs kn oipy di~ifc



Ckk` bsicf is kfb kn plb hby bdbgbfps liol lbd} plb Lkrsifc

Okz}kzapikf aolib~b plbiz aig pk if~bsp if lkgbs plap ozbapb

srspaifajdb bf~izkfgbfps& Plis gbafs ozbapifc azbas plap azb

`bsizajdb$ lbadply$ sanb af` jbppbz }daobs nkz }bk}db kn add acbs pkdi~b af` ndkrzisl& Plb Okz}kzapikf rf`bzspaf`s plap ckk` bsicf

oaf ozbapb appzaopi~b srspaifajdb okggrfipibs nkz zbsi`bfps af`

erspiny plbiz sbfsb kn }zi`b if plbiz bf~izkfgbfp&

K~bz plb }asp boa`b plb Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf la~b rsb` jkpl

plbiz _olbgb @b~bdk}gbfp _pafàz`s af` okg}bpipi~b ji`ìfc

}zkobss pk ig}zk~b spafàz`s af` plb qradipy kn bsicf& If

a`ìpikf plb Okz}kzapikf af` plb Dkoad Ck~bzfgbfp Asskoiapikf

la~b aczbb` a fapikfad }zkpkokd liol sbps krp lk plby idd

kzh pkcbplbz if bfsrzifc plap licl qradipy annkzàjdb lkrsifc is

jridp af` gafacb`&

Plb jzifcifc pkcbplbz kn plb Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf$ Bfcdisl

]azpfbzsli}s af` sicfinioafp }azps kn Okggrfipibs af` Dkoad

Ck~bzfgbfp ifpk a sifcdb acbfoy idd }zk~i`b a kfb'spk} slk} nkz

dkoad arplkzipibs af` plbiz }azpfbzs& Sipl a srjspafpiad jr`cbp nkz

lkrsifc af` zbcbfbzapikf aopi~ipibs plis acbfoy idd la~b

sicfinioafpdy czbapbz ozipioad gass plaf afy kn plb b|ispifc

kzcafisapikfs aopifc kf plbiz kf& Iffk~apikf if bsicf idd

zbgaif a nrfàgbfpad pbfbp kn plb fb acbfoy if ga|igisifc

plb bdi~bzy kn zbcbfbzapikf af` fb lkgbs&

Slk slkrd` rsb plb Okg}bfìrg;

Plb Okg}bfìrg as b~bdk}b` pk cri`b }kdioy b~bdk}gbfp

af` }zaopioad a}}dioapikf if fb b~bdk}gbfp af` zbcbfbzapikf

nkz jkpl Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s af` plb Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf& Ip as

adsk lk}b` pk la~b i`bz zbdb~afob sk ip krd` ifnkzg af` assisp

add plksb if~kd~b` if fb `b~bdk}gbfp af` zbcbfbzapikf af`

okfpzijrpb pk plb ig}zk~bgbfp kn lkrsifc'db` zbcbfbzapikf

}zkebops af` plb }zkgkpikf kn srspaifajdb fb b~bdk}gbfp&

_ifob }rjdioapikf k~bz :2$=== ok}ibs kn plb okg}bfìrg la~bjbbf ispzijrpb` kzdì`b af` ip las jbokgb a spafàz` pb|p nkz

plksb spr`yifc rzjaf bsicf kzdì`b& Ip is adsk jbifc

pzafsdapb` ifpk Olifbsb$ Hkzbaf af` _bzjiaf ipl ifpbzbsp nzkg

sb~bzad kplbz okrfpzibs&

Plb }zifoi}dbs if plb Okg}bfìrg zbgaif okfspafp af` b lk}b

plby okfpifrb pk ifnkzg af` assisp plksb if~kd~b` if ozbapifc af`

`bdi~bzifc }daobs&

Nkz plksb zbqrizifc nrzplbz criàfob kf plb }zaopioad bdi~bzy kn

qradipy }daobs plb Okg}bfìrg slkrd` jb zba` if okferfopikfipl “Rzjaf @bsicf Okg}bfìrg :5 @bdi~bzifc Qradipy ]daobs’&


1 plb nrfàgbfpads

Plb Criffbss Pzrsp af` Hficlpspkfb Lkrsifc

Asskoiapikf la~b okgjifb` if Nzkgb$ _kgbzsbp$

pk ozbapb “Plb ]iccbzibs’ ‟ a gi| kn licl `bfsipy

lkrsifc plap zbs}kf`s sbfsipi~bdy pk dkoad okfpb|p



Rzjaf bsicf zas pkcbplbz plb gafy spzaf`s kn }daob'gahifc '

bf~izkfgbfpad zbs}kfsijidipy$ skoiad bqripy af` bokfkgio ~iajidipy$ nkz

b|ag}db ' ifpk plb ozbapikf kn }daobs kn jbarpy af` ìspifop i`bfpipy& Rzjaf

`bsicf is bzi~b` nzkg jrp pzafsobf`s zbdapb` gappbzs srol as }daffifcaf` pzafs}kzpapikf }kdioy$ azolipboprzad `bsicf$ `b~bdk}gbfp bokfkgios$

daf`soa}b af` bfcifbbzifc& Ip `zas plbsb af` kplbz spzaf`s pkcbplbz& If

srggazy$ rzjaf `bsicf is ajkrp ozbapifc a ~isikf nkz af azba af` plbf

`b}dkyifc plb shidds af` zbskrzobs pk zbadisb plap ~isikf&

_ifob plb _bokf` Skzd` Saz$ plis okrfpzy las sbbf ~bzy b|pbfsi~b rzjaf

`b~bdk}gbfp af` zbfbad& Slidb plbzb azb b|ob}pikfs$ a czbap bad kn plis

`b~bdk}gbfp las jbbf pliz`'zapb af` is daohifc if afy “sbfsb kn }daob’& Ap

kzsp$ plb zbsrdps la~b jbbf kfziclp rcdy af` rf}dbasafp& Nifb rzjaf

najzios la~b jbbf s}kidp plzkrcl plb }zkobss kn zb'`b~bdk}gbfp& Plb

zbgazhajdb jridp lbzipacb ndkifc nzkg plb Bfcdisl rzjaf pzaìpikf las

yibd`b pk jafad af` gkfkpkfkrs b~bdk}gbfp$ lrg`zrg if bsicf af``kgifapb` jy pzannio& Sb la~b zb}bapb` spafàz` lkrsifc py}bs af` daykrps$

zbpaid jk|bs af` zka` daykrps sk gafy pigbs$ ipl dippdb kz fk zbcaz` nkz dkoad

okfpb|p$ rfpid b nif` plap fk adgksp b~bzylbzb dkkhs dihb b~bzylbzb bdsb&

Rfjdkohifc plb jdkohacbs

Plb `b~bdk}gbfp }zkobss$ af` plb }daybzs iplif plap }zkobss ' obfpzad af`

dkoad ck~bzfgbfp$ }kdipioiafs af` }zknbssikfads$ `b~bdk}bzs$ nifafoibzs

af` jrid`bzs ‟ la~b jbokgb bfpafcdb` if a syspbg liol }zk`robs

`b~bdk}gbfps$ jrp fkp }daobs& Sb lk}b plap plis Okg}bfìrg idd nrdnid a

rsbnrd zkdb if zbìzbopifc bnnkzps$ pk ozbapb a nzagbkzh nkz `b~bdk}gbfp as a

okfpzijrpkz pk plb ozbapikf kn qradipy }daobs& Plbzb is a czkifc okggipgbfp

kf plb }azp kn nrfìfc acbfoibs$ as bdd as }daffifc da af` criàfob$ pk

rf`bz}if plis bnnkzp pk bfsrzb plap b~bdk}gbfps idd fkp jb okfsi`bzb`

aoob}pajdb rfdbss plby a``zbss plb issrb kn }daob af` k ip bdd& Pk gahb

qradipy }daobs plb fkzg zaplbz plaf plb b|ob}pikf gbafs k~bzokgifc a

lkdb sbzibs kn okfspzaifps$ ifodrìfc 5

• Plb okg}azpgbfpadisapikf kn }zknbssikfad isoi}difbs ' plb pzannio

bfcifbbz$ olazpbzb` srz~bykz$ azolipbop$ daf`soa}b azolipbop$

}daffbz ' zaplbz plaf a`k}pifc a grdpi'ìsoi}difazy a}}zkaol&

• Plb daoh kn zbokcfipikf kn plb dbcipigapb zkdb kn plb }rjdio sbopkz pk

}zkgkpb licl qradipy `bsicf plzkrcl }daffifc$ sipb assbgjdy$

}zkorzbgbfp af` if~bspgbfp&

• Plb }zb`kgifafpdy okfsbz~api~b$ slkzp pbzg af` sr}}dy'`zi~bf

olazaopbzispios kn plb `b~bdk}gbfp if`rspzy ' }azpiordazdy plb ~kdrgblkrsbjrid`bzs$ lk okfobfpzapb kf plb “lkrsb’ }zk`rop zaplbz plaf

plb ozbapikf kn a “}daob’$ dinbspydb kz okggrfipy&

• Plb }zk}bzpy af` nifafoiad if`rspzibs’ }zbnbzbfob nkz sifcdb rsb solbgbs

af` jridìfcs&

• A daoh kn iffk~apikf if b~bdk}gbfp a}}zkaolbs if zbs}bop kn

srspaifajdb `b~bdk}gbfp$ rsb kn fb pbolfkdkcy$ okfspzropikf

bnnioibfoibs$ af` }daffifc af` `bsicf a}}zk}ziapb nkz plb :1sp obfprzy&

1= rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

1 plb nrfàgbfpads 1&1 plb ig}kzpafob kn rzjaf `bsicf

1

:

?

0



• Zbaopi~b }daffifc af` b~bdk}gbfp okfpzkd a}}zkaolbs af` gif`'sbps$

a}}dyifc qrafpipapi~b spafàz`s ,ukfifc$ `bfsipy$ oaz }azhifc$ }zi~aoy

ìspafobs bpo&) zaplbz plaf }zk~iìfc qradipapi~b a`~iob af` er`cbgbfps &

• Plb daoh kn a zbdiajdb$ zkjrsp af` cbfbzaddy a`k}pb` sbzibs kn cri bdifbsaf` }zkob`rzbs plzkrcl liol licl qradipy bsicf oaf jb }zkorzb`&

B~bzykfb kfs @bsicf

@bsicf is fkp ersp nkz bsicfbzs af` plbiz aokdypbs& Rzjaf bsicf$ dihb add

`bsicf$ slkrd` if~kd~b a ìadkcrb ipl plb orspkgbz$ lbplbz plb b|ispifc

}bk}db iplif af azba kz plksb dihbdy pk gk~b if& Ip is a }zkobss plap fbb`s pk

cbfbzapb af` `za r}kf okfsrgbz ifpbzbsp& Plb rsbzs lkd` plb hfkdb`cb

kn lk af b|ispifc azba kzhs$ ips fbb`s af` }kssijidipibs& Okddajkzapi~b

}daffifc af` bsicf }zkobssbs af` a slazb` rf`bzspafìfc kn plb issrbs

bfsrzb appbfpikf pk dkoad okfobzfs af` zb`rob }kssijdb afpackfisg nzkg

dkoad okggrfipibs pk olafcb&

Dkoad okggrfipibs oaf adsk la~b a zkdb if ig}dbgbfpifc }zkebops af`

gafacifc anpbzoazb& If~kd~bgbfp af` okggipgbfp oaf jb lazfbssb` kf

plbsb nzkfps plzkrcl bazdy if~kd~bgbfp if plb bsicf }zkobss&

Plb okggipgbfp pk ìadkcrb b|pbf`s$ kn okrzsb$ pk plb }zknbssikfad

ifpbzbsps& Rzjaf `bsicf is fkp plb }zk~ifob kn kfb }zknbssikfad czkr}8 ip

slkrd` if~kd~b ekifp kzhifc jbpbbf ìnnbzbfp spahblkd`bzs zb}zbsbfpifc

ìnnbzbfp ifpbzbsps& Plis gbafs plap a nrdd zafcb kn }zknbssikfad shidds fbb`s

pk jb if~kd~b` ap baol spacb kn plb `bsicf }zkobss$ ipl plb pbag gbgjbzs

pbspifc af` oladdbfcifc baol kplbz$ okgifc rf`bz okfpifrad sozrpify nzkg

af ifnkzgb` odibfp$ af` plrs$ plzkrcl ekifp kzhifc$ }zk`roifc a sifcdb

oklbsi~b }zk`rop pk liol add azb okggippb`&


1 plb nrfàgbfpads 1& 1 plb ig}kzpafob kn rzjaf `bsicf

1

:

>3

Jy afadysifc b|ispifc }daobs af` plb okg}db| zbdapikfsli}s jbpbbf

plbiz okfspiprbfp }azps b oaf dbazf pk zbokcfisb af` ozbapb plb qradipibskn a ziol af` spigrdapifc rzjaf bf~izkfgbfp

2

>

3

<

<

2

0

?



1: rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

1 plb nrfàgbfpads 1&: hby as}bops kn `bsicf

_bp krp jbdk is a srggazy kn skgb hby as}bops kn rzjaf bsicf liol zrf

plzkrclkrp plis Okg}bfìrg& Plbsb la~b jbbf `b~bdk}b` ipl s}boinio

zbnbzbfob pk zbcbfbzapikf af` `b~bdk}gbfp issrbs af` }zk~i`b a jasis nkz

spazpifc pk plifh ajkrp a sipb kz azba ' lbplbz af bg}py jzkfnibd` kzczbbfnibd` sipb$ kz nkz plb zbnrzjislgbfp kn af b|ispifc rzjaf azba& As srol

plby ìnnbz if bg}lasis adplkrcl fkp if jzka` }kdioy ìzbopikf$ nzkg `bsicf

}zifoi}dbs kz kjebopi~bs }rjdislb` if kplbz bsicf korgbfps&

Pajdb 1&1 ‟ Hby As}bops kn Rzjaf @bsicf

]daobs nkz ]bk}db

Nkz }daobs pk jb bdd'rsb` af` bdd'dk~b`$ plby grsp jb sanb$ okgnkzpajdb$ ~azib` af`

appzaopi~b& Plby adsk fbb` pk jb ispifopi~b$ af` knnbz ~azibpy$ olkiob af` nrf& ijzafp

}daobs knnbz k}}kzprfipibs nkz gbbpifc }bk}db$ }dayifc if plb spzbbp af` apolifc plb

kzd` ck jy&

Bfziol plb B|ispifc

Fb b~bdk}gbfp slkrd` bfziol plb qradipibs kn b|ispifc rzjaf }daobs& Plis gbafs

bfokrzacifc a ispifopi~b zbs}kfsb plap azisbs nzkg af` okg}dbgbfps ips sbppifc& Plisa}}dibs ap b~bzy soadb ' plb zbcikf$ plb oipy$ plb pkf$ plb fbicjkrzlkk`$ af` plb spzbbp&

Gahb Okffbopikfs

]daobs fbb` pk jb basy pk cbp pk af` jb ifpbczapb` }lysioaddy af` ~israddy ipl plbiz

srzzkrfìfcs& Plis zbqrizbs appbfpikf pk lk pk cbp azkrf` jy nkkp$ jioyodb$ }rjdio

pzafs}kzp af` plb oaz ' af` if plap kz`bz&

Skzh ipl plb Daf`soa}b

]daobs plap spzihb a jadafob jbpbbf plb faprzad af` gaf ga`b bf~izkfgbfp af`

rpidisb baol sipb’s ifpzifsio zbskrzobs ' plb odigapb$ daf`nkzg$ daf`soa}b af` bokdkcy '

pk ga|igisb bfbzcy okfsbz~apikf af` agbfipy&

Gi| Rsbs af` Nkzgs

_pigrdapifc$ bfekyajdb af` okf~bfibfp }daobs gbbp a ~azibpy kn bgaf`s nzkg plb

i`bsp }kssijdb zafcb kn rsbzs$ agbfipibs af` skoiad czkr}s& Plby adsk ba~b pkcbplbz

ìnnbzbfp jridìfc nkzgs$ rsbs$ pbfrzbs af` `bfsipibs&

Gafacb plb If~bspgbfp

Nkz }zkebops pk jb b~bdk}ajdb af` bdd oazb` nkz plby grsp jb bokfkgioaddy ~iajdb$

bdd gafacb` af` gaifpaifb`& Plis gbafs rf`bzspafìfc plb gazhbp okfsi`bzapikfs

kn b~bdk}bzs$ bfsrzifc dkfc pbzg okggipgbfp nzkg plb okggrfipy af` plb dkoad

arplkzipy$ bnififc a}}zk}ziapb bdi~bzy gbolafisgs af` sbbifc plis as }azp kn plb

`bsicf }zkobss&

@bsicf nkz Olafcb

Fb b~bdk}gbfp fbb`s pk jb ndb|ijdb bfkrcl pk zbs}kf` pk nrprzb olafcbs if rsb$

dinbspydb af` bgkcza}ly& Plis gbafs bsicfifc nkz bfbzcy af` zbskrzob bnnioibfoy8

ozbapifc ndb|ijidipy if plb rsb kn }zk}bzpy$ }rjdio s}aobs af` plb sbz~iob ifnzaspzroprzb

af` ifpzk`roifc fb a}}zkaolbs pk pzafs}kzpapikf$ pzannio gafacbgbfp af` }azhifc&



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg 1?

1 plb nrfàgbfpads 1& : hby as}bops kn `bsicf

Plb pajdb jbdk sbps krp lk plbsb hby as}bops kn rzjaf bsicf zbdapb pk plb

}zifoi}dbs af` kjebopi~bs if hby bsicf korgbfps

Plb nkddkifc ola}pbzs ifpbz}zbp plbsb }zifoi}dbs nkz baol spacb kn

}zkebop b~bdk}gbfp&

R@O1Hby as}bops kn rzjaf `bsicf

Jy @bsicf]zifoi}dbs kn rzjaf `bsicf

]zifobs Nkrfàpikf@bsicf af`plbkzy }zifoi}dbs

Zbs}kfsi~bBf~izkfgbfps

]]_1]zifoi}dbs kn ckk` `bsicf

]daobs nkz }bk}db Qradipy kn plb }rjdiozbadg

Gahb ]daobs Zkjrspfbss ozbapb af bf~izkfgbfp lbzbb~bzykfb oaf aoobss af`jbfbfip nzkg plb nrdd zafcbkn k}}kzprfipibs a~aidajdb pkgbgjbzs kn skoibpy

Okfpifripy af`Bfodksrzb

Bfziol plb b|ispifc Olazaopbz Jrid` jbarpinrddy îsrad a}}zk}ziapbfbss jb ifpbczapb` ifpk plb b|ispifcrzjaf nkzg af` plb faprzad af`jridp bf~izkfgbfps

Ziolfbss

Gahb okffbopikfs Basb kn Gk~bgbfp Addk gk~bgbfpdkcioaddy af` dbcijdy

]bzgbajidipy jb ifpbczapb` ifpk plb b|ispifcrzjaf nkzg af` plb faprzad af`jridp bf~izkfgbfps

Dbcijidipy Dbcijidipy a``zbss plb okffbopikfsjbpbbf }bk}db af` }daobs jyokfsi`bzifc plb fbb`s kn }bk}dbpk aoobss ekjs af` hby sbz~iobs

Skzh ipl plbdaf`soa}b

@bsicf rsifc faprzadlazgkfios

okfsi`bz plb ìzbop af` ifìzbopig}aops kf plb faprzadbf~izkfgbfp&

Gi| rsbs af` nkzg @i~bzsipy Bfcbf`bz skoiadifpbzaopikf

âzibpy a``zbss plb okffbopikfsjbpbbf }bk}db af` }daobs jyokfsi`bzifc plb fbb`s kn }bk}dbpk aoobss ekjs af` hby sbz~iobs

Gafacb plbif~bspgbfp

_rspaif daf` ~adrb

@bsicf nkz olafcb Aà}pajidipy ]bzskfadisapikf ozbapb af bf~izkfgbfp lbzbb~bzykfb oaf aoobss af`jbfbfip nzkg plb nrdd zafcbkn k}}kzprfipibs a~aidajdb pk

gbgjbzs kn skoibpy




1 plb nrfàgbfpads

Plb sok}b kn plb Okg}bfìrg

Plb Okg}bfìrg las jbbf bsicfb` pk assisp ap plzbb db~bds kn }zkebop

`b~bdk}gbfp 5

1 Okggissikfifc af` sbppifc r} `b~bdk}gbfp }zkebops

Bfsrzifc plap plis okg}db| }zkobss is kfb if a ay plap bfsrzbs plap bsicf

is ifpbczapb` plzkrclkrp plb b~kdrpikf kn a }zkebop& Plbzbnkzb$ ap plb ~bzy

bazdy spacbs kn a }zkebop$ plb Okg}bfìrg ifsisps plap rzjaf bsicf issrbs

azb okfsi`bzb`$ lbplbz if zbs}bop kn plb bokfkgio a}}zaisad$ plb

}zb}azapikf kn af bf~izkfgbfpad spapbgbfp$ plb `b~bdk}gbfp kn a

okggrfipy }azpioi}apikf spzapbcy kz kplbz pashs&

: @bsicfifc ifì~i`rad solbgbs

Siplif af k~bzadd `b~bdk}gbfp nzagbkzh$ plb Okg}bfìrg }zk~i`bs

a`~iob plap idd jb rsbnrd if `bsicfifc ifì~i`rad `b~bdk}gbfp solbgbs$

nzkg af bfpizb jdkoh pk af ifì~i`rad }dkp& Nkz b|ag}db$ plb criàfob oaf jb

rsb` pk lbd} okfspzrop ifì~i`rad sipb b~bdk}gbfp jzibns&

? B~adrapifc }zkebop }zk}ksads if `bsicf pbzgs

Nzkg gaekz azba zbcbfbzapikf solbgbs kz pkf b|pbfsikfs pk sgadd

a}}dioapikfs nkz ca} nrfìfc$ ifì~i`rad jridìfcs kz s}aobs$ plb

Okg}bfìrg oaf }zk~i`b plb b~adrapifc pbag ipl plb pziccbzs ip zbqrizbs

pk bfsrzb a okg}zblbfsi~b assbssgbfp kn a }zkebop’s `bsicf }kpbfpiad af` ip

oaf }kifp nrfìfc jkìbs if plb ziclp izbopikf& Lkb~bz ip is fkp a srjspiprpb

nkz }zkebop s}boinio s}boiadisp a`~iob&

Plb spzroprzb kn plb Okg}bfìrg

Plb Okg}bfìrg nkddks plb olzkfkdkcy kn plb }zkebop b~bdk}gbfp

}zkobss ,sbb dbnp)&

Ap pigbs ig}kzpafp a`~iob is zb}bapb` jrp b gahb fk a}kdkcy nkz plis& Nkz

b|ag}db$ issrbs plap azb ozroiad pk gahifc plb ziclp okffbopikfs gay adsk jb

bssbfpiad pk plb }appbzf kn plb k~bzadd spzroprzb& Pk lbd} plb zba`bz if gahifc

plb ziclp er`cbgbfps as pk lap is zbdb~afp af` lap is fkp$ af` pk assisp plb

gafy zba`bzs lk idd afp pk “ i} ifpk’ plb Okg}bfìrg$ zaplbz plaf zba`

ip ok~bz pk ok~bz$ plbzb azb nzbqrbfp ozkss'zbnbzbfobs&

1&? lk plb okg}bfìrg is kzcafisb`

A}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|pLk rzjaf bsicf plifhifc ifpbz}zbps af` jrid`s

r}kf lispkzio olazaopbz$ faprzad zbskrzobs af` plbas}izapikfs kn dkoad okggrfipibs$ af` azzi~bs ap a

zbadispio ~isikf kn lap a }daob giclp jbokgb&

Ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzbSkzhifc krp plb ifpbz'zbdapikfsli} jbpbbf`b~bdk}gbfp jdkohs$ spzbbps$ jridìfcs$ k}bf s}aob$daf`soa}b af` add plb kplbz nbaprzbs plap gahb

r} rzjaf azbas&

Gahifc plb okffbopikfsAolib~ifc srspaifajdb gk~bgbfp syspbgs ‟ plb

zka`s$ spzbbps$ nkkp}apls$ }rjdio pzafs}kzp zkrpbs$czbbf okzzi`kzs$ af` syspbgs nkz }zk~iìfc sbz~iobrpidipibs$ add kn liol ig}zk~b rzjaf dinb &

@bpaidifc plb }daobOkfsi`bzifc plb bpaid kn jridìfcs af` plb }rjdiozbadg$ af` plb ozroiad ifpbznaob jbpbbf plbg ' plbokzfbz pzbapgbfps$ plb zkkn'difbs$ plb }a~bgbfp$

plb spzbbp diclpifc bpo&

Ig}dbgbfpapikf af` `bdi~bzyGafacifc plb bsicf }zkobss pk bfsrzb plap a

okggipgbfp pk qradipy okfpifrbs jbykf` okg}dbpikfkn okfspzropikf&

Plb _pzroprzb kn plb Okg}bfìrg




1 plb nrfàgbfpads

Plb ~adrb kn criàfob

Pahbf pkcbplbz$ criàfob okfpaifb` iplif plb Okg}bfìrg zbdapifc pk

jkpl plb “}zk`rop’ af` “}zkobss’ kn rzjaf bsicf }zk~i`bs a okg}zblbfsi~b

k~bz~ib& Ybp plis is fkp a pioh'jk| b|bzoisb& A fkpb kn oarpikf is zbqrizb`& If`bsicf criàfob$ as if kplbz nibd`s$ plbzb is a skzp kn if~bzsb rpidipy zrdb8 plb

~adrb kn fb gbasrzbs ìgifislifc as a nrfopikf kn pigb& Plb gkzb plby azb

ifspiprpikfadisb`$ plb dbss plbiz rpidipy& A odassio oasb is plb kzicifad Bssb|

@bsicf Cri`b ' a nizsp odass }ibob kn kzh if ips pigb ' za}i`dy a`k}pb` jy

}daffifc `b}azpgbfps af` plbf jy plb `b~bdk}gbfp if`rspzy& Plis db` pk

}bzgissikfs jbifc kf kf a “ bbgb` pk okg}dy’ jasis$ adgksp zbcaz`dbss kn

plb aoprad `bsicf qradipy& Plby dbazfp plb prfb jrp icfkzb` plb grsio!

Nkz b~bzy }ibob kn cbfbzad criàfob }zk`rob`$ plbzb is af b|obddbfp }daob plap

`bnibs plb criàfob$ kz slks kplbz ays kn aolib~ifc licl qradipy skdrpikfs&

Cbfirs$ kz if`bb` sbzbfì}ipy$ jzbahs plb zrdbs&

Ig}kzpafp pk plb s}izip kn plb Okg}bfìrg is ips bfokrzacbgbfp kn odibfps

af` plbiz bsicfbzs pk as}izb pk plb ozbapikf kn licl qradipy }daobs& Krz

k~bzadd gbssacbs azb plap plbzb is a fbb` nkz b~bzykfb pk okfpzijrpb pk a fb

ordprzb kn licl qradipy rzjaf bsicf af` plap plbzb is fk srjspiprpb nkz a

ckk` bsicf pbag&

Lk pk rsb plb Okg}bfìrg

Plb Okg}bfìrg las jbbf okfspzropb` if srol a ay plap ip oaf jb zba` as a

sifcdb oklbzbfp fazzapi~b$ pzaoifc plb `bsicf kn a }zkebop nzkg nizsp }zifoi}dbs

pk s}boinio nbaprzbs$ jrp ap plb sagb pigb ip oaf jb i}}b` ifpk kf a pk}io'jy'

pk}io jasis& Plbzb is fk }zbsozi}pikf if plb Okg}bfìrg jrp fbiplbz kbs ip

slizh nzkg ci~ifc qrafpipapi~b a`~iob lbzb plis is `bbgb` lbd}nrd& Plrs$

plzkrclkrp plb zb}kzp$ plbzb azb gafy zrdbs'kn'plrgj af` cri`bdifb ~adrbs

plap slkrd` jb okfsi`bzb` if zaifc r} bsicf }zk}ksads&

@innbzbfp }azps kn plb Okg}bfìrg idd jb zbdb~afp pk ìnnbzbfp py}bs kn

}zkebop& If zbs}bop kn sicfinioafp azba zbcbfbzapikf solbgbs$ pkf

b|pbfsikfs kz fb sbppdbgbfps$ gksp kn plb gapbziad okfpaifb` if plb

Okg}bfìrg idd jb zbdb~afp& Nkz sgaddbz ifnidd solbgbs$ ip idd jb a oasb kn

b|pzaopifc plksb ipbgs plap azb zbdb~afp if afy ci~bf oasb& Slap is ig}kzpafp

is plap nrfìfc a}}dioafps k fkp sbdd plbgsbd~bs slkzp& B~bf plb sig}dbsp

ifnidd solbgb grsp$ nkz b|ag}db$ la~b `rb zbs}bop nkz ips sipb okfpb|p af` ips

k~bzadd okfpzijrpikf pk plb fbicljkrzifc rzjaf spzroprzb&

Plb Okg}bfìrg okfpaifs a sbzibs kn pajdbs af` olbohdisps& Plbsb azbifpbf`b` nkz }zaopioad rsb$ pk jb bg}dkyb` if zbad }zkebop sobfaziks jy }zkebop

}zkgkpbzs af` b~adrapkzs$ if pbspifc plb zkjrspfbss kn plb bsicf a}}zkaol&

If plb nifad ola}pbz plbzb is a }azpiordazdy ig}kzpafp ndk iaczag plap

}zbsbfps add plb okzb bdbgbfps kn plb rzjaf `bsicf }zkobss& Add sicfinioafp

azba zbcbfbzapikf }zkebops slkrd` }ass plzkrcl baol kn plbsb }zkobssbs&

_gaddbz }zkebops idd fbb` pk bg}dky skgb jrp fkp add kn plb spacbs&

1& ? lk plb okg}bfìrg is kzcafisb`



1> rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

1 plb nrfàgbfpads

Plb Okg}bfìrg adsk }zk~i`bs oasb sprìbs pk iddrspzapb ìnnbzbfp

a}}zkaolbs af` }kifps kn }zifoi}db& Baol oasb spr`y las okfpaop bpaids sk

plap zbdb~afp }zkebops oaf jb nkddkb` r}&

Lk `kbs ip nip ipl Rzjaf @bsicf Okg}bfìrg :5 @bdi~bzifc

Qradipy ]daobs

In Rzjaf @bsicf is “plb azp kn sla}ifc plb ifpbzaopikf jbpbbf$ }bk}db af`

}daobs$ bf~izkfgbfp af` rzjaf nkzg$ faprzb af` jridp najzio$ af` ifndrbfoifc

plb }zkobssbs liol dba` pk sroobssnrd ~iddacbs$ pkfs af` oipibs’ ,Oag}jbdd

af` Okaf$ 1999) plis Okg}bfìrg bads ipl plb nkzgbz as}bops af` plb

sbokf` Okg}bfìrg a``zbssbs plb }zkobssbs liol dba` pk sroobssnrd

~iddacbs$ pkfs af` oipibs& Rzjaf @bsicf Okg}bfìrg :5 @bdi~bzifc Qradipy

]daobs plbzbnkzb jrid`s kf plb }zifoi}dbs kn plis Okg}bfìrg pk }zk~i`b

criàfob kf lk plbsb }zifoi}dbs oaf jb bnnbopi~bdy `bdi~bzb` if }zaopiob&

Pk `k plis plb sbokf` Okg}bfìrg okfsi`bzs plb ìnnbzbfp }zkobssbs plap

ig}aop kf }zkebop `bdi~bzy8 }kdioy$ bsicf$ if~bspgbfp af` `b~bdk}gbfp

bokfkgios$ }daffifc af` pbolfioad a}}zk~ads af` ck~bzfafob$ gafacbgbfp

af` gaifpbfafob& Ip }zk~i`bs criàfob kf lap fbb`s pk jb `kfb ap baol

spacb pk bfsrzb bdi~bzy kn }daobs liol }zk~b pk jb licl qradipy if plb dkfc

pbzg&

As ipl plis `korgbfp plb sbokf` okg}bfìrg `zas kf plb b|}bzibfobs kn

plksb lk la~b jbbf if~kd~b` if }zkebop `bdi~bzy$ nzkg jkpl Bfcdisl

]azpfbzsli}s af` Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf b|}bzibfobs af` jbykf`& Ip is lk}b`

plap plis criàfob kf ly }azpiordaz as}bops kn }zkebops la~b jbbf

sroobssnrd idd }zk~i`b af bnnbopi~b zbskrzob nkz add plksb if~kd~b` if

`bdi~bzifc fb `b~bdk}gbfps af` zbcbfbzapifc b|ispifc azbas&

Plb nizsp bìpikf kn plis Okg}bfìrg fkpb` plap ip as }zb}azb` acaifsp a

slinpifc af` b~kd~ifc jaohodkpl& If plb sb~bf ybazs sifob ip as }rjdislb`

plbzb la~b obzpaifdy jbbf sicfinioafp olafcbs if }rjdio }kdioy$ pbolfkdkcioad

`b~bdk}gbfp af` bf~izkfgbfpad plifhifc liol la~b sicfinioafp

ig}dioapikfs nkz rzjaf `bsicf& Plb sbokf` okg}bfìrg dkkhs pk a``zbss

skgb kn plbsb if gkzb bpaid$ }azpiordazdy ipl zbcaz` pk bf~izkfgbfpad

issrbs af` dkfc pbzg gafacbgbfp kn }daobs&

R@O bjsipb ‟ &rzjaf`bsicfokg}bfìrg&ok&rh

1& ? lk plb okg}bfìrg is kzcafisb`



Plb Okg}bfìrg kbs fkp }rz}kzp pk jb plb nifad kz` kf jbsp }zaopiob if

rzjaf bsicf& Nrzplbz ifnkzgapikf kf rzjaf bsicf }zifoi}dbs af` oasb

sprìbs oaf jb kjpaifb` nzkg kzcafisapikfs srol as Okggissikf nkz

Azolipboprzb af` plb Jridp Bf~izkfgbfp ,OAJB)$ plb Jzipisl RzjafZbcbfbzapikf Asskoiapikf$ plb Rzjaf @bsicf Czkr}$ plb Oi~io Pzrsp af` plb

Zbskrzob nkz Rzjaf @bsicf Ifnkzgapikf ,ZR@I) bjsipb

,lpp}5++zrì&lbzps&ao&rh)&

As a jbsp }zaopiob cri`b srol as plis bzi~bs ips ~adrb nzkg plb }zkebops

af` }azpfbzsli}s ip nkzgs af` spigrdapbs& Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s af` plb

Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf afp plb Okg}bfìrg pk okfpifrb pk jb rsb` jrp b

adsk `bsizb nbb`jaoh nzkg plb b|}bzibfob kn ips rsb& Slap fbb`s pk jb

olafcb`; Slap is gissifc; Slap slkrd` fkp jb plbzb; Slap is inniordp pk

rf`bzspaf`; Slap is ìnniordp pk ig}dbgbfp;

Sb idd dbazf nzkg plis nbb`jaoh af` rsb ip pk `b~bdk} jkpl plb bj jasb`criàfob af` krz kplbz jbsp }zaopiob korgbfps& Sb idd adsk dkkh pk

ig}dbgbfp afy srccbspikfs nkz jbppbz$ gkzb bnnbopi~b ays kn kzhifc if krz

nrprzb }zkebops&

Add nbb`jaoh slkrd` jb sbfp pk plb nkddkifc a``zbss5

Okz}kzapb _pzapbcy @b}azpgbfp

Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s

11= Jrohifclag ]adaob Zka`

Dkf`kf

_S1S 9_A


1 plb nrfàgbfpads 1& ? lk plb okg}bfìrg is kzcafisb`



=:

A]]ZBOIAPIFCPLB OKFPB\P

:&1 Okggrfipy :&: ]daob :&? Faprzad zbskrzobs :&0 Okffbopikfs :&2 Nbasijdipy :&> îsikf

D k f ` k f A b z i a d ] l k p k D i j z a z y



Slap is gbafp jy okfpb|p

Okfpb|p is plb olazaopbz af` sbppifc kn plb azba iplif liol a

}zkebopb` solbgb idd sip& Ip is ips faprzad as bdd as lrgaf

lispkzy8 plb nkzgs kn plb sbppdbgbfps$ jridìfcs af` s}aobs8 ips

bokdkcy af` azolabkdkcy8 ips dkoapikf$ af` plb zkrpbs plap }ass

plzkrcl ip& Okfpb|p adsk ifodr`bs }bk}db$ plb ifì~i`rads di~ifc if

kz fbaz af azba af` lk okggrfipibs azb kzcafisb` sk plap

oipiubfs jbokgb zbad }azpioi}afps if plb }zkebopb` b~bdk}gbfp&A plkzkrcl a}}zboiapikf kn plb k~bzadd sipb okfpb|p is plb spazpifc

}kifp nkz bsicfifc a ispifop }daob&

Sly okfpb|p is ig}kzpafp

Okfpb|p is ozroiad& Ip is ajkrp rf`bzspafìfc plb }ksipikf kn

`b~bdk}gbfp$ af` lk pk }ksipikf a b~bdk}gbfp& Plis if~kd~bs a

zafcb kn okfsi`bzapikfs af` }azpioi}afps$ izbopdy kz ifìzbopdy& Licl

qradipy }daobs idd kfdy bgbzcb in plb a}}zkaol is oklbsi~b af`

ifodrsi~b& @bsicfbzs fbb` pk pahb aookrfp kn plb nkddkifc }zikzipibs5

_pzbfcplbfifc dkoad okggrfipibsPk lbd} bfsrzb plap }zk}ksb` b~bdk}gbfp zbifnkzobs$ zaplbz

plaf rf`bzgifbs dkoad okggrfipibs af` assisps sroobssnrd

}zkebop `bdi~bzy&

Ozbapifc }daobs kn ispifopikf

@zaifc ifs}izapikf nzkg a fbicljkrzlkk`’s ifìcbfkrs

olazaopbz spzbfcplbfs dkoad i`bfpipy& Okfpb|p'dbss `bsicf dba`s pk

“afylbzb }daobs’&

Lazfbssifc ifpzifsio sipb assbps af` zbskrzobs

Lazfbssifc plb ifpzifsio zbskrzobs kn plb sipb ' plb b|ispifc

`b~bdk}gbfp nkzg$ skids af` cbkdkcy$ zaifacb$ daf`soa}b$ skdaz

af` if` bfbzcy ' pk ozbapb gkzb srspaifajdb b~bdk}gbfp&

Ifpbczapifc ipl srzzkrfìfcs

Aolib~ifc oazbnrd ifpbczapikf ipl plb daf`soa}b kz srzzkrfìfc

jridp bf~izkfgbfp$ rsifc plb ziclp gapbziads$ nkzgs af`

daf`soa}b bdbgbfps nkz plb dkoadipy8 zbs}bopifc nkkp}apls$ spzbbp

af` zka` difhacbs af` zbdapifc pk b|ispifc rzjaf spzroprzbs&

Bfsrzifc nbasijidipy

Pk bfsrzb bokfkgio ~iajidipy af` `bdi~bzajidipy&

]zk~iìfc ~isikf

A ~isikf nkorssbs okggrfipy as}izapikfs$ sbdds a solbgb pk a

`b~bdk}bz af` }zk~i`bs a dkfc pbzg aig nkz }zkebop }azpioi}afps&Ip bgjkìbs a spzapbcy nkz plb nrprzb plap b~bzykfb oaf sicf r} pk

af` kzh pkaz`s k~bz a }bzik` kn pigb&




:= rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :&1 okggrfipy

Plb sroobss kz kplbzisb kn a }zkebop is a }zk`rop kn rf`bzspafìfc plb

lrgaf as bdd as plb }lysioad cbkcza}ly& Ajk~b add$ }daobs grsp jb

spigrdapifc nkz }bk}db$ af` jridìfcs af` k}bf s}aobs grsp jb okgnkzpajdb

af` sanb& Plis zbqrizbs af a}}zboiapikf kn plb `yfagios kn plb dkoadokggrfipy$ ifodrìfc5

• dkoad ~ibs af` ifipiapi~bs8

• dkoad lispkzy af` orspkg8

• plb ~ibs kn kplbz spahblkd bz czkr}s af` ifì~i rads ,srol as

`b~bdk}bzs$ daf`kfbzs$ rpidipy kzcafisapikfs)8

• kzcafisapikfad kz ifspiprpikfad azzafcbgbfps8

• plb }kdioy okfpb|p&

@bsicf is af bssbfpiad pkkd nkz fbckpiapifc pza`b'knns jbpbbf ìnnbzbfp

ifpbzbsp czkr}s af` sborzifc grpraddy okg}apijdb skdrpikfs& Plb jbsp ay pk

caif plb fbobssazy rf`bzspafìfc kn plb ajk~b naopkzs$ af` plb }kpbfpiad

zkdb kn bsicf if spzbfcplbfifc b|ispifc okggrfipibs$ is pk a`k}p a }rjdio}azpioi}apikf spzapbcy plap if~kd~bs a i`b s}bopzrg kn dkoad ifpbzbsp czkr}s

af` ifì~i`rads&

Rf`bzspaf` plb skoiad `yfagios

A okggrfipy'db` zb~ib }zkobss idd a``zbss a frgjbz kn hby qrbspikfs&

Slap azb plb }bzobi~b` }zkjdbgs; Slap is plb dkoad igacb kn plb }daob;

Oaf plb `b~bdk}gbfp okg}dbgbfp plis b|ispifc i`bfpipy$ kz `kbs ip fbb`

“zb'igacifc’; Slap jbla~ikrzad olazaopbzispios azb ispifcrislajdb kf plb

sipb af` ips srzzkrf`s; Slbzb azb plb gaif zkrpbs$ }k}rdaz rsbs af` nkorsbs

kn aopi~ipy; If kz`bz pk afsbz plbsb qrbspikfs$ ip is bssbfpiad pk ifodr`b dkoad

}bk}db if plb `bsicf af` b~bdk}gbfp }zkobss& Ip is adsk rsbnrd pk `bd~b ifpk

dkoad lispkzioad azoli~bs pk rf`bzspaf` lk plb }daob las b~kd~b` k~bz pigb&

Pajdb :&1 }zk~i`bs af if~bfpkzy kn okfsi`bzapikfs nkz rf`bzpahifc a zb~ib kn

plb b|ispifc okggrfipy fbpkzh af` plb }kdioy okfpb|p iplif liol bsicf

as}izapikfs azb pk jb pahbf nkzaz`& _bopikf > }zk~i`bs zbnbzbfobs kf }rjdio

}azpioi}apikf if bsicf&

: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p

Lkspifc af Aopikf ]daffifc @ay rzifc plb ifipiad }lasb

kn plb Jzi|lag Lazjkrz Zbcbfbzapikf ]zkebop bfsrzb`

`bsicf i`bas bzb jasb` kf a plkzkrcl a}}zboiapikf kn

plb ~ibs kn dkoad }bk}db



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg :1

: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :& 1 okggrfipy

Pajdb :&1 Okggrfipy af` ]kdioy A}}zaisad If~bfpkzy

_rjebop azba Okfsi`bzapikfs

Okggrfipy }zknidb • _pahblkd`bzs

• Dkoad ~ibs$ }zbnbzbfobs af` as}izapikfs

• Kzcafisapikfad spzroprzbs

• Obfsrs af` kplbz spapispioad apa

• Ordprzad olazaopbzispios

• _anbpy af` sborzipy

Dkoad }daf }kdioibs • @bsicf

• _pzapbcio ~ibs

• Daf` rsbs

• Pzafs}kzpapikf }dafs

• Ifpbzig rsbs

• _}boinio okfspzaifps ,bc& aiz}kzp

}zkpbopikf ukfbs)

Lbzipacb af` okfsbz~apikf • Okfsbz~apikf azbas• Dispb` jridìfcs

• Afoibfp gkfrgbfps

• Azolbkdkcy

• _ipbs kn _}boiad _oibfpinio Ifpbzbsp

• Dkoad Faprzb Zbsbz~bs af` kplbz bsicfapb`

bokdkcioad sipbs

• ]zkpbopb` ndkza af` narfa

• Faprzb okfsbz~apikf$ Okrfpzysi`b af`

Czbbf _pzapbcibs

Kplbz zbdb~afp }kdioibs af` • _r}}dbgbfpazy }daffifc cri afob

ifipiapi~bs ‟ @b~bdk}gbfp nzagbkzhs

‟ @bsicf cri`bs

‟ _ipb `b~bdk}gbfp jzibns

• Kplbz zbdb~afp dkoad arplkzipy }kdioibs

• Zbdb~afp }kdioibs af` zbqrizbgbfps kn

kplbz jkìbs ,bc& Z@As$ Bf~izkfgbfp Acbfoy)

• Kplbz dkoad ifipiapi~bs

Jzaohfbdd Pkf Obfpzb Zbfbad5 Ozbapifc a okfsbfsrs nkz ig}zk~bgbfp

Dkoapikf5 Jzaohfbdd Pkf Obfpzb

@bsicf Pbag RZJB@$ Ekf Zkdaf` Rzjaf @bsicf

Dkoad Arplkzipy Jzaohfbdd Nkzbsp @ispziop Okrfoid

]zkebop Rzjaf @bsicf Nzagbkzh af` }zk~isikf

kn _r}}dbgbfpazy ]daffifc Criàfob

@bpaids5 Jzaohfbdd Nkzbsp @ispziop Okrfoid$ if plb naob kn pk gaekz}daffifc a}}dioapikfs$ zbqrizb` af rzjaf `bsicf nzagbkzh

plap krd` lbd} sbp plb `bsicf acbfà nkz plb zbfbad kn plb

pkf obfpzb af` }zk~i`b a jasis nkz fbckpiapikfs ipl plb

`b~bdk}bzs& A sbzibs kn }rjdio kzhslk}s$ liol adsk ifodr`b`

gbgjbzs$ knniobzs$ af` zb}zbsbfpapi~bs nzkg plb `b~bdk}bzs$

as lbd`& Plbsb bspajdislb` plb igacb af` }bzob}pikf kn plb

pkf obfpzb af` a sbp kn bsicf }zifoi}dbs& Plb kzhslk}

czkr}s adsk bsicfb` plbiz kf }dafs af` as}izapikfs nkz

plbiz pkf obfpzb& A cbfbzad okfsbfsrs as a}}azbfp$ af`

plis nkzgb` plb jasis kn plb Rzjaf @bsicf Nzagbkzh& Plb

hby }zifoi}dbs kf srol as}bops as aoobss$ gi| kn rsbs$ af`

}rjdio zbadg bzb sbp krp if plb nkzg kn _r}}dbgbfpazy]daffifc Criàfob&

Okfpaop Jzaohfbdd Nkzbsp @ispziop Okrfoid& Pbd5 =1?00 0:0>0:

Plb nzagbkzh las lbd}b` `bdi~bz ig}zk~bgbfps pk

}rjdio zbadg if Jzaohfbdd Pkf Obfpzb



:: rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :&: }daob

]azp kn plb rzjaf bsicf db|iokf is plb —cbfirs dkoi‗$ plb }zb~adbfp nbbdifc kn

}daob& ]bzob}pikfs kn a }daob azb ga`b r} kn daybzs kn rf`bzspafìfc ' plb

sbppdbgbfp if plb daf`soa}b$ ips k~bzadd spzroprzb$ plb ìspziop$ plb spzbbp$ plb

jridìfc& Plby azisb nzkg rf`bzspafìfc plb }lysioad af` lrgaf cbkcza}ly$plb lispkzy af` gkz}lkdkcy kn }asp rsbs$ plb faprzad daf`soa}b af`

jridìfcs$ jkpl kf a sipb af` azkrf` ip&

Plis afadysis is bssbfpiad nkz jkpl zbcbfbzapikf af` fb jrid` solbgbs pk

gahb plbg ispifopi~b af` pk ladp plb }zk`ropikf kn bf`dbss$ adgksp

nbaprzbdbss$ bspapbs liol dkkh plb sagb plzkrclkrp plb okrfpzy&

B~bzylbzb is skgblbzb

Af assbssgbfp kn plb zkdbs af` zbdapikfsli}s kn plb azba kz sipb pk ips

spzapbcio okfpb|p$ pkcbplbz ipl af a}}zboiapikf kn plb ifì~i`rad

olazaopbzispios kn nkzg af` plb ay a }daob is rsb`$ idd day plb nkrfàpikfs

nkz a rfiqrb bsicf zbs}kfsb&

Pajdb :&: }zk~i`bs af if~bfpkzy kn okfsi`bzapikfs if rf`bzpahifc a olazaopbz

a}}zaisad&

Plb hby okg}kfbfps azb5

1 Zbcikfad i`bfpipy

_pazp jy i`bfpinyifc plb okggkf olazaopbzispios kn plb zbcikf kz srj'zbcikf&

Plis gay zbdapb pk odigapb af` }lysioad cbkcza}ly ,sbb Pajdb :&:)$ as bdd as

pk skoik'bokfkgio }zknidb ,sbb Pajdb :&2)&

: Difhacbs pk srzzkrfìfcs

Lk k okffbopikfs bnifb plb sbppdbgbfp olazaopbzispios ' is ip a difbaz

spzroprzb adkfc a gaif zkrpb kz }azp kn a czi` kn spzbbps;

? Dkoad olazaopbz

Bspajdisl plb bdbgbfps kn dkoad ìspifopi~bfbss$ jkpl plb nkzg kn a }daob af`

plb ay ip is rsb`& Lk oaf plbsb jb jridp ifpk a }zkebop; Azb plbzb }azpiordaz

dkoad gapbziads$ jridìfc nkzgs af` nbaprzbs plap oaf jb rsb` as a skrzob kn

ifs}izapikf;

0 Gkz}lkdkcy

@bnifb lap ci~bs sla}b pk plb dkoad gkz}lkdkcy ,lispkzio zkrpbs$ jdkoh

}appbzfs$ jridìfc lbiclps af` gassifc$ dkoad ~bzfaordaz$ nkz ifspafob)$ af`

lk plis }zk~i`bs orbs nkz a}}zk}ziapb bsicf nkzgs&

2 Faprzad nbaprzbs

Azb plbzb }azpiordaz bokdkcioad kz cbkdkcioad olazaopbzispios$ nkz ifspafob$ plap

ci~b a }daob ips bssbfpiad olazaopbz; ,sbb Pajdb :&:)

> _koik' bokfkgio }zknidbSlap azb plb `bgkcza}lios kn af azba af` azb plbzb }azpiordaz dkoad

pzaìpikfs af` b~bfps pk `za ifndrbfob nzkg; ,sbb Pajdb :&? af` :&2)

_prìbs kn dkoad ~bzfaordaz if af` azkrf` Aslnkz`

@b~kf}kzp spzbbp czi`

Zbs}kfìfc pk dkoad okfpb|p ‟ a}}dyifc a }adbppb

kn gapbziads af` azolipboprzad nbaprzbs rfiqrb

pk plb Fkzpl'Basp Zbcikf

1919 Pkày



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg :?

: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :& : }daob

rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg :?

Za~bfsozaic Gaspbz ]daf$ Fkzpl Dafazhslizb$ _okpdaf`5 A fb }daob jasb`

kf kd` nkrfàpikfs

Dkoapikf Jbpbbf plb pkfs kn Gkplbzbdd af` Sisla af` aèaobfp

Ozaicfbrh af` Oaznif if Sbsp Obfpzad _okpdaf`$ 12 gidbs

nzkg Cdasck&

@bsicf Pbag Gaspbz ]daffbz5 Ddbbdyf'@a~ibs

]zk}bzpy srz~bykz5 Czigdby

Bfcifbbz5 Plb Jajpib Czkr}

@b~bdk}bz Dafazhslizb @b~bdk}gbfp Acbfoy$ Fkzpl Dafazhslizb

Okrfoid af` Jzipisl _pbbd

_ipb Azba 022 lbopazbs

]zkebop Plb }zb}azapikf kn a Gaspbz ]daf nkz plb zb`b~bdk}gbfp kn

plb nkzgbz Za~bfsozaic _pbbdkzhs&

@bpaids Plb odksrzb af` srjsbqrbfp bgkdipikf kn Za~bfsozaic

_pbbdkzhs dbnp a lrcb }lysioad lkdb if plb Gkplbzbdd +

Sisla rzjaf najzio$ af` a lrcb bokfkgio af` skoiad lkdb ifplb okggrfipy& Plb Fkzpl Dafazhslizb azba as pzaìpikfaddy

~bzy b}bf`bfp kf spbbd af` addib` if`rspzibs$ af` sifob 1939

las dksp skgb 0=$=== ekjs&

]zb}azapikf kn plb Gaspbz ]daf if 1993 zbqrizb` af

a}}zboiapikf kn plbsb i`bz issrbs af` plb }lysioad bsicf kn

jridìfcs$ spzbbps af` }rjdio s}aobs la` pk pahb aookrfp kn

plb okfspzaifps }ksb` jy czkrf` okfpagifapikf$ bb}

nkrfàpikfs$ dazcb zaifacb ord~bzps ,ifodrìfc plb _krpl

Oad`bz Sapbz)$ licl ~kdpacb oajdbs af` zaiday difbs&

Plb bsicf zbs}kfsb las jbbf pk }zk}ksb af kzplkckfad czi`

,liol pahbs a orb nzkg Ozaic’s Fb Pkf ]daf kn 13>3 nkz

Bìfjrzcl) adicfb` ipl plbsb srj'srznaob okfspzaifps&

Plis }zk~i`bs a ndb|ijdb nzagbkzh plap is oa}ajdb kn

aookggkàpifc k~bz ?=== fb lkgbs$ a nrdd zafcb kn

okggrfipy af` dbisrzb naoidipibs$ a ~azibpy kn bg}dkygbfp

k}}kzprfipibs ,nzkg dazcb sifcdb rsbzs pk sgadd kzhslk}s)

af` af bnnioibfp }rjdio pzafs}kzp fbpkzh ' add okfpaifb`

iplif af krpspafìfc daf`soa}b sbppifc&

Okfpaop Dafazhslizb @b~bdk}gbfp Acbfoy& Pbd5=1>9< 302020

Za~bfsozaic is dkoapb` jbpbbf Gkplbzbdd af` Sisla

Plb dbcaoy kn plb Za~bfsozaic spbbdkzhs

,slkf lbzb if 19::) is a sipb dazcbdy okfspzaifb` jy

srj'srznaob spzroprzbs

Plb nicrzb'czkrf` }daf slks lk spzbbps af` jdkohs

azb }zk}ksb` plap pahb aookrfp kn plbsb okfspzaifps

Plb Za~bfsozaic ~isikf is nkz a fb sbppdbgbfp okg}zisifc gkzb plaf ?$=== fb lkgbs



Pajdb :&: Olazaopbz a}}zaisad if~bfpkzy


Zkdbs af` zbdapikfsli}s • Nrfopikf • Orzzbfp }bznkzgafob

kn plb sipb+azba pk ips • Difhacbs pk i bz azba zbdapi~b pk sigidaz azbas

spzapbcio okfpb|p • Zbdapikfsli} pk • I`bfpipy

aèaobfp azbas

Okfpicrkrs azbas • Daf` rsbs

• îbs af` shydifb

Olazaopbz a}}zaisad • Lispkzioad b~bdk}gbfp • Jridìfc bdbgbfps

• _bppdbgbfp }appbzf af` nbfbspzapikf

• Azolbkdkcy • Zlyplg af` }appbzf

,ifipiad a}}zaisad) • @bpaids af` ziolfbss

• Ordprzad olazaopbzispios • Dkoad okggrfipy

af` lbzipacb as}izapikfs

• Dkoad lispkzy • Dkoad+zbcikfad jridìfc

• Okdkrz af` pb|przbs pzaìpikfs af` gapbziads• Dkoad ~bzfaordaz • Kplbz dkoad pzaìpikfs

• Naoa`b pzbapgbfps • B~bfps+nbspi~ads

• Zkknsoa}b • ]daob fagbs

• Faprzad bf~izkfgbfp+

bokdkcy + dkoad

}zk~bfafob

,}dafps$ pzbbs bpo&)

_pzbbpsoa}b af` }rjdio • îsrad odrppbz • _pzbbp nrzfiprzb$ }rjdio

zbadg afadysis • Diclpifc ifnkzgapikf af` sicfifc

• Jazzibzs • ]rjdio azp

• Di~b b`cbs • _anbpy

Jridìfcs$ spzroprzbs • Daykrp af` nkzg kn s}aobs • _bfsb kn bfodksrzb

af` s}aobs • ]rjdio +}zi~apb ifpbznaob • Py}bs kn jridìfcs

• Daykrp af nkzg kn • Okfpifripy kn naoa bs

jridìfcs ,ifodrìfc • Rzjaf czaif

lbiclp$ soadb af` • ]rjdio af` k}bf s}aobs

gassifc)

• Acb af` okfìpikf kn

jridìfcs af` spzroprzb

• Zbdapikfsli} jbpbbf

jridp af` rfjridp nkzg

Rsbs af` aopi~ipibs • Czkrf` ndkkzs • Azps af` ordprzb

• R}}bz ndkkzs • Agbfipibs af` naoidipibs

• B~bfifc bokfkgy • B`roapikf

• Aopi~ipy s}ifbs af` fk`bs • Dbisrzb af` zbozbapikf• ]rjdio af` k}bf s}aobs • Bg}dkygbfp

• Sid d inb

israd afadysis • I gacb af` }bzob}pikf • Jkrfàzibs af` jazzibzs

kn plb azba • Absplbpio qradipy

• Ca}s af` bfodksrzb • Dbcijidipy

• îbs ,dkoad af` spzapbcio)$

~ispas af` daf`gazhs

• _hydifbs

• Capbays af` plzbslkd`s

:0 rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :& : }daob

Giolbdif jridìfc$ Nrdlag Zka`$ Dkf`kf

_hbpolifc okfob}ps pk zbs}kf` pk }daob




: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :&? faprzad zbskrzobs


A plkzkrcl if~bspicapikf kn a sipb’s faprzad zbskrzobs idd dba` pk af k~bzadd

`bsicf zbs}kfsb plap5

• ifpbczapbs plb ~azikrs fbb`s kn plb fb b~bdk}gbfp8

• i`bfpinibs }kssijidipibs plap plb sipb knnbzs8 af` zbokcfisbs plbsipb’s digipapikfs&

Skzh ipl plb bdbgbfps

Plb k}pigrg a}}zkaol if~kd~bs plb ga|igrg rsb kn plb sipb’s zbskrzobs

lidb }daoifc gifigrg `bgaf`s kf plb bf~izkfgbfp& Plis if~kd~bs pahifc

a dkfc pbzg ~ib kn plb }kssijdb bf~izkfgbfpad ig}aop af` a``zbssifc

lk pk5

• rpidisb plb skdaz }kpbfpiad8

• gahb nrdd rsb kn zaif apbz af` zaifacb syspbgs8

• rsb plb }kpbfpiad kn plb czkrf` nkz lbapifc kz okkdifc8

• lazfbss if` bfbzcy8

• nrzplbz zb`rob bfbzcy bgaf`s jy$ nkz ifspafob$ ifpbczapifc aOkgjifb` Lbap af` ]kbz ,OL]) }dafp ifpk plb `b~bdk}gbfp ,sbb ?&0&2)

kz lazfbssifc jikgass&

Pajdb : &? ,pahbf nzkg Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s’Jbsp ]zaopiob Fkpb >2) }zk~i`bs af

if~bfpkzy kn okfsi`bzapikfs pk rsb as plb jasis nkz bf~izkfgbfpad af`

daf`soa}b a}}zaisad& Plis gay ordgifapb if af bf~izkfgbfpad spapbgbfp kz

bf~izkfgbfpad ig}aop assbssgbfp$ aookzìfc pk plb }zkebop soadb&

“In ip aif’p jzkhb$ `kf’p ni| ip’

Plb ozipioad qrbspikfs pk jb ashb` ifodr`b5

• slkrd` plb sipb jb b~bdk}b` ap add;

• in ip slkrd $ plbf lap }azps kn plb sipb;

• lap gipicapikf gbasrzbs oaf jb pahbf pk a~ki $ zb`rob af` zbgb y

fbcapi~b bf~izkfgbfpad ig}aops;

• lap py}bs kn b~bdk}gbfp azb a}}zk}ziapb af` lk oaf plbsb

ifpbczapb ipl plb i`bz rzjaf spzroprzb;

• liol nbaprzbs oaf nkzg plb jasis kn plb daf soa}b spzroprzb;

• lk oaf b|}dkipapikf kn plb sipb’s assbps zbifnkzob a rfiqrb sbfsb kn

}daob;

As a cbfbzad }zifoi}db$ ip is ig}kzpafp pk nkors kf lk pk zb}aiz af` zb'rsb

}zb~ikrsdy `b~bdk}b` kz àgacb` }azps kn plb sipb$ lidb zbpaififc af`

zbs}bopifc rfàgacb` }azps& Plis zbqrizbs plzbb hby okfsi`bzapikfs5

1 I`bfpiny daf`soa}b assbps pk }zbsbz~bGafy kn plb gksp ~adrajdb s}aobs$ }daobs af` daf`soa}b assbps azb }zboisbdy

plrs jboarsb plby la~b jbbf dbnp adkfb& Gksp bokdkcioad kz daf`soa}b assbps

fbb` zbs}bopifc$ zaplbz plaf b|}dkipifc& Plb ~adrb kn a daf`soa}b assbp oaf

basidy jb bcza`b`&

: Zb'rsb af` zb}aiz jzkfnibd` daf`

Gafy sipbs idd jb `bnioibfp if faprzad kz sbgi'faprzad assbps$ srol as

pk}kcza}lioad nbaprzbs$ apbzokrzsbs af` }dafpifc& Nrzplbzgkzb$

`bokfpagifapikf kz zbgbìapikf gay oarsb nrzplbz ig}aops kf plb b|ispifc

daf`soa}b& Kf srol sipbs okfsi`bz ays kn5

• ifpzk`roifc fb daf soa}b nbaprzbs af` id dinb lajipaps8

• zbspkzifc agacb` }azps jy$ nkz ifspafob$ zb'}zknidifc a sdk}b8• ifpbczapifc bdbgbfps nzkg plb sipb’s }asp dinb$ srol as zkrpbs$

spzroprzbs af` jridìfcs&

Rzjaf `bsicf if plb Fibrdaf` fbicljkrzlkk` kn

Agbzsnkkzp$ Lkddaf`$ is obfpzb` kf k}pigisifc skdaz

}kpbfpiad

A pbzzaif gk`bd oaf }zk~i`b af if~adrajdb pkkd nkz

gaspbz}daffifc sdk}ifc sipbs

B|ispifc nbaprzbs oaf }zk~i`b orbs pk ifnkzg `bsicf



:> rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :& ? faprzad zbskrzobs: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p

? _pzbfcplbf plb i`bfpipy af` spzroprzb kn plb daf`soa}b

I`bfpiny plksb daf`soa}b nbaprzbs nkz ifodrsikf if a solbgb liol okfpzijrpb

pkaz`s plb rfiqrb olazaopbz kn a sipb& ]azpiordazdy kf czbbfnibd` sipbs$ b~bzy

bnnkzp slkrd` jb ga`b pk kzh ipl plb “czaif’ kn plb daf` af` ifokz}kzapbb|ispifc nbaprzbs kn plb daf`soa}b ifpk a solbgb& Zb~i~ifc lispkzio nbaprzbs

}zk~i`bs k}}kzprfipibs pk bfziol krp`kkz s}aob af` oaf ifodr`b faprzad

af` gaf'ga`b bdbgbfps$ nzkg apbzokrzsbs af` spzbags pk afoibfp nibd`

jkrfàzibs&

Plb ifpzifsio daf`soa}b olazaopbzispios nkz b~adrapikf ifodr`b pk}kcza}ly8

kzibfpapikf8 as}bop af` }zks}bop8 orzzbfp daf`soa}b assbps ,pzbbs$ apbz$

lajipap bpo) af` diajidipibs8 okfpagifapb`$ `bs}kidb` af` }kkzdy `zaifb` daf`$

rfsiclpdy spzroprzbs8 k~bzlba` difbs af` rpidipy naoidipibs&

Bokdkfia5 A gk`bd kn dk'bfbzcy lkrsifcDkoapikf Bokdkfia$ Ad}lbf aaf bf Zief$ Plb Fbplbzdaf`s

]zkgkpbz FK^BG ' @rpol Ck~bzfgbfp Pzrsp nkz Bfbzcy

af` plb Bf~izkfgbfp

@bsicf Pbag Rzjaf @bsicfbz + Gaspbz}daffbz5 Apbdibz Droibf Hzkdd$ Jzrssbds

@bpaids Plb Gaspbz}daf }zk~i`bs plb nzagbkzh nkz fifb innbzbfp

azolipbops$ baol ci~bf a }azpiordaz bsicf }zikzipy5

Bfbzcy

1 Jahhbz$ Jkkps$ af Laazbf$ af bz @kfh$ _olacbf

,licl ifsrdapikf)

: E&]& Gkblzdbif$ Czkfifcbf ,skdaz bfbzcy)

? Lk}gaf j~$ @bdnp ,dk bgjkìb` bfbzcy af` if rsb)

Zboyodifc

0 JBAZ azolipbops$ Ckr a ,bokfkgy kn apbz af` gapbziads)

2 Adjbzps . ~af Lrrp$ Agspbzàg ,`rzajdb gapbziads)> Dif`bgaf o&s&$ Orieih ,ndb|ijidipy af` a a}pajidipy)

Qradipy

3 âhczkb} NACK$ Pbolfioad Rfi~bzsipy$ Bif`lk~bf

,aokrspio ifsrdapikf)

< ]bpbz ~af Cbzbf$ Agbzsnkkzp ,lbadpl af` sanbpy)

9 Azoli _bz~iob$ s’Lbzpkcbfjksol ,jik'bokdkcy)

@b~bdk}bz Jkrnkf`s Skfifcjkr Lkrsifc Asskoiapikf

]zkebop 1=1 lkrsifc rfips ,okfspzropb` jbpbbf 1991'9?) if czkr}s kn

< pk 1< jridìfcs pk nkspbz a sbfsb kn okggrfipy$ baol ipl

ìnnbzbfp bf~izkfgbfpad bsicf }zikzipibs ,sbb ajk~b)& A zbb`'

nzifcb` }kf` ipl jisbopifc oafads nkzgs plb nkoad }kifp&

@bpaids Bokdkfia is lbzad`b` as plb gksp ig}kzpafp BR'nrf`b` dk'

bfbzcy lkrsifc bgkfspzapikf }zkebop pk apb& Plb }zkebop is

kzcafisb` pk b~bdk} a i`b zafcb kn fb pbolfkdkcibs af`lkrsifc bsicfs$ baol nkorssb` kf innbzbfp bokdkcioad

as}bops& Plbsb ifodr`b plb

• rsb kn zaifapbz8

• rsb kn }assi~b af aopi~b skdaz bfbzcy8

• bfbzcy sa~ifc spzapbcibs8

• zb`ropikf if apbz okfsrg}pikf8

• zboyodajidipy kn jridìfc gapbziads8

• kzcafio azolipboprzb8

• `rzajdb gapbziads8

• ndb|ijdb czkrf` }dafs8

• skrf`}zkknifc8

• lbadply jridìfc gapbziads&

Plb }bznkzgafob kn jridìfcs is srjebop pk kf'ckifc

pbspifc$ b~adrapikf af` gkfipkzifc&Okfpaop Fk~bg j~$ Kz`bz}kifp ]rjdioapikfs$ ]K Jk| 13$

FD'>1?= AA _IPPAZ@ Na|5 == ?1 0> 02: <: >=

Bokdkfia’s daykrp is obfpzb` kf a zbb`'nzifcb` }kf`$ ipl

jridìfcs kzibfpapb` pk ga|igisb skdaz caif

Liclbsp `bfsipy lkgbs azb dkoapb` if plb obfpzad azba

af` bfeky a izbop zbdapikfsli} ipl plb apbz

F



Pajdb :&? Bf~izkfgbfpad A}}zaisad If~bfpkzy

Olazaopbzispios kn plb ]zk}ksb` @b~bdk}gbfpK}bzapikf Okfspzropikf

Olazaopbzispios kn plbB|ispifc Bf~izkfgbfp

]lysioad Bf~izkfgbfp

Czkrf` okfìpikfsaf` skids_rznaob af` czkrfàpbzzbskrzobsPk}kcza}ly af` cbkdkcyOdigapb$ giozkodigapb$kzibfpapikf$ b|}ksrzbAiz qradipyLy`zkdkcy ,ifo& apbz qradipyaf` apbzslb`s)Daf` af` Daf`'Rsb

]zk}bzpy ,zbsi`bfpiadaf` okggbzoiad)Dbisrzb aopi~ipibsAcziordprzbNkzbspzy zbskrzobsAoobss pk plb okrfpzysi`bBokdkcy af` FaprzbOkfsbz~apikfPbzzbspziad . aqrapiolajipaps . okggrfipibs]dafp af` afigad s}boibs_}boiaddy }zkpbopb` afigadsaf` }dafpsLbzipacb

Daf`soa}b sbppifc$ spzroprzbaf` py}bAzolbkdkcyLispkzio sipbs af` nbaprzbsOrdprzad ifpbzbsps]bk}db

Lrgaf lbadpl af` bdnazbBg}dkygbfpOkggrfipy afòrdprzad oklbsikfîbsFkisb af` ~ijzapikf

Pzafs}kzpAoobssijidipy

D a f `

s o a } i f c

] k p b

f p i a d B g b z c b f o i b s , i f o d r ` i f c l a u a z ` s )

P z a f

s } k z p Z b q r i z b g b f p s

P z a n n i o G k ~ b g b f p s

] z k `

r o p i k f K r p } r p s

D a j k

r z Z b q r i z b g b f p s

@ b g

a f ` n k z _ b z ~ i o b s

S a s

p b @ i s } k s a d

S a p b z @ b g a f `

_ p k z a c b + _ p k o h } i d i f c

B q r i } g b f p K } b z a p i k f

Z a

G a p b z i a d I f } r p s

D k o a

p i k f k n J r i d ` i f c s k z S k z h s

D a f `

s o a } i f c

] k p b

f p i a d B g b z c b f o i b s

P z a n n i o G k ~ b g b f p s

D a j k

r z Z b q r i z b g b f p s

B q r i } g b f p K } b z a p i k f

Z a

G a p b z i a d I f } r p s

J r i d ` i f c O k f s p z r o p i k f

D k o a

p i k f k n J r i d ` i f c s k z S k z h s

@ z a i f a c b O k f s p z r o p i k f

D a f `

O d b a z i f c


: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :& ? faprzad zbskrzobs



:< rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :&0 okffbopikfs

_roobssnrd `b~bdk}gbfp `b}bf`s kf ckk` aoobss af` okffbopikfs& Plb

okffbopikfs jbpbbf a sipb af` ips srzzkrfìfcs azb ig}kzpafp nkz b~bf plb

sgaddbsp kn `b~bdk}gbfps& A sipb plap okgbs r} nkz zb`b~bdk}gbfp idd la~b

b|ispifc }kifps kn aoobss$ jrp plby gay fkp jb kn plb ziclp hif` kz if plb ziclp}daob& Nkz ifspafob$ plb bfpzafob pk a zaiday ckk`s yaz` gay jb pkpaddy

ifa}}zk}ziapb lbf plb sipb is ga`b a~aidajdb nkz a gi|b`'rsb `b~bdk}gbfp&

Plb okfpb|prad afadysis plap idd }zk~i`b plb jasis kn a gk~bgbfp

nzagbkzh idd fbb` pk bspajdisl5

• lk zkrpbs nzkg plb fb sipb idd hfip if ipl plb b|ispifc

ifnzaspzroprzb8

• plb }zk~isikf ga`b nkz add nkzgs kn gk~bgbfp$ ipl }ksipi~b

ìsozigifapikf if na~krz kn adhifc$ oyodifc af` }rjdio pzafs}kzp8

• lk plb fb b~bdk}gbfp oaf jbfbnip plb azba as a lkdb$ nkz ifspafob

jy plb b|pbfsikf kn a jrs zkrpb$ kz a gkzb izbop nkkp}apl pk plb

fbicljkrzlkk` obfpzb8• lk gk~bgbfp idd jb }zk~i b` nkz ap add spacbs if plb b~bdk}gbfp&

Ap }zkebop ifob}pikf$ ip is a gappbz kn bspajdislifc plb }zifoi}dbs kn plb

gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh& Plb spzroprzb idd jb `bsicfb` dapbz if zbdapikf pk plb

k~bzadd `b~bdk}gbfp solbgb&

Rf`bzspaf` b|ispifc aoobss af` difhacbs

Pk ifpbczapb plb sipb ipl ips srzzkrfìfcs$ ip is nizsp fbobssazy pk afadysb

b|ispifc }kifps kn aoobss af` difhacb nkz jkpl gk~bgbfp af` ifnzaspzroprzb&

Pajdb :&0 }zk~i`bs af if~bfpkzy kn okfsi`bzapikfs&

Kjsbz~b plb qradipy kn gk~bgbfp

Sapolifc lk }bk}db gk~b plzkrcl af b|ispifc azba zb~bads plb ~azikrs

ifndrbfobs kf gk~bgbfp ap kzh& Lk }bk}db gk~b$ }azpiordazdy kf nkkp$ is

fkp ersp a gappbz kn plb sig}dbsp af` gksp kj~ikrs zkrpb$ jrp idd jb

ifndrbfob` jy$ nkz b|ag}db5 ~azibpy af` ifpbzbsp8 sanbpy8 diclp af` sla`b8

okggbzoiad aopi~ipy8 daf`soa}b8 fkisb af` }kddrpikf& Gk~bgbfp afadysis idd

srccbsp lk plbsb okfsi`bzapikfs oaf jb a``b pk af ig}zk~b & Zbgbgjbz$

lk b b|}bzibfob pza~bd adsk innbzs aookzìfc pk plb }azpiordaz fbb`s kn

kgbf$ olid`zbf$ plb bd`bzdy$ plb isajdb bpo&

Pajdb :&0 Gk~bgbfp afadysis if~bfpkzy


Oizordapikf • Aoobss af` gkjidipy

• Sadhifc• Oyodifc

• ]rjdio pzafs}kzp

• ]zi~apb ~bliodbs

• Ifpbzolafcbs

• ]bzgbajidipy

• Jazzibzs

• Ziclps kn ay

Dbcijidipy • ]kifps kn bfpzy + capbays

• Libzazoly kn zkrpbs af` s}aobs

Pzannio cbfbzapikf • Orzzbfp db~bds

• Nrprzb }zk}ksads af` }zkebops

Aookggkàpifc oazs af` • ]azhifc

sbz~iobs ~bliodbs • _bz~ioifc

• Pzannio gafacbgbfp

_kgbpigbs naoidipibs ifpzk`rob` if plb fagb kn

“}b`bspziaf ig}zk~bgbfps’ aopraddy ig}b`b gk~bgbfp

kf nkkp af` zbifnkzob ~bliordaz }zikzipy

Gifigisifc jazzibzs pk }b`bspziaf gk~bgbfp

lbd}s ozbapb a adhifc'nzibf`dy bf~izkfgbfp

,Agibfs$ Nzafob)




: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :& 0 okffbopikfs


Plb ]iccbzibs $ Nzkgb$ _kgbzsbp5 Fb lkrsifc nrddy ifpbczapb` ifpk plb b|ispifc pkf

Dkoapikf Plb sipb is dkoapb` iplif plb lispkzio gazhbp pkf kn Nzkgbif _kgbzsbp liol las a spzkfc if`rspziad lispkzy jasb` kfkkd af` odkpl gafrnaoprzb&

@bsicfbz Plb Azolipboprzb af` ]daffifc Czkr}@b~bdk}bz Plb Criffbss Pzrsp af` Hficlpspkfb Lkrsifc AsskoiapikfDkoad Arplkzipy Gbfì} @ispziop Okrfoid

_ipb Azba 1&:2 lbopazbs@bfsipy 23 rfips }bz lbopazb ,fbp)]zkebop 31 skoiad lkrsifc rfips$ ifodrìfc a gi| kn nagidy lkrsifc af`

ndaps$ az bf'assispb` slbdpbzb` lkrsifc af` a nkybz solbgb$add sbp iplif plb Nzkgb Okfsbz~apikf Azba& Plb okg}dbpb`solbgb as laf`b` k~bz pk plb Lkrsifc Asskoiapikfs ifNbjzrazy 199<&

@bpaids _kgb ig}kzpafp dbsskfs bzb dbazfp if pbzgs kn bsicf5• plb pbfrzb kn plb solbgb is fkp isobzfijdb nzkg plb

azolipboprzad nkzg af` qradipy8• jrid ifc lbiclp af` gassifc ~azy nzkg : pk 0 spkzbys

aozkss plb sipb if kz`bz pk zbs}bop plb srzzkrfìfc jridpnkzg$ ozbapifc a spzkfc sbfsb kn }daob af` okfpaifgbfp8

• ckk` rsb kn jkrfàzy pzbapgbfps$ srol as faprzad spkfb

addifc af` zaidifcs$ okfpzijrpb pk plb sbfsb kn bfodksrzb8• jridìfcs azb krpaz`'dkkhifc$ ipl gifigad sbpjaohs$ozbapifc aopi~b spzbbp nzkfpacbs8

• gaifpaififc }b`bspziaf aoobss aozkss plb sipb las ai`b`nkkpnadd pk plb fbazjy sbokfàzy zbpaid azba af }bzi}lbzadspzbbps$ a`ìfc pk plb ~ipadipy af ~iajidipy kn plb pkf obfpzb8

• plb `bsicf zbs}bops af` pahbs a ~afpacb kn plb fbb pkgk~b plzkrcl af` b|}zbss plb sdk}b kn plb sipb8

• plb solbgb sroobssnrddy aookggkàpbs plb oaz lidbgifigisifc ips ig}aop8

• A licl qradipy$ zkjrsp pkfsoa}b is ozbapb` jy appbfìfcpk plb bpaid kn gbpbz ok~bzs$ oligfbys$ adds$ jif spkzacb$diclpifc$ oajdb P^ af` spzbbp srznaobs8

• srspaifajdb skdrpikfs azb plb zbsrdp kn okfpifripyiplif plb okzb bsicf pbag nzkg jkpl okfob}pikf pk

ig}dbgbfpapikf$ af` bspajdislifc difhs ipl plbokggrfipy bazdy if plb bsicf }zkobss&

Okfpaop Gbfì} @ispziop Okrfoid& Pbd5 =1309 ?0??99

Jkrfàzy pzbapgbfps }zk~i`b a sbfsb kn }zi~aoy

af` bfodksrzb

K~bzdkkhb` nkkp}apls zrf plzkrcl plb sipb

Pzafsdapbs pzaìpikfad olazaopbzispios ifpk okfpbg}kzazy `bsicf



?= rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :&2 nbasijidipy

Plb nbasijidipy kn a }zkebop$ jkpl if bokfkgio af` }zaopioad pbzgs$ zbqrizbs af

assbssgbfp kn5

• okggrfipy fbb`8

• gazhbp sr}}dy af` bgaf`8• nrfìfc skrzobs8

• sipb oa}aoipy8

• daf` kfbzsli}$ assbgjdy af` pbfrzb8

• ifpbczapikf ipl srzzkrfìfc okfpb|p8

• okfspzropikf oksps8

• bfcifbbzifc okfspzaifps8

• dkoad }daffifc }kdioy okfpb|p&

Plb }zk}ksads idd fbb` pk zbdapb pk plbiz dkoapikf af` okfpb|p$ af` idd ~azy

ipl plb py}b kn }zkebop$ lbplbz ifnidd$ jzkfnibd`$ rzjaf b|pbfsikf kz

zbcbfbzapikf& A}}zk}ziapbfbss is plb hby8 a licldy rzjaf skdrpikf idd fkp jb

a}}zk}ziapb kf a srjrzjaf b`cb'kn'pkf sipb$ af` ~iob ~bzsa&

Af bazdy assbssgbfp kn plb naopkzs dihbdy pk annbop a }zkebop’s nbasijidipy idd

nkzg plb jasis nkz }zbdigifazy `bsicfs af` pbspifc& Plbsb idd plbf zbqrizb

okfpifrad ipbzapikf af` zb'b~adrapikf& Pajdb :&2 }zk~i`bs af if~bfpkzy kn

okfsi`bzapikfs nkz rf`bzpahifc af bokfkgio a}}zaisad af` nbasijidipy zb~ib&

Pajdb :&2 Nbasijidipy a}}zaisad if~bfpkzy

_rjebop azba Okfsi`bzapikfsGazhbp • B|ispifc nbasijidipy sprìbs

• Kfbzsli} af` pbfrzb• Orzzbfp b~bdk}gbfp }zbssrzbs• _r}}dy af` bgaf` ,if zbdapikf pk okg}bpipikf$

skoik'bokfkgio }zknidb$ zbcikfad okfpb|p bpo&)• Oksp• Nrfìfc skrzobs ,}rjdio+}zi~apb+}azpfbzsli})• Czafp zbcigbs

Bfcifbbzifc • B|ispifc sbz~iobs af` rpidipibs• B|ispifc kjspzropikfs ,srol as nkrfàpikfs af` jasbgbfps)• Gaekz okfspzaifps ,srol as ord~bzps kz cas gaifs)• Czkrf` okfìpikfs ,srol as okfpagifapikf af` srjsi`bfob)• Cbkdkcy• Azolbkdkcioad if~bspicapikf

• @zaifacb• Gaf'ga`b spzroprzbs ,srol as jzi`cbs + zka`s)• Zbqrizbgbfps kn kplbz jkìbs ,srol as rpidipibs)

Rzjaf `bsicf sprìbs nkz plb Czbbfiol ]bfifsrda la~b

la` pk a``zbss a i`b zafcb kn bfcifbbzifc okfspzaifps

_hbpolbs srol as plis oaf lbd} b~adrapb rzjaf oa}aoipy }kpbfpiad



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg ?1

Plb ~isikf is af agadcagapikf kn laz` }lysioad af` nifafoiad naops afà sbzibs kn as}izapikfs& Plb syfbzcy jbpbbf plbsb is ozroiad ‟ pk say5 plis islap b afp8 plis is lk b idd cbp plbzb8 plis is lk fbb`s pk jb ifodr`b`

af` pahb zbs}kfsijidipy8 plis is lbzb plb gkfby okgbs nzkg8 plis is lkidd olag}ikf plb ~isikf8 af` plbsb azb plb gbolafisgs nkz bdi~bzy,sbb sbopikf >)&

Plb okfpb|prad afadysis is a s}zifcjkaz` nkz sla}ifc a ~isikf as pk lapoaf jb aolib~b`& Ip is basy pk dksb siclp kn plb }kpbfpiad if naoifc r} pk plbfrgbzkrs okfspzaifps$ jrp zbcbfbzapikf }zkebops plap la~b jbbf sroobssnrddyig}dbgbfpb` }zk~i`b skrzobs kn bfokrzacbgbfp$ af` plis Okg}bfìrgokfpaifs gafy b|ag}dbs&

âdrb oaf jb ozbapbÀ }kkz }lysioad najzio kz skoiad }zkjdbgs gay la~b spicgapisb` af azba$ jrplispkzy slks plbsb appipr`bs oaf jb olafcb`& Plbzb azb frgbzkrsb|ag}dbs kn “}zkjdbg }daobs’ jbokgifc “k}}kzprfipy }daobs’ plzkrcl aqrafprg slinp if plbiz }daffifc af` gazhbpifc&

Okfspzaifps oaf jb k~bzokgbOzbapi~b }zk}ksads nkz jzkfnibd` daf` azb knpbf iflijipb` jy plb odaig plapplbzb is fk gazhbp nkz lap is }zk}ksb`& As plb pzafsnkzgapikf kn Lrdgb ifGafolbspbz las slkf$ ipl ~isikf fb gazhbps af` fb nrprzbs oaf jbozbapb` af` ~adrb a``b` ,sbb }&09)&

Okfpb|p is `yfagio@bsicfs plap azb iflbzbfpdy ndb|ijdb idd bfajdb nrprzb olafcbs pk jbaookggkàpb` ' srol as if lkrsblkd` siub af` okg}ksipikf$ dinbspydbs af`gk~bgbfp }appbzfs& Ip is ~ipad pk okfobi~b a gaspbz}daf as a nzagbkzh plapidd bfajdb aà}papikf k~bz pigb& Plb ifipiad okfpb|p a}}zboiapikf spacb laspk hby krp}rps5

1 A _SKP afadysis ,_pzbfcpls$ Sbahfbssbs$ K}}kzprfipibs af` Plzbaps)plap }zk~i`bs a okg}ksipb kn plb ~azikrs “daybzs’ kn okfsi`bzapikf jyi`bfpinyifc b|ispifc spzbfcpls af` bahfbssbs$ k}}kzprfipibs nkzig}zk~bgbfp af` plzbaps pk plb }zkebop’s sroobss ,sbb >&?)&

: Ifipiad okfob}p i`bas af` spzapbcio k}pikfs plap shbpol krp plb ~isikf$af` jrid` if ndb|ijidipy pk plb }zkebop as ip rfnkd`s jy bfsrzifc plapplb }zkobss is5• }azpioi}apkzy8• oa}ajdb kn ifozbgbfpad ig}dbgbfpapikf ' jadafoifc dkfc'pbzg

as}izapikfs ipl slkzp'pbzg ig}zk~bgbfp kz }rg}'}zigifcifipiapi~bs&_p& Eagbs Zka` Rzjaf îddacb$ Capbslba`5

`bnififc plb ~isikf nkz plb nrprzb zbcbfbzapikf

kn a 2= lbopazb sipb

Fb “~isikfs’ nkz }zk}ksb` }zkebops iplif

@b~kf}kzp Rzjaf iddacb

Plb rsb kn okg}rpbz gk`bddifc if plb Czafpkf Sapbznzkfp }zkebop las lbd}b` azpiordapb plb bsizb` jdkoh spzroprzb af` gi| kn rsbs


: a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p :&> ~isikf



?&1 Plb gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh ?&: @bfsipy$ naoidipibs af` nkzg ?&? Bfbzcy bnnioibfoy ?&0 Daf`soa}b

?&2 Daf`gazhs$ ~ispas af` nkoad }kifps ?&> Gi|ifc rsbs ?&3 Jdkohs ?&< ]azobds af` }dkps=?

OZBAPIFC PLBRZJAF _PZROPRZB



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg ??

Slap is gbafp jy rzjaf spzroprzb;

Plb pbzg rzjaf spzroprzb zbnbzs pk plb }appbzf kz azzafcbgbfp

kn b~bdk}gbfp jdkohs$ spzbbps$ jridìfcs$ k}bf s}aob af`

daf`soa}b liol gahb r} rzjaf azbas& Ip is plb ifpbzzbdapikfsli}

jbpbbf add plbsb bdbgbfps$ zaplbz plaf plbiz }azpiordaz

olazaopbzispios plap jkf` pkcbplbz pk gahb a }daob&

Rzjaf spzroprzb kbs fkp ig}dy afy }azpiordaz hif` kn rzjafisg5ip a}}dibs bqraddy pk plb obfpzb af` pk plb srjrzj$ af` b~bzyplifc

if jbpbbf8 af` kn okrzsb ip a}}dibs bqraddy pk plb oipy$ plb pkf

af` plb ~iddacb&

Sly rzjaf spzroprzb is ig}kzpafp

Plb rzjaf spzroprzb }zk~i`bs plb nkrfàpikfs nkz bpaidb` bsicf

kn plb okfspiprbfp bdbgbfps& Ip ozbapbs a oklbzbfp nzagbkzh$

liol nkzgs plb jasis kn plb bsicf kn ifì~i`rad b~bdk}gbfps '

qripb }kssijdy jy innbzbfp aopkzs ' if kz`bz pk aolib~b plb

nkddkifc5

• Ifpbczapikf

Okffbopikf af` k~bzda} ipl srzzkrfìfc azbas&

• Nrfopikfad bnnioibfoy

_k plap ifì~i`rad bdbgbfps ,jridìfcs$ spzbbps$

k}bf s}aob bpo) kzh pkcbplbz as }azp kn af bnnioibfp lkdb&

• Bf~izkfgbfpad lazgkfy

Ozbapifc b~bdk}gbfp nkzgs plap azb bfbzcy bnnioibfp

af` bokdkcioaddy sbfsipi~b&

• A sbfsb kn }daob

Ozbapifc skgblbzb plap is zbokcfisajdy ispifop jrp

sigrdpafbkrsdy spzbfcplbfs dkoad i`bfpipy&

• Okggbzoiad ~iajidipy

Zbs}kfìfc pk plb zbadipibs kn gazhbp ifndrbfob kf

`b~bdk}gbfp gi| af` bdi~bzy&



Cbppifc plb gk~bgbfp ziclp annbops rsbs af` aopi~ipibs$ `bfsipy$ sborzipy af`

plb ig}aop kn plb `b~bdk}gbfp kf fbicljkrzifc }daobs& Plb gk~bgbfp

nzagbkzh okfobzfs plb spzroprzad as}bops kn gk~bgbfp$ nkorsifc kf plb

spzbbp af` nkkp}apl fbpkzhs& Plb ifì~i`rad aopi~ipibs af` okg}kfbfps kn a gk~bgbfp spzroprzb ,adhifc$ oyodifc$ }rjdio pzafs}kzp bpo) azb a``zbssb`

if bpaid if _bopikf 0&

A sroobssnrd gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh5

• }zk~i`bs plb ga|igrg olkiob nkz lk }bk}db idd gahb plbiz ekrzfbys8

• pahbs nrdd aookrfp kn plb hif`s kn gk~bgbfp a b~bdk}gbfp idd cbfbzapb8

• gahbs odbaz okffbopikfs pk b|ispifc zkrpbs af` naoidipibs&

Jboarsb b~bzy sipb is innbzbfp plbzb oaf jb fk spafàz` nkzgrda& Slap srips a

dazcb srjrzjaf sipb idd jb qripb innbzbfp nzkg a }kohbp sipb if plb iffbz oipy&

Plb gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh slkrd`$ lbzb~bz }kssijdb af` }zaopioajdb$gahb ip as basy af` appzaopi~b pk adh$ oyodb kz pahb plb jrs$ as ip is pk pza~bd

jy oaz& Plis gbafs }zk~iìfc plb ziclp hif`s kn zkrpb pk nip plb ekrzfbys plap

}bk}db afp pk gahb& Plb zbaskf ly kfb zkrpb is jbppbz plaf afkplbz

`b}bf`s kf okrfpdbss naopkzs$ gafy kn plbg qripb ifpafcijdb$ lbfob zkrpb

assbssgbfp oaf fb~bz jb af b|aop soibfob& ]zbìopifc ~bliodb gk~bgbfps

is kfdy kfb }azp kn plb b|bzoisb5 lk }bk}db b|}bzibfob plbiz ekrzfby

,bs}boiaddy }bk}db kf nkkp) is ersp as ig}kzpafp&

?0 rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?&1 plb gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh

Sb slkrd` nkors krz bnnkzps kf ig}zk~ifc zkrpbs pk

jrs spk}s$ ybp add pkk knpbf plbsb azb rfappzaopi~b

af` ifpigiàpifc&

Licl qradipy zkrpbs azb k~bz'dkkhb`$ bdd dip

af` appzaopi~bdy daf`soa}b`&

Plb gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh odbazdy iddrspzapbs

plb zkrpb fbpkzh nkz }b`bspziafs$ oyodisps$ }rjdio

pzafs}kzp af` kplbz ~bliodbs

Gaif Dkk} Zka`

_bokfàzy _pzbbps

Gifkz _pzbbps

Hby Nkkp}apl Zkrpbs

]zkgbfa`b Oyodbay

]kssijdb Jrs _pk}



?&1&1 gk~bgbfp assbssgbfp

Rf`bzpahb a gk~bgbfp assbssgbfp

Plis idd nkzg plb jasis nkz ig}zk~ifc plb b|ispifc fbpkzh kz ozbapifc a fbspzbbp }appbzf& _kgb kn plb naopkzs pk okfsi`bz if zbdapikf pk plb ~azikrs

gk`bs kn pzafs}kzpapikf ,adhifc$ oyodifc$ jrs$ oaz$ bpo&) ifodr`b5

• _anbpy

• Aiz qradipy

• Okf~bfibfob kn ekrzfby

• _}bb`

• Sadhifc kf af` r} hbzjs

• ]b`bspziaf ozkssifcs

• ]b`bspziaf af` oyodb ,Pkroaf) ozkssifcs

• _bczbcapb` }apl

• Qradipy kn pzafs}kzp

• K~bzjzi`cbs

• Rf`bz}assbs

• _b~bzafob

• Fkisb

• ]kddrpikf

• îsrad agbfipy

• âzibpy if ~israd agbfipy

• ]a~bgbfp okfcbspikf

• Zka` okfcbspikf

• Qradipy kn }a~bgbfps

• Qradipy kn zka`s

• Oyodb naoidipibs

Plb qradipy kn ìnnbzbfp zkrpbs oaf jb zapb` pk lbd} `boi`b liol slkrd` jb`b~bdk}b` kz lbzb ig}zk~bgbfps azb fbb`b`& Zb`b~bdk}gbfp kn af

b|ispifc sipb gay }zk~i`b k}}kzprfipibs pk zb'bspajdisl kd` zkrpbs plap la~b

jbbf `bspzkyb` kz `kfcza`b`$ af` pk ig}zk~b gk~bgbfp plzkrcl af azba$

fkp ersp pk af` nzkg plb fb sipb&

?&1&: plb adhajdb fbicljkrzlkk`

@bsicf nkz basb kn adhifc

Dkoad naoidipibs jzifc zbsi`bfps pkcbplbz$ zbifnkzob okggrfipy af` ìsokrzacb

oaz rsb& _k plb nizsp okg}kfbfp kn a gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh slkrd` jb plb

adhifc ìspafobs nzkg naoidipibs& Plb qradipy kn plb zkrpbs is ig}kzpafp$bs}boiaddy lbzb plbzb azb kjspzropikfs srol as jrsy zka`s kz zaiday difbs&

Pk ci~b adhifc }zikzipy gbafs }rppifc plb b~bzyày b|}bzibfob kn plb spzbbp

nizsp kf plb acbfà&

]bk}db slkrd` jb ajdb pk adh if :'? gifrpbs ,:2= gbpzbs) pk plb }ksp jk| kz

pbdb}lkfb jk|5 plb fbsacbfp’s slkrd` jb iplif 2 gifrpbs ,0== gbpzbs)&

Plbzb slkrd` jb dkoad slk}s$ plb jrs spk}$ plb lbadpl obfpzb af` }bzla}s a

}zigazy solkkd iplif a adhifc ìspafob kn ,say) 1= gifrpbs ,<== gbpzbs)&


? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?& 1 plb gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh

Plis oaf plbf jb zbnifb` pk zbndbop gkzb aoorzapbdy

b|ispifc zkrpbs af` jazzibzs pk gk~bgbfp&

Plb nizsp spb} is pk `bnifb plb adhajdb oapolgbfp azba

pk dkoad naoidipibs

A plkzkrcl gk~bgbfp assbssgbfp pahbs aookrfp kn add

gk`bs kn pzafs}kzp

pkf obfpzb

pkf obfpzb

0= =

<= =



?&1&? spzbbp fbpkzh

Okffbop ipl plb b|ispifc fbpkzh

@izbop$ appzaopi~b okffbopikfs jbpbbf hby naoidipibs$ a~kiìfc `ba` bf`s$lbd} pk ozbapb gkzb okf~bfibfp af` okgnkzpajdb }daobs& Af assbssgbfp kn

lk jbsp plb sipb oaf }drc ifpk plb i`bz gk~bgbfp fbpkzhs slkrd aig pk

}zk~i`b plb ga|igrg frgjbz kn ìzbop okffbopikfs pk gaif spzbbps

oazzyifc plzkrcl pzannio& Plb gkzb ìzbop plb difhs jbpbbf gaif spzbbps$ plb

czbapbz plb }kpbfpiad nkz gi|b` rsb ,plb difhs k fkp la~b pk jb ~bliordaz)&

@boi`b liol difhs azb gksp ig}kzpafp pk b|pbf` ifpk plb solbgb$ pk }zk~i`b

plb jasis nkz plb ifpbzfad gk~bgbfp spzroprzb&

Gahb kz jzbah jkrfàzibs

Plb difbaz bdbgbfps plap bnifb plb jkrfàzibs kn a }daob ' plb b`cbs ' gay

jb rsb` pk `bnifb plb digips kn a b~bdk}gbfp sipb kz zbcbfbzapikf azba&

Zi~bzs$ oafads$ }azhdaf`s$ jrsy zka`s kz ~ia`rops$ gay }zk~i`b plb `bnifipikfplap okfpzijrpbs pk a sbfsb kn }daob&

Jrp skgbpigbs }rfolifc plzkrcl kz s}affifc plbsb b`cbs idd ozbapb af

bflafob` s}apiad `yfagio$ jy nkzcifc difhs ipl srzzkrfìfc azbas af`

zb`roifc sb~bzafob&

?> rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg


Okfsi`bz lk jbsp plb sipb oaf jb okffbopb`

ipl fbazjy gaif zkrpbs af` }rjdio

pzafs}kzp naoidipibs

Plb py}ioad ord'`b 'sao zbs}kfsb ozbapbs af

ifpzk~bzpb` daykrp$ liol naids pk ifpbczapb

ipl plb srzzkrfìfcs

A gkzb }b`bspziaf'nzibf`dy a}zkaol plap

ifpbczapbs ipl plb srzzkrfìfc okggrfipy

difhs b|ispifc af` }zk}ksb` spzbbps$ af`

}zk~i`bs izbop difhs pk jrs spk}s

Plis spzbbp }appbzf plbf nkzgs plb jasis

nkz }bzigbpbz jdkohs$ liol bfsrzb plap

jridìfcs okfpzijrpb }ksipi~bdy pk plb

}rjdio zbadg

Plb Oadds af` Zi~bzsi`b$ Dbb`s

Jbnkzb5 Plb zi~bz sb~bzs fkzpl af` skrpl

}azps kn plb oipy

Anpbz5 A fb nkkpjzi`cb }zk~i`bs a ìzbop

zkrpb pk plb oipy obfpzb

A fb difh las jbbf }rfolb` plzkrcl plb

zaiday ~ia`rop ‟ lbd}ifc pk spipol pkcbplbz

plb oipy obfpzb af` zi~bznzkfp

]zifoi}ad zkrpbs

Jrs spk}

Ifpbzfad spzbbps

Hby



Plb Oadds af` Zi~bzsi`b ]daffifc Nzagbkzh$ Dbb`s5 Jzbahifc plb jazzibzs

Dkoapikf Jkpl si`bs kn plb Zi~bz Aizb iggbìapbdy _krpl Basp kn Dbb`s’

obfpzad slk}}ifc azba&

Gaspbz ]daf Odibfp Dbb s @b~bdk}gbfp Okz}kzapikf

@bsicf Pbag Gaspbz }daffbz5 Ddbbdyf'@a~ibs

]zkebop ]daffifc nzagbkzh nkz plb zbcbfbzapikf kn af azba kn zb`rfàfp iopkziaf azblkrsifc aèaobfp pk$ jrp orp knn

nzkg$ Dbb`s Oipy Obfpzb&

@bpaids Kfb kn plb obfpzad aigs kn plb }daffifc nzagbkzh as pk

jzbah plzkrcl plb jazzibz ig}ksb` jy plb zaiday ~ia`rop

af` spapikf$ liol sbz~b` pk jisbop plb zi~bzsi`b pk plb skrpl

af` plb Oipy Obfpzb pk plb fkzpl&

A fb }lysioad difh pk plb Oipy Obfpzb is fk k}bf af` bdd

rsb`& Plis okffbops plb Okzf B|olafcb jridìfc ,fk a

s}boiadisp slk}}ifc obfpzb) pk plb zi~bzsi`b ~ia a zkrpb

}rfolb` plzkrcl a zaiday azol af` a fb }b`bspziaf zi~bz

ozkssifc& A di~bdy rzjaf qrazpbz las `b~bdk}b`$ ifodrìfc

slk}s$ a lkpbd$ ndaps af` knniobs&Okfpaop Dbb`s @b~bdk}gbfp Acbfoy& Pbd5=11? :03 3<9?



Okf~bzpb` azblkrsbs nzkfp kfpk plb Zi~bz Aizb

Licl qradipy azolipboprzb las zaisb` bsicf

spafàz`s if plb azba

Plb }daffifc nzagbkzh

azpiordapbs a plzbb'ìgbfsikfad

~isikf nkz ig}zk~bgbfp kn

plb azba



?&1&0 py}bs kn czi`

Plb czi` }zk~i`bs olkiob

Plb pigb'lkfkrzb` ay kn aolib~ifc bnnioibfp okffbopikfs is pk ozbapb a czi`$liol }zk~i`bs a sig}db spzroprzb$ addkifc aoobss plzkrclkrp plb azba& Plb

nkzg gay jb kzplkckfad kz gkzb izzbcrdaz8 jrp ips ~izprbs azb plb sagb& Plb

czi` adsk knnbzs k}}kzprfipibs nkz pzannio gafacbgbfp$ addkifc zbspziopikf kn

oaz aoobss if skgb spzbbps&

Czi s}aoifc kn <='1==g }zk~i`bs af k}pigrg fbpkzh nkz }b`bspziaf af`

~bliordaz fbb`s if gksp oizorgspafobs& Plb siub kn zbsrdpifc b~bdk}gbfp jdkohs

las pk jb olbohb acaifsp }zk}ksb rsbs af jridìfc py}bs$ af aèrspb pk srip

,sbb ?&3&: kf jdkoh siub)& If obfpzad azbas ipl ifpbfsi~b }b`bspziaf aopi~ipy$ czi`

s}aoifc kn 2='3=g }zk~i`bs af k}pigrg oizordapikf fbpkzh&

Lkb~bz plb gk~bgbfp czi` kn plis soadb gay fkp jb a}}zk}ziapb nkz

spzroprzifc plb k~bzadd rzjaf nkzg& Nkz b|ag}db$ gaekz rzjaf jdkohs gay jb

k~bz :== gbpzbs kz gkzb if afy ìgbfsikf ipl gifkz ozkss spzbbps af`

nkkp}apls plzkrcl plb jdkohs& _igidazdy$ }azaddbd spzbbp nkzgs gay jb

a}}zk}ziapb$ ipl gifkz ozkss zkrpbs& Issrbs kn pk}kcza}ly$ kzibfpapikf$

fbicljkrzifc rsbs af` sk kf azb add }azp kn `bnififc plb a}}zk}ziapb czi`

spzroprzb nkz a ci~bf b~bdk}gbfp&

Jizgifclag Iffbz Zifc Zka`5 Dkksbfifc plb okddaz

]zkebop Plb Jizgifclag Iffbz Zifc Zka` as okg}dbpb` if 1931$ af`

as zbcaz`b` ap plap pigb as a odassio ig}zk~bgbfp kn ips

hif`& Plb aig as pk zbgk~b pzrfh zka` pzannio nzkg plb oipy

okzb jy jridìfc a ?&2 gidb zka` azkrf` plb obfpzb$ }rfoprapb` jy

zkrfàjkrps ap sb~bf erfopikfs& If pzannio gafacbgbfp pbzgs

skgbplifc kn plb kzicifad aig las jbbf nrdniddb`$ jrp ap plb

b|}bfsb kn sb~bzifc plb rzjaf najzio ap ips gksp ~rdfbzajdb

}kifps& Plb okfozbpb okddaz liol ip las ozbapb` las jzkhbf plb

pzaìpikfad difhs jbpbbf plb Oipy Obfpzb af` fbicljkrzifc

azbas& If }azpiordaz$ nkz }bk}db kf nkkp ip }zbsbfps a lkspidb kz

ig}bfbpzajdb jazzibz& Plb }b`bspziaf srjays ap plb

zkrfàjkrps azb ifpigiàpifc af` lrgidiapifc$ af` la~b

jdiclpb` dinb af` aopi~ipy if plb azbas azkrf` plb zka`&

@bpaid _ifob 19<< Jizgifclag Oipy Okrfoid las a k}pb` a }kdioy kn

zbgk`bddifc plb zifc zka`$ if kz`bz pk5

• difh plb Oipy Obfpzb pk fbicljkrzifc azbas&

• bfajdb Oipy Obfpzb aopi~ipy pk s}zba` ifpk plksb azbas&• ozbapb af ig}zk~b` }b`bspziaf bf~izkfgbfp aozkss

plb oipy& If plb ay pzannio is laf`db` plb bg}lasis las

slinpb` pk plb oipy’s gi``db zifc zka`& Plb gksp

fkpajdb as}bops kn plb solbgb aolib~b` sk naz azb5

• dkbz ]azaìsb Oizors pk ozbapb a fb }b`bspziaf difh

pk Obfpbfazy _qrazb af` plb Ifpbzfapikfad

Okf~bfpikf Obfpzb8

• zb'ozbapb plb Kd _qrazb as a }b bspziaf s}aob kf

plb zkrpb nzkg plb Oipy Obfpzb pk plb Da Okrzps azba8

• zbgk bd _gaddjzkkh Qrbbfsay$ ifodr ifc

plb zbgk~ad kn srjays$ pk ozbapb a grol ig}zk~b`

}b`bspziaf difh pk plb Olifbsb qrazpbz kn plb oipy&Okfpaop @b}azpgbfp kn ]daffifc . Azolipboprzb$ Jizgifclag Oipy

Okrfoid$ Jashbz~iddb Lkrsb$ Jzka` _pzbbp$ Jizgifclag J1 :FA

Pbd5 =1:1 ?=? ?123

?< rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg


]kzpdaf`$ R_A

]lida`bd}lia$ R_A

Dkf`kf$ Sbsp Bf`

Sipl }azp kn plb zka` dkbzb` af` a i`b }b`bspziaf

ozkssifc }zk~i`b`$ af azba kfob sb~bzb` fk jif`s

pkcbplbz sbagdbssdy

F




? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?&: gi|ifc rsbs

_roobssnrd okggrfipibs zbqrizb a nrdd zafcb kn dkoad sbz~iobs af` naoidipibs$

ifodrìfc okggbzoiad$ b`roapikfad$ lbadpl$ s}iziprad af` oi~io rsbs& Plbsb

fbb` pk jb okf~bfibfpdy sipb` af` okffbopb` pk zbsi`bfpiad azbas jy sanb af`

okgnkzpajdb zkrpbs&

Pzaìpikfaddy$ pkfs la~b `b~bdk}b` azkrf` ozksszka`s$ obfpzbs kn aopi~ipy kz

spk}}ifc }daobs$ ipl plb ifozbgbfpad czkpl kn lkrsifc$ zbpaid$ okggrfipy

af` bg}dkygbfp rsbs azkrf` plb kzicifad okzb& Ybp bs}ipb plb ~izprbs kn

gi|b` `b~bdk}gbfp ,sbb Pajdb ?&1)$ if gk`bzf `b~bdk}gbfp ip knpbf zbgaifs

plb b|ob}pikf$ zaplbz plaf plb zrdb&

Pajdb ?&1 Plb jbfbnips kn gi|b` b~bdk}gbfp

• Gkzb okf~bfibfp aoobss pk naoidipibs

• Pza~bd'pk'kzh okfcbspikf is gifigisb`

• Czbapbz k}}kzprfipibs nkz skoiad ifpbzaopikf

• _koiaddy i~bzsb okggrfipibs• îsrad spigrdapikf af` bdiclp kn ìnnbzbfp jridìfcs iplif

odksb }zk|igipy

• A czbapbz nbbdifc kn sanbpy$ ipl “bybs kf spzbbps’

• Czbapbz bfbzcy bnnioibfoy af` gkzb bnnioibfp rsb kn s}aob af` jridìfcs

• Gkzb okfsrgbz olkiob kn dinbspydb$ dkoapikf af` jrid ifc py}b

• Rzjaf ~ipadipy af` spzbbp dinb

• Ifozbasb ~iajidipy kn rzjaf naoidipibs af` sr}}kzp nkz sgadd jrsifbss

,srol as okzfbz slk}s)

A sroobssnrd af` srspaifajdb dkoad fbicljkrzlkk` is a }zk`rop kn plb

ìspafobs }bk}db la~b pk adh pk aoobss àidy naoidipibs$ plb }zbsbfob kn a

srnnioibfp zafcb kn srol naoidipibs pk sr}}kzp plbiz fbb`s$ af` }daobs af`

s}aobs lbzb a ~azibpy kn aopi~ipibs oaf pahb }daob&

Plbsb azb b|bg}dinib` jy plb pzaìpikfad îopkziaf af` Bàzìaf srjrzjs

liol bzb jridp kf plb assrg}pikf plap gksp gk~bgbfp krd` jb

}b`bspziaf& Kplbz pza~bd fbb`s bzb sbz~iob` jy a srjrzjaf zaid difb ' plb

spapikf }zk~iìfc plb nkors kn zbpaid$ okggbzoiad af` oi~io aopi~ipy&

_rol s}apiad af` rsb }appbzfs azb knpbf ìnniordp pk zb}dioapb if gk`bzf

`b~bdk}gbfp rb pk orzzbfp pzafs}kzp }daffifc zbcigbs$ plb is}bzsad

kn gk~bgbfp }appbzfs naoidipapb` jy plb oaz af` plb pzbf` pkaz`s b~bz'

dazcbz zbpaid$ b`roapikfad kz lbadploazb jridìfcs if kz`bz pk aolib~b

bnnioibfoibs kn soadb&

A gkzb ~ijzafp af` srspaifajdb nkzg zbsrdps nzkg

jdrzzifc plb ispifopikf jbpbbf rsbs af` `bsicfifc

}daobs plap gahb adhifc pk plb dkoad obfpzb$ af` jrs

spk} kz zaiday spapikf$ as okf~bfibfp af` okgnkzpajdb

as }kssijdb

Jrsifbss }azh

]azhdaf`

Dk bfsipyzbsi`bfpiad azba

Gbìrg bfsipyzbsi`bfpiad azba

K}bfs}aob

Gbìrg`bfsipylkrsifc

Dk`bfsipylkrsifc

Diclpif`rspziad

azba

if`rspziad

Jrsifbss}azh

Dkoad obfpzb

Gi|b`kzhs}aobs}zb`kgifapb

Gi|b`kzhs}aobs}zb`kgifapb

Zbsi`bfpiadlifpbzdaf`

Zbsi`bfpiadlifpbzdaf`

Pzafsipikf ukfb

Gaifdy lba~yif`rspzy

Dkoad obfpzb

Rsbs azb spidd jbifc ukfb` af` zka`s `bsicfb` as

spzapbcio zkrpbs ap plb b|}bfsb kn plb ozbapikf kn gkzb

dkoad zbdapikfsli}s jasb` kf adhifc af` oyodifc&

If `bsicfifc fb }daobs$ lap zkdb is plb obfpzb pk la~b

lbf add plb }kpbfpiad “gi|b` rsb bdbgbfps’ azb srohb`

pk plb b`cb;



Knpbf plb }daffifc syspbg kbs fkp lbd}& Pk iddrspzapb$ in b pahb a py}ioad

dazcb sipb$ daf` rsbs gay ifodr`b lkrsifc$ a }zigazy solkkd$ slk}s$ knniobs

af` skgb if`rspzy& ]daffifc cbfbzaddy ukfbs plbsb rsbs af` ci~bs plbg

zbdapi~bdy ni|b` jkrfàzibs jbnkzb afy sbzikrs `bsicf kzh is rf`bzpahbf& Kfkooasikf$ sipbs azb oaz~b` ifpk `b~bdk}gbfp }azobds azkrf` a zrìgbfpazy

zka` syspbg iplkrp a odbaz rzjaf bsicf spzroprzb if }daob& Ap plis spacb$ ip

is fkp rfhfkf nkz `bfsipibs pk jb `boi`b` r}kf$ as bdd as kplbz ni|b`

zbqrizbgbfps ' k}bf s}aob }zk~isikf$ nkz b|ag}db& Plis a}}zkaol nzbqrbfpdy

if~kd~bs zkrpifc plb gaif zka` zkrf` plb sipb zaplbz plaf aozkss ip af`

dkoapifc plb pzannio cbfbzapifc rsbs srol as zbpaid af` bg}dkygbfp azbas

odksb pk bfpzafob erfopikfs af` adkfc plb gaif zka`& Plb zka` is rsb` as a

jkrfàzy pk sbczbcapb rsbs& _rol appbg}ps pk ozbapb a sbfsb kn }daob azkrf`

a nkoad }kifp knpbf naid jboarsb plb ~bzy rsbs plap cbfbzapb aopi~ipy azb kf plb

b`cb kn plb sipb kz jbykf`$ if a fbazjy jrsifbss }azh kz krp'kn'pkf obfpzb$

af` pbf` pk jb ifpbzfadisb` if “jic jk|bs’&

Plis pbf`bfoy oaf jb zb~bzsb` jy }zkgkpifc ì~bzsipy if pbzgs kn5

• @b~bdk}gbfp nkzgs8

• Daf` rsb8

• @bfsipy8

• Pbfrzb8

• Gazhbp sbcgbfps&

?&:&1 plb fbicljkrzlkk` rfip

Jrid` adhajdb fbicljkrzlkk`s

Gi|b` rsb b~bdk}gbfp oaf jbsp jb }zkgkpb` jy rsifc plb ispafob gksp

}bk}db idd adh pk àidy naoidipibs$ plb okzfbz slk} kz plb jrs spk} as a

spazpifc }kifp&

Plb fbicljkrzlkk` rfip oaf }zk~i`b a rsbnrd kzcafisifc b~iob ' jrp kfdy

lbf ip is k~bzdai` kf af ifpbczapb` gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh af` okfobi~b` as

a }ibob kn pkf kz oipy lksb aopi~ipibs af` nkzgs k~bzda}& Plis is pk gk~b

aay nzkg dazcb'soadb }zkebops bf~isacb` kz `bsozijb` as fbicljkrzlkk`s$

jrp `bsicfb` as ìsokffbopb` bfoda~bs& Ip is adsk pk gk~b aay nzkg bspapbs

af` daykrps ' pbzgs liol if plbgsbd~bs sbz~b pk bg}lasisb sifcdb rsb

af` sbczbcapikf&

A i`bdy rsb` jbfolgazh is nkz gi|b` b~bdk}gbfp fbicljkrzlkk`s pk

ok~bz a 0==g zaìrs$ bqrapifc pk ajkrp ni~b gifrpbs adh& Plis pzafsdapbs

ifpk 2= lbopazbs&

?&:&: olazaopbz azbas

A }apolkzh kn ìnnbzbfp aopi~ipibs

If gafy pkfs af` oipibs$ plbzb is sok}b nkz spzbfcplbfifc b|ispifc

fbicljkrzlkk`s lbzb i`bfpipy is jasb` kf a }azpiordaz aopi~ipy kz gi|$

,a gazhbp }daob kz okddbcb oag}rs nkz b|ag}db)$ kz `b~isifc fb azbas kn

s}boiad olazaopbz& _rol “olazaopbz azbas’ oaf zbifnkzob dkoad i`bfpipy af` sbz~b

as a gazhbpifc pkkd pk zaisb plb }zknidb kn a }azpiordaz }daob$ as if plb oasb kn

Jizgifclag’s Ebbddbzy Qrazpbz& Plbsb gay zbdapb pk }zb`kgifafp rsbs$

nkoad jridìfcs$ lispkzio asskoiapikfs kz bplfio okg}ksipikf$ srol as a

Olifapkf&


? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?& : gi|ifc rsbs

FbPkf Crf

QrazpbzAspkf

Pziafcdb

EbbddbzyQrazpbz

_p]ards

Da`y'kk`

Okf~bfpikfQrazpbz

Oipy okzb

Orzukf_pzbbp

OlifbsbGazhbpsQrazpbz

Lkddiày_pzbbp

Dbb Jafh

@icjbpl

Liclcapb

DbcadQrazpbz

0==g

0==g

0==g

0==g

0==g

a) Fkàd fbicl jkrzlkk` j) _pzbbp f bicljkrzlkk`

o) Fbicljkrzlkk`

aèaobfp pk gaif zka`

`) Sapbznzkfp

fbicljkrzlkk`

b) Fbicljkrzlkkàp a gkpkzayn) Fbicljkrzlkkàozkss a sdk}b

c) Pkf obfpzb ipl zaiday spapikf

srzzkrf`b` jy fbicljkrzlkk` odrspbzs

l) Pkf obfpzb ipl krpdyifc fbicljkrzlkk` odrspbzs

Jizgifclag rzjaf `bsicf spzapbcy5

fbicljkrzlkk` i`bfpipibs

Plb lbzipacb kn plb Ebbddbzy Qrazpbz is jbifc

rsb` pk rf`bz}if }zk}ksads pk bflafob plis

rzjaf ~iddacb ,skrzob5 B@AS)

0==g

0==g

0==g

0==g

0==g



I`bfpiny lbplbz plb }zkebop zbdapbs pk a }azpiordaz olazaopbz azba& In sk$

okfsi`bz plb ig}dioapikfs nkz rsb gi|$ jridìfc nkzg af` `bsicf kn k}bf

s}aobs& Oaf fb plbgbs jb a``b` kz }azpiordaz b|ispifc appzijrpbs

spzbfcplbfb` nrzplbz;

?&:&? okg}apijdb rsbs

Ga|igisb syfbzcy$ gifigisb okfndiop

@i~bzsipy ifb~ipajdy jzifcs skgb okfndiop& B|ispifc }daobs bgkfspzapb plap

gksp aopi~ipibs oaf di~b lazgkfikrsdy si`b'jy'si b$ ipl plis okfndiop

`bsicfb` krp ap plb bpaidb` db~bd& If`bb`$ ip is a }ksipi~b ~izprb kn gafy bdd'

bspajdislb` }daobs$ lbzb a lkdb gådéb kn siclps$ skrf`s af` sgbdds ci~bs

rfiqrbfbss af` olazaopbz& Jrp innbzbfp rsbs la~b innbzbfp fbb`s ' fkp add

gi|bs azb a}}zk}ziapb ' fk'kfb afps a oaz jzbahbz’s yaz` jaohifc kfpk a

}azh ' af` skgb rsbs azb jbppbz dkoapb` if sifcdb rsb jdkohs&

If okfsi`bzifc plb i`bsp }kssijdb gi| kn rsbs plap oaf jb ifpzk`rob` pk a``

~ipadipy af bokfkgio nbasijidipy spr`y slkrd` jb rf`bzpahbf pk olboh ~iajidipy&

Plis slkrd` jb rf`bzpahbf if okferfopikf ipl af b~adrapikf kn plb zbdapi~b

okg}apijidipy jbpbbf plb }zk}ksb` rsbs af` plbiz b|ispifc fbicljkrzs$ af`

plbf baol rsb }ksipikfb` pk }zkgkpb okg}apijidipy af` a~ki` okfndiop& Licl

pzannio'cbfbzapkzs srol as ìspzijrpikf azblkrsifc okg}db|bs$ nkz ifspafob$

azb jbsp dkoapb` odksb pk gkpkzay erfopikfs af` zaidlba`s&

Okgjifb }zigazy aopi~ipibs

Okgjififc plb }zigazy aopi~ipibs kn di~ifc af` kzhifc sr}}kzps a czbapbz

~azibpy kn sbokfàzy naoidipibs ,lbplbz okggbzoiad$ bfpbzpaifgbfp$ dbisrzb

kz okggrfipy'jasb`)& Czkr}ifc plb gaif bdbgbfps kn plb }adbppb kn rsbs pk

jb aookggkàpb` idd lbd} pk gahb a }daob&

Siplif okzb azbas$ dbsskfs oaf jb dbazfp nzkg plb `bsicf kn slk}}ifc obfpzbs$

lbzb rsbs azb }ksipikfb` pk okfobfpzapb }b`bspziaf ndks jy s}aoifc

afolkz spkzbs a ga|igrg kn ajkrp :2=g a}azp&

?&:&0 gi|b` nkzgs$ rsbs af` rsbzs

_}zifhdb lkrsifc py}bs af` pbfrzbs

Jkpl plb soadb kn plb obfpzb af` plb gi| kn rsbs ip okfpaifs idd b}bf` kf

lbzb plb solbgb sips if zbdapikf pk plb rzjaf libzazoly& Plis kn okrzsb ~azibs

nzkg }daob pk }daob$ jrp gafy sipbs idd la~b a daybzifc ‟ obfpzb$ pzafsipikf

ukfb af` krpbz b`cb& Gi|ifc pbfrzbs }zkgkpbs skoiad i~bzsipy af` ip isplbzbnkzb ig}kzpafp pk s}zba` innbzbfp jridìfc py}bs af` pbfrzbs aozkss

plis zafcb& “]b}}bz'}kppifc’ ìnnbzbfp pbfrzbs plzkrclkrp af azba bfsrzbs

plap a ~azibpy kn lkrsifc py}bs af` kfbzsli} }appbzfs azb s}zifhdb`$ zaplbz

plaf odrspbzb` ifpk b|odrsi~b bfoda~bs& As }zkebops srol as Okif _pzbbp kf

Dkf`kf’s _krpl Jafh la~b `bgkfspzapb`$ nifafoiad }daffifc gbolafisgs

fbb` pk jb okfsi`bzb` ap af bazdy spacb$ jasb` kf arplkzapapi~b a`~iob&

]lysioad }daffifc af` nifafoiad }daffifc slkrd` }zkobb` laf` if laf`&



Cdkrobspbz Czbbf if K|nkz` }zk~i`bs a di~bdy af`

appzaopi~b gi| kn ndaps ajk~b slk}s af` zbsparzafps

“]b}}bz‟}kppifc’ pbfrzbs if plb zb`b~bdk}gbfp kn plb

Pzkjzi`cb Bspapb$ Laohfby ,]Z] Azolipbops)

Pbfrzb

_lazb`

Ok~bfafp

_adb

Gi|b`



?&:&2 obfpzbs

Nkors obfpzbs kf }rjdio pzafs}kzp fk`bs

Liclbsp okfobfpzapikfs kn aopi~ipy ,}azpiordazdy plb zbpaid okzb) bgbzcbfaprzaddy adkfc }zifoi}ad zkrpbs kz }kifps kn okf~bzcbfob ' adkfc licl spzbbps$

ap ozksszka`s af` sk kf& Plbsb obfpzbs ~azy if siub `b}bfìfc kf dkoapikf$ plb

faprzb kn plb spzbbp fbpkzh$ k~bzadd `bfsipibs af` siub kn oapolgbfp&

Gi|b`'rsb obfpzbs azb jbsp dkoapb` ap ozksszka`s af` adkfc gaif gk~bgbfp

zkrpbs$ iplif adhifc ìspafob kn lkgbs& Plis spzbfcplbfs plbiz i`bfpipy$

}zk~i`bs }assifc pza`b af` bfajdbs jrs spk}s af`+kz zaiday spapikfs pk jb

nrddy ifpbczapb`& Nkz sgadd sipbs$ jbaz if gif` lk plb sipb is okffbopb` pk

b|ispifc dkoad obfpzbs&

Ifebop lkrsifc ifpk plb gi|

Obfpzbs plap la~b jbbf a ~iopig kn }kspaz ukfifc `bgkfspzapb lk ~ipadipyaf` ~iajidipy azb dksp lbzb lkrsifc is fkp }azp kn plb gi|& Ifebopifc lkrsifc

ifpk plb gi| lbzb~bz }kssijdb bfajdbs aopi~ipy pk jb spzbpolb` jbykf`

àypigb knniob af` slk}}ifc lkrzs&

Plb ajidipy pk ifpzk`rob fkf'zbsi`bfpiad rsbs ifpk lkrsifc azbas ~azibs

pzbgbf`krsdy jbpbbf plb obfpzb af` b`cb kn a sbppdbgbfp& Pk ozbapb a

spzkfc okggrfipy nkors$ a slk}$ jrs spk} af` }zigazy solkkd idd rsraddy jb

okfsi`bzb` a jazb gifigrg& If dazcb lkrsifc solbgbs plap oaffkp jb

b|}bopb` pk appzaop gafy fkf'zbsi`bfpiad rsbs$ okfsi`bz plb “obfpzb’ as plb

okzb zbsi`bfpiad azba iplif liol plb dkoad slk}s$ okggbzoiad rsb af`

agbfipibs idd sip&

Bg}lasisb plb oi~io

]rjdio sbz~iobs af` agbfipibs sr}}kzp zbsi`bfps af` kzhbzs$ af` }zk~i`b

nkoad bdbgbfps kn af rzjaf spzroprzb plap lbd} pk bfokrzacb a spzkfc sbfsb

kn okggrfipy af` i`bfpipy& Frzsbzibs$ dijzazibs$ okggrfipy obfpzbs$ }kdiob

af` nizb spapikfs af` ck~bzfgbfp knniobs azb jbsp }daob` ap obfpzad }kifps if

licldy ~isijdb dkoapikfs& ]rjdio sqrazbs oaf jb rsb pk bg}lasisb plbiz oi~io spaprs&

_giplnibd` Jridìfcs$ Gafolbspbz5 Gi|ifc ip r}

Dkoapikf Pij _pzbbp if plb Fkzplbzf Qrazpbz kn plb Oipy Obfpzb

@bsicfbz _pb}lbfskf Jbdd Azolipbops

@b~bdk}bz Rzjaf _}dasl ,@b~bdk}gbfps) Dp`

Dkoad Arplkzipy Gafolbspbz Oipy Okrfoid

Ndkkz Azba 1?$0:0 g: nkzgbz b}azpgbfp spkzb]zkebop Plb ozbapikf kn <1 dknp a}azpgbfps$ :1 czkrf` ndkkz slk}s

af` a jasbgbfp cyg

@bpaids Rfpid ips bodifb if plb 192=s$ _giplnibd` Jridìfcs lkrsb`

kfb kn plb oipy’s gksp nagkrs b}azpgbfp spkzbs ' Anndboh

af` Jzkf$ plb —Lazzk`s kn plb Fkzpl‗& Plzkrclkrp plb 19<=s

plb jridìfc spkk` bg}py$ jrp as dkoapb` iplif af azba

pazcbpb` nkz zbcbfbzapikf jy plb Oipy Okrfoid& Sipl `bsicf

ifcbfripy af` ndaiz ip las fk jbbf zb`b~bdk}b` ifpk aaz`'

iffifc$ licldy bsizajdb$ dknp a}azpgbfps ipl slk}s$ oanbs

af` a ficlpodrj jbdk& If bsicf pbzgs plis las jbbf

aolib~b` jy zbpaififc plb apzirg pk }zk~i`b aydiclp ifpk plb

obfpzb kn plb jdkoh$ af` shizpifc plis ipl ifpbzfad aoobsscaddbzibs& Plb `zagapio dknp daykrps lazfbss pk czbap

bnnbop plb }kpbfpiad nkz fb nkzgs kn rzjaf di~ifc&

Okfpaop Rzjaf _}dasl& Pbd5=1>1 :?3 9099



A ~azibpy kn aopi~b rsbs

difb plb czkrf` ndkkz

A nkkpjzi`cb difhs pk plb

aèaobfp grdpi'spkzby oaz

}azh

]rjdio pzafs}kzp kzibfpapb` `b~bdk}gbfp bfsrzbs plap a

gi|b` rsb okggrfipy las a zaiday spapikf kz jrs spk}

iplif adhifc ispafob ap ips lbazp

]ksipikfifc dkoad obfpzbs aay nzkg gaif zkrpbs

`b}zi~bs plbg kn dinb af` }assifc pza`b

Plb afsbz is pk ozbapb }b`bspziaf af` }rjdio

pzafs}kzp‟kzibfpapb` obfpzbs ap hby nkoad }kifps

Plb b|ispifcsr}bzspzroprzb las

jbbf zbpaifb`

Af apzirg jzifcs diclp pkplb ifpbzikz

R z j a f _ } d a s l





Jzifc `ba` b`cbs pk dinb

Gkfk'nrfopikfad okggbzoiad `b~bdk}gbfps ,if`rspziad$ jrsifbss$ zbpaid$

dbisrzb$ knniob kz soibfob }azhs)$ azb odrspbzs kn dk'`bfsipy naoidipibs plap if

zbobfp ybazs la~b nkzgb` `zi~b'if bspapbs orp'knn nzkg plbiz srzzkrfìfcs&Plby zbgaif kfb kn plb gksp }zkjdbgapio oladdbfcbs nkz rzjaf bsicfbzs

okfobzfb` ipl ozbapifc ifpbczapb` gi|b` `b~bdk}gbfps&

Odrspbzifc dk bfsipy naoidipibs if gazcifad dkoapikfs is kfdy erspiniajdb lbzb

fkisb kz }kddrpikf bgissikfs }zb~bfp odksbz ifpbczapikf ipl zbsi`bfpiad azbas

af` dk cza`b rzjaf daf` ,srol as aèaobfp pk a zaiday) oaf jb rpidisb`&

Plb }zbnbzzb` a}}zkaol is pk dkoapb srol bg}dkygbfp af` okggbzoiad rsbs

if srol a ay plap plby difh pk fbazjy obfpzbs ipl aoobss pk }rjdio pzafs}kzp$

azb aoobssijdb knn gaif zkrpbs af` azb adsk if adhifc ìspafob kn as grol

lkrsifc as }kssijdb& In “jic'jk|bs’ kz “slb`s’ azb rfa~kiàjdb$ plbf bfsrzb

plby azb aookggkàpb` iplif a }bzigbpbz jdkoh spzroprzb$ ipl a }rjdio

nzkfpacb af` licl qradipy daf`soa}ifc& Addk nkz nrprzb zbpzknippifc af``bfsinioapikf$ bs}boiaddy kn plbiz knpbf b|obssi~b }azhifc azbas ,sbb ?&?&0)&



Plb `b~bdk}gbfp kn Jzkrclpkf Appbzjrzy ifGidpkf Hbyfbs is ifpbf`b` pk jbokgb a gk`bd

licl qradipy rzjaf b|pbfsikf

Jzkrclpkf Appbzjrzy$ Gidpkf Hbyfbs5 B|pbfìfc plb Oipy

Dkoapikf Fkzpl baspbzf Gidpkf Hbyfbs

]zkgkpbz Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s

@bsicf Pbag Naoidipapkzs5 Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s$ Plb ]zifob’s Nkrf apikf

Gaspbz ]daffbzs5 B@AS

@b~bdk}gbfp Jzibnifc5 Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s

_ipb Azba 22 lbopazbs

@bfsipy 32= bddifcs M ?0 bddifcs }bz lbopazb a~bzacb&

:3$2:2 g: okggbzoiad M 0=" sipb ok~bz

]zkebop Nzagbkzh }daf nkz a b~bdk}gbfp dkoapb` ap plb b`cb kn plb

fb oipy kn Gidpkf Hbyfbs liol is jbifc }zkgkpb` as af

rzjaf ~iddacb af` ifodr`bs plb b|ispifc lagdbp kn Jzkrclpkf&

Plb b~bdk}gbfp azba ifodr`bs daf`nidd kf nkzgbz saf` }ips

af` idd okg}zisb5

• 32= `bddifcs$ ifodrìfc lkgb kzhifc

• :3$2==g: okggbzoiad+bg}dkygbfp+kzhslk}s

• Nizsp _olkkd

• Difbaz ]azh

• Zbozbapikf af` skoiad naoidipibs

@bpaids Jzkrclpkf Appbzjrzy as sbdbopb` p k b|}dkzb plb }kpbfpiad

nkz plb b~bdk}gbfp kn a fb rzjaf ~iddacb if Gidpkf Hbyfbs&

Plb ]zifob’s Nkrfàpikf assispb` Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s if

}rddifc pkcbplbz spahblkd`bzs ifodrìfc dkoad zbsi`bfps$

okggrfipy zb}zbsbfpapi~bs af` knnioiads$ jrsifbss }bk}db$

}kdiob af` s}boiad ifpbzbsp czkr}s& A ]daffifc nkz Zbad

bbhbf` appbf`b` jy 1:= }bk}db zbsrdpb` if a ~isikf af`

jzibn nkz okfsrdpafps pk }zb}azb a gaspbz }daf jasb` kf

rzjaf ~iddacb }zifoi}dbs kn gi|b` rsbs$ qradipy rzjaf bsicf

af` srspaifajidipy& Plb gaspbz }daf nkzgb`

a`~afob` ifnzaspzroprzb kzhs af` plb }zb}azapikf kn

ifì~i`rad sipb b~bdk}gbfp jzibns liol ifokz}kzapb`

}ikfbbzifc zbqrizbgbfps kf srspaifajidipy af` bfbzcy

okfsbz~apikf& Plb nizsp okggbzoiad af` zbsi`bfpiad

`b~bdk}bzs la~b jbbf sbdbopb` jy assbssgbfp }afbds '

ifodrìfc Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s$ Gidpkf Hbyfbs Okrfoid$ plb

]zifob’s Nkrfàpikf$ Fapikfad Bfbzcy Nkrfàpikf$ dkoad

zbsi`bfps$ af` plb Jridìfc Zbsbazol Bspajdislgbfp ,JZB) '

af` gbbp plb b|aopifc bsicf$ srspaifajidipy af` nifafoiad

ozipbzia sbp& If a`ìpikf$ plb }zk}ksads idd assisp plb JZB if

bspajdislifc Jridìfc Zbsbazol Bspajdislgbfp Bf~izkfgbfpad

Assbssgbfp Gbplk` ,JZBBAG) Bspapbs$ a fb spafàz` nkz

assbssifc plb srspaifajidipy kn sipb `b~bdk}gbfp&

Okfpaop @af Gybzs$ Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s& Pbd5 =19=< ?2? 9=1



?&:&3 pzafsipikf ukfbs

A ziol gi| if pzafsipikf

Plb pzafsipikf ukfb jbpbbf obfpzb af` b`cb is nbzpidb daf` nkz gi|ifc pkkoorz$ af` oaf ~azy bfkzgkrsdy if olazaopbz& Plbsb azb plb lkpol'}kpol azbas

plap jzi`cb plb okggbzoiad okzb af` plb zbsi`bfpiad lifpbzdaf`& Ip is iplif

plbsb ukfbs plap plb gksp `yfagio gi| koorzs$ ipl slk}s$ kzhs}aobs$

spkzacb yaz`s$ af` lkrsbs b|ispifc si`b'jy'si`b& Daf` ~adrbs bfajdb skgb kn

plbsb dkbz bfsipy rsbs pk plzi~b af` }zk~i`b plb gksp sok}b nkz

bfokrzacifc di~b'kzh$ s}boiadipy zbpaidifc$ azpisp af` ordprzad qrazpbzs$ nkz

ifspafob& If dazcb solbgbs$ pzafsipikf ukfbs oaf jb rsb` pk jrnnbz lkgbs af`

kplbz fkisb'sbfsipi~b rsbs nzkg aopi~ipy skrzobs& Lkb~bz$ ficlp'pigb rsbs

,}rjs$ odrjs af` zbsparzafps) oaf adsk kzh bdd lbzb& In }ksipikfb` aay

nzkg }zb`kgifafpdy zbsi`bfpiad azbas plby oaf adsk nbb` knn kfb afkplbz

lbf plby azb odrspbzb`&

_olkkds azb adsk knpbf jbsp dkoapb` if plb pzafsipikf ukfb jbpbbf plb liclbz

`bfsipy zbsi`bfpiad azbas af` dkoad obfpzbs$ lbzb plby azb as odksb as

}kssijdb pk plb gaekzipy kn olid`zbf$ af` lbzb plby oaf jb ifpzk`rob`

iplkrp orppifc knn }b`bspziaf aoobss pk plb obfpzb&

Dacafsi`b Gaspbz}daf$ Jbdnasp5 Zbokffbopifc plb obfpzb af` zi~bznzkfp

Dkoapikf Kf plb si`b kn plb Zi~bz Dacaf pk plb basp kn plb oipy&

@bsicf Pbag Azolipbops5 Jiz`s ]kzpolgkrpl Zrssrg

Pzafs}kzp Bfcifbbz5 K~b Azr} af` ]azpfbzs

]zk}bzpy Okfsrdpafp5 Eagbs S& Jrzcbss

Oksp Gafacbgbfp Okfsrdpafp5 Cazìfbz . Plbkjkd`

Odibfp Dacafsi`b Okz}kzapikf

]zkebop Pk ozbapb a fb gi|b`'rsb oipy jdkoh$ b|pbfìfc jbfbapl plb

Ozkss Lazjkrz Jzi`cbs af` difhifc plb oipy obfpzb ipl plb

jafhs kn plb Zi~bz Dacaf&

@bpaids Plb Gaspbz}daf }zk~i`b` plb jasis nkz plb ozbapikf kn plzbb

fb gaekz }rjdio s}aobs difhb` jy a zi~bzsi`b adh af`

ndafhb` ipl a gi| kn aopi~ipibs& Ig}dbgbfpapikf kn plis

okfob}p is fk bdd a`~afob`$ ipl Okz}kzapikf _qrazbbfdazcb` af` zbokfnicrzb` pk }day a gkzb oi~io zkdb$ ipl af

lispkzio sli} }daffb` pk jb jbzplb` if `zy koh ap ips obfpzb&

Orspkg Lkrsb af` Dacafjafh sqrazbs adsk a``zbss plb zi~bz$

pkcbplbz ipl fb jridìfcs okfpaififc YGOA+spr`bfp

lkrsifc$ sgadd jrsifbssbs$ zbpaid rfips$ oanbs$ jazs$ ficlpodrjs

af` lkpbds pk a`` nrzplbz dinb af` ~ipadipy& _b~bf fb

a}azpgbfp jdkohs azb }zk}ksb` pk }zk~i`b a jridp b`cb pk plb

zi~bznzkfp$ pkcbplbz ipl a oané$ ozìolb af` s}kzps+zbozbapikf

naoidipibs& Skzhslk}s$ slkzkkgs$ zbpaid rfips af` a grdpi'

spkzby oaz }azh azb pk jb aookggkàpb` jbfbapl

plb jzi`cbs&

Okfpaop Dacafsi`b Okz}kzapikf& Pbd5 =:< 9=?: <2=3



Jziclpkf#s Fkzpl Daifbs }zk~i`b a gi|przb kn

slk}s$ kzhs}aobs$ zbsi`bfpiad `b~bdk}gbfp$ oanbs

af` plbapzbs&



Zbobfp gk~bs pkaz`s plb ozbapikf kn gkzb srspaifajdb pkfs af` oipibs

plap knnbz a licl qradipy kn dinb lidsp gifigisifc zbskrzob okfsrg}pikf

,srol as bfbzcy$ daf` af` apbz)$ la~b zbaahbfb` ifpbzbsp if plb okfob}p kn

`bfsipy& Plb jbfbnips kn sbbhifc liclbz bfsipy db~bds if k~bzadd pbzgs azbbdd'zbokcfisb` ,sbb Pajdb ?&:) ' bs}boiaddy if plb okfpb|p kn `bdi~bzifc gi|b`

rsb `b~bdk}gbfp lbzb a gifigrg lkrsifc `bfsipy is zbqrizb` pk srspaif

fkf'zbsi`bfpiad rsbs&

_kgb }bk}db okfpifrb pk bqrapb liclbz `bfsipibs ipl }kkz rzjaf qradipy$

srol as k~bzozkìfc af` zb`rob` s}aob spafàz`s& Plis gissbs a

nrfàgbfpad }kifp& @bfsipy is kfdy a gbasrzb& Ip is a }zk`rop kn bsicf$ fkp a

`bpbzgifafp kn ip& Plb aig slkrd` plbzbnkzb jb fkp pk aolib~b a ci~bf

zbsi`bfpiad `bfsipy$ jrp pk cbfbzapb a ozipioad gass kn }bk}db ajdb pk sr}}kzp

rzjaf sbz~iobs srol as }rjdio pzafs}kzp$ dkoad slk}s af` solkkds&

Zbsbazol las slkf plap plbzb is fk okzzbdapikf jbpbbf rzjaf qradipy af``bfsipy ,@BPZ$ 199<)& @b~bdk}gbfps `zi~bf jy a~bzacb `bfsipibs af` sla}b`

jy jdafhbp spafàz`s ,zbdapifc pk }zi~aoy$ k}bf s}aob$ }azhifc af` liclay

cbkgbpzy$ nkz b|ag}db) sprdpiny `bsicf af` pbf` pk }zk`rob dkbsp'

okggkf'`bfkgifapkz jdaf`fbss&

Plb zbokggbf`b` a}}zkaol is `bsicf'db`$ okfobfpzapifc kf srspaifajdb

rzjaf qradipy& Gazhbp okfsi`bzapikfs ifndrbfob gafy kn plb lkrsifc nkzgs

af` plis$ pkcbplbz ipl plb `bsicf'db` a}}zkaol$ gahbs `bfsipy a gbasrzb kn

plb }zk`rop$ fkp a bpbzgifafp kn ip&

Pajdb ?&: Plb jbfbnips kn liclbz bfsipibs

_koiad

• _koiad }zk|igipy bfokrzacbs }ksipi~b ifpbzaopikf af` i~bzsipy

• Ig}zk~bs ~iajidipy kn af` aoobss pk okggrfipy sbz~iobs

• Bfajdbs gkzb af` jbppbz ifpbczapb` skoiad lkrsifc

Bokfkgio

• Bflafobs bokfkgio ~iajidipy kn b~bdk}gbfp

• ]zk~i bs bokfkgibs kn ifnzaspzroprzb

Pzafs}kzp

• _r}}kzps }rjdio pzafs}kzp

• Zb`robs oaz pza~bd af` }azhifc bgaf

• Gahbs rf bzozknp kz jasbgbfp }azhifc bokfkgioaddy ~iajdb

Bf~izkfgbfpad

• Ifozbasbs bfbzcy bnnioibfoy

• @bozbasbs zbskrzob okfsrg}pikf• Ozbapbs dbss }kddrpikf

• ]zbsbz~bs af` lbd}s nrf` gaifpbfafob kn }rjdio k}bf s}aob

• Zb`robs k~bzadd bgaf` nkz b~bdk}gbfp daf` ‟ a~ki ifc s}zad

?&?&1 `bfsipy af` naoidipibs

Nkors kf aopi~ipy obfpzbs

Liclbz `bfsipibs nkorssb kf rzjaf obfpzbs bfsrzb plap plby zbgaif di~bdy$ ipl

dkoad naoidipibs odksb ap laf`& Ci~ifc }bk}db plb olkiob pk rsb }rjdio pzafs}kzp$

jy sipifc jrs+pzag spk}s kz zaiday spapikfs iplif adhifc ispafob adsk lbd}s

rf`bz}if ~iajidipy jy sicfinioafpdy ifozbasifc }kpbfpiad orspkg& Plis fkp kfdya}}dibs pk zbsi`bfpiad rsbs$ jrp pk if`rspzy$ okggbzob af` slk}}ifc& Plb jbppbz

sbz~b` af` okffbopb` a sipb kz `b~bdk}gbfp is$ plb spzkfcbz plb oasb nkz

okfsi`bzifc liclbz bfsipibs af` dkbz oaz }azhifc }zk~isikf&


? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?&? `bfsipy$ naoidipibs af` nkzg

Slap orzzbfp sbp'jaoh af` }azhifc spafàz`s

oaf ci~b ykr5 dk bfsipy$ srjrzjaf lkrsb

py}bs krp kn }daob ipl plbiz sbppifc af`

nkzbokrzps `kgifapb` jy }azhifc

A}}dyifc spafàz`s ipl gkzb ndb|ijidipy af`

}azhifc kf'spzbbp ifozbasbs sipb }kpbfpiadaf` ozbapbs spzkfc spzbbp nzkfpacb

Oaz nzbb rzjafisg ,}bzla}s ipl kfdy skgb

kf'spzbbp }azhifc) ipl spzkfc difhs pk fbazjy

}rjdio pzafs}kzp naoidipibs oaf }zk~i`b licl

qradipy oipy di~ifc iplkrp pkf ozaggifc



Zbsbazol srccbsps fbp bfsipibs kn 1== }bzskfs }bz lbopazb ,}}l) azb

fbobssazy pk srspaif a ckk` jrs sbz~iob ,DCGJ$ 1992)& Pahifc plb <==g ,1=

gifrpb) adhifc ìspafob as a spazpifc }kifp ,cbfbzapifc a adhajdb

fbicljkrzlkk` kn 93&2 la ' sbb ?&1)$ plis bqrapbs pk 02 `}l in plb a~bzacb RHlkrsblkd` siub kn :&: }bzskfs is a}}dib`& If gkzb obfpzad dkoapikfs$ :0=

}bzskfs+la ,kz >=`}l) idd srspaif a pzag sbz~iob&

_rjrzjs azb fkp if plbgsbd~bs “ja`’

Gk`bzf srjrzjs$ plb }bzi}lbzad b`cbs kn krz pkfs af` oipibs$ azb knpbf

bqrapb` ipl oaz'kzibfpb` s}zad& Ybp plbzb azb gafy lispkzioad }zbob`bfps

plap iddrspzapb plap plis fbb` fkp jb plb oasb& Gafy kn plb odassio Caz`bf Oipy

srjrzjs b|bg}diny plis$ srol as Lag}spba` kz Dbpolkzpl& Plby bzb jridp ap

ajkrp ?= `}l& Slbzb dkoad okfpb|p zbqrizbs gkzb srjrzjaf nkzgs$ plb jasio

pbfbps kn ckk` rzjafisg spidd a}}dy&

?&?&: `bfsipy af` nkzg

âzy plb `bfsipy }zknidb

Siplif plb liclbz `bfsipy db~bds liol srspaif rzjaf dinb$ ~aziapikfs if plb

fbp `bfsipy kn jridp nkzg }zknidbs idd koorz faprzaddy& Plis oaf jb bflafob`

jy jridìfc r} plb gass azkrf` obfpzbs$ }rjdio pzafs}kzp aoobss }kifps$ }azhs

af` zi~bznzkfps$ nkz b|ag}db& _la}b plb gass kn jridp nkzg pk nzagb }ksipi~b

}rjdio s}aobs ,sbb 2&1)&

If okfpzasp$ grol zbobfp b~bdk}gbfp$ liol gay la~b b|aopdy plb sagb

}k}rdapikf bfsipy kn ips pzaìpikfad okrfpbz}azp$ is olazaopbzisb` jy ndap$

nbaprzbdbss bfsipy }zknidbs& Plis is plb }zk`rop kn jridìfc kf pk ig}ksb`

spafàz`s kz bfsipy db~bds$ srol as :2'?= bddifcs kz 12= ' :== lajipajdb

zkkgs }bz lbopazb& Jridp nkzg is ispzijrpb` af` bfsipy jrg}s izkfb` krp&

]daffifc af` liclay bsicf spafàz`s azb }azpdy zbs}kfsijdb& Gafy azb

gafàpkzy gbasrzbs zaplbz plaf }bznkzgafob ozipbzia& Cbfbzaddy$ plb }afk}dy

kn spafàz`s dba`s pk b~bdk}gbfps plap azb bsicfb` pk okg}dy af` plrs if

a}}zk~ad& Plb zbsrdpafp b~bdk}gbfp nkzgs cbfbzaddy naid pk la~b a ispifopi~b

i`bfpipy$ azb aspbnrd kn daf af ifnzaspzroprzb af dba pk oaz `b}bf`bfoy&

Rzjaf `bfsipy `kbs fkp gbaf pkf ozaggifc

@bfsipy is a gbasrzb& Lk okgnkzpajdb a }daob nbbds is a gappbz kn plb `bsicf

af` ips skoiad olazaopbzispios& Plb a~bzacb `bfsipy kn gafy bdd'dk~b`

Cbkzciaf$ îopkziaf af` Bàzìaf pbzzaobs b|obb` jy okfsi`bzajdb gazcifs

plb bfsipy digips if gafy dkoad }dafs af` krd` cbfbzaddy fkp kjpaif}daffifc }bzgissikf pkày& Licl `bfsipy is knpbf bqrapb` ipl licl zisb&

Lkb~bz$ plb pkbz jdkohs kn plb 19>=s bzb jridp pk dk `bfsipibs if idd'

`bnifb` af` }kkzdy rsb` s}aob& Plb oladdbfcb pk plb `bsicfbz is pk5

• bfsrzb jrid ifcs$ spzbbps af` }daobs azb kn a lrgaf soadb8

• gk bzapb plb gass kn a jridìfc kz czkr} kn jrid ifcs sk plap ip

spb}s r} kz kf pk ips fbicljkrzs8

• rsb licl qradipy daf soa}ifc pk sknpbf }bzob}pikfs kn a }daob&


? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?& ? `bfsipy$ naoidipibs af` nkzg

Pzb`bcaz _qrazb$ Pkbz Lagdbps 01: LZL ,::2 czkss)

Odafzioaz`b Caz`bfs$ Hbfsifcpkf . Olbdsba

1=>3 Lajipajdb Zkkgs }bz Lbopazb ,LZL) ,<?0 czkss)

Sahblrzsp Zka`$ Saf`skzpl 0== LZL ,:>3 czkss)

Skk`czafcb Bspapb$ Fblag ?=3 LZL

Rzjaf bfsipy zafcbs



Oapbz nkz a zafcb kn dinbspydbs

Pajdb ?&? }zk~i`bs a zba`y zbohkfbz nkz innbzbfp bfsipibs& Pk hby gbssacbs

rf`bz}if plis8 plb fbb` pk zbdapb bfsipibs pk okfpb|p af` plb fbb` pk }zk~i`b

a gi| kn `bfsipibs iplif dazcb `b~bdk}gbfps& Baol zbndbops ìnnbzbfobs ifdinbspydb af` plb pza`b'knns plap ìnnbzbfp skoiad czkr}s gahb& Plb agkrfp kn

s}aob b `bsizb azkrf` krz lkgbs af` }zk|igipy pk obfpzad azbas is$ nkz

b|ag}db$ jadafob` acaifsp }zk}bzpy }ziob af` okggrpifc pigb

okfsi`bzapikfs&

Plb ozbapikf kn skoiaddy gi|b` okggrfipibs ipl ~azib` dinbspydbs zbqrizbs a

olkiob kn jridìfc py}bs af` sbppifcs& If cbfbzad$ ip is }kssijdb pk aolib~b plis

jy fkp czkr}ifc pkk gafy kn plb “dkbz’ bfsipy rfips pkcbplbz af` jy

ozbapifc a nifb'czaifb` }appbzf kn b~bdk}gbfp }dkps&

Jdbf` plb jbsp }azps kn pkfs

If gafy rzjaf siprapikfs$ gbìrg zisb$ licl'`bfsipy jridìfcs ,kn ajkrp ? ‟ 0

spkzbys) if cbfbzad }zk~i`b af k}pigrg nkzg plap ga|igisbs `bfsipy lidspgifigisifc }bzobi~b` ifpbfsipy kz k~bzozkìfc& Plby oaf adsk jb `bsicfb`

pk jb appzaopi~b$ bfbzcy bnnioibfp af` gi|b` rsb$ lidsp5

• zb`roifc oksps kn daf` aoqrisipikf af` sipb ifnzaspzroprzb8

• a~ki ifc oksps kn dinps af` kplbz sbz~iobs8

• }zk~iìfc a zkjrsp nkzg plap addks nkz olafcbs if rsb k~bz pigb8

• nkzgifc pbzzaobs kz dk'zisb ndaps$ plb gksp oksp'bnnbopi~b jrid ifc

nkzg if lkrsifc8

• ifozbasifc bfbzcy bnnioibfoy af` plb ajidipy pk jb kzibfpapb` nkz

}assi~b skdaz caif8

• }zk~iìfc dinbpigb lkgbs plap oaf jb zbaìdy aà}pb` nkz plb bd`bzdy

kz isajdb`&

Plrs bdd `bnifb` zbsi`bfpiad `b~bdk}gbfp oaf adsk }zk~i`b plb py}ioad

~israd af` bf~izkfgbfpad appzijrpbs kn a srjrzjaf bspapb ' fagbdy }zi~apb

bfpzafobs ap czkrf` db~bd$ a`bqrapb caz`bf siubs$ okf~bfibfp oaz }azhifc$

sicfinioafp }rjdio s}aob af` a }dbasafp as}bop nkz if`ks&

0< rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg


Pajdb ?&? @bfsipy gapzi|

A~bzacb bfsipibs azb jasb` kf oasb sprìbs afadysb` as }azp kn plb _rspaifajdb Zbsi`bfpiad

Qradipy5 B|}dkzifc plb lkrsifc }kpbfpiad kn dazcb sipbs zbsbazol ,D]AO$ @BPZ$ CKD$ DP af` LO$ :===)

K}pikf 1

Licl:'1&2 s}aobs

}bz rfip

Oaz ]azhifc]zk~isikf

Zb`kgifafpLkrsifcPy}b

@bpaolb` .difhb`lkrsbs

K}pikf :

Gk`bzapb1&2'1 s}aob

}bz rfip

Pbzzaob`lkrsbs .

ndaps

K}pikf ?

Dkdbss plaf 1 s}aob

}bz rfip

Gkspdy ndaps

Obfpzad

_bppifcDkoapikf

:0='11== lz + la:0='0?2 r + la

A~b& :&3 lz + r

Rzjaf :=='02= lz + la22'132 r + la

A~b& ?&1 lz + r

02='3== lz + la

1>2':32 r + la

A~b& :&3 lz + r

_rjrzjaf :0=':2= lz + la?2'>= r + la

A~b& 0&: lz + r

:2='?2= lz + la

<='1:= r + la

A~b& ?&= lz + r

_ipbs adkfc ?Pzafs}kzpOkzzi`kzs ._ipbs odksbpk a PkfObfpzb“]b`'_lb`’

_ipb iplifPkf Obfpzb“]b`'_lb`’

Rzjaf :=='?== lz + la

2='11= r + la

A~b& ?&3 lz + r

?=='02= lz + la1=='12= r + la

A~b& ?&= lz + r

_rjrzjaf 12=':== lz + la?='2= r + la

A~b& 0&> lz + r

:==':2= lz + la2='<= r + la

A~b& ?&< lz + r

Orzzbfpdy :Zbgkpb_ipbs

_rjrzjaf 12=':== lz + la?='>2 r + la

A~b& 0&0 lz + r1

:

>

A o o b s s i j i d i p y i f ` b |

0



Plb ifpbfsipy }yzagi`

Kf dazcb solbgbs$ ip knpbf }zk~bs rsbnrd pk azpiordapb ìnnbzbfp lkrsifc

nkzgs if }azpiordaz azkrf` a “`bfsipy }yzagi`’& Plis zbqrizbs plb }ksipikfifc

kn dkbz bfsipy nkzgs ap plb b`cbs kn plb }zkebop af` plb liclbz bfsipynkzgs azkrf` af` if plb dkoad obfpzb$ ipl a czaàpikf kn py}bs af` siubs if

jbpbbf& Siplif plis cbfbzad a}}zkaol$ sgaddbz “lkp s}kps’ kn ifpbfsipy oaf jb

ozbapb`$ nkz b|ag}db a liclbz a}azpgbfp jdkoh kf a okzfbz kz ap a capbay&

?&?&? `bfsipy af` ifpbzikz s}aob

Bfajdb }bk}db pk pza`b s}aob nkz }daob

Plbzb is fk zbaskf ly licl bfsipibs oaffkp adsk gbaf dkps kn di~ifc s}aob$

as plb licldy ~adrb` gafsikf jdkohs kn Hbfsifcpkf$ czaf` a}azpgbfps kn

]azis kz dknps kn Gaflappaf add }zk~b& Plb a}}zkaol slkrd` bfsrzb plap

licl'`bfsipy }zk}ksads rsb a`bqrapb ndkkz}dapb spafàz`s af` plrs

a~ki` ozag}b` di~ifc okfìpikfs&

?&?&0 `bfsipy af` pigb

Pahb a dkfc pbzg ~ib

K~bzadd rzjaf nkzg as}izapikfs azb fkp adays }kssijdb iggbìapbdy&

Lkb~bz$ plkrclpnrd }ksipikfifc kn jridìfcs idd bfajdb bazdy

`b~bdk}gbfps pk sbp plb okfpb|p nkz plb nrprzb af` }zk~i`b plb nzagbkzh

pk bfajdb nrzplbz ifpbfsinioapikf as plb }zkebop jrid`s krp&

Plis zbqrizbs plap jridìfcs jb }ksipikfb` odksb pk plb spzbbp$ ipl }azhifc if

ifpbzikz okrzps ' bspajdislifc a }ksipi~b zbdapikfsli} jbpbbf }rjdio af` }zi~apb

zbadgs& Adplkrcl plbzb gay jb ifsrnnioibfp jridìfcs pk cbfbzapb a }bzigbpbz

jdkoh iggbìapbdy ,sbb ?&3&1)$ in okfsi`bzb` nzkg plb krpsbp plis a}}zkaol oaf

bfajdb plb db~bd kn b~bdk}gbfp pk ifozbasb as plb }zkebop gaprzbs&

Lkgbs nkz Olafcb$ Lrdgb$ Gafolbspbz5 A spzihifc fb nkzg jkzfb kn okggrfipy if~kd~bgbfp Dkoapikf Plb Lrdgb azba kn obfpzad Gafolbspbz$ }zb~ikrsdy a

fkpkzikrs iffbz oipy 19>=s syspbg jridp lkrsifc bspapb&@bsicfbzs Gidds Jbargkfp Dba~by Olaffkf Azolipbops ,]lasb I)

Lazzis Ifob Azolipbops ,]lasb II)@b~bdk}bz Criffbss Pzrsp af` Lkgbs nkz Olafcb Ok'k}Dkoad Arplkzipy Gafolbspbz Oipy Okrfoid_ipb Azba =&>? lbopazbs@bfsipy 39 rfips }bz lbopazb]zkebop A gi|b` rsb }bzigbpbz jdkoh kn 2= ndaps af` gaiskfbppbs$ kn

liol plbzb azb :< ìnnbzbfp py}bs$ k~bz 12==g: kn grdpi'nrfopikfad s}aobs ifodrìfc a plbapzb$ slk} rfips$ kzhslk}$

sprìks$ àzhzkkg af` zbokzìfc sprìk&@bpaids Plb aaz` iffifc ]lasb I solbgb pahbs kf jkaz` add plap

as ckk` ajkrp plb 19>=s “ozbsobfp jdkohs’ i`bfpinib` jy plbnkzgbz zbsi`bfps kn “plb Ozbsobfps’$ lk oagb pk nkrf` alkrsifc ok'k}bzapi~b pk k~bzsbb ips `b~bdk}gbfp& Plb`zagapio azolipboprzb zbsrdpifc nzkg a }zkobss kn plb dkoadokggrfipy zi~ifc plb solbgb nkzaz` is a spzihifc zbjrppadpk assbzpikfs plap }rjdio }azpioi}apikf if plb bsicf }zkobsscbfbzapbs jdaf`fbss& Plb nkzgs azb licldy rfokf~bfpikfad$licl bfsipy af` gi|b`'rsb$ ipl bf~izkfgbfpad}bznkzgafob ci~bf licl }zikzipy& ]bzla}s gksp srz}zisifc kn add is plb zbpbfpikf kn plb boh aoobss okfob}p plapolazaopbzisb` plb jdkoh’s 19>=s }zb`bobsskz$ plkrcl plbizgk`bzf okrfpbz}azps azb i`bz af` ~israddy gkzb}bzgbajdb& Plbsb bzb zbqrbspb` jy plb zbsi`bfps nkz plbiz

pbf`bfoy pk }zkgkpb }ksipi~b skoiad ifpbzaopikf$ af`pkcbplbz ipl plb pbzzaobs$ lbd} }zk~i`b k~bzdkkhifc pk afifpbzfad okrzpyaz` rsb` nkz ifnkzgad skoiad caplbzifcs af`sanb olid`zbf’s }day&

Okfpaop Lkgbs nkz Olafcb ok'k}bzapi~b& Pbd5 =1>1 :?: 12<<



If bazdy }lasbs kn b~bdk}gbfp a nrdd }bzigbpbz jdkoh

gay fkp jb }kssijdb

]lasifc jridìfc odksb pk plb spzbbp ipl }azhifc pk plb

zbaz bfajdbs nrprzb ifpbfsinioapikf pk pahb }daob

Lkgbs }zk~i`b ckk` srz~biddafob kn ifpbzfad okrzpyaz`

Si`b bohs }zkgkpb rsb as a skoiad s}aob




? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?&0 bfbzcy af` zbskrzob bnnioibfoy

@b}bfìfc kf plb sipb$ if gafy oasbs plbzb is a libzazoly kn okfsi`bzapikfs

as pk lk pk rsb zbfbajdb bfbzcy zbskrzobs& Knpbf$ plb kz`bz kn

okfsi`bzapikf is5

• srf8• zaifapbz8

• czkrf`8

• if`&

Slidsp ga|igisifc plb okfpzijrpikf kn plbsb zbskrzobs$ ip is ig}kzpafp pk

gifigisb bf~izkfgbfpad `bgaf`s af` bfsrzb plb bnnioibfp okf~bzsikf kz

ìs}ksad kn aspb&

?&0&1 skdaz `bsicf

Przf pkaz`s plb srf

Plbzb azb nkrz gaif ays kn rsifc plb srf if jridìfcs5 aydiclp8 }assi~bskdaz caif8 }lkpk~kdpaio ,]^) gk`rdbs8 af` aopi~b skdaz }afbds&

@aydiclpifc zb`robs plb fbb` nkz azpinioiad diclpifc af` }assi~b skdaz caif

zb`robs plb fbb` nkz s}aob lbapifc& ]lkpk~kdpaio gk`rdbs okf~bzp skdaz

zaìapikf ìzbopdy ifpk bdbopzioipy af` azb a za}i`dy `b~bdk}ifc pbolfkdkcy&

Aopi~b skdaz }afbds nkz lbapifc apbz la~b jbbf a~aidajdb nkz skgb pigb af`

la~b dkfc pbzg }kpbfpiad if plb RH&

Plb hby pk k}pigisifc plb skdaz }kpbfpiad kn plb sipb is pk kzibfpapb jridìfcs

jzka`dy pk plb skrpl& Plis pbf`s pk zbsrdp if af Basp 'Sbsp spzbbp }appbzf& Ip is

}kssijdb pk gk~b r} pk ?=k

aay nzkg rb skrpl af` ybp la~b 9='92" kn plb

ga|igrg krp}rp kn a ]^ gk`rdb kz a skdaz okddbopkz& A okggkf ckad is pk

spay iplif 12':=kkn rb skrpl&

Dbp plb diclp if

As a cbfbzad zrdb$ plb gkzb srf plb jbppbz ,}kpbfpiad }zkjdbgs kn k~bzlbapifc

af` cdazb oaf jb badp ipl rzifc plb jridìfc bsicf spacb)& Okfpzazy pk

skgb appipr`bs af` cri`bdifbs$ ip is }kssijdb pk aolib~b licl db~bds kn faprzad

diclp }bfbpzapikf ipl piclp rzjaf nkzg& Jrp a jadafob fbb`s pk jb spzroh

jbpbbf fb b~bdk}gbfp af` plb okfspzaifps ig}ksb` jy plb dkoad

sbppifc$ }azpiordazdy if zbdapikf pk plb daf` rsb af` spzbbp }appbzf kn aèaobfp

azbas af` plb lbiclp af` zkknsoa}b kn aèaobfp jridìfcs&

Sipl oazbnrd bsicf$ srnnioibfp skdaz aoobss oaf jb

}zk~i`b` pk add ndkkzs if piclpbz sbppifcs af` skdaz

bfbzcy syspbgs ifspaddb` kf zkkns& Dkbz skdaz

aoobss kf plb czkrf` ndkkz oaf jb okg}bfsapb`

nkz jy$ say$ dazcbz if`ks&

_pziop a`lbzbfob pk skdaz aoobss af` }zi~aoy

okfobzfs oaf sbz~b pk s}aob jridìfcs nrzplbz af`

nrzplbz a}azp ‟ dkbzifc `bfsipibs af` bahbfifc

spzbbp bfodksrzb&

Gb s 5 >= ‟ 3=" dkss kn pkpad affrad skdaz zaìapikf

_pzbbp 5 ?= ‟ 0=" dkss kn pkpad affrad skdaz zaìapikf

_qrazb kz licl spzbbp 5 2" dkss kn pkpad affrad skdaz zaìapikf

Gahb srzb plap k~bzsla`kifc `kbsf’p rf`rdy

rf`bzgifb skdaz aoobss af` ~azy jridìfc soadb af`

}ksipikfifc aookzìfcdy

3 ‟ <g

9 ag

1: fkkf

? }g

Sifpbz _rggbz

1? ‟ 10g

:9 ‟ ?=g

F



?&0&: apbz

Okddbop$ spkzb af` zboyodb zaifapbz

Zbpaififc srznaob apbz zb`robs plb fbb` nkz `zaifacb ifnzaspzroprzbaf` bfbzcy nkz }rg}ifc$ ipl plbiz b|pbfsi~b oa}ipad af` gaifpbfafob

oksps& _pzbags$ zi~bzs$ oafads$ }kf`s af` dahbs oaf jb ifokz}kzapb` ifpk

srznaob apbz zbpbfpikf syspbgs$ lidsp sigrdpafbkrsdy }zk~iìfc

appzaopi~b ~israd daf`soa}b nbaprzbs af` ~adrajdb bokdkcioad lajipaps&

Plby oaf adsk jb difhb` pk plb zboyodifc kn czby apbz ,zrf'knn nzkg zkkns

af` kplbz laz` srznaobs) nkz plb izzicapikf kn }dafps ,zbnbz pk ?&0&2 nkz

aspb apbz zboyodifc)& Gaifpbfafob af gafacbgbfp zbqrizbgbfps grsp jb

oazbnrddy okfsi`bzb ap plb krpsbp$ af }azpiordaz oazb fbb`s pk jb pahbf lbzb

okfpagifapikf is }zbsbfp&

?&0&? bazpl

Rsb plb }kpbfpiad kn plb czkrf`

Okfsi`bz plb }kpbfpiad kn rf`bzczkrf` bfbzcy skrzobs nkz bf~izkfgbfpaddy

nzibf`dy lbapifc af` okkdifc syspbgs& Plis las pk as}bops5

1 Pbg}bzaprzb ìnnbzbfob

Plb pbg}bzaprzb ap a b}pl kn 1=g is ajkrp 10k

O& Ip is }kssijdb pk rsb lbap

}rg}s plap pahb a`~afpacb kn plb pbg}bzaprzb ìnnbzbfob jbpbbf plb

czkrf` af` plb aiz nkz jkpl lbapifc af` okkdifc jrp plb lbap pzafsnbz ndri`

fbb`s pk jb olbohb` as sripajdb nkz plb bf~izkfgbfp&

: Aqrinbzs

Jridìfcs plap }zk`rob a czbap `bad kn lbap ifpbzfaddy oaf jb okkdb` rsifc

jkzblkdb apbz nzkg aqrinbzs$ nkrf` if grol kn plb okrfpzy& Plb gksp

okggkf ay kn `kifc plis is jy sifhifc pk jkzblkdbs ifpk plb aqrinbz$ kfb

nkz a sr}}dy kn okkd apbz af` plb kplbz as a isolazcb }kifp&

Fibrdaf`$ Agbzsnkkzp$ Fbplbzdaf`s5_kdaz bsicf kf a czaf` soadb

Dkoapikf Af rzjaf b|pbfsikf pk Agbzsnkkzp$ Plb Fbplbzdaf`s

]zkebop pbag F& & Zbcikfadb Bfbzcibgaapsola}}ie Rpzbolp

,ZBGR)Boknys$ BFBD _}A

@bpaids ZBGR$ plb Zbcikfad Bfbzcy @ispzijrpikf Okg}afy kn Rpzbolp$

las ifipiapb` plb okfspzropikf kn a}}zk|igapbdy 2== lkrsbs$

a ozìolb$ a s}kzps ladd af` fifb solkkd bddifcs nippb` ipl

skdaz obdds$ kz “}lkpk~kdpaio gk`rdbs’& Plis is pahifc }daob if

Fibrdaf`$ plb Oipy kn Agbzsnkkp’s fb lkrsifc azba

,?=hg basp kn Agspbzàg) af` las plb oa}aoipy kn cbfbzapb

1 gbcaapp kn bdbopzioipy&

Okfpaop ZBGR$ ?2=? _C Rpzbolp$ Plb Fbplbzdaf`s&

Pbd5 == ?1 ?k :93 29 11 Na|5 == ?1 ?= :93 29<<


? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?& 0 bfbzcy af` zbskrzob bnnioibfoy

Ozbapi~b zaifapbz gafacbgbfp

rsifc s}izad }kf`s if Dr|bgjkrzc

Plb `ziddifc zic ap plb JZB bf~izkfgbfp

jridìfc$ rsb` pk `zi~b a 3=g `bb}

jkzblkdb ifpk a oladh aoqrinbz

_lbbps$ jdkohs af` jridìfcs azb kzibfpapb` nkz skdaz caif

,]lkpkcza}lbz5 Eaf ~af Iehbf)



?&0&0 if`

Skzh ipl plb if`

Sif` is jkpl a nzibf` af` nkb& If plb srggbz gid` jzbbubs ~bfpidapbjridìfcs af` ig}zk~b okgnkzp lbzbas if plb ifpbz if`s ifozbasb lbap

dkss& Lazfbss plb }kpbfpiad kn plb if` nkz faprzad ~bfpidapikf af` as a

}kssijdb bfbzcy skrzob& @bsicf af` }ksipikf jridìfcs pk gifigisb

nrffbddifc af` plb ozbapikf kn rfokgnkzpajdb giozkodigapbs& Daf`soa}b adsk

las a zkdb pk }day if ifndrbfoifc if` }appbzfs ,sbb ?&2&>)&

Plzkrclkrp plb ybaz ap sripajdb sipbs if` bfbzcy oaf b~bf }zk~i`b a skrzob

kn bdbopzioipy& Fkzgaddy srol sipbs idd jb if gkzb b|}ksb` azbas& _rz}zisifc as

ip gay sbbg$ ip gay jb }kssijdb pk rsb plb if` b~bf if rzjaf siprapikfs$ as

ifìoapb` jy plb aràoikrs zkkn pk} if` przjifb if @rjdif&

?&0&2 aspb

@k gkzb ipl dbss

Lk pk k gkzb ipl dbss is plb jasio issrb& Biplbz plzkrcl bsicf kz jy plb ay

b di~b& Jrp dbss lap; Lbzb b’zb ifpbzbspb if dbss daf ,sbb ?&?)$ dbss bfbzcy$

dbss apbz af` nbbz gapbziads sk plap b oaf gifigisb bgaf`s kf plb

bf~izkfgbfp& @bsicfs oaf jb ga`b gkzb bfbzcy af` zbskrzob bnnioibfp jy5

1 Daf`soa}b ‟ gifigisifc plb rsb kn apbz kz nbzpidisbz&

: Ifnzaspzroprzb ‟ zb`roifc plb bgaf` kf sipb dbssbfs plb agkrfp kn

ifnzaspzroprzb fbb`b`& Zb`roifc plb jridìfc bfbzcy `bgaf`s oaf zb`rob

cas gaif siubs af` rsifc zaifapbz kf sipb gifigisbs srznaob apbz

`zaifacb }i}bs&

? Plb jridìfcs ‟ gifigisifc `bgaf`s kf zbskrzobs if pbzgs kn5

• s}aob af` apbz lbapifc ,bc& ifsrdapikf$ krjdb'cdauifc)8

• bdbopzioipy + nrbd8

• apbz8

• okfspzropikf gapbziads&

Okfsi`bz zbb` jb`s

In plbzb is srnnioibfp daf` a~aidajdb$ okfsi`bz zb`roifc plb dka` kf plb sbacb

ifnzaspzroprzb jy rsifc zbb` jb` nidpzapikf syspbgs$ liol pzbap czby apbz

zrf'knn& Plbsb oaf nkzg appzaopi~b daf`soa}b nbaprzbs& Nkz lkrsifc$ plb

a}}zk|igapb daf` zbqrizbgbfp is 1': g: }bz zbsi`bfp&

Saspb fkp$ afp fkpSaspb gay jb okfsi`bzb` sig}dy as lap b la~b fkp nkrf` a rsb nkz& Dkkh ap

ays kn zbrsifc zbskrzobs iplif plb sipb& Plis oaf zafcb nzkg okg}kspifc

kzcafio gapbziads plzkrcl pk zb'rsifc jridìfc gapbziads af` zboyodifc

zaifapbz& Zb'rsb kn b|oa~apb` gapbziad kf sipb a~ki`s plb oksps af` zbskrzob

okfsrg}pikf kn pzafs}kzpifc knn sipb& Rsb kn }zbnajzioapb` bdbgbfps oaf

zb`rob sipb okfspzropikf aspb& Zboyodifc naoidipibs slkrd` jb }zk~i`b` nkz

gapbziads plap fbb` obfpzadisb` }zkobssifc$ srol as }a}bz$ cdass af` gbpads&

Plifh OL]

Ip gay jb }kssijdb pk a`` fb ifnzaspzroprzbs pk zb`rob bfbzcy `bgaf`s& Nkz

b|ag}db$ if okg}aop azbas lbzb plb }appbzfs kn bdbopzioipy af` lbap

`bgaf` azb ziclp$ ip gay jb oksp bnnbopi~b pk rsb a OL] ,Okgjifb` Lbap af`]kbz) }dafp kz @ispziop Lbapifc _yspbg& Plbsb azb bdbopzioipy cbfbzapkzs zrf

kf cas kz kplbz nrbds& Plb “aspb’ lbap plby ci~b knn is rsb` pk lbap apbz nkz

s}aob af` kgbspio lkp apbz lbapifc&


? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?& 0 bfbzcy af` zbskrzob bnnioibfoy

A licldy ifpbczapb` spzbbp }appbzf bfokrzacbs licl

db~bds kn aiz gk~bgbfp& Sif`s azb “sgkkplb`’ k~bz

dk$ `bfsbdy jridp azbas&

Sipl czbapbz s}aoifc if`s azb nkzob` `kf pk gahb

k}bf s}aobs }kpbfpiaddy rfokgnkzpajdb

Plis is ifpbfsinib` jy padd nzbbspaf ifc jridìfcs$

ozbapifc b`ìbs plap adsk zbsrdp if jridìfc lbap dkss

,aà}pb` nzkg Cbld$ 19<3)

Jridìfc nkzg oaf adsk annbop plb qradipy kn }rjdio

s}aob jy olaffbd difc if` adkfc spzbb ps & & &

& & & kz ozbapifc ~kzpb|bs if }da uas if

nzkfp kn padd jridìfcs ,nzkg Dafc$ 1990)




? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?&2 daf`soa}b

A qradipy daf`soa}b af` a sbfsb kn rzjafisg oaf$ af` slkrd`$ ck laf` if

laf`& Plb daf`soa}b$ `b~bdk}gbfp jdkoh$ af` gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh azb plb

plzbb gaif bsicf bdbgbfps kn af rzjaf }zkebop kn afy soadb& Jy daf`soa}b$

b gbaf gafy plifcs8 ip is plb k}bf s}aobs$ apbz$ gk~bgbfp okzzi`kzs afày'dba~bs8 ip is }azhs$ sqrazbs$ af` spzbbps8 ip is plb spzbbp nrzfiprzb8 ip is laz`

af` ip is sknp&

If `bsicf pbzgs$ plbzb azb ìspifop pash azbas$ nkz b|ag}db5

• plb ifpzifsio daf`soa}b olazaopbzispios$ nkz ckk` kz idd$ kn plb sipb af`

ips sbppifc8

• k}bf s}aob }daffifc$ plb py}kdkcy libzazoly$ nrfopikf af` nzbqrbfoy

kn b|ispifc af` `bsizajdb naoidipibs ,sbb Pajdbs ?&0 af` ?&2)8

• ozbapifc a daf`soa}b spzroprzb nkz plb sipb as a lkdb8 af` plbf

• plb bpaidb` pzbapgbfp kn ifì~i`rad solbgbs af` bdbgbfps&

Daf`soa}b afadysis af` bsicf shidds azb kn hby ig}kzpafob nzkg plbjbciffifc kn afy }zkebop& Ap af bazdy spacb$ ip is adsk ig}kzpafp pk jbcif pk

okfsi`bz plb zbs}kfsijidipibs nkz oazb af` gaifpbfafob&

A hby bsicf }zifoi}db is pk pzbap b~bzyplifc as daf`soa}b8 jridìfcs bnifb

plb b`cb kn s}aob8 daf`soa}b koor}ibs plb s}aob$ lbplbz ip is a }azh$ a spzbbp$

a nbfob kz a }a~bgbfp& Plis gbafs `bsicfifc plb daf`soa}b spzroprzb jbnkzb

plb pzannio bfcifbbz jbokgbs if~kd~b` af` a~kiìfc _DKA] ,_}aob Dbnp K~bz

Anpbz ]daffifc)&

Daf`soa}ifc af` daf`soa}b ck pkcbplbz

A jasio pbfbp is pk kzh ipl af` ~adrb lap is adzba`y plbzb& K}}kzprfipibs

koorz pk rsb plb ifpzifsio daf`soa}b }ksipi~bdy if plb bsicf kn fb }daobs& A

nifb pzbb oaf }zk~i`b ifspafp gaprzipy if a fb sqrazb& A ok}sb kn ckk` pzbbs

kz a nifb kd` caz`bf oaf }zk~i`b plb jasis kn a dkoad }azh& Lb`cbzk pzbbs af`

dafbs oaf jb rsb` pk difb a fb }azaddbd zka`$ af` in plbzb is af kd` dafb$ rsb

plis nkz aoobss kz a nkkp}apl& îsrad difhs jbpbbf say a lidd$ a nifb jridìfc kz

lispkzio nbaprzb jbykf` plb sipb oaf jb rsb` pk ozbapb “~ib okzzi`kzs’$ if

liol k}bf s}aob rsbs$ }b`bspziaf rsbs$ kz a fb a~bfrb oaf zrf& Af`

okf~bzsbdy$ obzpaif azbas kn sipbs$ shydifbs kz k~bzdkkhb` azbas nkz b|ag}db$

gay jb jbsp dbnp rf`b~bdk}b`& Plifh ajkrp plb }dayifc nibd`s$ }azhdaf`s$

solkkds af` sk kf if plbsb dkoapikfs&

A solbgb kn a sicfinioafp soadb idd if~kd~b plb ifokz}kzapikf kn k}bf s}aob

naoidipibs$ nkz liol plbzb azb dihbdy pk jb }daffifc spafàz`s if pbzgs kn py}b

kn naoidipy$ ips b|pbfp af` plbiz oapolgbfp azbas& Jrp aolib~ifc sanb af`rsajdb k}bf s}aob af` ga|igisifc plb jbfbnip kn dkkhifc kfpk ip nzkg

aèaobfp jridìfcs$ nkz ifspafob$ slkrd` jb gkzb ig}kzpafp plaf sig}dy

gbbpifc }zbsozi}pi~b spafàz`s nkz }zk~isikf& Plb rzjaf bsicf oladdbfcb is

pk `bsicf plb solbgb sk plap plbzb is a oklbsi~b daf`soa}b spzroprzb$ iplif

liol plbsb spafàz`s oaf jb gbp lidb gahifc a }ksipi~b okfpzijrpikf pk

plb sbfsb kn }daob$ if jkpl k~bzadd af` dkoad pbzgs&

If ozbapifc plb }daf$ aèrsp af` ipbzapb jbpbbf okfsi`bzapikfs kn plis hif`$

pkcbplbz ipl plb gk~bgbfp spzroprzb af` `b~bdk}gbfp jdkoh nkzgs$ rfpid

ip add jbcifs pk sbppdb kf$ af` pk dkkh af` nbbd ziclp&

Ap plis spacb$ plb solbgb idd zbqrizb plb }zk`ropikf kn a daf`soa}b spzapbcy$as kfb kn plb gaif kzcafisifc bdbgbfps kn plb b~bdk}gbfp&

]azo `b Jbzoy$ ]azis5 _koiad lkrsifc kn czbap qradipy

lbzb licl qradipy gk`bzf jridìfcs azb

okg}dbgbfpb` jy }azhdaf` af` addkpgbfps

Azpiordapifc plb daf`soa}b spzapbcy



?&2&1 k}bf s}aob af` daf`soa}b `bsicf

]zk~i`b a ~azibpy kn k}bf s}aob py}bs

Ip is fbobssazy pk assbss plb qradipy kn b|ispifc }zk~isikf if plb i`bz okfpb|p,}azpiordazdy nkz a dazcb sipb kz azba)$ af` rsb plis as plb jasis nkz boiìfc kf

plb bdbgbfps kn a }zk}ksb` k}bf s}aob libzazoly& Pajdb ?&0 }zk~i`bs a

zbnbzbfob }kifp nkz okfsi`bzifc }kssijdb k}bf s}aob py}bs ,kplbz plaf spzbbps

af` nkkp}apls badp ipl if 0&0&1) odassinib` aookzìfc pk dkoapikf&

Plis is fkp a frgjbzs cagb if~kd~ifc plb b~bdk}bz }zk~iìfc a obzpaif

}bzobfpacb kn k}bf s}aob& Krz jbsp'dk~b` rzjaf }azhs af` caz`bfs azb knpbf

ifpigapb if soadb af` bdd oazb` nkz& Plbzb fbb`s pk jb a`bqrapb czbbf af`

k}bf s}aobs pk pahb a }dbasafp spzkdd$ la~b a hioh'ajkrp af` }zk~i`b lajipapsnkz id`dinb pk plzi~b$ jrp ip is plb qradipy$ zaplbz plaf plb qrafpipy& Daf`soa}b

is fkp ersp ~afàd'}zkkn }dafpifc$ rfgkf czass$ af` a gaifpbfafob

lbaàolb& Ip is a zkrpb pk oi~io }zi`b&


? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?& 2 daf`soa}b

I`bfpiny azbas kn bokdkcioad

ig}kzpafob pk jb }zbsbz~b`

A`` }zk}ksb` czbbfjbdp Plis }zk~i`bs plb }kpbfpiad

`b~bdk}gbfp azba

Pahb aookrfp kn pk}kcza}ly af`

apbzokrzsbs

Okf s i bz }kpbf piad apbz nbaprzbs I `bf piny l b`cbzks$ kk`daf ` af`

zbozbapikfad azbas

Bspajdisl a }dafpifc nzagbkzh

Plb zbsrdp is a daf`soa}b spzroprzb plap spipolbspkcbplbz add plbsb bdbgbfps ,skrzob5 Ozagdifcpkf _krpl

Sbsp @b~bdk}gbfp ]daf$ Ddbbdyf'@a~ibs$ 1991)



Pajdb ?&0 A py}kdkcy kn k}bf s}aobs

]zifoi}db k}bf Olazaopbz af` nrfopikf

s}aob py}bs

Czbbfay A fbpkzh kn s}aobs bfokg}assifc oyodb af` nkkp}apl

zkrpbs$ jrp adsk aopifc as “id`dinb okzzi`kzs’ ‟ bfajdifc

id`dinb pk pza~bd plzkrcl rzjaf azbas& Py}ioaddy plbsb nkddk

spzbags kz ìsrsb` zaidays$ nkz b|ag}db$ ipl czbbf nifcbzs

}bfbpzapifc nzkg plb okrfpzysi`b$ plzkrcl plb pkf+oipy

b`cb af` ifpk plb rzjaf okzb&

Sapbz ay Ifodr`bs dahbs$ }kf`s$ zi~bzs$ oafads af` spzbags$ liol

}zk~i`b ziol id`dinb lajipaps$ knnbz zbozbapikfad ~adrb af` oaf

jb rsb` as gk~bgbfp okzzi`kzs&

Gba`k A }rjdio s}aob nkz ifnkzgad zbozbapikf$ dkoapb` kf plb b`cb

kn a fbicljkrzlkk`& Knpbf }azp kn a ndkk` }daif okg}zisifc

faprzad czassbs af` id`ndkbzs&

Skk`daf` + A kk` kz ok}}iob kn pzbbs dbnp if plb faprzad spapb$ ifpbzdaob`Faprzb Zbsbz~bs ipl ifpbzfad nkkp}apls$ skgbpigbs bsicfapb` as a faprzb

zbsbz~b$ ipl zbspziopb` aoobss pk azbas ziol if id`dinb&

]dayifc nib d K}bf s}aobs nkzgaddy dai` krp nkz aopi~b zbozbapikf$ srol as

nkkpjadd kz zrcjy' ifodrìfc ckdn okrzsbs& Gafacbgbfp +

kfbzsli} oaf jb slazb` jbpbbf solkkds$ odrjs af` plb

i`bz okggrfipy pk bfsrzb naoidipibs azb bdd rsb`&

Olrzolyaz`$ Dkoapb` aèaobfp pk a olrzol af` knpbf }zk~iìfc a czbbf

obgbpbzy kasis ap plb lbazp kn a okggrfipy&

Addkpgbfps A sbgi'}rjdio accdkgbzapikf kn caz`bfifc }dkps zbfpb` pk

ifì~i`rads jy plb dkoad arplkzipy&

]azh _bb Pajdb ?&2 nkz }azh py}bs&

Czbbf Af ifnkzgad czassb` }rjdio s}aob asskoiapb` ipl plb nkoad

}kifp kn ~iddacb dinb$ plap skgbpigbs ifokz}kzapbs a nkkpjadd kz

oziohbp }ipol&

_qrazb A nkzgad }rjdio s}aob$ fk dazcbz plaf a jdkoh af` dkoapb` ap

nkoad }kifps kn oi~io ig}kzpafob nzkfpb` jy hby jridìfcs$

rsraddy laz` }a~b` af` }zk~iìfc }assi~b zbozbapikf&

]daua A }rjdio s}aob asskoiapb` ipl plb b|pbf`b` nkzbokrzp kn

okggbzoiad ,knniob + zbpaid) jridìfcs$ ipl nkzgad

daf`soa}ifc&

Okggrfad caz bf A sbgi'}zi~apb s}aob fkp aoobssijdb pk plb cbfbzad }rjdio$

rsraddy dkoapb` iplif plb ifpbzikz kn a }bzigbpbz jdkoh$

}zk~iìfc a obfpzaddy gafacb` czbbf s}aob nkz zbsi`bfps&

]zi~apb caz bf A }zi~apb s}aob dkoapb iplif plb }dkp kn af a eaobfp

jridìfc&]dayczkrf` A sgadd azba b ioapb` nkz olid ’s }day$ plap is nbfob af`

dkoapb` iplif odksb adhifc ispafob pk fbazjy lkrsbs$

k~bzdkkhb` jy zbsi`bfps&

Okrzpyaz` A }zi~apb k}bf s}aob knpbf nkz ~bliordaz sbz~ioifc+}azhifc

Apzirg A cdass ok~bzb` sbgi'}rjdio kz }zi~apb s}aob sbz~ifc as a

plkzkrclnazb$ sbapifc azba af` srf pza} nkz jridìfc

koor}afps kz ~isipkzs&



_qrazb obfpzb` kf hby oi~io jridìfc

Okrzp dkoapb` if jdkoh ifpbzikz

Oizors ap spzbbp ifpbzsbopikf

]daua as b|pbf`b` nkzbokrzp s}aob



Ozbapb }azh dinb

A ~azibpy kn }azhdaf` ispzijrpb` iplif plb rzjaf azba bfsrzbs a zafcb kn

zbozbapikfad fbb`s iplif odksb }zk|igipy pk lkgbs af` kzh}daobs& Pajdb ?&2

}zk~i`bs a libzazoly kn }azhs odassinib` aookzìfc pk soadb$ nrfopikf af`dkoapikfad sripajidipy& Plis ifodr`bs zrdbs kn plrgj nkz a}}zk}ziapb siub af`

ìspafob nzkg lkgb& _rzzkrf` }azhs ipl ìnnbzbfp py}bs kn daf` rsbs pk lbd}

s}zba` aopi~ipy af` bfsrzb plby azb bdd rsb` ap ìnnbzbfp }bzik`s kn plb ày&

Pajdb ?&2 Py}bs kn }azhsPy}b af` gaif nrfopikf A}}zk|& siub af` Olazaopbzispios

ìspafob nzkg lkgbZbcikfad }azhs af` k}bf s}aobs,difhb` Gbpzk}kdipaf 0== lbopazbs Dazcb azbas af` okzzi`kzs kn K}bf Daf` af` Czbbf ?&:'< hg faprzad lbapldaf`$ kfdaf`$Jbdp Okzzi`kzs) Sbbhbf` okggkfs$ kk`daf`s afàf` kooasikfad ~isips }azhdaf` adsk ifodrìfc azbasjy oaz kz }rjdio pzafs}kzp fkp }rjdiody aoobssijdb jrp

liol okfpzijrpb pk plb k~bzaddbf~izkfgbfpad agbfipy&]zigazidy }zk~iìfc nkz ifnkzgadzbozbapikf ipl skgb fkf'ifpbfsi~b aopi~b zbozbapikfrsbs& Oaz }azhifc ap hbydkoapikfs&

Gbpzk}kdipaf }azhsSbbhbf` af kooasikfad >= lbopazbs ?&: hg Biplbz ,i) faprzad lbapldaf $~isips jy oaz kz }rjdio kz gkzb lbzb plb `kfdaf`$ okggkfs$pzafs}kzp }azh is a}}zboiajdy kk`daf` bpo&

dazcbz kz ,ii) nkzgad }azhs }zk~iìfcnkz jkpl aopi~b af` }assi~bzbozbapikf& Gay okfpaif}dayifc nibd`s$ jrp ap dbasp

0= lbopazbs nkz kplbz }rzsrips&A`bqrapb oaz }azhifc&@ispziop }azhsSbbhbf` af` kooasikfad := lbopazbs 1&: hg Daf`soa}b sbppifc ipl a ~azibpy~isips jy nkkp$ oyodb$ oaz af` kn faprzad nbaprzbs }zk~iìfc nkzslkzp jrs pzi}s a i`b zafcb kn aopi~ipibs$

ifodrìfc krp`kkz s}kzpsnaoidipibs af` }dayifc nibd`s$olid`zbf’s }day nkz innbzbfp acbczkr}s$ af` ifnkzgad zbozbapikf}rzsrips& _lkrd` }zk~i`b skgboaz }azhifc&

Dkoad }azhsNkz }b`bspziaf ~isipkzs : lbopazbs =&0 hg ]zk~iìfc nkz okrzp cagbs$

olid`zbf’s }day$ sippifc'krp azbas$

faprzb okfsbz~apikf$ daf`soa}b`bf~izkfgbfp8 af` }dayifc nibd`sin plb }azhs azb dazcb bfkrcl&

_gadd dkoad }azhs af` k}bf s}aobs]b`bspziaf ~isips$ bs}boiaddy r} pk : lbopazbs Caz`bfs$ sippifc'krp azbas$jy kd }bk}db af olid zbf$ r} pk =&0 hg olid zbf’s }dayczkrf`s kz kplbz}azpiordazdy ~adrajdb if azbas kn a s}boiadisp faprzb$licl'`bfsipy azbas& ifodrìfc faprzb okfsbz~apikf

azbas&Difbaz k}bf s}aob]b`bspziaf ~isips aziajdb lbzb~bz Oafad pk}apls$ }apls$ isrsb`

nbasijdb zaidays af` kplbz zkrpbs liol}zk~i`b k}}kzprfipibs nkzifnkzgad zbozbapikf$ af` azbasplap azb fkp nrddy aoobssijdb pk

plb }rjdio jrp okfpzijrpb pk plbbfekygbfp kn plb s}aob&



Ozyspad ]adaob ]azh$ Dkf`kf ‟ a ~adrb` okggrfipy zbskrzob

Krsb Jzi`cb$ Jb`nkz` ,Azolipbop5 Olzis Sidhifskf)

Plb Hifc’s Ozkss Bspapb aopikf ifipiapi~b las ozbapb` sanbz$

gkzb ìzbop zkrpbs jbpbbf spzbbps af` }azhs ,`bsicfbz5

Pijjad`s Gkfzk)

Olid`zbfs }d ay czkrf`$ Okohdb Jay$ _y`fby



?&2&: }rjdio aoobss pk k}bf s}aob

]azhs iplif adhifc ìspafob

Ip is ig}kzpafp plap s}aob nkz olid`zbf’s }day$ faprzb okfsbz~apikf af` s}kzpsazb }zk~i`b` iplif adhifc ìspafob& Dkoad }azhs azb i`baddy }daob` iplif

?'2 gifrpbs adh ,:2= ' 0==g) kn plb gaekzipy kn lkgbs&

Plb jbsp spazpifc }kifp nkz bpbzgififc }zk~isikf is pk assbss plb aoprad

adhifc ìspafobs aolib~ajdb af` plb }ksipikfifc kn }day naoidipibs iplif

}azhs if zbdapikf pk lkrsbs ,jy a}}dyifc plb adhajdb fbicljkrzlkk`

}zifoi}db ' sbb ?&1&:)& Fkpb plb }ksipikfifc kn bfpzafobs$ difbs kn sb~bzafob

,srol as zaiday difbs kz jrsy zka`s) af` spbb} czaìbfps plap iflijip plb

bd`bzdy af` isajdb` ' }azpiordazdy lbbdolaiz rsbzs& Plis afadysis oaf adsk jb

rsb` as plb jasis nkz b|pbfìfc af b|ispifc }azh oapolgbfp jy$ nkz b|ag}db$

ozbapifc gkzb bfpzafob }kifps kz }b`bspziaf ozkssifcs&

?&2&? k}bf s}aob fbpkzhs

Okffbop s}aobs

K}bf s}aob fbpkzhs azb knpbf gkzb rsbnrd nkz ~israd agbfipy$ zbozbapikfad

rsb af` id`dinb okzzi`kzs plaf iskdapb` af` rfzbdapb` daf`soa}b bdbgbfps&

Plby fkp kfdy sbz~b pk kzcafisb dazcbz }zkebops jrp adsk ozbapb difhacbs pk

b|ispifc rzjaf azbas$ kplbz sipbs af` plb i`bz daf`soa}b&

Fbpkzhs gay ekif r} difbaz }azhs$ zka` zbsbz~bs$ }dayifc nibd`s$ }azhs$

addkpgbfps$ }zi~apb caz`bfs$ jrnnbz }dafpifc af` srznaob `zaifacb okzzi`kzs&

Czbbfays oaf jb ozbapb` pk zrf plzkrcl kz adkfcsi`b difbaz bdbgbfps srol

as faprzad spzbags$ kk`b` jbdps kz oafads af` okffbop ipl }azhs af`

nkkp}apls if fbazjy fbicljkrzlkk`s& Plbsb oaf }drc ifpk fbicljkrzlkk`

spzbbps plap la~b oyodb zkrpbs$ zb`rob` oaz db~bds af` gaprzb pzbb }dafpifc '

ozbapifc a fbpkzh kn lap plb oipy kn afokr~bz oadds “Czbbf Says '

]rjdio Says&’

Plb 0==g adhajdb oapolgbfp zaìi nkorssb` kf fbicljkrzlkk` nkoad

}kifps nkzgs plb spazpifc }zifoi}db nkz fbpkzh bsicf& Aig nkz gaekz k}bf

s}aobs pk aèkif ap dbasp kfb qra`zafp kn plb oizodb$ jrp fb~bz gkzb plaf pk&

Plis a~ki`s iskdapikf jbpbbf `b~bdk}gbfps af` addks difbaz fbpkzhs pk

jb }zk~i`b` plap azb fk gkzb plaf 1&: hg ,12 gifrpbs adh) aay nzkg plb

gaekzipy kn }bk}db&

?&2&0 id`dinb af` bokdkcy

Jadafob lrgaf aoobss af` id`dinb slbdpbz

If ozbapifc a fbpkzh kn k}bf s}aobs$ plbzb is af iflbzbfp okfndiop jbpbbf

lrgaf jbifcs af` kplbz afigads& Sb fbb` pk gahb ip basibz pk di~b a}azp$

lidsp jbifc odksb pkcbplbz& Plis gbafs i`bfpinyifc skgb s}aobs iplif plb

fbpkzh ipl digipb` aoobss plap }zk~i`b ziol lajipaps nkz id`dinb& Zaiday

bgjafhgbfps$ nkz ifspafob$ aop as ckk` id`dinb okzzi`kzs as plby azb

rfìsprzjb` jy }bk}db af` gafy afigads azb rfannbopb` jy pzaif

gk~bgbfp&

Nkz }rjdio }azhdaf`$ a jadafob fbb`s pk jb spzroh jbpbbf }rjdio aoobss af`

jikì~bzsipy& A gk`bd k}bf s}aob fbpkzh krd` nkzg a fbohdaob kn ìnnbzbfp

k}bf s}aob py}bs& Plbsb okrd` ifodr`b }zi~apb caz`bfs$ liol azb gksp~adrajdb bokdkcioaddy lbf okfnicrzb` if dkfc spzi}s plap azb rsraddy bdd

pbf`b` nkz plb nizsp 1=g$ dba~ifc “gkzb gbssy’$ ziolbz lajipaps ap plbiz bf`s&



Nzkfpifc jridìfcs kfpk }rjdio s}aobs }zk~i`bs

k~bzdkkhifc af` appzaopi~b as}bops

Czbbfays jadafob lrgaf af` id`dinb aoobss

Dazcbz k}bf s}aobs azb difhb` pk nkzg a fbpkzh

kn czbbfays

Okg}aziskfs jbpbbf plb plbkzbpioad ni~b gifrpb adh

zaìrs af` plb aoprad adhajdb oapolgbfp nzkg }azh

bfpzafobs lbd}s i`bfpiny difbs kn sb~bzafob af` }kkzozkssifcs plap zbqrizb appbfpikf



Add sipbs azb lajipaps

Baol sipb is af bok'syspbg plap is difhb` pk kplbz bok'syspbgs jbykf` plb

sipb& Zbgfafps kn afoibfp af` pzaìpikfad daf`soa}bs azb ig}kzpafp zbdios

plap ci~b gbafifc pk a }daob& As srol$ kk`s$ zi~bz ~addbys$ lbapls afòkggkfs$ }asprzbs$ lb`cbzks$ }kf`s af` ìpolbs slkrd` add jb okfsi`bzb`

nkz zbpbfpikf& Jrp sigidazdy obgbpbzibs$ ~aoafp sipbs$ if`rspziad azbas af`

}zi~apb caz`bfs oaf }zk~i`b gaf'ga`b lajipaps kn czbap bokdkcioad

ig}kzpafob& Lb`cbs$ gaprzb pzbbs af` czassbs nkspbz gksp id`dinb if

rzjaf azbas&

Okfsi`bz add sipbs$ jkpl faprzad af` gaf'ga`b$ as }azp kn a ìspziop'i`b bj

kn lajipaps& I`bfpiny azbas iplif a sipb plap azb kn plb liclbsp bokdkcioad

ig}kzpafob pk jb }zbsbz~b`$ srol as gaprzb pzbbs$ lb`cbzks kz spzbags$ pk

jb rsb` as plb jasis nkz ozbapifc a daf`soa}b spzroprzb& Plis jbcifs pk bnifb

plb daf` dbnp k~bz plap is }kpbfpiaddy b~bdk}ajdb&

Pza`b'knn jdkoh siub af` jikì~bzsipyJdkoh siub oaf bnnbop jikì~bzsipy$ as slkf if plb iddrspzapikf k}}ksipb&

_gaddbz jdkohs oaf digip plb agkrfp kn czbbf s}aob a~aidajdb pk sr}}kzp

id`dinb& Jdkohs kn ajkrp 9=g | 9=g liol ifodr`b }zi~apb kz okggrfad

caz`bfs }zk~i`b a ckk` pza`b'knn jbpbbf jikì~bzsipy af` kplbz

okfsi`bzapikfs srol as ~azibpy kn rsbs plap oaf jb aookggkàpb` af`

basb kn gk~bgbfp ,sbb ?&3&:)&

@bsicfifc nkz jikì~bzsipy oaf orp gaifpbfafob oksps

Sb azb fkp plb kfdy s}boibs lk rsb krp'`kkz s}aob& ]dafps af` afigads oaf

jb bfokrzacb` pk plzi~b af` plb rsb kn }dafps kn gafy skzps$ nzkg czassbs

af` ndkbzs pk slzrjs af` pzbbs$ }zk~i`bs k}}kzprfipibs nkz appzaopifc a

zafcb kn ifsbops$ jiz`s af` afigads& Lb`cbzks bfokrzacb fbspifc af`

lrfpifc k}}kzprfipibs nkz jiz`s af` sgadd gaggads adihb af` slkrd` jb

bfokrzacb`&

Dazcb czassb` azbas plap }zk~i`b ~israd agbfipy oaf jb ci~bf a grol ziolbz

nrfopikfad af` bokdkcioad ~adrb$ ap dkbz oksp$ sig}dy jy olafcifc plb

gaifpbfafob zbcigb& Cbkzcbf ]azh if Lafk~bz$ nkz ifspafob$ is gkf kfdy ap

obzpaif pigbs kn plb ybaz af` nkz plb zbsp kn plb pigb is dbnp as gba`k& Plis

fkp kfdy }zk~i`bs a ~adrajdb lajipap$ jrp adsk zb`robs gaifpbfafob pk kfb kz

pk gkifcs a ybaz$ lidb ozbapifc a gkzb ~azib` af` ifpbzbspifc }daob&

?&2&2 pk}kcza}ly

Skzh ipl plb bazplSkzhifc ipl plb czaif kn plb daf`soa}b$ if pk}kcza}lioad as bdd as odigapio$

ly`zkdkcioad af` bokdkcioad pbzgs$ oaf la~b bokfkgio jbfbnips as bdd as

zbifnkzoifc plb sbfsb kn }daob&

Slbzb~bz }kssijdb adicf jridìfc nkkp}zifps$ spzbbps$ sbbzs af` kplbz

apbzokrzsbs pk nkddk sdk}b okfpkrzs& Plis addks jridìfc }zknidbs pk czk

krp kn plb czkrf`$ gifigisbs orp af` nidd af` bfajdbs faprzad cza~ipy'ndk

`zaifacb pk jb rpidisb`&



If _arsadipk$ _af Nzafoisok$ jridìfcs jdbf`

lazgkfikrsdy ipl plb daf`soa}b

Kzibfpapb aookzìfc pk sipb okfpkrzs

“]kohbp }azhs’ kn ,say) := | :=g oaf jb ajskzjb`

iplif plb jdkoh spzroprzb pk }zk~i`b bokdkcioaddy ziol

lajipaps af` }k}rdaz s}kps nkz zbda|apikf

Plbzb is a pza`b'knn pk jb spzroh jbpbbf

jdkoh siub af` jikì~bzsipy

• 0= rfips + lbopazb• Dk }bzgbajidipy• Dazcb ~azibpy kn rsbs

aookggkàpb`• Licl id`dinb sr}}kzp

• 3= rfips + lbopazb ,gkzb ndaps)• Ckk` }bzgbajidipy• Gbìrg ~azibpy kn rsbs

aookggkàpb`• Gbìrg id`dinb sr}}kzp

• 22 rfips + lbopazb• Licl }bzgbajidipy• Dk ~azibpy kn rsbs

aookggkàpb`• Dk id`dinb sr}}kzp

12=g

>2g

?2g



?&2&> giozkodigapb

Okfsi`bz plb ifndrbfob kn plb bdbgbfps

@bsicf ozbapbs giozkodigapb ' annbopifc pbg}bzaprzb$ srfdiclp af` if`gk~bgbfp& Oazbnrd daf`soa}b `bsicf oaf okfsi`bzajdy bflafob okgnkzp kf

b|}ksb` sipbs af` ai` }assi~b skdaz `bsicf kn jridìfcs ,sbb ?&0&1)& Pahifc

aookrfp kn b|ispifc dkoad giozkodigapb adsk bfsrzbs plap }zkjdbgs srol as

nzksp'}kohbps azb a~ki`b`&

Af assbssgbfp kn plb dkoad giozkodigapb slkrd` jb nkddkb` jy daf`soa}b

}zk}ksads plap5

• Rsb boi`rkrs pzbbs pk }zk~i b sla b if srggbz af` addk nkz srfdiclp

pk nidpbz plzkrcl if ifpbz8

• A~ki` b|obssi~b k~bzsla`kifc kn jrid ifcs$ lbplbz jy bazplkzhs$

~bcbpapikf kz adds$ jy }daoifc pzbbs aay nzkg skrplbzdy bdb~apikfs

if }azpiordaz8• ]zk~i`b slbdpbz nzkg rfokgnkzpajdb okd` zarclps plap adsk okfpzijrpb

pk jridìfc lbap dkss$ }azpiordazdy okd` fkzplbzdy if`s af` spzkfc

}zb~aidifc if`s nzkg plb bsp af` skrpl'bsp$ jy ifokz}kzapifc

lb`cbs af` pzbbs as if`jzbahs&

]dafp ipl plb srf if gif`

Slbf sbdbopifc pzbbs$ okfsi`bz plbiz nrdd gaprzb lbiclp& Olboh plap pzbbs odksb

pk jridìfcs idd fkp czk pk jdkoh krp srfdiclp kz k~bzsla`k skdaz }afbds

,kz if`bb` oarsb }zkjdbgs pk nkrfàpikfs)&

Jzaf`kf Czk~bs$ _krpl Kohbf`bf$ Bssb|5 Daf`soa}ifc pk ozbapb }daob

Dkoapikf Nkzgbz lks}ipad sipb kf plb b`cb kn plb pkf aèaobfp

pk plb czbbf jbdp&

@b~bdk}bz Okrfpzysi`b ]zk}bzpibs

_ipb Azba :0&1 Lbopazbs ,11&>: la fbp)

@bfsipy 29&0 rfips }bz la ,fbp)

]zkebop Plb zb`b~bdk}gbfp kn a nkzgbz lks}ipad sipb }zk~iìfc

>9= rfips ifodrìfc gi|b` lkrsifc$ okggrfipy ladd

af` solkkd

@bpaids Jzaf`kf Czk~bs is af b|ag}db kn lk bsicf qradipy oaf

zaisb ~adrbs& Jy siprapifc plb fb b~bdk}gbfp iplif plb

gaprzb daf`soa}b$ gazhbp }bzob}pikfs kn plis azba dkoapb`

aèaobfp pk dk cza`b —bspapb‗ lkrsifc$ la~b jbbf

okg}dbpbdy przfb` azkrf`& Nzkg plb krpsbp plb b~bdk}bzspkkh a`~afpacb kn plb assbps plb }daob la` pk knnbz&

Plb hby dbsskf pk jb dbazfp is a spzapbcio kfb& Plb sipb is

aèaobfp pk plb czbbfjbdp$ jrp plb azba zbsbz~b` as czbbfjbdp

daf` as kn dbssbz daf`soa}b af` bokdkcioad ~adrb plaf kplbz

azbas iplif plb sipb fkp bsicfapb` nkz okfsbz~apikf&

Nkddkifc okfspzropi~b fbckpiapikfs ipl plb dkoad arplkzipy

ip as plbzbnkzb aczbb` pk ajskzj plb daf`soa}b k}bf s}aob

okg}kfbfp ifpk plb obfpzb kn plb solbgb$ lidsp addkifc

skgb b~bdk}gbfp kn plb czbbfjbdp& Jy bfcacifc if plis

“czbbfjbdp sa}’ a gkzb oklbsi~b rzjaf b`cb las zbsrdpb`$

ipl licl qradpiy daf`soa}ifc ap plb lbazp kn plb solbgb& Apzrsp zrf jy plb dkoad okggrfipy as sbp r} pk bfsrzb licl

spafàz`s kn gaifpbfafob&

Okfpaop Okrfpzysi`b ]zk}bzpibs Dp`& Pbd5 =1:33 :>====



_krpl'naoifc srffy sbapifc a``s ~adrb pk a }daob

]dafpifc pk ga|igisb skdaz caif slkrd` fkp fbb` zaìoad

olafcbs& If`bb`$ }dafpifc if a py}ioad 19pl obfprzy jdkoh

oaf jb basidy aà}pb` pk k}pigisb skdaz }kpbfpiad&

B~bzczbbf pzbbs kjspzrop skdaz aoobss

_gaddbz boi`rkrs pzbbs bfajdb czbapbz skdaz caif

]lkpk~kdpaio}afbd

Lkrsifc is nkorssb` kf a obfpzad k}bf s}aob af` kzhs

ipl plb b|ispifc daf`soa}b



?&2&3 gafacbgbfp

Bspajdisl nrprzb gafacbgbfp zbcigb

If gafy ifspafobs$ dkoad arplkzipibs oaf fk dkfcbz ok}b ipl plbgafacbgbfp af` gaifpbfafob jrz`bf kn }rjdio zbadg daf`soa}ifc& Ip is

ozipioad plap licl qradipy db~bds oaf jb srspaifb` ' af` plis las a jbazifc kf

jkpl plb }dafps af` gapbziads sbdbopb`& Plis gbafs bsicfifc pk zb`rob plb

gaifpbfafob jrz`bf af` addkifc nkz kfckifc oksps& Ip adsk }zbsr}}ksbs

plap gafacbgbfp zbcigbs azb sbp r} pk pahb kf nrprzb gaifpbfafob

zbs}kfsijidipibs$ liol oaf pahb plb nkzg kn a @b~bdk}gbfp Pzrsp kz a

Gafacbgbfp Okg}afy&

Olafcb k~bz pigb

Okfsi`bzapikfs kn plb ig}aop kn pigb azb obfpzad pk ckk` daf`soa}b bsicf$

liol is rfiqrbdy ajdb pk }daf nkz plb rfnkdìfc kn plb ybazs$ plb olafcifc

sbaskfs af` plb }assifc kn plb lkrzs& Plis a}}dibs fkp ersp pk sknp daf`soa}b

jrp b~bf pk plb okfìpikf kn gapbziads rf`bz baplbzifc& Olafcifc baplbz}appbzfs oaf annbop jbla~ikrz }appbzfs as bdd&

Plb hby is pk `bsicf daf`soa}b pk czk kd` czaobnrddy$ sk plap }daobs jbokgb

gkzb appzaopi~b$ gkzb ifpbzbspifc af` gkzb okgnkzpajdb as pzbbs$ slzrjs af`

kplbz }dafps gaprzb& Ip adsk gbafs bfsrzifc plap }daobs zbgaif slbdpbzb`

af` srffy nkz gksp kn plb ay$ af` i`baddy gksp kn plb ybaz$ sk plap plby azb

bdd rsb`& Appzaopi~b s}aobs plap azb bdd dip af` k~bzdkkhb` idd jb

okgnkzpajdb af` sanb jy ficlp as jy ay&

?&2&< rzjaf nkzbspzy

Assbss plb }kpbfpiad nkz rzjaf nkzbspzyNkzbspzy jbdps oaf jb ifokz}kzapb` ifpk rzjaf azbas as }azp kn plb daf`soa}b

spzroprzb kz as a pbg}kzazy rsb nkz sipbs aaipifc dkfcbz'pbzg b~bdk}gbfp&

Plby oaf }zk~i`b zbozbapikfad af` id`dinb okzzi`kzs$ annkzàjdb slbdpbz af`

~israd sozbbfifc liol azb qrioh pk bspajdisl af` oaf skgbpigbs jb erspinib`

kf bokfkgio czkrf`s as okggbzoiad skrzobs kn pigjbz kz }rd}& Af rzjaf

nkzbsp okrd` pahb plb nkzg kn a ok'kzìfapb` spzapbcy kn okggrfipy

if~kd~bgbfp$ ozbapifc a fbpkzh kn sgadd'gbìrg siub` sipbs&

Ozaicgiddaz Rzjaf Nkzbsp ]zkebop$ Bìfjrzcl5Czbbfifc plb oipy

Dkoapikf Plzkrclkrp Ozaicgiddaz ' a dazcb }zb`kgifafpdy okrfoidlkrsifc bspapb pk plb skrpl basp kn Bìfjrzcl oipy obfpzb&

@bsicfbz Ozaicgiddaz Rzjaf Nkzbsp ]zkebop@b~bdk}bz Oipy kn Bìfjrzcl Okrfoid af` Plb Ozaicgiddaz Ifipiapi~b

_ipbs := hby }dafpifc sipbs af` a sbzibs kn sgaddbz soadb }dafpifc&]zkebop Plb }zkebop aigs pk ozbapb$ if okferfopikf ipl dkoad

zbsi`bfps$ a sbzibs kn okggrfipy kk`daf`s if af` azkrfÒzaicgiddaz& Add pk jb difhb` jy a fbpkzh kn kk`dafòkzzi`kzs$ okggrfad k}bf s}aobs af` caz`bfs&

@bpaids Ozaicgiddaz as jridp as a dazcb }rjdio lkrsifc bspapb if plb19>=s af` nkz a frgjbz kn ybazs las jbbf rf`bzckifc agaekz }zkobss kn zbcbfbzapikf& ]azp kn plis }zkobss is plbRzjaf Nkzbsp ]zkebop$ liol aigs pk bfsrzb bf~izkfgbfpad$skoiad af` bokfkgio jbfbnips nkz plb okggrfipy& Plissolbgb las appzaopb` nrfìfc nzkg a frgjbz kn skrzobs afìs }azp kn plb Giddbffirg Nkzbsp nkz _okpdaf` ]zkebop& Ipsgaekz aigs ifodr`b5 bflafoifc dkoad fbicljkrzlkk`s8}zk~iìfc zbozbapikf s}aob8 appzaopifc id`dinb8 }zk~iìfc

ekjs$ pzaififc af` af appzaopi~b dkoapikf nkz jrsifbssbs pkdkoapb8 zb`roifc }kddrpikf8 }zk~iìfc slbdpbz af` sozbbfifc8bflafoifc b`roapikfad k}}kzprfipibs8 af` }zk~iìfc agk`bd nkz rzjaf nkzbsp ifipiapi~bs bdsblbzb&

Okfpaop Ozaicgiddaz Rzjaf Nkzbsp ]zkebop& Pbd5 =1?1 2:9 ?91<

>= rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg


Baol k}bf s}aob slkrd` jb `bsicfb` ipl nrprzb

gafacbgbfp if gif` ,Pijjad`s Gkfzk)

Plb dkoad okggrfipibs lbd}s pk nkspbz a

sbfsb kn slazb` kfbzsli}



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg >1

? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?&> daf`gazhs$ ~ispas af` nkoad }kifps

Plb `bsicf kn spzbbps$ plb okfobfpzapikf kn okggbzoiad$ okggrfipy af` oi~io

rsbs if obfpzbs af` plb rsb kn ispifopi~b daf`soa}ifc af` jridìfc nkzgs

idd add lbd} ozbapb a }daob plap is basy pk zba`& Plis is ozroiad in rsbzs azb pk

kzibfpapb plbgsbd~bs iplif a }daob af` jbpbbf ìnnbzbfp }daobs&

?&>&1 daf`gazhs

Gahb ip basy pk nif` ykrz ay azkrf`

]bk}db nif` ip basibz pk kzibfpapb plbgsbd~bs af` zbokcfisb lbzb plby azb

lbf fb b~bdk}gbfp sanbcraz`s ig}kzpafp ~ibs jbpbbf }daobs kz

ozbapbs fb kfbs$ lidsp zbs}bopifc kz a`ìfc fb dkoad daf`gazhs & Pk

bfsrzb plap a }azpiordaz }daob zba`s$ assbss plb zbdapikfsli} jbpbbf

b|ispifc bdbgbfps af`$ if okfsrdpifc dkoad }bk}db$ `bpbzgifb lk }zk}ksads

okfpzijrpb pk a difhb` sbzibs kn s}aobs af` gazhbzs plap gahb ip basy pk cbp

nzkg A pk J af` kf pk O&

Bg}lasisb plb libzazoly kn a }daob

Daf`gazhs srol as ispifopi~b jridìfcs$ }azpiordazdy plksb kn oi~io spaprs$

pkbzs kz spaprbs lbd} pk }zk~i`b zbnbzbfob }kifps af` bg}lasisb plb

libzazoly kn a }daob& Plbsb azb jbsp ozbapb` ap gaif obfpzbs kn aopi~ipy$ lbzb

plby azb plb nkors kn okf~bzcifc gaekz spzbbps& Knnsbppifc plb afcdb kn

spzbbps lksb a|bs nkors kf daf`gazh jridìfcs lbd}s pk ifozbasb plbiz

sbfsb kn srz}zisb$ as k}}ksb` pk gkzb syggbpzioad adicfgbfps&

_lk plb ay

Licl'zisb jridìfcs oaf jb rsb` pk bg}lasisb hby dkoapikfs ' zisifc ajk~b

azbas ipl a gkzb rfinkzg }zknidb ' plkrcl plbiz }kpbfpiad jbfbnips la~b pk

jb biclb` acaifsp }kssijdb fbcapi~b ig}aops ,sbb 2&?&1 kf jridìfc lbiclp )&

If spzkfc gazhbp okfìpikfs$ odrspbz padd jridìfcs if obfpzad dkoapikfs$ zaplbz

plaf addkifc plbiz sipifc pk jb boi`b` jy azjipzazy gazhbp `boisikfs& Plb

jbsp padd jridìfcs appbf` pk plb lrgaf soadb ap plb jkppkg$ af` dkoapb plb

gksp ~isijdb okg}ksipikfad bdbgbfps ap plb pk}&

Daf`gazhs oaf jb rsb` pk bg}lasis hby zkrpbs

af` libzazoly

Dkf`kf Byb las a``b` a fb daf`gazh pk plb Dkf`kf shydifb



Ozbapb a shydifb

Plb shydifb ozbapb` jy plb zkkns kn jridìfcs fkp kfdy a``s ~israd ifpbzbsp$ jrp

adsk okf~bys }azpiordaz aopi~ipibs ,olrzolbs kz oi~io obfpzbs nkz ifspafob) af`

okfobfpzapikfs kn rsbs ,srol as odrspbzs kn knniob jridìfcs ifìoapifc plbjrsifbss obfpzb)& _dk}ifc daf` knnbzs s}boiad k}}kzprfipibs nkz plb zkknsoa}b

pk bg}lasisb faprzad nkzgs af` gahb a }daob kn zbad ìspifopikf&

?&>&: ~ispas

]kifp af` difb

A odbaz fbpkzh kn zkrpbs kz }apls addks af basidy rsbajdb sbzibs kn

okffbopikfs jbpbbf }daobs$ ozbapifc a na~krzajdb igacb if plb gbgkzy&

îbs af` ~ispas adicfb` ipl hby jridìfcs azb }azpiordazdy rsbnrd pk plb

~isipkz& Plb gksp gbgkzajdb zkrpbs azb knpbf plksb ipl a ~azib` sbqrbfob

kn dkfc af` slkzp ~ibs$ pbzgifapb` ipl daf`gazhs& _pzbbp ozkss'sbopikfs

`bsicfb` pk zbndbop plb zbdapi~b ig}kzpafob af` rsb kn zkrpbs idd lbd} rsbzs

pk gk~b azkrf` ipl okfni`bfob ,sbb 0&0&1)&

?&>&? nkoad }kifps

Sbdokgb }bk}db ipl af bfpzafob

Plb gksp ig}kzpafp pzafs}kzp ifpbzolafcbs kz fk`bs sbz~b as capbays pk a

pkf kz oipy obfpzb& Gaif erfopikfs$ zkrfàjkrps$ nkkp}apls$ oaz }azhs$ zaid

af` jrs spapikfs azb add azzi~ad }kifps& Bg}lasisifc plbiz }zkgifbfob is

ig}kzpafp pk odaziny lbzb plb obfpzb jbcifs ,rsraddy gazhb` jy a olafcb kn rsb af` jy jridìfc lbiclp) af` }zb~bfp plb ifìspifcrislajdb jdrzzifc kn

obfpzb af` b`cb&

Ozbapb zlyplgs if plb rzjaf spzroprzb$ ipl plbgapio qribpbz azbas ci~ifc

ay pk kooasikfad nkoad }kifps& Plis oaf jb kfb jy gazhifc hby nkoad }kifps

af` capbays ipl daf`gazhs$ sqrazbs kz kplbz ìspifopi~b daf`soa}ifc kz jy

}rddifc jaoh plb jridìfc difb ,sbb 2&?&?)&

>: rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?& > daf`gazhs$ ~ispas af` nkoad }kifps

Bg}lasisifc plb zkrpb jbpbbf zaiday spapikf

af` plb sbanzkfp if Lk~b$ Basp _rssb|

Pagkzpl pkf obfpzb shydifb$ _panns&



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg >?

? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?& > daf`gazhs$ ~ispas af` nkoa d }kifps

rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg >?

Jizgifclag Rzjaf @bsicf _pzapbcy ,JR@_)5 Plb jasis nkz a fb jbciffifc

Dkoapikf A spr`y dkkhifc ap plb lkdb kn plb Oipy Obfpzb&

@bsicfbz Pijjad`s$ Okdjkrzfb$ Hazshi$ Siddiags

Odibfp Oipy kn Jizgifclag

]zkebop Af rzjaf bsicf spr`y kn Jizgifclag Oipy Obfpzb

a``zbssifc plb naidifcs kn plb oipy if rzjaf bsicf pbzgs&

@bpaids JR@_ skrclp pk gahb plb oipy basibz pk zba`$ pk bflafob

plb spzbbps af` k}bf s}aobs af` pk zbifnkzob plb azbas

kn olazaopbz& Pk aolib~b plis ip a`~koapb` bflafoifc

capbays af` daf`gazhs$ `kfczaìfc plb iffbz

zifc zka`$ ifozbasifc aopi~ipibs ap spzbbp db~bd$ ig}zk~ifc

plb }rjdio zbadg$ af` jridìfc kf plb assbps kn

b|ispifc okzb azbas& Plis spr`y }zk~i`b` plb nkrfàpikf

nkz a lksp kn ifipiapi~bs plap la~b jbbf b~bdk}b` if

plb oipy if plb 199=s& Plbsb ifodr`b plb Okf~bfpikf

Qrazpbz ipl Jzif`dby ]daob$ plb Ebbddbzy Qrazpbzaf` plb Crf Qrazpbz liol la~b fk jbbf kz azb

if plb }zkobss kn jbifc b~bdk}b`& Adplkrcl fk biclp

ybazs kd $ plis `korgbfp is spidd okfsi`bzb` lbf

`b~bdk}gbfp okfpzkd boisikfs azb jbifc ga`b&

Ip las jbbf srccbspb` plap plis spr`y is fk if fbb`

kn r}àpifc if kz`bz pk pahb aookrfp kn zbobfp }zkebops

af` sprìbs&

Okfpaop Jizgifclag Oipy Okrfoid& Pbd5 =1:1 ?=? 9900



>0 rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?&3 jdkohs? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb

Plb b~bdk}gbfp jdkoh is plb daf` azba bnifb` jy plb czi`& Ip oaf ~azy

okfsi`bzajdy if sla}b af` siub aookzìfc pk plb okfnicrzapikf kn spzbbps$

}zbnbzzb` kzibfpapikf af` pk}kcza}ly$ nkz ifspafob$ as bdd as plb faprzb kn

}dkp srj'ì~isikfs af` jridìfc py}bs plap azb pk jb aookggkàpb`&

?&3&1 }bzigbpbz jdkohs

Naob plb spzbbp

Plb gksp nrfàgbfpad zbqrizbgbfp if spzroprzifc jridp nkzg iplif

`b~bdk}gbfp jdkohs is pk gahb a odbaz ispifopikf jbpbbf }rjdio nzkfps af`

}zi~apb jaohs& Jridìfcs liol nzkfp spzbbps$ sqrazbs af` }azhs }zbsbfp plbiz

}rjdio naob pk plb krpsi`b kzd` af` ci~b dinb pk ip& ]rjdio nzkfps af` }zi~apb

jaohs azb ga`b ìspifop lbf }zigazy aoobss is nzkg plb spzbbp$ plb }zifoi}ad

nzkfpacb& Slbzb plis }zifoi}db is fkp nkddkb`$ spaf`'adkfb }a~idikf jridìfcs

knpbf b|}ksb jdafh si`bs$ oaz }azhifc af` zbaz sbz~ioifc pk plb spzbbp&

Zbs}bop }bk}db’s }zi~aoy

Plb ispafob jbpbbf jaohs kn }zk}bzpibs fbb`s pk jb okfsi`bzb` if pbzgs kn

}zi~aoy& Plis las a spzkfc jbazifc kf daf`'pahb af` plrs bfsipy& Gafy Dkoad

]dafs spi}rdapb a gifigrg kn :1 gbpzbs$ liol oaf jb pzaob` jaoh pk plb kd`

jybda }zifoi}db kn 3= nbbp + :: yaz`s jbpbbf }zk}bzpy jaohs& A }zi~aoy

ìspafob kn := gbpzbs ,ib& jaoh'pk'jaoh 1= gbpzb zbaz caz`bfs kz sbz~iob

okrzps) }zk~i`bs af a}}zk|igapb zrdb kn plrgj$ jrp fbb` fkp jb a}}dib` pkk

zici`dy& Odksbz ìspafobs gay bdd jb a}}zk}ziapb if obzpaif okfpb|ps$ srol as

a gbs& Plb rsb kn sifcdb'as}bop jridìfcs oaf jb ifpzk`rob` pk zb`rob

ìspafobs nrzplbz$ jrp oazb fbb`s pk jb pahbf fkp pk rf`bzgifb fbicljkrzs’

ziclp pk diclp&

Difb plb }bzigbpbz

Dififc plb b`cbs kn jdkohs ipl a }bzigbpbz kn jridìfcs is plb jbsp ay pk

aookggkàpb a i~bzsipy kn jridìfc py}bs af` rsbs ap gbìrg'licl

`bfsipibs$ lidb bfsrzifc plap jridìfcs zbdapb }ksipi~bdy pk plb }rjdio zbadg&

A }bzigbpbz jdkoh kn a b}pl kn 1=g nkz nifb'czaifb` gi|b`'rsb kz lkrsifc

af` :=g nkz zbpaid + okggbzoiad `b~bdk}gbfp }zk~i`bs a rsbnrd spzroprzifc

`b~iob if gaspbz }daffifc b|bzoisbs af` oaf jb dapbz zbnifb` pk gkzb

aoorzapbdy zbndbop }zbnbzzb` jridìfc py}bs&

Bfokrzacb okfpifripy kn spzbbp nzkfpacb

Okfpifrkrs jridìfc difbs adkfc a jdkoh b`cb azb gkzb sroobssnrd ap

}zk~iìfc ckk` bfodksrzb pk a spzbbp kz sqrazb af` cbfbzapifc “aopi~bnzkfpacb’$ ipl nzbqrbfp `kkzs af` if`ks afigapifc plb }rjdio zbadg&

If obfpzbs$ a ìzbop nzkfpacb pk }a~bgbfp zbdapikfsli} assisps okggbzoiad

~iajidipy af` spzbbp ~ipadipy&

Rsb okfpifrkrs nzkfpacbs as naz as }kssijdb$ jy a`lbzifc pk a okggkf

jridìfc difb& Slbzb a dkksbz nzagbkzh kn jridìfcs is zbqrizb`$ plbsb azb

jbsp ajskzjb` ifpk plb }bzigbpbz jdkoh$ }ksipikfb` fbaz pk plb spzbbp ipl

adds$ capbs af` kplbz daf`soa}b nbaprzbs rsb` pk odksb plb ca}s& ]zkebopikfs

af` sbp'jaohs nzkg plb jridìfc difb oaf jb rsb` pk a`` bg}lasis$ jrp plb

nrfopikf kn zbsrdpifc s}aobs grsp jb odbazdy bnifb`&

]rjdio ]zi~apb

]bzigbpbz jdkohs oaf aookggkàpb a zafcb kn jridìfcpy}bs af` bfsipibs

A odbaz bnifipikf jbpbbf }rjdio af` }zi~apb s}aob is a

nrfàgbfpad pbfbp kn ckk` rzjafisg

A 1=g jdkoh b}pl is ajdb pk aookggkàpb krjdb

as}bop jridìfcs ipl ckk` aydiclpifc pk plb ifpbzfad

s}aob ,Jdkoh 1 IJA'Hkplbfbz _pzassb ?2'?3$ Jbzdif)

Gaifpaififc a okfsispbfp jridìfc difb bfsrzbs a spzkfc

spzbbp nzkfpacb




? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?&3 jdkohs

?&3&: jdkoh siub

_gadd is jbarpinrd

If okfsi`bzifc plb k}pigrg siub kn `b~bdk}gbfp jdkohs$ a pza`b'knn las pk jbspzroh jbpbbf5

• Basb kn aoobss ,sbb ?&1&0 kf czi` siub)8

• Plb ajidipy pk srspaif a ~azibpy kn jridìfc py}bs af` rsbs8

• Plb ajidipy pk olafcb af` aà}p k~bz pigb&

A rsbnrd zrdb kn plrgj is plap jdkoh i`pls kn <='9=g bfajdb plis pza`b'knn

pk jb aolib~b` if a ~azibpy kn ìnnbzbfp rzjaf dkoapikfs af` oizorgspafobs$

zb`roifc pk >='<=g if pkf+oipy obfpzbs&

?&3&? jdkoh sla}b

_la}b nkz olafcb

_qrazb jdkohs azb cbfbzaddy plkrclp pk knnbz plb gksp ndb|ijdb jasis nkz

aookggkàpifc a zafcb kn okggbzoiad af` zbsi`bfpiad jridìfcs af` gkzb

k}pikfs nkz ifpbzfad pzbapgbfp ,sbb ?&3&0)&

Zbopafcrdaz jdkohs ipl `b}pls kn ,say) 11=g azb gkzb okgnkzpajdy ajdb pk

aookggkàpb dazcbz jridìfcs$ srol as naopkzibs af` azblkrsbs$ iplkrp

b|}ksifc zbaz + si`b adds& Plbsb gay plbzbnkzb jb gkzb a}}zk}ziapb if

obzpaif oizorgspafobs$ srol as kf plb nzifcbs ,kz “pzafsipikf ukfbs’) kn

pkf+oipy obfpzbs&

Zbopafcrdaz jdkohs kn ,say) 1==g | :==g kzibfpapb` ipl plbiz slkzp si`b

kfpk plb gaif spzbbp oaf adsk jb jbfbnioiad if ifozbasifc okffbopi~ipy ipl

plb srzzkrfìfcs af` }zk~iìfc gkzb ozkssifcs af` erfopikfs$ liol sbz~b

pk sdk pzannio$ gahifc ip basibz nkz }b`bspziafs af` oyodisps& Zbsi`bfpiad

jridìfcs oaf plbf difb plb qribpbz si`bs kn plb jdkoh&

Izzbcrdaz jdkohs oaf jb gkrd`b` pk zbs}kf` pk pk}kcza}ly af` plb ozbapikf

kn nkoad }kifps srol as czbbfs kz sqrazbs ipl jridìfc nzkfpacbs plap fbb`

fkp jb }azaddbd&

]kzpdaf`$ R_A

Bìfjrzcl$ Fb Pkf$ RH

Plb }zk}ksb` Aslpkf Czbbf rzjaf b|pbfsikf

if Dbiobspbz okg}zisbs af izzbcrdaz kz

`bnkzgb` jdkoh spzroprzb

>2g

1?=g

F

1<=g 1<=g

1==g

1<2g 12=g

2=g

1?=g

10=g

1:2g

F

_gadd jdkohs

_ifcdb as}bop +spzbbp sbz~ioifc

@krjdb as}bopspzbbp sbz~ioifc

Dazcbzjdkohs

Aookggkàpbs ifpbzikzokrzp sbz~ioifc pk a ~azibpykn dazcbz czaif rsbs

Gi|b` rsb fbicljkrzlkk`s slkrd` okfpaif a zafcb kn jdkoh siubs pk }zkgkpb

~azibpy ,aà}pb` nzkg Jardol$ 199?)

Aookggkàpbsjiccbz oi~io$okggbzoiadaf` if`rspziad

rsbs iplif anifb'czaifb`}bzigbpbz

_rj'ì~isikfifpk fazzkbzzbsi`bfpiadjdkohs

Agadcagapikfifpk dazcbzjdkohs

A`bdai`b$ Arspzadia

Olioack$ R_A

F

F



>> rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?&3 jdkohs? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb

?&3&0 jdkoh ifpbzikzs

@bsicf nkz ifpbzfad ndb|ijidipy

Plb }bzigbpbz jdkoh spzroprzb bfajdbs a ~azibpy kn pzbapgbfps pk plb ifpbzikzpk jb }zk~i`b`$ ifodrìfc5

• oaz }azhs kz sbz~iob yaz s8

• }zi~apb + okggrfad caz bfs ipl olid zbf’s }day s}aobs8

• gbs lkrsbs$ knniobs$ kzhslk}s kz di~b'kzh rfips8 kz if bb`

• a }azh kz oi~io sqrazb pk koor}y }azp + lkdb kn plb jdkoh&

Sbdd'okfnicrzb` }bzigbpbz jdkohs naoidipapb a zafcb kn rsbs kn plb ifpbzikz

plap oaf olafcb k~bz pigb& Plbsb slkrd` jb bnifb` af` k~bzdkkhb jy

jridìfcs af` la~b zbspziopb` aoobss pk }zkgkpb sborzipy&

Ozkf _pzbbp Zbcbfbzapikf$ Plb Ckzjads$ Cdasck5

Plb sla}ifc kn a fb }daob ipl a pzaìpikfad jdkoh }appbzf

Dkoapikf Dkoapb if plb skrpl basp kn plb oipy plis b~bdk}gbfp is kn

a ca} sipb obfpzb` kf Ozkf _pzbbp&

@bsicf Pbag Gaspbz }daffbz5 OUSC Azolipbops

@b~bdk}bz Ozkf _pzbbp Zbcbfbzapikf ]zkebop

_ipb Azba 1> lbopazbs

]zkebop Gi|b` rsb solbgb okg}zisifc kn$ jy plb ybaz :===$ 1=2=

kfbz koor}ib` lkgbs8 ?:2 skoiaddy zbfpb` lkgbs8 1: dkoad

slk}s af` a sr}bzgazhbp8 1== jb` jr`cbp lkpbd8 <= spr`bfp

ndaps8 dkoad }azh8 af`$ 2===g: knniob aookggkàpikf&

@bpaids Plis }zkebop is obfpzb` kf plb sipb kn Lrpolbskfpkf —B‗

liol as plb ninpl }lasb kn plb }ksp az okg}zblbfsi~b

zb`b~bdk}gbfp kn plb Ckzjads& Ip as a gaekz }azp kn plb

oipy’s gassi~b }zkczaggb pk sbb} aay b~bzyplifc

asskoiapb` ipl plb }asp af` zb}daob ip ipl a oipy cbazb`

pkaz`s plb oaz ipl saplbs kn czbbf s}aob s}bohdb` ipl

licl zisb pkbzs& Ip as jridp if 19><$ as obfpzb` kf Ozkf

_pzbbp$ af` okfsispb` kn 1: difhb` boh aoobss jdkohs& Plb

jdkohs srnnbzb` nzkg iforzajdb }bfbpzapikf ag}fbss$

iplif fifb ybazs kn okg}dbpikf plb nizsp nagidibs bzb jbifc

gk~b` krp af` jy 19<: plb jdkohs bzb okg}dbpbdy bg}py&

If 19<3 anpbz gaekz oag}aicfifc jy plb dkoad okggrfipy plb

jdkohs bzb nifaddy bgkdislb`& Plis dbnp a 1> la ca} sipb if

plb lbazp kn plb Ckzjads&

Plb Ozkf _pzbbp Zbcbfbzapikf ]zkebop as sbp r} if 199= pk

naoidipapb plb okg}zblbfsi~b zb`b~bdk}gbfp kn plis azba&

Plis solbgb sbbs plb azba zbprzfifc pk a gass af` soadb kn

plb pzaìpikfad Cdasck pbfbgbfp spzbbps ipl jridìfcs

kfob acaif a``zbssifc plb spzbbp& Plb lkrsifc is dazcbdy

okg}zisb` kn ?+0 spkzby gk`bzf pbfbgbfps& Plis gi|b`

rsb$ gi|b` pbfrzb b~bdk}gbfp las appzaopb` a frgjbz

kn azolipbops af` b~bdk}bzs lk la~b srjsbqrbfpdy kf

aaz`s nkz plbiz lkrsifc bsicfs& Plb kjebopi~bs kn plb

kzicifad gaspbz}daf bzb pk jzifc jbfbnips fkp kfdy pk azbas

okfpaifb` iplif ips jkrf`s jrp pk plb i`bz Ckzjads azba&Okfpaop Ozkf _pzbbp Zbcbfbzapikf ]zkebop & Pbd5 =101 0:9 <92>

Plb ndb|ijidipy kn czi` + }bzigbpbz jdkoh b~bdk}gbfp




? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb ?&< }azobds . }dkps

@b~bdk}gbfp }azobds azb pzaops kn daf`$ rsraddy rf`bz a sifcdb kfbzsli}$

af` azb plb jasis kn gksp fb `b~bdk}gbfps$ bs}boiaddy plksb `zi~bf jy

~kdrgb lkrsbjrid`bzs& ]dkps$ kf plb kplbz laf`$ azb rsraddy grol sgaddbz

ifozbgbfps kz daf` lkdìfcs plap nkzg plb jasis nkz grol kn krz jridplbzipacb ' ci~ifc bspajdislb` obfpzbs plbiz ~azibpy af` nifb rzjaf czaif&

?&<&1 }azobd siub

Hbb} plb czaif nifb

If gaspbz}daffifc dazcb azbas plbzb is skgbpigbs plb k}}kzprfipy pk srj'

ì~i`b b~bdk}gbfp }azobds af` a}}kzpikf plbg pk innbzbfp b~bdk}bzs&

Bfajdifc a zafcb kn b~bdk}bzs pk }azpioi}apb is rsraddy bsizajdb pk cbfbzapb

a ziolbz gi| kn jridìfc py}bs$ pbfrzbs af` rsbs& As a cri`b$ }azobds kn 1 pk :

lbopazbs a~ki` a “gkfkordprzb’ if afy azba& Plis czaif slkrd` jb ga`b nifbz

pkaz`s plb obfpzb&

?&<&: }dkp siub

Hbb} }dkps sgadd af` fazzk

_rj'ì~iìfc `b~bdk}gbfp }azobds ifpk }dkps$ liol azb as sgadd af` fazzk

as is }zaopioad$ bfokrzacbs a i~bzsipy kn nkzgs$ rsbs af` pbfrzbs af` addks a

ziol ~azibpy kn jridìfcs pk bgbzcb& Plis adsk5

• cbfbzapbs gkzb aopi~b nzkfpacb8

• bfokrzacbs a “lrgaf soadb’ af` nifb }b`bspziaf czaif8

• bfajdbs liclbz bfsipibs pk jb aolib~b` ,dazcbz }dkps knpbf cbfbzapb

spaf`'adkfb }a~idikf jridìfcs ndafhb` jy }azhifc)8

• }zk~i`bs a ndb|ijdb jasis nkz agadcagapikf in fbobssazy af` bfajdbs

nrprzb ifozbgbfpad czkpl pk pahb }daob8

• gifigisbs okspdy af` aspbnrd dbnpk~bz s}aob&

_gadd$ zbcrdazdy sla}b` af` fazzk srj'ì~isikfs kn$ say 2g | :=g

aookggkàpb a zafcb kn jridìfcs af` gahb plb gksp bnnioibfp rsb kn daf`&

Sza} dazcbz }dkps

Dazcbz }dkps azb knpbf zbqrizb` nkz okggbzoiad$ if`rspziad kz oi~io jridìfcs&

_rj'ì~isikfs kn 12':=g i`b af` ?='0=g `bb} }zk~i`b ndb|ijdb daf`

ifozbgbfps nkz obfpzad azbas& Sza}}ifc plbsb ipl sgaddbz }dkps bfsrzbs plap

zbaz bdb~apikfs af` sbz~ioifc is fkp b|}ksb` pk plb spzbbp&

?&<&? }dkp af` }azobd srj'ì~isikfs

@i~i`b adkfc plb jaoh kn }dkp$ fkp plb spzbbp

Jaohs kn }zk}bzpibs nkzg a faprzad jrnnbz jbpbbf rsbs& Rsifc spzbbps as

ì~i`bzs jbpbbf `b~bdk}bzs af`+kz rsbs oaf rf`bzgifb plb lazgkfy kn

pkfsoa}b af` nkzgapikf kn ifpbczapb` gi|b`'rsb }daobs& Zrffifc

jkrfàzibs jbpbbf b~bdk}bzs kz daf` rsb py}bs adkfc plb jaoh kn }azobds

kz }dkps is cbfbzaddy jbppbz plaf plb zka` kz spzbbp& @bnifipikf kn plb }rjdio

zbadg af` gafacbgbfp zbcigb is adsk a hby bpbzgifafp kn }azobddapikf

af` plb nkzg kn b~bdk}gbfp if pbzgs kn bspajdislifc lap k}bf s}aobs azb

gaifpaifb` }rjdiody$ }zi~apbdy kz jy a okggrfipy pzrsp&

_gaddbz }azobd af` }dkp srj'ì~isikfs naoidipapb a

czbapbz ì~bzsipy kn nkzgs af` rsbs$ af` a gkzb

aopi~b spzbbp nzkfpacb

Rsb plb jaoh kn plb }dkp$ fkp plb spzbbp$ nkz

jkrfàzibs& ]azobd kz rsb srj'ì~isikfs adkfc plb

zbaz kn }dkps lbd} bfsrzb plap okg}apijdb rsbs af`

jridìfc spydbs naob baol kplbz&



=0

GAHIFCPLB OKFFBOPIKF_

0&1 Sadhifc 0&: Oyodifc 0&? ]rjdio pzafs}kzp 0&0 _pzbbps af` pzannio 0&2 ]azhifc af` sbz~ioifc

0&> Rpidipibs ifnzaspzroprzb




Slap is gbafp jy plb OkffbopikfsPkfs b|isp nkz ifpbzaopikf& Plby b}bf` r}kf gk~bgbfpsyspbgs ' zka`s$ spzbbps$ nkkp}apls af` }rjdio pzafs}kzp zkrpbs8adsk plb sbz~iob rpidipibs ,apbz$ cas$ bdbopzioipy$ bpo&) liol gahb

rzjaf dinb }kssijdb& Plbsb okffbopikfs addk pkfs pk kzhaf` difh pk plb i`bz kzd`&

Fkfb kn plbsb gk~bgbfp syspbgs b|isp if iskdapikf& As bdd as

jbifc plb gbafs jy liol b cbp azkrf` af` jridìfcs azbsbz~iob`$ plby azb a ozroiad okg}kfbfp kn rzjaf olazaopbz& Ersp asgrol as azolipboprzb kz daf`soa}b plby lbd} bpbzgifb lbplbz

}daobs azb ckk` kz ja`& _k lapb~bz plbiz nrfopikf$ okffbopikfsfbb` pk jb plkrclp kn as af ifpbczad }azp kn plb rzjaf najzio&

Sly plb Okffbopikfs azb Ig}kzpafpPlb sroobss kn a pkf kz fb b~bdk}gbfp b}bf`s kf lk bddplb okffbopikfs kzh& Plb gbasrzb kn plbiz sroobss is fkp erspplbiz nrfopikfad }bznkzgafob$ jrp lk plby okfpzijrpb pk plb

qradipy af` olazaopbz kn plb rzjaf azba5

Difhifc r}Fb b~bdk}gbfps fbb` pk jb odbazdy difhb` pk b|ispifc zkrpbs&

Plb gkzb izbop difhs plbzb azb$ plb gkzb sroobssnrd idd jb plbifpbczapikf kn fb af` kd`&

Gk~bgbfp olkiobsOkffbopikfs slkrd` ci~b }bk}db plb ga|igrg olkiob if lk pkgahb plbiz ekrzfbys$ ipl a }zbsrg}pikf if na~krz kn adhifc$oyodifc af` }rjdio pzafs}kzp&

A sbfsb kn }daobGahifc okffbopikfs is af bssbfpiad }azp kn ozbapifc a sbfsb kn }daob& Plis gbafs plap zka`s$ spzbbps af` plb zkrpbs nkz rpidipibsslkrd` jb bsicfb` if zbs}kfsb pk plb dkoad okfpb|p&

_anb zkrpbs nkz addGa|igisifc olkiob if lk }bk}db gk~b azkrf` gbafs ozbapifczkrpbs add kn liol azb nbdp pk jb sanb& _bczbcapb` zkrpbs nkz

}bk}db kf nkkp af` oyodbs azb fkp adays plb jbsp skdrpikf&

Plb }azhifc }zkjdbg]azhifc fbb`s as grol plkrclp as okffbopikfs& If`bb` a

}kkz }azhifc spzapbcy oaf zboh a solbgb&

Jbppbz pzannio gafacbgbfp@bsicf plb daykrp kn jridìfcs af` s}aobs pk lbd} okfpzkd plbndk af` bfsipy kn pzannio& _icfs af` a``'kf pzannio oadgifc

nbaprzbs slkrd` kfdy jb zbdib` kf as a`ìpikfad gbasrzbs&



Plis sbopikf okfsi`bzs aoobssijidipy iplif plb rzjaf azba ‟ lk

basy ip is nkz }bk}db pk pza~bd af` plb olkiob plby la~b ajkrp lk

plby pza~bd& Plb okfobzf lbzb is lk pk bsicf b~bdk}gbfps plap

knnbz }bk}db pza~bd olkiobs plap azb i`bdy aoobssijdb af` gbbpplb fbb`s kn b~bzykfb&

Daykrp is a gaekz ifndrbfob kf lk }bk}db olkksb pk pza~bd& K~bz

plb dasp 2= ybazs kz gkzb plb }daffifc kn b~bdk}gbfp las jbbf

ìopapb` }zigazidy jy plb cbkgbpzy kn zka` bsicf$ af` plis las

la` plb bnnbop kn bfokrzacifc oaz rsb$ b~bf nkz ekrzfbys liol

krd` jb grol jbppbz ga`b jy adhifc kz oyodifc&

Pk zb~bzsb plis pbf`bfoy gbafs bsicfifc ipl add nkzgs kn

gk~bgbfp if gif`$ fkp ersp plb cbkgbpzy kn zka` daykrps&Slap gappbzs is plap$ lbzb~bz }kssijdb$ gk~bgbfp kf nkkp$ jy

jioyodb kz jy }rjdio pzafs}kzp slkrd` jb as basy af` okf~bfibfp as

rsifc plb oaz& Plis kbsf’p gbaf b|odrìfc plb oaz5 lap is

fbb`b` is af a}}zk}ziapb jadafob jbpbbf pzannio af` kplbz rsbs

pk ozbapb appzaopi~b$ di~bdy$ sanb af` ifpbzbspifc }daobs&

Jb`b Isdaf` Fkzpl$ Dbiobspbz5 Okffbopifc a fb fbicljkrzlkk` Dkoapikf Nkzgbz bzbdiop zaiday daf` pk plb bsp kn Dbiobspbz oipy

obfpzb$ fbaz pk plb @b Gkfpnkzp Rfi~bzsipy oag}rs&@bsicf pbag Dbiobspbz Oipy Okrfoid’s Rzjaf @bsicf Czkr}Odibfp Dbiobspbz Oipy Oladdbfcb Dp` + Dbiobspbz Oipy Okrfoid

_ipb azba 1?&3 lbopazbs]zkebop A gi|b`'rsb b~bdk}gbfp ifodrìfc lkrsifc ,lkrsifc

asskoiapikf$ }zi~apbdy zbfpb` af` spr`bfp aookggkàpikf)$ ajrsifbss }azh$ slk}s$ af` a }rj if a okf~bzpb` }rg}ifcspapikf& Plb lbazp kn plb b~bdk}gbfp is a fb 1&9 lbopazb}azh& Plb gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh las plzbb gaif as}bops5• gaif }b bspziaf difh plzkrcl plb sqrazb af` }azh

}zk~i`bs b|obddbfp zkrpb nzkg plb rfi~bzsipy af` oipyobfpzb pk aèkififc lkrsifc azbas&

• sipb adsk zbdapbs pk plb Czbap Obfpzad Say$ a gaifoyodbay+nkkp}apl plzkrcl plb oipy&

• jboarsb kn }zk|igipy pk oipy obfpzb af` }rjdiopzafs}kzp$ zbsi`bfpiad }azhifc is zbspziopb` pk kfb jay}bz lkrsb$ }azhifc nkz plb jrsifbss }azh is plzbbs}aobs }bz 1==g:$ dkbz plaf plb }zk~isikf ap

nizsp bgaf`&Okfpaop Bf~izkfgbfp af` @b~bdk}gbfp$ Dbiobspbz Oipy Okrfoid$

Fb Sadh Obfpzb$ Sbdnkz` ]daob$ Dbiobspbz DB1 >UCPbd5 =11> :2: 3:?9


0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs



Plb fbb`s kn }bk}db kf nkkp zbqrizb oazbnrd afadysis$ af` slkrd` jb

}azagkrfp if `b~bdk}gbfp daykrps&

0&1&1 plb }b`bspziaf bf~izkfgbfp

]b`bspziafs af` oyodb'nzibf`dy spzbbps

Ip is a rsbnrd a}}zkaol pk `bsicf plb }b`bspziaf bf~izkfgbfp rsifc plb

“Ni~b O’ }zifoi}dbs5

• Okffbopikfs

@k ckk` }b`bspziaf zkrpbs okffbop plb }daobs lbzb }bk}db afp pk ck;

• Okf~bfibfob

Azb zkrpbs ìzbop$ af` azb ozkssifcs basy pk rsb; @k }b`bspziafs la~b

pk aip gkzb plaf 1= sbokf`s pk ozkss zka`s;

• Okf~i~iad

Azb zkrpbs appzaopi~b$ bdd dip af` sanb$ af` is plbzb ~azibpy

adkfc plb spzbbp;• Okgnkzpajdb

Slap is plb qradipy af` i`pl kn plb nkkpay$ af` lap kjspzropikfs

azb plbzb;

• Okfs}io rkrsfbss

Lk basy is ip pk nif` af` nkddk a zkrpb; Azb plbzb srznaob pzbapgbfps

af` sicfs pk cri`b }b`bspziafs;

In plb spzbbp is `bsicfb` nkz dk s}bb`s$ }b`bspziafs$ oyodisps af` ~bliodbs oaf

gi| sanbdy& Cbfbzaddy s}bahifc okf~bfpikfad spzbbps }zk~i`b plb gksp

okf~bfibfp$ ìzbop zkrpbs pk }daobs liol oyodisps af` }b`bspziafs$ dihb

b~bzykfb bdsb$ afp pk cbp pk&

Oyodisps$ }b`bspziafs af` oazs oaf dbazf pk di~b pkcbplbz& Nzbijrzc$ Cbzgafy

1&2g 1&2g

1&32g 1&2g

1&2g 1&32g

1&32g 1&32g

1&2g=&2g 1&32g

?&:2g

?&:2g

?&2g

?&32g

Hbzj sbczbcapb` naoidipy k}bf kf jkpl si`bs

A i`b$ bdd dip rf`bz} ass if Czafp ]azh$ R_A

Hbzj sbczbcapb` naoidipy jkrf`b` kf oyodb pzaoh si`b

Hbzj sbczbcapb` naoidipy jkrf`b` kf nkkp}apl si`b

Hbzj sbczbcapb` naoidipy jkrf`b` kf jkpl si`bs

Hbzj sbczbcapb` naoidipy jkrf`b` kf nkkp}aplsi`b ipl ~bzcb jbpbbf oyodb pzaoh af` aèaobfpoazziacbay

Gifigrg igbfsikfs nkz slazb` oyodisp + }b`bspziafzkrpbs$ sbczbcapb` jy a olafcb if db~bd

?&=g


0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&1 adhifc



Ip’s ckk` pk adh

A sanb$ appzaopi~b af` bdd oazb` nkz }rjdio zbadg idd bfokrzacb }bk}db pk

adh& Plb hby okfsi`bzapikfs azb5

• }bk}db }zbnbz pk adh adkfc spzbbps lbzb plby oaf jb sbbf jy zi~bzs$zbsi`bfps af` kplbz }b`bspziafs8

• in sbczbcapb` nkkp}apls azb }zk~i`b $ plby fbb` pk jb bdd'okffbopb`

af` k~bzdkkhb` jy lkrsbs af` kplbz jridìfcs8

• add gbasrzbs plap sdk pzannio lbd} }b`bspziafs nbbd sanbz& Ap erfopikfs$

plb rsb kn zaisb` srznaobs af` piclp zaìi gahb ip basibz nkz }b`bspziafs

pk ozkss8

• bdd `bsicfb` slazb srznaobs a~ki` okfndiops kn gk~bgbfp ybp

bfokrzacb kplbz aopi~ipibs pk pahb }daob& Pk aolib~b plis$ srjpdb

~aziapikfs kn gapbziad kz jkd` olafcbs kn `bpaid azb a}}zk}ziapb$

`b}bfìfc r}kf plb dkoapikf8

• nkkp}apls slkrd` dba` lbzb }bk}db afp pk ck$ zaplbz plaf nkddk a

}zbokfobi~b` cbkgbpzy8• nkkp}apls if fb b~bdk}gbfps slkrd` jb }ksipi~b$ izbop af`

jazzibz'nzbb&

Plb Jaspiddb ia`rop$ ]azis5 Daf`soa}b` adhays pk zaisb plb s}izip

Dkoapikf Plb ~ia`rop is dkoapb` if plb obfpzb kn ]azis odksb pk plb

Cazb b Dykf&

@bsicf Pbag Azolipbop5 ]apzioh Jbzcbz

Daf`soa}b Azolipbop5 ]& Gaplibf$ G& bzcbdy

@b~bdk}bz Oipy kn ]azis

@bpaids Plis b~bdk}gbfp is kf a isrsb` rzjaf zaiday ~ia`rop jridp

if plb gi`'1<==s af` rfrsb` sifob 19>9& Plbzb azb pkbdbgbfps pk plb solbgb ' a }azh adkfc plb dbfcpl kn plb

~ia`rop af` jbdk if plb azolbs$ slk} rfips la~b jbbf

ozbapb` pahifc a`~afpacb kn plb azba’s pzaìpikf nkz azps af`

ozanps& Plb }azh okg}zisbs a }zkgbfa`b nkzgb` adkfc ips

dbfcpl ipl }dafpifc$ apbz nbaprzbs af` }bzckdas }zk~iìfc

ifpbzbsp af` sla`b kf srffy ays& Difhb` af` aèaobfp pk plb

~ia`rop }zkgbfa`b azb plb Lbopkz Gadkp ]azh af` Caz`bfs$

dai` krp kf plb zkkn kn a grdpi'spkzby oaz }azh& Plbsb

`b~bdk}gbfps pahb a`~afpacb kn zazb s}aobs if plb rzjaf

najzio pk }zk~i`b jbarpinrddy daf`soa}b` k}bf s}aobs knnbzifc

pzafqriddipy ajk~b plb jrspdb kn plb oipy jbdk&

Okfpaop ]apzioh JbzcbzBokdb ]kdypbolfiqrb Nì`ìzadb b Darsaffb

Pbd5 == :1 >9? 0> 29 ?: 21


0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&1 adhifc

A jzi`cb ci~ifc aoobss pk plb pkf obfpzb k~bz plb

zaiday is nkz pzags$ oyodbs af` }b`bspziafs kfdy&

Nzbijrzc$ Cbzgafy&

A difbaz }azh kn b|ob}pikfad qradipy zrfs adkfc

plb pk} kn plb ~ia`rop&




0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&: oyodifc

Sb oyodb dbss if Jzipaif plaf if gafy kplbz Brzk}baf okrfpzibs$ fkp sk grol

jboarsb kn pk}kcza}ly af` odigapb as jboarsb oyodifc a}}bazs pk jb rfsanb

af` ifokf~bfibfp& Dihb adhifc$ gafy kn plb gbasrzbs pk bfokrzacb oyodifc

azb dk hby af` sig}db& Oyodifc oaf jb ga`b gkzb }k}rdaz jy }zk~iìfcìzbop af` okf~bfibfp pzannio'oadgb` zkrpbs$ ipl a sanb }daob nkz }bk}db pk

dba~b plbiz jihbs ap plbiz `bspifapikf&

0&:&1 plb oyodisp bf~izkfgbfp

@bsicf nkz okf~bfibfp oyodifc

Oyodisps fbb` odbaz$ izbop zkrpbs liol pahb plbg pk plb slk}s$ solkkd kz

spapikf iplkrp spk}}ifc slkzp ap ahaz` erfopikfs kz kjspaodbs5

• kf dk's}bb` spzbbps ,jbdk ?= h}l5 := g}l) oyodisps oaf gi|

ipl ~bliodbs8

• kf jrsy spzbbps$ lbzb plbzb gay jb liclbz pzannio s}bb`s

,?='2= h}l5 :='?= g}l) plbzb slkrd` jb odbazdy bnifb` oyodb dafbs8• sb}azapb oyodb pzaohs azb a gaekz ifobfpi~b nkz }bk}db pk oyodb$ af`

slkrd` jb ifpzk`rob` lbzb s}aob addks&

]assifc }azhb` oazs

]azhb` oazs oaf jb a }azpiordaz lauaz` pk oyodisps& Bnnbopi~b }azhifc

bfnkzobgbfp af` plb odbaz bsicfapikf kn }azhifc jays adkfc plb spzbbp lbd}

gahb oyodifc gkzb sanb&

0&:&: oyodb dafbs

_pzbbps plap azb sanb nkz oyodisps

Pzannio'oadgb` spzbbps azb i`bad nkz oyodifc$ bs}boiaddy lbzb plb s}bb`

zb`roifc nbaprzbs la~b jbbf `bsicfb` as }azp kn plb k~bzadd daykrp zaplbz

plaf pzbapb` as dapbz a`ìpikfs&

Kf jrsy spzbbps$ kz lbzb ip is ìnniordp pk zb`rob pzannio s}bb`$ sb}azapb oyodb

dafbs slkrd` jb }zk~i`b`$ ipl s}boiad }zk~isikf ap erfopikfs& Plbsb zkrpbs

slkrd` jb odbaz af` oklbzbfp5 ìsekifpb` sbopikfs kn oyodb zkrpb azb

ifbnnbopi~b&

Kf i`b }a~bgbfps$ }b`bspziafs af` oyodisps oaf slazb plb sagb s}aob$ jrp

af azzafcbgbfp ipl a zaisb` hbzj kz odbaz gazhifcs is lbd}nrd pk sbczbcapb

oyodisps nzkg }b`bspziafs& Plis azzafcbgbfp adsk las ìspifop a`~afpacbs nkz

jdif` af` }azpiaddy siclpb` }bk}db&

0&:&? oyodb sborzipy

@bsicf'if oyodb }azhifc nzkg plb krpsbp

Plbzb azb frgbzkrs `bsicfs nkz oyodb }azhifc& Plby slkrd` adays jb

okfsi`bzb ipl kplbz spzbbp rsbzs if gif`$ af` as af ifpbczad }azp kn plb

k~bzadd spzbbp daykrp& Oyodb zaohs a``b` as af anpbzplkrclp azb cbfbzaddy

ifokf~bfibfp af` rf`bz rsb`&

Gahb oyodb spkzacb nkz fb lkgbs sbokf` faprzb

Slbzb }bk}db }azh plbiz jioyodbs lbf ap lkgb is add pkk knpbf nkzckppbf&

Jioyodbs pahb r} a dkp kn zkkg in }azhb` if plb ladday kn a py}ioad lkrsb kz

rzjaf ndap& Okggrfad if`kkz oyodb spkzacb oaf gahb kfifc af` rsifc ajihb basibz af` gkzb appzaopi~b$ bs}boiaddy if licl `bfsipy azbas&

Kf jrsy zka`s$ sb}azapb oyodb naoidipibs slkrd` jb

}zk~i`b`& Lbzb$ af bsoadapkz af` lbbdolaiz dinp

}zk~i`bs aoobss pk rf`bzczkrf` pzags&

Okdkcfb$ Cbzgafy ,ajk~b af` jbdk)

Okf~bzpifc oaz }azhifc s}aobs fbazbsp plb spapikf pk

oyodb zaohs bfokrzacbs oyodb af` zi`b& @kzpgrf`$

Cbzgafy




0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&? }rjdio pzafs}kzp

Slbf ip’s pkk naz pk adh kz oyodb plb jbsp adpbzfapi~b pk plb oaz iplif af

rzjaf azba is cbfbzaddy plb jrs& Plb gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh nkz fb

`b~bdk}gbfp slkrd` }zk~i`b nkz a ìzbop jrs zkrpb$ kz naidifc plap basy aoobss

pk af b|ispifc zkrpb& @isorssikfs ipl }kpbfpiad k}bzapkzs idd i`bfpiny laphif` kn sbz~iob oaf jb }zk~i`b` af` plb py}b kn jrs pk jb rsb`&

0&?&1 }rjdio pzafs}kzp oapolgbfps

Plb }bk}db kf plb jrs

A jrs zkrpb idd jb ~iajdb in plbzb azb bfkrcl }bk}db iplif a 0==g zaìrs ,2

gifrpbs adh) kn baol spk}& In jrs spk}s azb ap :=='?==g ifpbz~ads$ a `bfsipy

kn azkrf` <= }bzskfs }bz lbopazb idd }zk~i`b a oapolgbfp kn :$=== }bk}db

}bz spk}5 1== }bk}db }bz lbopazb }zk~i`bs r} pk :$2== }bk}db }bz spk}&

@bfsipibs grol jbdk <= }bk}db }bz lbopazb gay fkp jb appzaopi~b pk jrs

k}bzapkzs& Jrs zkrpbs adsk fbb` pk jb ìzbop$ zaplbz plaf nkzgifc a okfpkzpb`

sbzibs kn dkk}s af` `ba` bf`s& Pajdb 0&1 slks plb i`bad oapolgbfp }bz spk}nkz ìnnbzbfp hif`s kn }rjdio pzafs}kzp& Plbzb azb nb solbgbs plap idd

erspiny a diclp zaid syspbg kz pzag$ af` b~bf nbbz plap idd gbzip a fb

zaiday spapikf& Jrp lbzb plbsb adzba`y b|isp$ difhs pk plbsb naoidipibs slkrd`

jb spzbfcplbfb`& @isrsb` zaiday zkrpbs slkrd` fkp jb jridp k~bz pk zbpaif

plb nrprzb }kssijidipy kn zbpzknippifc&

Pajdb 0&1 Oapolgbfp azbas nkz }rjdio pzafs}kzp

Gifijrs Jrs Cri`b` jrs Diclp zaid Zaid

_pk} ifpbz~ad :==g :==g ?==g >==g 1$===g(

Okzzi`kz <==g <==g <==g 1$===g :$===g(

i`pl + azba sbz~b`

Oapolgbfp ?:= ‟ 0<= ‟ 1$><= ‟ 0$<== ‟ :0$=== ‟

}bz spk} >0= 1$3>= ?$1:= 9$=== :0$===

0&?&: jrs }zk~isikf

Gahb ip okf~bfibfp pk oapol plb jrs

B~bf in plbzb azb }kpbfpiaddy bfkrcl }bk}db if af azba pk gahb a sbz~iob

~iajdb ip spidd fbb`s pk jb ga`b appzaopi~b& Slap gappbzs gksp azb5

• odbaz$ izbop zkrpbs pk plb jrs spk}$ ifodrìfc bdd'}daob` ozkssifcs

kf gaekz zka`s8

• dkoapifc jrs spk}s lbzb aopi~ipy pahbs }daob$ fbaz slk}s kz a zka`

erfopikf& I`baddy a spk} slkrd` jb odksb pk plb obfpzb kn a }daob8

• }zk~isikf kn bnnbopi~bdy }kdiob` jrs dafbs af` jrs }zikzipy ap erfopikfs&

Jbnkzb5 Okfcbspikf if~kd~ifc jrsbs is okfobfpzapb` if kfb azba

Anpbz5 Zb`roifc plb frgjbz kn dafbs af` `bìoapifc skgb kn plb zka`'s}aob

as a jrs dafb af` a i`bfb` nkkpay bfdi~bfs plb bspbzf bf` kn plb spzbbp

af` bfsrzbs }b`bspziaf af` }rjdio pzafs}kzp }zikzipy&

_lk}s

_lk}s

_lk}s

Jrs Dafb

@bìoapb` jrsay$ Dbb`s

Plis arpkgapio jrs capb$ Oagjzi`cb$

bfsrzbs jrs }zikzipy

Jrs'rf`bzczkrf` ifpbzolafcb$ Oaffifc Pkf$ Dkf`kf



As bdd as }zk~iìfc aoobss pk jridìfcs af` plb sbz~iobs pk plbg$ spzbbps azb

krz gksp ig}kzpafp }rjdio s}aobs& _pzbbps sbz~b gafy nrfopikfs$ fkp kfdy

plb oizordapikf kn pzannio$ jrp adhifc$ oyodifc$ }day af` gbbpifc }bk}db& Plb

s}aobs bnifb` jy jridìfcs nzagb plb spzbbp&

_pzbbps azb grdpi'nrfopikfad s}aobs af` plbzb is adays plb zish kn okfndiop

jbpbbf rsbs& Plb hby is pk `bsicf nkz add plb rsbs af` rsbzs&

0&0&1 spzbbp py}bs

@bnifb spzbbp py}bs jy oa}aoipy af` olazaopbz

Plb py}bs kn spzbbp pk jb ifodr`b` if a solbgb azb plb hby pk ips k~bzadd

olazaopbz& Plb okf~bfpikfad bfcifbbzifc'db` a}}zkaol pk spzbbp

odassinioapikf is jasb` skdbdy kf ~bliordaz oa}aoipy& Plis zbcaz`s spzbbps as

pzannio okf`rips af` icfkzbs plbiz grdpi'nrfopikfad zkdb& A fb pbzgifkdkcy

is zbqrizb` pk `bsozijb add plb zkdbs plap spzbbps oaf }day if gahifc sroobssnrd}daobs&

Plb odassinioapikf kn spzbbp py}bs if Pajdb 0&: okfsi`bzs plb spzbbp if pbzgs kn5

• Oa}aoipy5 lk gk~bgbfp kn b~bzy hif` oaf jb aookggkàpb` sanbdy&

• Olazaopbz5 plb zkdb kn plb spzbbp if plb rzjaf zbadg af` plb py}bs kn

jridìfc af` daf`soa}b plap difb ip ,liol is adsk ifndrbfob`

jy bfodksrzb ‟ sbb 2&1&?)&

Pajdb 0&: _pzbbp py}bs plap okgjifb oa}aoipy af` olazaopbz

Okf~bfpikfad _pzbbps plap okgjifb oa}aoipy af` olazaopbz

oa}aoipy'jasb`

pbzgifkdkcy

]zigazy ispzijrpkz Gaif zka`

Zkrpbs }zk~iìfc okffbopikfs aozkss plb oipy

@ispziop ispzijrpkz A~bfrb kz Jkrdb~az`

Nkzgad$ cbfbzkrs daf`soa}ifc

Dkoad ispzijrpkz Licl _pzbbp

Gi|b` rsbs$ aopi~b nzkfpacbs

Aoobss zka` _pzbbp kz _qrazb

Gaifdy zbsi`bfpiad$ jridìfc difbs bfokrzacifc pzannio oadgifc

Ord'`b'sao Gbs + Okrzpyaz`

_lazb` s}aob nkz }azhifc af` kplbz rsbs

0&0&: gaif zkrpbs

Gahb plb zkrpb ck plzkrcl

Plzkrcl zkrpbs ci~b dinb ' plby azb plb oipy’s azpbzibs& @bpbzgifb plb gaif

zkrpb plzkrcl plb solbgb$ ips zbdapikfsli} pk plb obfpzb$ af` ips difhs ifpk plb

czi`&

]b`bspziaf af` ~bliordaz plzkrcl'gk~bgbfp azb af k}}kzprfipy pk ozbapb

di~bdy$ ~iajdb gi|b`'rsb$ zaplbz plaf a }zkjdbg pk jb zb'zkrpb`& Kfdy lbzb

pzannio db~bds plzbapbf bf~izkfgbfpad qradipy ,fkisb$ nrgbs bpo&) is zbgbìad

aopikf fbobssazy&

Gahb plb zkrpb ckplzkrcl

Licl pzannio db~bds gayzbqrizb plb ozbapikf kn a`ìpikfad adpbzfapi~bzkrpbs

]zikzipy pk}b`bspziafs afòyodisps bfsrzbs plapplb obfpzb is spipolb`pkcbplbz

Jrp pzannio }zikzipy iddsb~bz plb okggrfipy

3&2 ‟ 1:g

1: ‟ 1<g

1< ‟ ?=g

1< ‟ 1==g

:3 ‟ ?>g

Gbs

Zbsi`bfpiad spzbbp

Licl spzbbp

_qrazb

Jkrdb~az`


0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&0 spzbbps af` pzannio



0&0&? spzbbps as skoiad }daobs

_pzbbps nkz b~bzykfb

If afy b~bdk}gbfp plb bsicf kn spzbbps slkrd` spazp jy ashifc —lap iddla}}bf kf plis spzbbp;‗& Plb spzbbp slkrd` jb bsicfb` pk srip plb aopi~ipibs

plap b krd` dihb pk sbb oazzib` krp kf ip& Nkz b|ag}db$ in plb spzbbp is difb`

ipl slk}s ip slkrd` jb bsicfb` pk bfajdb }bk}db pk cbp pk plb slk}s$ ozkss plb

zka`$ la~b a olap af` difcbz if nzkfp kn slk} if`ks$ kz la~b a jbbz if plb srf&

Plb zb'ifpbczapikf kn pzannio af` kplbz aopi~ipibs is jbsp `kfb jy ozbapifc a

fbpkzh kn s}aobs zaplbz plaf a libzazoly kn zka`s& Plb azzafcbgbfp kn

s}aobs idd pahb nrdd aookrfp kn plb gk~bgbfp nzagbkzh nkz plb azba$

ifodrìfc plb afadysis kn ~bliodb gk~bgbfps& Ifb~ipajdy plbzb idd jb skgb

gaif zka`s$ biplbz iplif plb `b~bdk}gbfp kz fbazjy& Plbsb azb plb gaif

zkrpbs nkz ~bliodb gk~bgbfp$ jrp slkrd` jb `bsicfb`5

• pk gifigisb plbiz fbcapi~b bnnbops kf plb azba plzkrcl liol plby }ass8• pk addk plbiz sanb$ }dbasafp af` okf~bfibfp rsb jy }b bspziafs af` oyodisps&

]daobs fkp zka`s

A`lbzbfob pk plb zici` cbkgbpzy kn zka` daykrps af` liclay arplkzipy

a`k}pikf spafàz`s }zk`robs jdaf`$ rfinkzg `b~bdk}gbfps& If `bsicfifc

spzbbps$ ci~b }zikzipy pk afadysis kn plb dkoad okfpb|p$ af` kf plap jasis `bsicf

af a}}zk}ziapb fbpkzh kn s}aobs ' srol as spzbbps$ sqrazbs af` okrzpyaz`s&

Plb }zifoi}db kn pzaohifc$ `bsozijb` lbzb$ af` plb oazbnrd `bsicf kn erfopikfs$

idd addk a db~bd kn gk~bgbfp pk srip plksb s}aobs& If adzba`y `b~bdk}b`

azbas$ plb `bsicfapikf kn lkgb ukfbs lbd}s }zk`rob dk pzannio s}bb`s

,jbdk ?= h}l5 :=g}l) af` zbifnkzobs plb sbfsb kn }daob&

0&0&0 pzaohifc

]rp plb rzjaf s}aob nizsp

Plb }zifoi}db kn pzaohifc addks plb zkaày pk ndk plzkrcl plb gi``db kn plb

s}aob ozbapb` jy plb azzafcbgbfp kn jridìfcs iplkrp kgifapifc ip& Ifspba`

kn ci~ifc }zikzipy pk liclay bfcifbbzifc zbqrizbgbfps$ ips spazpifc'}kifp is

plb azzafcbgbfp kn jridìfcs af` bfodksrzb& Nkkpays azb dai` krp if nzkfp kn

jridìfcs pk zbifnkzob plap azzafcbgbfp& Plb oazziacbay i`pl is plbf

olbohb` jy }dkppifc plb ~bliodb pzaohifc }apls$ rsifc plb gifigrg zbqrizb`

i`pls& Plb hbzj kn plb nkkpay fbb` fkp nkddk plb difb kn plb ~bliodb pzaohifc$

jrp siclp difbs af` kf'spzbbp }azhifc slkrd` jb pahbf ifpk aookrfp&

A spzbbp bsicfb` kf plb }zifoi}db kn pzaohifc idd fkzgaddy jb pzannio'oadgb`jboarsb kn ips daykrp$ iplkrp plb fbb` nkz a``'kf gbasrzbs& Plb

azzafcbgbfp kn jridìfc nzkfpacbs$ af` plb siclp difbs ozbapb`$ if`rob

`zi~bzs pk ck sdkdy&



Azzafcb jridìfcs pk nkzg

spzbbp bfodksrzb

@bsicf nkkpays pk

zbifnkzob plis

]dkp ~bliodb pzaohifc }apl$

pk olboh oazziacbay i`pl

is srnnioibfp

]b`bspziaf'nzibf`dy spzbbp$ Lk~b



0&0&2 erfopikfs

Hbb} ip piclp

As ipl plb spzbbp$ sk ipl erfopikfs5 ip is plb jridìfcs af` nkkpay plapslkrd` bnifb plb s}aob ap a erfopikf$ fkp plb zici` zbqrizbgbfps kn plb

~bliodb gk~bgbfp& A i`b oazziacbay }drs piclp$ bfodksb` okzfbzs$ gahbs a

jbppbz erfopikf plaf orpjaoh okzfbzs ipl a sbb}ifc orz~b&

Plb azzafcbgbfp kn a erfopikf idd adays `b}bf` kf plb dkoad okfpb|p$ af`

plb agkrfp kn }b`bspziaf af` ~bliodb pzannio plap zka`s azb b|}bopb` pk oazzy&

Piclp okzfbzs ipl zbspziopb` siclp difbs la~b a gaekz pzannio oadgifc bnnbop&

0&0&> pzannio oadgifc af` }b`bspziaf ozkssifcs

Lk grol pzannio oaf plb spzbbp pahb;

Jb aazb kn plb digips pk gi|ifc aopi~ipy& Plb liclbz plb ~kdrgb kn pzannio$ plb

gkzb inniordp ip jbokgbs pk gi| aopi~ipibs&

_pzbbps ipl r} pk 2== ~bliodbs }bz lkrz ,pk'ay) knnbz }b`bspziafs basy

k}}kzprfipibs pk ozkss plb zka`& _pzbbps ipl jbpbbf 2== af` 1$===

~bliodbs }bz lkrz ,pk'ay) zbqrizb s}boinio ozkssifc k}}kzprfipibs pk jb

ifokz}kzapb` ifpk plb spzbbp bsicf pk addk }b`bspziafs pk ozkss& Ndks kn

k~bz 1$=== ~bliodbs }bz lkrz gbaf plap }b`bspziafs idd la~b pk aip pk ozkss

plb zka`&

Si`b Ozkssifcs kf Gaif Zka`s

A nzbqrbfp ìnniordpy is lbzb gaekz pzannio zkrpbs ozkss gaekz }b`bspziaf

zkrpbs& Plb afsbz lbzb is nzbqrbfpdy i`b$ bdd daf`soa}b` ozkssifcs$ ipl

plb ndkkzsoa}b$ diclps$ af` kplbz `b~iobs rsb` pk `bnifb plb ozkssifc azba& Sb

slkrd` sbbh pk zi` krz pkfs kn plb jazzibzs$ plb rfozkssajdb obfpzad ì~i`bs$

nkz b|ag}db$ jy olafcifc gaif zkrpbs pk rzjaf a~bfrbs$ liol }bk}db adh

adkfc af` ozkss zbcrdazdy if sanbpy af` okf~bfibfob&

_dk pzannio `kf

Nkz spzbbps pk kzh as skoiad }daobs plb pzannio grsp jb sdkb`& Plb jbsp ay

pk k plis is pk bsicf spzbbps plap bfokrzacb zi~bzs pk zi~b ipl oarpikf&

Plb azzafcbgbfp kn jridìfcs$ s}aobs af` aopi~ipibs oaf aop as a faprzad

pzannio oadgbz af` las plb `krjdb a`~afpacb kn jbifc ~israddy dbss ifpzrsi~b

af` naz gkzb }dbasafp nkz }b`bspziafs af` oyodisps&

Jrp plbzb azb gafy oasbs lbzb a `b~bdk}gbfp iflbzips af b|ispifc spzbbp

daykrp plap oaffkp jb pzannio'oadgb` b|ob}p plzkrcl a``'kf gbasrzbs&Slbf plap is sk$ pk }kifps pk jbaz if gif` azb5

• Plb gbasrzbs slkrd jb bsicfb ipl }b`bspziafs$ oyodisps$ }rjdio

pzafs}kzp$ sbz~iob af` bgbzcbfoy ~bliodbs if gif` b&c& zaisb` erfopikfs

gahb ip basibz nkz }b`bspziafs pk ozkss af` olioafbs oaf jb rsb` pk

ozbapb ifnkzgad s}aobs if plb spzbbp&

• Pzannio oadgifc gbasrzbs slkrd` jb bsicfb` pk srip plb dkoad okfpb|p$

a~kiìfc plb rsb kn spafàz` skdrpikfs& Plis is plb ekj kn plb rzjaf

`bsicfbz af` daf`soa}b azolipbop$ fkp ersp plb pzannio bfcifbbz&



Zaisb` oazziacbay

0g

22==gg

22==gg

22==gg

>g

1=g

oazziacbay

0g zaìrs ‟ zbnrsb ~bliodbprzfifc jdkohs gk~bgbfp nkzkplbz ~bliodbs kf }zikzipy zkaàf` fkf'}zikzipy zka`

1=g zaìrs ‟ zbnrsb ~bliodbprzfifc kbs fkp jdkohgk~bgbfp nkz kplbz ~bliodbs

Piclpbz hbzj zaìi oaf jb rsbìpl a i`bz oazziacbay&

Plb zbnrsb ~bliodb przfifczbqrizbgbfp is spiddaookggkàpb`$ ybp ~bliodbs`k fkp kgifapb

In nkkpay b`cb nkddks plbi`b sb}p }apl kn zbnrsb

~bliodbs af` jridìfcs azb sbpjaoh pk ga|igisb siclp difbs$a ~bliodb ' kzibfpb` daykrpidd zbsrdp

Jy a}}dyifc plb okfob}p kn pzaohifc$ piclpbz hbzj zaìi oaf

jb rsb` ipl a i`bz oazziacbay pk bfsrzb plap liclay

cbkgbpzy kbs fkp rf`bzgifb plb qradipy kn s}aob af`

pzannio oadgifc is `bsicfb`'if nzkg plb krpsbp

Plb ozbapikf kn a :=g}l ukfb bspajdislbs

}b`bspziaf }zikzipy

Si`b }b`bspziaf ozkssifc }rp }bk}db nizsp

>g zaìrs ‟ zbnrsb ~bliodb przfifcaddks gk~bgbfp kf }zikzipyzka` jrp jdkohs gk~bgbfp kffkf'}zikzipy zka`

oazziacbay




0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&2 }azhifc af` sbz~ioi fc

Oazs azb spapikfazy nkz gksp kn plb pigb& Slbzb af` lk plby azb }azhb` oaf

jb a gaekz naopkz if plb qradipy kn a `b~bdk}gbfp& La~ifc boi`b` lap db~bd kn

}azhifc }zk~isikf pk gahb$ plb gaif okfsi`bzapikf is lk pk ifokz}kzapb

}azhifc if a b~bdk}gbfp iplkrp addkifc ip pk kgifapb b~bzyplifc azkrf`&

Oyodb }azhifc is as ig}kzpafp$ jrp knpbf k~bzdkkhb`& As bdd as bsicfapb`

}azhifc fbaz pk }k}rdaz bspifapikfs plkrclp slkrd` jb ci~bf pk lbzb

}bk}db idd dba~b plbiz jihb lbf plby cbp lkgb&

0&2&1 }azhifc spafàz`s

Hbb} }azhifc db~bds `kf

As a cri`b if gaspbz }daffifc a b~bdk}gbfp$ pzy pk hbb} }azhifc db~bds

,bs}boiaddy knn'spzbbp) kf pk fk gkzb plaf a 1==" zapik ' plap is kfb s}aob }bz

`bddifc$ ipl ~isipkz }azhifc aookggkàpb kf'spzbbp& _}boiad fbb`s lkrsifc

kz lkrsifc odksb pk }rjdio pzafs}kzp fk`bs gay skgbpigbs jb }zk~i`b ipldbss }azhifc$ srol as :2" nkz slbdpbzb aookggkàpikf nkz plb bd`bzdy&

If okfsi`bzifc }azhifc db~bds$ afadysb plb }azhifc }zk~isikf af` rsb if plb

azba azkrf`& In ip oaf jb slkf plap b|ispifc }azhifc db~bds azb dkbz plaf

plb gifigrg zbqrizb` ip idd jb basibz pk erspiny plb }zk}ksb` }zk~isikf&

Dkkh ap plb }kssijidipy kn okggrfad }azhifc s}aobs& Nkz ifspafob$ as }bk}db

dba~b kzh ap plb bf` kn plb ày plbiz s}aobs oaf jb pahbf jy }bk}db okgifc

pk plb slk}}ifc obfpzb$ siggifc }kkd kz oifbga&

If zbsi`bfpiad azbas$ ipl pbzzaob lkrsbs$ ndaps af` gaiskfbppbs nkz b|ag}db$

plb solbgb oaf jb `bsicfb` kf plb jasis kn okggrfad$ zaplbz plaf

`bsicfapb` kfbz }azhifc&

Sioh îddacb$ Laohfby$ Dkf`kf5 Digipifc plb ig}aop kn plb oaz

Dkoapikf If Dkf`kf Jkzkrcl kn Laohfby$ jbpbbf A1=: Basp Ozkss

Zkrpb af` plb Laohfby Orp Fa~icapikf&

@bsicf pbag Db~ipp Jbzfspbif Asskoiapbs

Odibfp Sioh iddacb Pbfafp Gafacbgbfp Ok'k}bzapi~b af`

Dkf`kf Jkzkrcl kn Laohfby&

_ipb azba 1&> lbopazbs]zkebop Plb zb}daobgbfp kn plzbb pkbzs kn a 19>=s bspapb jy a

fb b~bdk}gbfp kn 1:? lkrsbs$ azzafcb` if a sbqrbfob kn

okrzps af` sqrazbs&

@bpaids ]zk~isikf nkz }azhifc ap Sioh iddacb las jbbf bsicfb`

ipl pk }zikzipibs if gif`5

• Pk a~ki dazcb odrspbzs kn }azhb` oazs& Plbsb azb

cbfbzaddy fk gkzb plaf pbf s}aobs if afy kfb azba&

• Pk bfsrzb plap }azhifc azbas azb adays k~bzdkkhb jy

fbicljkrzifc lkrsbs&

Zkrpbs plzkrcl plb azba ci~b }zikzipy pk }b`bspziafs plzkrcl

plb }zk~isikf kn nzbqrbfp zaisb` ozkssifc }daobs& Plb

nzkfpacb pk plb Laohfby Orp Fa~icapikf is a pzannio'nzbbadhay&

Okfpaop Sioh iddacb PGO Pbd5 =:= <2?? 0?11

Plb spafàz`s'jasb`

a}}zkaol ozbapbs

spafàz`s'jasb` s}aobs

Pzaìpikfad okrzpyaz`s

}zk~i`b appzaopi~b s}aobs

iplif liol plb oaz is

aookggkàpb`

Plb pzaìpikfad pbzzaob

okgnkzpajdy

aookggkàpbs }azhifc

kf spzbbp

]daffifc }kdioibs af`

spafàz`s oaf ozbapb a

oaz'`kgifapb`

spzbbpsoa}b

Plb daoh kn nkzbokrzp }azhifc bfsrzbs jridìfc

plzbslkd`s azb fkp kgifapb` jy oazs

]azhifc azbas azb bdd k~bzdkkhb`



0&2&: }ksipikfifc }azhifc

]rp }azhifc jblif`$ rf`bz$ ajk~b kz pk plb si`b kn plb jrid ìfc

Plb gaffbz if liol oaz }azhifc is azzafcb` las a nrfàgbfpad bnnbop kfplb qradipy kn }daob& ^bliodbs slkrd` fkp jb addkb` pk `kgifapb plb s}aob$ kz

pk ifokf~bfibfob }b`bspziafs af` oyodisps& Plb jbsp }daobs nkz knn'spzbbp oaz

}azhifc azb if sborzb zbaz okrzpyaz`s$ lbzb plbsb azb bdd k~bzdkkhb`& Slap

pk a~ki` is }azhifc iplif plb nzkfp orzpidacb& Plis jzbahs r} plb nzkfpacb$

zbspziops ifnkzgad srz~biddafob af` is cbfbzaddy rcdy&

Hbb} oazs if ~ib

If zbsi`bfpiad azbas$ a ~bzy oazbnrd jadafob las pk jb spzroh jbpbbf plb

b|}bopapikfs kn oaz kfbzs$ if }azpiordaz plb bsizb pk }azh as fbaz pk plbiz

lkrsbs as }kssijdb$ af` plb fbb` pk gaifpaif plb olazaopbz kn plb k~bzadd

sbppifc& Slbzb oazs azb }azhb` if okrzps kz sqrazbs$ plb `bsicf slkrd` bfsrzb

plap plby azb k~bzdkkhb` jy aèkififc jridìfcs& Pk a~ki` }azhb` oazs`kgifapifc plb srzzkrfìfcs plbzb slkrd` cbfbzaddy jb fk gkzb plaf 1= ' 12

s}aobs if a okrzpyaz`&

]azhifc fb|p pk plb lkrsb

Slbf }azhifc is }zk~i`b` iplif plb jridìfc orzpidacb$ oazs slkrd` jb

}azhb` ap plb si`b kn plb lkrsb zaplbz plaf plb nzkfp$ kz oaf jb bfodksb` jy

slkzp dbfcpls kn add liol okfpifrb plb jridìfc b`cb ,sbb 2&1&:)& ]azhifc

s}aobs oaf jb }zk~i`b` pk plb zbaz kn }zk}bzpibs iplif plb caz`bf jblif`

plb nzkfp jridìfc difb&

]krf`jrzy$ @kzsbp5 Af ifpbczapb` a}}zkaol pk pzannio oadgifc

Dkoapikf A gi|b`'rsb b~bdk}gbfp kf plb krpshizps kn @kzolbspbz&

@bsicf pbag Gaspbz}daffbz5 Dbkf Hzibz

Dba` okfsrdpafps5 Adaf Ja|pbz ( Asskoiapbs

Odibfp Plb @roly kn Okzfadd

_ipb azba 31&2 lbopazbs

]zkebop Plb nizsp }lasb$ ifodrìfc 1?2 lkrsbs$ las jbbf okg}dbpb`&

Jy :=1< plbzb idd jb :$1<9 lkrsbs$ }drs kzhs}aobs$ slk}saf` kplbz naoidipibs&

@bpaids Plb b~bdk}gbfp gahbs nrdd }zk~isikf nkz oaz kfbzsli}$ jrp

las jbbf bsicfb` pk bfokrzacb pza~bd kf nkkp$ jy jioyodb af`

jy jrs& Plbzb is odbaz b~i`bfob plap plksb lk adzba`y di~b

af` kzh plbzb azb dbss oaz b}bf`bfp plaf }bk}db if

okg}azajdb okggrfipibs bdsblbzb& Baol }lasb kn plb

`b~bdk}gbfp las jbbf bsicfb` azkrf` a fbpkzh kn s}aobs

pk ozbapb a sbzibs kn ispifopi~b fbicljkrzlkk`s& _pzbbps af`

sqrazbs azb nkzgb` jy plb azzafcbgbfp kn jridìfcs$ ipl

plb oazziacbay `bsicfb` kf plb pzaohifc }zifoi}db& Pzannio

oadgifc is `bsicfb` ifpk plb k~bzadd daykrp$ zaplbz plaf

pzbapb` as a dapbz a`ìpikf& ]azhifc }zk~isikf is gaifdy if

sqrazbs af` okrzpyaz`s$ lbzb plb }azhifc s}aobs azb

k~bzdkkhb jy aèkififc lkrsbs af` jridìfcs&Okfpaop @roly kn Okzfadd Knniob$ : Dkfcgkkz _pzbbp$ ]krf`jrzy$

@kzolbspbz$ @kzsbp @P1 ?CF& Pbd5 =1?=2 :2= 2??


0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&2 }azhifc af` sbz~ioifc

_bfsipi~b kf'spzbbp }azhifc ap Olifcnkz Ladd$

Sadplag Nkzbsp

Sbdd `bsicfb` oaz }kzp$ @b~kf

_bfsipi~bdy dkoapb` kf'spzbbp oaz }azhifc oaf ai`

pzannio oadgifc

Pzannio oadgifc is `bsicfb` if nzkg plb krpsbp

Ifpbzikz }azhifc okrzps azb bsicfb` as appzaopi~b

s}aobs$ k~bzdkkhb` jy aèkififc jridìfcs



<= rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&2 }azhifc af` sbz~ioifc0 gahifc plb okffbopikf

0&2&? oaz }azhs

@i~i`b r} plb okggbzoiad oaz }azh

If okggbzoiad `b~bdk}gbfps plb jbsp ay pk addb~iapb plb bnnbop kn dazcb}azhifc azbas is pk bfsrzb plap plby azb bsicfb` as af ifpbczad }azp kn plb

daf`soa}b pzbapgbfp af` gafacb` okggrfaddy& Plis adsk bfsrzbs plap

}b`bspziaf gk~bgbfp is fkp bpbzgifb` af` zbspziopb` jy ~bliordaz

gk~bgbfp zbqrizbgbfps& ]azhifc daykrps slkrd` jb kj~ikrs af` dkcioad

af` a~ki` plb ozbapikf kn dbnpk~bz s}aob&

Gahb oaz “}azhs’ ersp plap

_lazb` srznaob pzbapgbfps oaf jb bnnbopi~b adplkrcl ip is ig}kzpafp pk

bfsrzb plap }b`bspziaf zkrpbs azb odbazdy bnifb` ' }azpiordazdy if pbaolifc

olid`zbf ajkrp zka` sanbpy af` gaifpbfafob kn plb }a~bgbfp as a “sanb’ azba&

A`bqrapb s}aob slkrd` jb addkb` nkz pzbb }dafpifc pk add }azhifc azbas& Plis

oaf jb kfb kn plb gksp sroobssnrd `b~iobs nkz ifpbczapifc }azhifc if pk plb

rzjaf daf`soa}b&

]azhifc oaf bfdi~bf plb spzbbp

Kf plb spzbbp$ a obzpaif agkrfp kn }azhifc las a jbfbnioiad pzannio oadgifc

bnnbop$ jrp plb daykrp slkrd` jb `bsicfb` pk aookggkàpb ip& ]azhifc oaf jb

ifokz}kzapb` iplif a i`bfb` oazziacbay plap adsk addks zkkg nkz spzbbp

pzbbs af` ci~bs }b`bspziafs czbapbz nzbb`kg kn gk~bgbfp&

Daf`soa}ifc kn oaz }azhs slkrd` sozbbf ~bliodbs

af` bspajdisl ìzbop nkkpays okffbopifc ipl

fbazjy jridìfcs

Plb Saipzksb oaz }azh if Sipfby$ K|kf$ las jbbf bdd'`bsicfb` a zkrf` b|ispifc gapr zb pzbbs



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg <1

0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&2 }azhifc af` sbz~ioifc

Jasbgbfps af` grdpi'spkzbys5 sknpbf af` sozbbf

Plb jbfbnip kn rf`bzczkrf` }azhifc is plap ip addks plb spzbbp nzkfpacb kn

jridìfcs pk jb gaifpaifb`& Ip gay jb }kssijdb pk sbz~iob czkrf` spkzby

slk}s af` jrsifbssbs nzkg plb rf`bzczkrf` azba& ]azhifc s}aobs `bgaf` azici` cbkgbpzy ' a 1>g i`b s}aob aookggkàpbs pk zks kn }azhifc jays$

jrp plis cbkgbpzy slkrd` fkp fbobssazidy iopapb plb bsicf kn plb ajk~b

czkrf` jridìfc&

Grdpi'spkzby oaz }azhs slkrd` cbfbzaddy kfdy jb okfsi`bzb` lbf plby oaf jb

`bsicfb` pk ifokz}kzapb czkrf` db~bd aopi~ipibs srol as slk}s kz knniobs$ af`

plbf fbb` pk jb oazbnrddy bsicfb` pk okfpzijrpb pk plb spzbbp sobfb&

_bfsipi~bdy `bsicfb`$ grdpi'spkzbys ifpbczapb ipl plb srzzkrfìfc rzjaf

najzio lbf plby azb “za}}b`’ jy sifcdb as}bop jridìfcs nkz kplbz rsbs&

0&2&0 sbz~ioifc

_bz~iob nzkg plb spzbbp

Plb i`bad nkzg kn bdi~bzy is nzkg plb spzbbp izbopdy pk plb jridìfc if plb

pzaìpikfad ay& Slbzb a `bdi~bzy+spkzacb yaz` is zbqrizb`$ }daob ip ap plb zbaz

af` nzagb ip ipl jridìfcs pk a~ki` plb if~aziajdy rfsiclpdy yaz`s af`

jridìfc b`cb& If dazcbdy rzjaf siprapikfs jasbgbfp sbz~ioifc gay jb

}kssijdb af` bfokrzacb`& Pigb gafacbgbfp zbcigbs oaf jb a ~bzy rsbnrd

`b~iob bs}boiaddy lbzb plbzb is fkp a gbafs kn zbaolifc a sapisnaopkzy

`bsicf skdrpikf&

@isprzjafob oarsb` jy zb~bzsifc dkzzibs slkrd` jb a~ki`b` if bsicfs ,lbzb if plb kplbzisb

ig}zbssi~b Jzkkh Czbbf ndaps'k~bz'sr}bzspkzb `b~bdk}gbfp if Laggbzsgipl$ Dkf`kf)

Grdpi'spkzby oaz }azhs oaf jb iscrisb` jy za}}ifc

sifcdb'as}bop lkrsifc azkrf` plb }bzigbpbz & & &

& & & jrp `k ip if a sr jpdb ay!

A slibd`b` grdpi spkzby }azhifc spzroprzb

Af rf`bzozknp }azhifc s}aob

A jasbgbfp }azhifc s}aob



Plb sbz~iobs ifnzaspzroprzb is af bssbfpiad }azp kn a b~bdk}gbfp$ jrp ip oaf

jb a skrzob kn odrppbz af` a gaekz izzipafp lbf sbz~iobs la~b pk jb zbfbb`&

0&>&1 sbz~iobs zkrpifc

Gahb sbz~iobs srjsbz~ibfp pk daykrp

Plb spafàz` azzafcbgbfp kn sbz~iob okzzi`kzs jbfbapl plb }a~bgbfp oaf

la~b a `bpzigbfpad bnnbop kf plb daykrp kn fb `b~bdk}gbfps& Plb zkrpifc kn

sbz~iobs slkrd` jb bsicfb` pk srip plb hif` kn }daob plap is jbifc ozbapb`&

Plbzb azb pk ~aziapikfs kf plb spafàz` sbz~iobs okzzi`kz `bsicf5

• zkrpifc plb sbz~iobs aay nzkg plb gaif spzbbp$ nkz ifspafob

`kf a jaoh spzbbp kz plzkrcl zbaz okrzpyaz`s& Plis gay jb gkzb ìzbop

af` bokfkgio$ af` gahb dinb basibz nkz plksb di~ifc if plb azba lbf plb

sbz~iobs la~b pk jb rc r}8

• nippifc plb sbz~iobs ifpk plb daf`soa}b$ nkz ifspafob jy jrfolifc plbg pka~ki` nbaprzbs srol as pzbbs&

_bz~iobs pk ifì~i`rad lkrsbs af` jridìfcs k fkp adays la~b pk jb

}zk~i`b` nzkg plb zka` nzkfpacb5 ipl plb aczbbgbfp kn plb rpidipibs plby

oaf jb zkrpb` nzkg plb zbaz kn okggrfad azbas&

Ok'kzìfapb `bsicf `b~bdk}gbfp ipl sbz~iob }zk~i`bzs

Pkày’s b|pbfsi~b sipb sbz~iobs knpbf zbqrizb b|pza s}aob$ liol oaf jb

}azpiordazdy iszr}pi~b pk plb ndkkzsoa}b rzifc plb bazdy }bzik`s kn

`b~bdk}gbfp& Plb hby is ckk` }daffifc af` diaiskf ipl plb sbz~iob

}zk~i`bzs& Plby fbb` if~kd~ifc bazdy if plb `bsicf }zkobss& Plis okfsrdpapikf

slkrd` ok~bz zkrpbs$ zbqrizbgbfps af` }zkczaggifc& Oazb slkrd` jb pahbf

pk okkzìfapb zkrpifc af` aoobss ok~bzs ipl }a~ifc `bsicf&

]rp sbz~iobs rf`bzczkrf` if slazb` spzi}s

_bz~iobs okf~bfpikfaddy nkddk plb zkrpbs pahbf jy zka`s af` nkkp}apls$ af`

plb spafàz` azzafcbgbfp kn a :g i`b okzzi`kz jbfbapl plb }a~bgbfp las

a gaekz ifndrbfob$ skgbpigbs `bpzigbfpad$ kf plb daykrp kn fb

`b~bdk}gbfps& Kfb gaif zbaskf nkz plb rsb kn plis azzafcbgbfp is plap

rpidipy okg}afibs la~b a spaprpkzy ziclp pk ifspadd a}}azaprs if plb liclay&

Lkb~bz$ srjebop pk plb aczbbgbfp kn plb rpidipibs$ sbz~iobs oaf jb zkrpb`

aay nzkg plb a`k}pb` oazziacbay& Grdpi}db sbz~iobs oaf jb

aookggkàpb` if slazb` sbz~iob spzi}s&

0&>&: bqri}gbfp jk|bs

Li`b plb jk|bs

Sipl plb }zkdinbzapikf kn sbz~iob }zk~i`bzs ,}azpiordazdy plb frgjbz kn oajdb

P^ okg}afibs) plb frgjbz kn bqri}gbfp jk|bs if plb spzbbp grdpi}dibs&

Erfopikf jk|bs nkz pbdbokggrfioapikfs af` oajdb P^ azb fbb`b` ap

nzbqrbfp ifpbz~ads ,ajkrp kfb }bz biclp lkrsbs nkz oajdb P^) jrp azb

zbdapi~bdy rfkjpzrsi~b& La~ifc sai` plap$ oazb slkrd` jb pahbf k~bz lbzb

plby azb }daob` if plb nkkpay& Dazcbz bqri}gbfp jk|bs$ aoobss }kifps af`

pzannio diclp okfpzkd jk|bs azb grol gkzb kjpzrsi~b& Plby slkrd` fkp jb

addkb` pk kjspzrop plb nkkpay jrp slkrd` jb sipb` bdsblbzb$ nkz ifspafob

sbp ifpk jkrfàzy adds kz gashb` jy slzrjjbzy& Bqraddy$ plb rfsiclpdy

odrppbz kn sapbddipb ìslbs kf lkrsbs oaf jb a~ki`b` jy plb }zk~isikf kn okggrfad bqri}gbfp&

<: rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&> rpidipibs ifnzaspzroprzb

oajdb P^

BdbopzioipyCas

Pbdbokg

Sapbz

Czkr}b` sbz~iob spzi}s lbd} gifigisb

gaifpbfafob iszr}pikf af` a~ki`

nbaprzbs srol as pzbbs



Sadplag Nkzbsp Lkrsifc Aopikf Pzrsp$ Fkzpl'Basp Dkf`kf5 Nkorsifc kf plb

ifnzaspzroprzb

Dkoapikf Plzbb sipbs if Fkzpl Basp Dkf`kf&

@bsicf pbag Gaspbz}daf5 Lrfp Plkg}skf AsskoiapbsAdaf Ja|pbz . Asskoiapbs

Odibfp Sadplag Nkzbsp Lkrsifc Aopikf Pzrsp

Azolipbop Lrfp Plkg}skf Asskoiapbs

]zkebop ]azpiad bgkdipikf af` }lasb` zb`b~bdk}gbfp kn plzbb 19>=s

Basp Dkf`kf licl'zisb lkrsifc bspapbs& If~kd~bs zbdkoapifc

?=== zbsi`bfps ifpk 10== fb lkrsifc rfips okfsispifc kn

pbzzaob` lkrsifc af` dk'zisb ndaps&

@bpaids If ozbapifc plb gaspbz}daf nkz plb zb`b~bdk}gbfp

kn plb bspapbs$ a hby issrb as plb sbz~iobs ifnzaspzroprzb&

Ig}kzpafp }kifps bzb5

• Plb ifpbczapikf kn fb ifnzaspzroprzb ifpk plb b|ispifc&

• A okkz ifapb` a}}zkaol pk ifnzaspzroprzb$ ok~bzifc add

naoidipibs ifodrìfc zka`s af` sbz~iobs&

• I`bfpinyifc plb dkoapikf kn b|ispifc sbz~iobs bs}ipb

ifaoorzapb b|ispifc ifnkzgapikf&

• Pahifc ifpk aookrfp gaekz b|ispifc sbz~iobs af`

aookggkàpifc plbg iplif plb k~bzadd nzagbkzh&

• Addkifc nkz nrprzb aoobss af` basb kn gaifpbfafob jy

sbfsijdy dkoapifc fb sbz~iobs af` jridìfcs af` jy

rsifc okggkf pzbfolbs&

Plb b|ispifc ifnzaspzroprzb fbobssipapb` }azpiordaz skdrpikfs5

• If kfb ifspafob plbzb bzb af BL^ ,B|pzbgbdy Licl

^kdpacb) gaifs af` a 0np cas gaifs zrffifc aozkss plb

sipb& Ip krd` la~b jbbf }zklijipi~bdy b|}bfsi~b pk zbdkoapbplbsb$ ipl plb zbsrdp plap plb sipb daykrp as aà}pb` sk

plap plbsb gaifs krd` zrf jbfbapl zka`s&

• Jy okfpzasp$ if afkplbz oasb plb }zk}ksb` spzbbp }daf

fbobssipapb` plb i~bzsikf kn a ord~bzpb` zi~bz& Ip as nkrf`

pk jb plb gksp bokfkgioad skdrpikf& Plb ord~bzp as

zbdkoapb adkfc plb }bzi}lbzy kn plb sipb af` zrfs nkz gksp

kn ips dbfcpl jbfbapl kfb kn plb fb spzbbps&

• A gaekz sbbz zaf jbfbapl plb }zk}ksb` sipb kn a fb

lkrsifc jdkoh& Anpbz ifipiaddy zbebopifc plb i`ba kn jridìfc

k~bz$ ip as `boi`b` pk okfspzrop plb jdkoh sk as pk spza``db

plb b|ispifc sbbz rsifc }idb` nkrfàpikfs kf biplbz si`b&

Okfpaop Sadplag Nkzbsp Lkrsifc Aopikf Pzrsp$ Hizhàdb Lkrsb$3$ Hizàdb Zka`$ Dkf`kf B11 1L]

Pbd5 =:= <2?9 22??

rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg <?

0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs 0&> rpidipibs ifnzaspzroprzb

19>=s pkbz jdkohs la~b jbbf zb}daob` ipl a gi| kn dk

zisb ndaps af` lkrsifc



=2

@BPAIDIFCPLB ]DAOB

2&1 ]ksipi~b krp`kkz s}aob 2&: Afigapifc plb b`cb 2&? Jridìfc siub af` soadb

2&0 Jridìfc nkz olafcb 2&2 A plzi~ifc }rjdio zbadg




Slap is gbafp jy “`bpaid’

Slap is gbafp lbzb is plb bsicf kn plb jridìfcs af` }rjdio

zbadg$ af` gksp }azpiordazdy$ plb ifpbznaob jbpbbf plbg& Plb

jridìfc bdbgbfps ifodr`b bdb~apikfs$ okzfbz pzbapgbfps$ zkkn

difbs$ kkzs af` if`ks$ gapbziads$ ndkkzsoa}bs kn okdkrz af`

pb|przb$ nkz b|ag}db& Plb }rjdio zbadg bdbgbfps okfobzf plb

spzbbp$ plb }a~bgbfp af` plb sqrazb af` ifodr`b }dafpifc$ spzbbp

nrzfiprzb$ diclpifc af` }rjdio azp & Plb ifpbznaobs azb plb spb}s$ plbnbfobs$ nzkfp caz`bfs$ lb`cbs$ adds$ if`ks af` `kkzs ' plb

lifcb jbpbbf plb lkziukfpad af` ~bzpioad }dafbs&

Sly bpaid is ig}kzpafp

@bpaidb` bsicf is lbzb plb i`bfpipy af` qradipy kn a }daob is

nifaddy kf kz dksp& Sb add la~b a srjdigifad rf`bzspafìfc kn plb

qradipy kn }daobs nzkg krz b|}bzibfob$ af` azb licldy aazb kn

lbplbz plby lif`bz krz aopikfs kz k fkp kzh }zk}bzdy& Jrp

ckk` bsicf kbs fkp fbobssazidy slkrp nkz appbfpikf& Knpbf

plb bpaidifc kn jridìfcs$ spzbbps kz sqrazbs is qribp af`

rfkjpzrsi~b& _roobssnrd }daobs la~b a nbbdifc kn sbzbfì}ipy8plb la}}y ybp adgksp aooi`bfpad gi|przb kn gafy ckk` plifcs

jzkrclp pkcbplbz&

Ip is bssbfpiad pk jb licldy aazb kn plb qradipy kn bpaidifc

nkz ip oaf5

• gahb kz jzbah a }daob8

• spigrdapb plb okggipgbfp kn plb b~bdk}bz$ plb okggrfipy

af` plb arplkzipibs if~kd~b` pk plb gaifpbfafob kn licl

spafàz`s8

• addk add plb rsbzs kn a }daob pk bfeky ip$ if a jadafob` af`

bnnioibfp ay8

• ozbapb af` zbpaif ~adrb8 af` ajk~b add

• bfsrzb ispifopi~bfbss$ lbplbz a obfpzad sqrazb kz czbap

a~bfrb$ a qribp spzbbp kz gbs&

Plb hbys azb ckk` bsicf$ ckk` gapbziads af` plb okggipgbfp

kn add plksb if af azba pk ips sroobssnrd dkfc'pbzg gaifpbfafob&



<> rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

Kfb kn plb gksp ig}kzpafp pbfbps kn ckk` rzjafisg is nkz jridìfcs pk ci~b

}ksipi~b bnifipikf pk plb sla}b af` nrfopikf kn krp`kkz s}aob$ af` nkz plis

krp`kkz s}aob pk jb bsicfb` pk bfokrzacb a zafcb kn aopi~ipibs pk pahb

}daob& Jridìfcs okfpzijrpb pk plb }rjdio kgaif ' bfokrzacifc }bk}db pkgbbp$ padh af` difcbz&

Plb bpaidb` bsicf kn rzjaf s}aob gbafs appbfìfc pk plb jridìfc difb af`

plzbb'ìgbfsikfad gass plap lbd}s ozbapb plb olazaopbz kn spzbbps af`

sqrazbs$ dapbz jzkrclp pk dinb ipl }dafpifc$ spzbbp nrzfiprzb$ }rjdio azp af`

plb lkdb lksp kn kplbz ifczbìbfps plap ci~b plbsb s}aobs plbiz azgpl af`

~ipadipy ,sbb 2&2)&

Grol kn krz jridp lbzipacb slks lk plis as }azp kn plb b~kdrpikf kn krz

pkfs af` oipibs& If gbìb~ad pigbs$ jridìfcs czb azkrf` plb bspajdislb`

}apls af` zkrpbs& Plb Cbkzciaf _qrazb$ spzbbp kz oizors kz plb czbap a~bfrbs

af` jkrdb~az`s bzb dai` krp jbnkzb plb jridìfcs& Plb s}aob oagb nizsp& Plisa}}zkaol okfpifrb` plzkrcl ifpk plb bazdibz ybazs kn plis obfprzy& Knpbf

}daobs b dk~b la~b a qripb olakpio lispkzioad ergjdb kn jridìfcs$ jrp plby

la~b okgb pk `bnifb plb s}aob&

Plis pzaìpikf las ckp zaplbz dksp$ af` nkz a frgjbz kn zbaskfs& Jzipisl

azolipboprzad b`roapikf las pbf`b` pk okfobfpzapb kf jridìfcs af` zaplbz

icfkzb` plb naop plap jridìfcs bnifb s}aobs8 af` ip is plb qradipy kn plb

}rjdio zbadg ajk~b add plap b biplbz bfeky kz srnnbz& Plb skoiad zbs}kfsijidipy

kn jridìfcs pk okfpzijrpb }ksipi~bdy pk oi~io dinb las knpbf jbbf fbcdbopb`&

Aookggkàpifc plb gkpkz ~bliodb las adsk }zk`rob` a lkdb zafcb kn

qradipapi~b ìnniordpibs$ as ìsorssb` if Ola}pbz 0 ' gafinbsp if liclay

`bsicf spafàz`s$ }azhifc zbqrizbgbfps$ sicfacb kz sanbpy gbasrzbs&

]daffifc spafàz`s nkz pzafs}kzp$ }zi~aoy$ kz ukfifc }rz}ksbs$ nkz b|ag}db$

la~b a``b` pk plb }afk}dy kn “okg}diafob’ gbasrzbs plap plb `bsicfbz is

kjdicb` pk nrdnid& Plbzb is plrs a pbf`bfoy pk nifisl r} `badifc ipl s}aob

“dbnp'k~bz’ anpbz }daffifc$ liclay af` jridìfc okfsi`bzapikfs la~b jbbf

`badp ipl&

Plb a}}zkaol a`~koapb` lbzb is a zbprzf pk plb }zb'bgifbfob kn plb qradipy

kn plb rzjaf s}aob ' lbplbz plb a~bfrb$ spzbbp$ sqrazb$ gbs kz dkoad }azh&

2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2&1 }ksipi~b krp`kkz s}aob

Fbcapi~bs}aob

A`ìfc jridìfcs$ pzbbs$adds kz nbfobs bflafobs

s}aob bfodksrzb

Ozbapifc difhs ifpbczapbs

ipl srzzkrfìfc k}bf s}aob

Pkk

bfodksb`

Plb Okgyf Olifc pziafcdb knn _b~bf @iads }zbsbfps a

spzihifc okzfbz$ ipl af ifpbzikz okrzp k}bfb` r} as

}rjdio s}aob ,Pbzzy Nazzbdd . ]azpfbzs)



2&1&1 }ksipi~b af` fbcapi~b s}aob

@bnifb plb s}aob$ ips nrfopikf af` olazaopbz

K}bf s}aob slkrd` jb `bsicfb` }ksipi~bdy$ ipl odbaz `bnifipikf af`bfodksrzb& Plbzb slkrd` jb fk agjicripy kz dbnp k~bz s}aob& Plis oaf jb kfb

jy ci~ifc baol krp`kkz s}aob a odbaz nrfopikf$ olazaopbz af` sla}b$ af`

odazinyifc jkrfàzibs plzkrcl plb }ksipikfifc kn aèaobfp jridìfcs$ adds$

nbfobs$ pzbbs af` lb`cbs& Plb jbsp olboh as pk lbplbz krp`kkz s}aob is

}ksipi~b is pk }zb}azb a nicrzb'czkrf` zaifc$ ipl jridìfcs as nicrzb af`

krp`kkz s}aob as czkrf`&

Plb a}}zk}ziapb }zigazy nrfopikf kn plb s}aob idd b}bf` kf plb naoidipibs ip

okfpaifs if zbdapikf pk `bgaf`$ plb olazaopbzispios kn srzzkrfìfc rsbs$

rsbzs af` oizordapikf }appbzfs& _pzbbps$ sqrazbs af` }azhs oaf jb okfobi~b`

as a difhb` ~azibpy kn “krp`kkz zkkgs’$ lksb olazaopbz ~azibs aookzìfc pk

lbplbz plby5

• ck pk }daobs$ kz bspifapikfs nkz spayifc$ bapifc$ gbbpifc kz b~bfps8• ck plzkrcl kz }asp s}aobs$ srol as na~krzb` spzbbps kz sqrazbs8

• spk} if }daobs$ pk sip af` apol plb kzd ck jy8 kz if bb`

• a okgjifapikf kn add plbsb plifcs ' }zk~i ifc grdpi'nrfopikfad s}aobs

lbzb }bk}db di~b$ kzh af` azb bfpbzpaifb`&

B~bzy pkf las a ~azibpy af` libzazoly kn s}aobs& Ip is ig}kzpafp pk jb odbaz

ajkrp lk baol `b~bdk}gbfp okfpzijrpbs pk plis libzazoly$ ~azyifc

pzbapgbfp aookzìfc pk plb py}b kn s}aob ,lbplbz a }apl$ spzbbp kz gazhbp'

}daob)$ plb olazaopbz ,lbplbz ip is pk jb rsb` nkz ifnkzgad zbozbapikf kz is pk

la~b a nkzgad oi~io spaprs$ nkz ifspafob) af` siub&

Okfobzp _qrazb$ Di~bz}kkd5 A`ìfc ~adrb ipl fb }rjdio s}aob

Dkoapikf If plb lbazp kn plb oipy obfpzb odksb pk obfpzad spapikf af`

@rhb _pzbbp+Jkd` _pzbbp liol la~b plbgsbd~bs jbbf

rf`bzckifc ig}zk~bgbfp&

@b~bdk}bz Rzjaf _}dasl

_ipb Azba =&: la

]zkebop Plb zbcbfbzapikf kn a zb`rfàfp iffbz rzjaf if`rspziad azba

jy zbgk~ifc a jridìfc pk ozbapb a fb sqrazb af`

`b~bdk}ifc plb jridìfcs azkrf` ip nkz a gi| kn rsbs&

@bpaids Plb b~bdk}gbfp as oazzib` krp if okferfopikf ipl plb

Oipy Okrfoid& Ip pkkh af bg}py olbgioad naopkzy af` bzbdiop

jaoh spzbbp af` jy saozinioifc b~bdk}gbfp s}aob ozbapb` af

rzjaf sqrazb ipl a gi| kn fb af` ~ijzafp rsbs& Plis

pzafsnkzgb` a nkzgbz `bzbdiop azba ifpk a oipy obfpzb }daoblbzb }bk}db afp pk di~b kzh af` s}bf` plbiz dbisrzb pigb&

Plb b~bdk}gbfp sa plb ozbapikf kn a }iauua }zk~iìfc

k}bf aiz okfobzp af` b|lijipikf s}aob$ a gi| kn jazs$

zbsparzafps$ ficlp odrjs$ }lkpk caddbzy$ knniobs af` 1< dknp spydb

a}azpgbfps& Ip is bspigapb` plap plis b~bdk}gbfp las

ozbapb` skgb 1<= ekjs& Plis solbgb las zbobi~b` a frgjbz kn

aaz`s ifodrìfc nzkg plb Jzipisl Rzjaf Zbcbfbzapikf

Asskoiapikf$ plb Zkyad Ifspiprpb kn Jzipisl Azolipbops af` plb

Gbzsbysi`b Oi~io _koibpy&

Okfpaop Rzjaf _}dasl Pbd5 =1>1 :?3 9099


2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2& 1 }ksipi~b krp`kkz s}aob

Ck }asp s}aobs

Ck pk }daobs

Ck plzkrcl s}aobs

Jy if~bspifc if plb }rjdio zbadg$ plis

kfob `bzbdiop sipb las jbbf pzafsnkzgb`

ifpk af appzaopi~b fb `bspifapikf

R z j a f _ } d a s l



2&1&: jridìfc difbs af` sbp'jaohs

Jb ìzbop

A okggkf jridìfc difb ozbapbs okfpifripy kn nzkfpacb af` }zk~i`bs`bnifipikf af` bfodksrzb pk plb }rjdio zbadg& Ip oaf adsk lbd} bfsrzb fb

`b~bdk}gbfp is }zk}bzdy ifpbczapb` ifpk af b|ispifc spzbbp& Gifigisifc sbp'

jaoh ispafobs ifozbasbs plb ajidipy kn a jridìfc pk ifpbzaop ipl plb }rjdio

zbadg& Slbzb jridìfcs azb }bzgippb` pk spb} jaoh nzkg plb jridìfc difb$

oazb fbb`s pk jb pahbf pk bfsrzb zbsrdpifc s}aobs azb rsbajdb af` appzaopi~b&

Pajdb 2&1 }zk~i`bs zrdbs'kn'plrgj nkz jridìfc difb sbp'jaoh ìspafobs$

ifìoapifc lk plbsb ~azy aookzìfc pk dkoapikfad sbppifc& A fkpb kn oarpikf5

cazacbs kz }azhifc }zk~isikf liol is if nzkfp kn plb jridìfc difb idd

rf`bzgifb plb zbdapikfsli} jbpbbf jridìfc af` spzbbp& If srjrzjaf

siprapikfs cazacbs slkrd` jb pk plb si`b kn }zifoi}ad jridìfcs$ zbobssb`

jblif` plb gaif jridìfc difb&

Pajdb 2&1 Ifìoapi~b sbp'jaoh ispafobs aookzìfc pk dkoapikfad sbppifcDkoapikf _bp'jaoh ]rz}ksbOkzb okggbzoiad Aèaobfp pk @izbop okggbzoiad nzkfpacbazbas }a~bgbfp b`cbIffbz rzjaf azbas 1&2 g pk ?g sbgi'}zi~apb • Agbfipy s}aob nkz a sgadd

spzi} jbpbbf zbsi`bfpiad caz`bf$ jioyodb spaf` kz sbapifckz okggbzoiad jridìfc • Nrfopikfad s}aob nkznzkfps af` }rjdio }a~bgbfp zbsi`bfpiad zrjjisl'okddbopikf

kz gbpbz'zbaìfc• “_}idd'krp azba’ nkz }a~bgbfp

oanbs kz slk}sKrpbz rzjaf “Pkdbzafob ukfb’ kn A eaobfp pk jrsibz azpbziads$azbas ajkrp 2g }zk~iìfc a gkzb srjspafpiad

jrnnbz nkz lkrsbs& A~ki` oaz laz`'spafìfcs$ liol ozbapb a ì~isi~bjazzibz jbpbbf jridìfc af` spzbbp

Naob r}

_pzbbps$ }azhs af` apbzays liol azb fkp k~bzdkkhb` oaf skgbpigbs nbbd

rfsanb$ bs}boiaddy ap ficlp& ]azh nbfobs oaf adsk ozbapb a fbcapi~b ~israd

ig}aop& Plbsb }rjdio s}aobs azb ifpzifsio assbps pk jb bfekyb`$ ybp knpbf

fbicljkrzifc jridìfcs icfkzb plis& Jridìfcs naoifc kfpk }rjdio k}bf s}aobs

ozbapb af i`bfpipy af` a sbfsb kn kfbzsli} af` oazb& Naoifc plb }azh kz

apbz adsk pbf`s pk okggaf` liclbz ~adrbs$ liol knn'sbps plb oksp kn

ozbapifc sifcdb'dka`b` spzbbps ,ipl jridìfcs kf kfdy kfb si`b)& Plrs

jridìfcs slkrd` nzkfp plb }rjdio zbadg$ zrffifc aoobssays kz nkkp}apls

adkfc jkrfàzibs sk plap plis naob is rsb` as plb nzkfp `kkz&

2&1&? bfodksrzb

Ozbapb bfodksrzb af` `bnifipikf

Ip is plb plzbb igbfsikfad gass kn baol jridìfc liol bnifbs plb }rjdio

zbadg& Jridìfc bdb~apikfs af` plb ozkss'sbopikfs kn }rjdio s}aobs slkrd`

plbzbnkzb jb soadb` pk nkspbz a sbfsb kn rzjafisg sk plap spzbbps$ sqrazbs af`

}azhs azb bnifb` jy a}}zk}ziapbdy soadb` jridìfcs af`+kz pzbbs nzkfpifc kfpk

plbg& Plb nkddkifc lbiclp pk i`pl bfodksrzb zapiks sbz~b as a cri`b$ af`

fbb` pk jb olbohb` pk bfsrzb plap plby bfajdb srnnioibfp aydiclp ,sbb ?&0&1)5

Pajdb 2&: Lbiclp pk i`pl zapiks

Ga|igrg GifigrgGbs 151&2 151

_pzbbps 15? 151&2

_qrazbs 152 150

<< rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2& 1 }ksipi~b krp`kkz s}aob

Gbs 151 zapik Cbfbzaddy bnnbopi~b 15? zapik

Ga|igrg sqrazbs ,(~bzy i`b spzbbps) 15> zapik

_}apiad bnifipikf jy pzbb oafk}y

_}apiad bnifipikf jyjridìfc lbiclp

_}apiad bnifipikf jyzbobss difb

A jrsy zka` is a``zbssb` }ksipi~bdy if ]krf`jrzy$ @kzsbp$

ipl jkrdb~az` }dafpifc af` a spzkfc jridìfc nzkfpacb

Cazacbs slkrd` jb zbobssb` jblif` plb gaif jridìfc difb




2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2&: afigapifc plb b`cb

]daobs plap azb jbarpinrddy bpaidb` pk spigrdapb af` bdiclp la~b kfb plifc

if okggkf5 jridìfcs af` k}bf s}aobs ck laf` if cdk~b& Plbzb azb gafy

b|bg}dazy }daobs plap `bgkfspzapb plb ifczbìbfps pk sroobss& Ybp `bjapbs

ajkrp plb `bpaid kn }daobs$ }azpiordazdy jridìfc azolipboprzb$ azb knpbf}zbkoor}ib` jy “spydb’& Sb di~b if af acb kn jkpl za}i` pbolfkdkcioad olafcb

af` agauifc bodbpioisg k~bz `bsicf plbkzy af` spydb issrbs8 Fbk Odassioad$

^bzfaordaz$ Gk`bzfisg$ ]kspgk`bzfisg$ @bokfspzropi~isg af` sk kf& Af`

lapb~bz plb “isg’$ plb }zk`rop ~azibs nzkg plb b|obddbfp pk plb anrd&

Krz ifpbzbsp is if “rzjaf azolipboprzb’ ' plap is$ jridìfcs af` k}bf s}aob

okfsi`bzb` as a pkpadipy& ibb` nzkg plis }bzs}bopi~b$ plb sroobss kn a

jridìfc is bpbzgifb` jy ips ajidipy pk gahb a }ksipi~b okfpzijrpikf pk plb

}rjdio zbadg ' pk naob plb spzbbp$ afigapb ip af` gahb srzb plap add aèaobfp

k}bf s}aob is }ksipi~bdy rsb`& Ip is plis ifpbzaopikf jbpbbf jridìfcs af` plb

}rjdio kgaif ' plis b`cb ' plap `bpbzgifbs plb zbdapikfsli} jbpbbf ifsi`b

af` krpsi`b$ jridp af` k}bf$ }rjdio af` }zi~apb$ ifì~i`rad af` okggrfipy&

2&:&1 aopi~b nzkfpacb

Cbp plb zlyplg ziclp

Gahifc nzkfpacbs “aopi~b’ a``s ifpbzbsp$ dinb af` ~ipadipy pk plb }rjdio zbadg&

Plis gbafs5

• nzbqrbfp kkzs af` if`ks$ ipl nb jdafh adds8

• fazzk nzkfpacb jridìfcs$ ci~ifc ~bzpioad zlyplg pk plb spzbbp sobfb8

• azpiordapikf kn naoa bs$ ipl }zkebopikfs srol as jays af` }kzolbs

ifokz}kzapb`$ }zk~iìfc a bdokgifc nbbdifc8 af`$ kf kooasikf$

• di~bdy ifpbzfad rsbs ~isijdb nzkg plb krpsi b$ kz s}iddifc kfpk plb spzbbp&

Pajdb 2&? }zk~i`bs a soadb pk er`cb plb }bznkzgafob kn bsicfs aookzìfc pk

plb agkrfp kn aopi~b nzkfpacb& Plb oladdbfcb is pk appaif “Cza`b A nzkfpacb’

lbzb~bz }kssijdb& Plbsb azb gksp dihbdy pk jb if okzb zbpaid azbas$ plkrcl

b~bf lkrsifc nzkfpacbs oaf jb bfdi~bfb` ipl appbfpikf pk `bpaid&

Pajdb 2&? Aopi~b nzkfpacb cri`bdifbs

Cza`b A nzkfpacb

• Gkzb plaf 12 }zbgisbs b~bzy 1==g • Fk jdif` naoa bs af` nb }assi~b kfbs

• Gkzb plaf :2 kkzs af` if`ks • Grol b}pl af` zbdibn if plb jridìfc

b~bzy 1==g srznaob

• A dazcb zafcb kn nrfopikfs • Licl qradipy gapbziads af zbnifb bpaids

Cza`b J nzkfpacb

• 1= pk 12 }zbgisbs b~bzy 1==g • A nb jdif kz }assi~b naoa`bs

• Gkzb plaf 12 kkzs af` if`ks • _kgb b}pl af` gk`bddifc if

b~bzy 1==g plb jridìfc srznaob• A gk`bzapb zafcb kn nrfopikfs • Ckk` qradipy gapbziads af` zbnifb` bpaids

Cza`b O nzkfpacb

• > pk 1= }zbgisbs b~bzy 1==g • ^bzy d ippdb b}pl af gk bddifc if plb

jridìfc srznaob

• _kgb zafcb kn nrfopikfs • _pafàz` gapbziads af` nb bpaids

• Dbss plaf ladn jdif` kz }assi~b naoa`bs

Cza`b @ nzkfpacb

• ? pk 2 }zbgisbs b~bzy 1==g • Ndap jridìfc srznaobs

• Dippdb kz fk zafcb kn nrfopikfs • Nb kz fk bpaids

• ]zb`kgifafpdy jdif` kz

}assi~b naoa`bs

Cza`b B nzkfpacb

• 1 kz : }zbgisbs b~bzy 1==g • Ndap jrid ifc srznaobs

• Fk zafcb kn nrfopikfs • Fk bpaids af` fkplifc pk dkkh ap• ]zb`kgifafpdy jdif` kz}assi~b naoa`bs

Aà}pb` nzkg Cbld$ 1990

Qrifoy Gazhbp$ Jkspkf$ R_A5 A 1==" aopi~b dkoapikf

]krf`jrzy$ @kzsbp5 Nzbqrbfp `kkzs af`

if`ks kfpk plb spzbbp

B|}ksifc jdafh adds pk plb }rjdio zbadg

slkrd` jb a~ki`b`

a

j

o

`

b



Zbaol krp pk plb spzbbp

@b~iobs oaf jb ifokz}kzapb` ifpk a naãa`b sk plap a jridìfc zbaolbs krp pk

plb spzbbp& îbs ifpk a jridìfc }zk~i`b ifpbzbsp pk }assbzs'jy af` gahb

ips nrfopikf a}}azbfp$ lidb ~ibs krp }rp “bybs kf spzbbps’$ af` okfpzijrpbpk sanbpy& Ap plb ~bzy dbasp$ if`ks oaf ig}dy plb }zbsbfob kn kplbzs&

A`ìfc ~israd ifpbzbsp af` afigapikf pk naãa`bs gbafs5

• plb gkzb if`ks af` kkzs kfpk plb }rjdio zbadg plb jbppbz&

• rsifc pzafs}azbfp cdass nkz if`ks$ lbzb }zi~aoy addks$ zaplbz plaf

gizzkzb` kz nzkspb` cdass plap kfdy addks koor}afps pk jbfbnip nzkg

~ibs krp8

• bfdi~bfifc b`cbs ipl jadokfibs$ jays$ }kzolbs$ afifcs$ okdkffa`bs kz

kplbz }zkebopikfs plap }zk~i`b a gkzb okgnkzpajdb plzbslkd` if

ifodbgbfp baplbz$ }zkdkfcifc aopi~ipibs af` bfajdifc rsbs pk k~bzda}

ifpk plb spzbbp8

• okfsi`bzifc db~bd olafcbs jbpbbf plb czkrf` jrid ifc db~bd af`

}a~bgbfp$ ipl spb}s r} pk lkrsb nzkfp kkzs kz zaisb` pbzzaobs nkz }rjs

kz zbsparzafps$ nkz b|ag}db& A olafcb kn r} pk 02=gg is knpbf `bsizajdb

pk ci~b a sbfsb kn }zi~aoy af` srz~biddafob$ jrp pahb oazb fkp pk okfspzaif

aoobss ‟ }azpiordazdy nkz plb isajdb` ,sbb 2&0&:)&

“Oa}przifc’ zka` ‟ si`b s}aob oaf ozbapb k}}kzprfipibs nkz ifnkzgad aopi~ipibs

pk a`` ~ipadipy pk a }daob& _pzbbps oaf jb appzaopi~bdy okdkfisb` jy bfajdifc

zbsparzafps$ oanbs af` }rjs pk “s}idd krp’&

Gahb jridìfcs ci~b

Rzjaf bsicf kbsf’p spk} ap plb nzkfp kkz& Di~bdy ifpbzikz aopi~ipibs plap azb

gkzb }rjdio oaf bfdi~bf krp`kkz s}aobs$ ig}zk~b jkpl plb as}bop af`

}zks}bop$ af` knpbf jkksp plb }zknidb kn okggbzoiad rsbs& Plis zbqrizbs plap

plb gkzb aopi~b rsbs kn plb jridìfc’s aookggkàpikf solb`rdb ' ,say) af

bg}dkybb oafpbbf$ a plbapzb’s piohbp jkkpl kz af knniob’s zbob}pikf azba ' azb

nizsp i`bfpinib` af` plbf kzibfpapb` pkaz`s nkoad krp`kkz s}aobs$ zaplbz

plaf jrzib` if plb jridìfc’s ifpbzikz&

Slbzb k}}kzprfipibs azb digipb`$ srol as ipl “jic'jk|bs’ plap la~b a

jridìfc bf~bdk}b kfdy ajdb pk }zk~i`b ajkrp :2" aopi~b nzkfpacb ,srol as

gaif bfpzafob$ oané kz olbohkrps)$ gahb srzb plap jdafh si`bs af` zbaz

sbz~iob azbas azb okfobadb` ,sbb ?&:&>)&


2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2& : afigapifc plb b`cb

Ga|igisifc if`ks af` kkzs

bfokrzacbs aopi~b nzkfpacb

Pzafs}azbfp if`ks bfajdb

okggrfioapikf jbpbbf ifsi`b

af` krpsi`b

Db~bd olafcbs oaf }zkgkpb

srz~biddafob lidb zbpaififc

}zi~aoy

“_}idd krp’ s}aob a``s ~ipadipy pk

plb }rjdio zbadg

Jadokfibs$ oafk}ibs af`

jay if`=s oaf nrzplbz

bfdi~bf plb nzkfpacb



2&:&: ziolfbss af` jbarpy

Jb a ckk` fbicljkrz

Plb fbb` pk zbs}bop fbicljkrzifc jridìfcs af` zbs}kf` }ksipi~bdy pk plbgis fkp a oadd nkz }aspiolb& _kgbpigbs lk a jridìfc “nips if’ pk plb pkfsoa}b

is plb }zifoi}ad okfobzf$ skgbpigbs ip is spazh okfpzasp plap gahbs a }daob& Pk

jkzzk nzkg Okdb ]kzpbz$ —ip aif’p lap ykr k$ ip’s plb ay plap ykr k ip&‗

Ckk` jridìfcs bfziol plb srzzkrfìfc najzio$ jkpl ~israddy af` }lysioaddy$

lidb plb b|ob}pikfad a``s plb gacio kn okfpzasp$ `zaga af` iffk~apikf&

Zbs}bop nkz okfpb|p zbqrizbs a`lbzifc pk5

• okfpifripy kn jrid ifc difb8

• a spzbbp’s ~bzpioad af` lkziukfpad zlyplgs ,plb jrid ifc i`pls$ plb

}zk}kzpikf af` soadb kn if`ks af` kkzs)8

• plb dkoad gkz}lkdkcy ,plb }appbzf kn spzbbps$ jdkohs af` jrid ifc py}bs)8

• aèaobfp jrid ifc lbiclps$ zkkn af` okzfiob difbs8

• dkoad jrid ifc gapbziads8

• nizsp'zapb azolipboprzb&

_pzbfcplbf dkoad i`bfpipy

@ispifopi~b }daobs la~b plbiz kf olazaopbz af` apgks}lbzb& Zbgazhajdb

jridìfcs }zk~i`b a rfiqrb sbfsb kn ordprzad af` okggrfipy i`bfpipy& âzibpy

if azolipboprzad b|}zbssikf idd pzafsobf` gbzb naslikf af` ozbapb ziolfbss

af` ì~bzsipy& Dkoad i`bfpipy oaf jb assispb` jy5

• a i~bzsipy }zk`rob` jy gafy bsicf “sicfaprzbs’& Plis }zifoi}db fbb`s

pk zi~b plb a}}zkaol pk daf` }azobddapikf af` }dkp srj'ì~isikf nzkg

plb krpsbp ,zbnbz jaoh pk ?&<&1 af` ?&<&:)8

• `zaifc kf dkoad pza ipikfs kn jridp nkzg$ gapbziads af` ozanpsgafsli}$

srol as gaskfzy$ izkfkzh kz spaifb` cdass8

• `b~bdk}ifc a gapbziads spzapbcy plap zbs}kf`s pk plb dkoadb ' sbdbopifcgapbziads plap dkkh ckk`$ lbplbz zy kz bp&

Hbb} ip ziol ' nzkg fbaz af` anaz

Plb frgjbz af` okg}ksipikf kn bdbgbfps kf plb jridìfc’s naãa`b$ af` plb

okfpzaspifc zbdapikfsli}s jbpbbf plbg ' as ~ibb` nzkg fbaz af` anaz '

`bpbzgifb ~israd qradipy af` ifpbzbsp& Czbap rzjaf azolipboprzb zbqrizbs plap

ap b~bzy soadb$ nzkg a zafcb kn ~ibifc ìspafobs$ a jridìfc’s srznaob a}}bazs

ziol if bpaid& Plb hby is pk bg}lasisb ~bzpioad zlyplg if }azpiordaz af` a~ki`

b|}ksifc jdafh adds&

Oda`ìfc syspbgs pbf` pk }ksb inniordpibs if b~khifc a lrgaf soadb& In plbiz

rsb is rfa~kiàjdb$ plbf bg}lasisb `kkzs af` if`ks af` srznaob pb|przbskf plb dkbz ndkkzs af` if plb iggbìapb daf`soa}b&



Jridìfcs slkrd` jb bsicfb` pk }zk~i`b a spigrdapifc

okg}ksipikf nzkg fbaz af` anaz

Grsbrg kn _okpdaf`$ Bìfjrzcl5 Nzbsl gk`bzf `bsicf

rsifc pzaìpikfad gapbziads ,Azolipbops5 Jbfskf

af` Nkzsyplb)

A gk`bzf }bzigbpbz jdkoh if Afpbz}$ Jbdcirg$ plap

zbs}kf`s pk plb soadb af` zlyplgs kn aèaobfp jridìfcs



Lrf`bzpassbz Lars af` Hrfsplars$ ibffa5 Lkrsifc ipl a innbzbfob

Dkoapikf Plb sipbs azb dkoapb` iplif plb bfsb iffbz okzb kn plb Oipy$

ladn a hidkgbpzb krpsi`b plb obfpzad azba’s Zifcspzassb&

@bsicf Pbag Azpisp5 Lrf`bzpassbz

Azolipbop5 ]bpbz ]bdioaf

@b~bdk}bz ibffa Oipy Okrfoid

]zkebop A ~azibpy kn siubs kn a}azpgbfps kf a okzfbz sipb naoifc jkpl

plb spzbbp si`bs af` af iffbz okrzpyaz`8 af` af azps obfpzb

@bpaids Plb kzh is nrdd kn lrgkrz$ okdkrz$ ifpbzbsp af pkrolbs plb oli d

if rs add& Ip las ozbapb` a fb i`bfpipy kn }daob af` a fb

pkrzisp bspifapikf&

Plbzb is fkplifc bdsb qripb dihb Lrf`bzpassbz’s kzh& Ip

oladdbfcbs add plb fkzgs kn }daffifc af` azolipboprzb$ plb

}zkebops azb nifafoiaddy af` bokfkgioaddy sroobssnrd af`$ jy

af` dazcb$ }bk}db dk~b plbg& Adplkrcl skgb zbcaz` plb

kzh as “hipsol’$ plbzb is fk krjp ip is nrf&Plb hby bdbgbfps azb5

• _bfsb kn }daob

Plb }zkebops la~b a licldy ispifop sbfsb kn }daob8 af` a

spzkfc olazaopbz&

• ]azpfbzsli}

Plb }zkebops zbsrdp nzkg a }azpfbzsli} ~bfprzb kn plb

`b~bdk}bz ,plb dkoad arplkzipy) af` plb azpisp&

• Ozbapi~b ndaiz

Plb rfrsrad oaf }zk`rob b|ob}pikfad b~bdk}gbfp&

• ]rjdio azp

]rppifc azp ifpk azolipboprzb af` }daob gahifc if a ay plap

zbaolbs krp ifpk plb }rjdio as bdd as }zi~apb zbadg&

• Lrgafipy

Plb solbgbs la~b a lrgaf soadb$ a ~bzy azg bdokgifc

olazaopbz af` bgjkìbs gafy kn plb kplbz cri`bdifbs

i`bfpinib` if plis Okg}bfìrg'a``zbssifc plb spzbbp$ rsifc

bf~izkfgbfpaddy'nzibf`dy okfspzropikf pbolfkdkcy$ af` jbifc

licldy aoobssijdb if okggrfipy pbzgs&

Okfpaop Lrf`bzpassbz Gafacbgbfp @izbopkz5 Gz Ekzag Lazbd kz

Lrf`bzpassbz Azoli~bs$ ]K Jk| :<$ A'11<: ibffa

Pbd5 ibffa 03= 1: 1:






2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2&? jridìfc siub af` soadb

Plb siub af` okfnicrzapikf kn a jridìfc$ af` bs}boiaddy ips soadb if zbdapikf pk

plb srzzkrfìfc okfpb|p$ las a jbazifc kf ips5

• srspaifajidipy ,if pbzgs kn bfbzcy okfsrg}pikf af` s}aob ajidipy pk

olafcb rsb$ nkz b|ag}db)8• zbdapikfsli} ipl plb srzzkrfìfc rzjaf spzroprzb ,srol as plb

ig}aop kf dbcijidipy)8

• okfpzijrpikf pk fbicljkrzifc }rjdio s}aob ,fkpajdy lbplbz ip ai`s

kz rf`bzgifbs spzbbp ~ipadipy)&

2&?&1 jridìfc lbiclp

Plb jic }ioprzb

Padd jridìfcs la~b a }ksipi~b zkdb pk }day if sicfinyifc dkoapikfs kn oi~io

okggbzoiad kz ~israd ig}kzpafob$ kz nkoad }kifps kn rzjaf aopi~ipy srol as

pkf obfpzbs kz pzafs}kzp erfopikfs ,sbb ?&>&1 pk ?&>&?)& Lkb~bz$ plis las pk

jb biclb` acaifsp plb }kssijdb fbcapi~b ig}aops kf giozkodigapb ,srol asif` nrffbds kz pkk grol sla`b ' sbb ?&0&1 af` ?&0 &0)$ bf~izkfgbfpad

}bznkzgafob kn fbazjy jridìfcs af` agkrfp kn aopi~b nzkfpacb ,plb zish kn

nbbz bfpzafobs af` a ìspafob` zbdapikfsli} jbpbbf koor}afps af`

plb spzbbp)&

Nkz gafy rzjaf siprapikfs$ gbìrg'zisb jridìfcs }zk~i`b af k}pigrg nkzg

,sbb ?&?&:)$ jboarsb kn plbiz ajidipy pk aookggkàpb a zafcb kn rsbs$ ,liol

cbfbzaddy `bozbasbs jbykf` nkrz spkzbys)$ plb }kpbfpiad nkz gbìrg'licl

`bfsipibs$ as bdd as cbfbzaddy dkbz bfbzcy `bgaf`s af` okfspzropikf oksps&

If gkzb srjrzjaf siprapikfs$ lbzb pk kz plzbb spkzbys azb plb fkzg$ ip is

`bsizajdb pk }daob liclbz jridìfcs if hby dkoapikfs srol as kf okzfbzs$ adkfc

}zifoi}ad zkrpbs$ plb bf` kn ~ispas kz azkrf` }azhs& @boisikfs ajkrp jridìfc

lbiclp slkrd` adsk jb ga`b if zbdapikf pk ozbapifc spzbbp'jridìfc lbiclp

zapiks ozbapifc ckk` bfodksrzb ,sbb 2&1&?)&

Sza} r} af` spb} `kf

]zkjdbgs kn ìnnbzbfp soadb er|pa}ksipikfs oaf jb zbskd~b` jy5

• “za}}ifc’ dazcb s}aobs ipl sgadd jridìfcs ,sbb ?&:&> af` 2&?&:)8

• “spb}}ifc’ a dazcb gass kf pk ips fbicljkrzs8

• bfsrzifc plap plb czkrf` db~bd gksp zbdb~afp pk }b`bspziaf b|}bzibfob

is as aopi~b af` ifpbzbspifc as }kssijdb ,sbb 2 &:&1)&

Czkrf` ndkkz rsbs bfajdb padd jridìfcs pk ifpbzaop ipl

rsbzs ap spzbbp db~bd

Aopi~b bfodksb` }rjdio s}aob ozbapb` ipl gbìrg zisb

gi|b`'rsb jridìfcs



2&?&: jridìfc `b}pl

]daf sladdk

Jridìfc b}pl las a ozipioad ig}aop kf plb fbb` nkz azpinioiad diclpifc af`~bfpidapikf& Plis annbops plb ~azibpy kn rsbs plap oaf jb aookggkàpb`& Pajdb

2&0 }zk~i`bs a cri`b nkz assbssifc plb ig}aop kn jridìfc b}pl kf faprzad

~bfpidapikf af` diclpifc$ af` lbfob zkjrspfbss&

Pajdb 2&0 Plb Ig}dioapikfs kn jridìfc b}pl

Jridìfc b}pl Ig}dioapikfs

4 9g Pkk sladdk nkz a obfpzad okzzi`kz af` digipb` ndb|ijidipy

if ifpbzfad }daffifc

9'1? g ]zk~i`bs faprzaddy dip af` ~bfpidapb` s}aob

7 K]PIGRG ZKJR_PFB__

10'12 g _rj'ì~isikf is spidd naoidipapb`$ jrp skgb azpinioiad ~bfpidapikf

af` gkzb azpinioiad diclpifc is zbqrizb`

1>'::g }drs Gkzb bfbzcy ifpbfsi~b$ plkrcl a krjdb'as}bop obddrdaz nkzgis }kssijdb ipl plb ifsbzpikf kn af apzirg+diclp bdd$

ci~ifc a jdkoh i`pl kn r} pk 0= g&

Kzibfpapb nkz ndb|ijidipy

_kgbpigbs ip is }zbnbzajdb pk kzibfpapb a jridìfc sk plap ips dkfc si`b naobs

kfpk plb spzbbp& Gahifc plb }daf sladdk if plis ay oaf ozbapb a gkzb

~bzsapidb nkzg nkz `bsicfifc okfpifrkrs nzkfpacbs&

2&?&? okzfbzs

Przf plb okzfbz

Okzfbz sipbs azb ~israddy }zkgifbfp$ la~b pk nzkfpacbs af` oaf }kpbfpiaddy

knnbz gkzb bfpzafobs pk ìnnbzbfp }azps kn plb jridìfc& Plby plbzbnkzb

}zk~i`b s}boiad k}}kzprfipibs nkz gi|ifc rsbs& Lkrsbs kf okzfbzs fbb` pk

naob pk ays8 gafy spafàz` jridìfc py}bs rsb` jy lkrsifc `b~bdk}bzs

azb zazbdy ajdb pk `k plis& Gkzb paidkzb` `bsicfs idd jb zbqrizb` kz fb py}bs

`b~isb`& Okzfbzs azb jbsp bg}lasisb` jy ifokz}kzapifc }zkgifbfp bfpzafobs

af`+kz if`ks ap plb a}b|$ b|}zbssifc plb lbiclp jy$ nkz ifspafob$ rsifc a

“gafsikf jdkoh’ kn a}azpgbfps$ kz ifokz}kzapifc a s}boiad rsb ifpk plb gi|&


2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2& ? jridìfc siub af` soadb

9g

9‟1?g

10 ‟ 12g

1> ‟ ::g

:?g

_laddk }daf+sifcdb as}bop5 Zbsi`bfpiad af` knniob rsb

Obddrdaz }daf aydip ,si`bdip)5 Aookggkàpbs ga|igrg

~azibpy kn rsbs

Rfdip ifpbzfad s}aob ozbapb`

@krjdb as}bop bb} }daf oaf jb faprzaddy dip jy

ifpzk`roifc apzirg

K}bf }daf grdpi'spkzby “jic jk|’ zbqrizbs gksp

ifpbfsi~b azpinioiad diclpifc af` srips kfdy obzpaif rsbs

“Jic'jk|bs’ oaf jb zb`bsicfb` as àydip gadds+azoa`bs

kz jb za}}b` ipl sifcdb'as}bop aydip zkkgs

Okzfbzs lbiclpbfb` pk

bg}lasisb fk`b

O kz fb zs } zk eb op b` n kz a z` A sy gg bp zi oa d jr id ì fc d if b

bg}lasisbs }azpiordaz izbopikf

_bp'jaohs af` ifozbasb`

jridìfc lbiclps ozbapb a

sbfsb kn nkzgadipy

Zkpapifc plb jridìfc difb pk

ozbapb a sqrazb kf plb ìackfad

as if Jazobdkfa



2&?&0 jridìfc i`pl

Pzig af` sdig

Jridìfc i`pl las af ig}aop kf k~bzadd ndb|ijidipy kn rsb af` plb ajidipy pk}bzskfadisb s}aobs$ as bdd as kf plb ~bzpioad zlyplgs af` agkrfp kn aopi~b

nzkfpacb lbf sbbf if bdb~apikf&

Jridìfcs okg}zisifc 2'3g i`b aydip “obdds’ kz “gk`rdbs’ }zk~i`b af

b|pzbgbdy ndb|ijdb nkzg& Baol obdd oaf jb okgjifb` as `bsizb` af` zbdapbs pk a

sgadd slk} kz pbzzaob` lkrsb$ nkz ifspafob& Jbdk ajkrp 2&2g ip idd jb gkzb

ìnniordp pk a`` zbaz b|pbfsikfs iplkrp jdkohifc diclp af` ~bfpidapikf&

Lkgbs nkz plb Nrprzb$ Cdasck5 Af b|oipifc fb ~isikf kn oipy di~ifc

Dkoapikf Dkoapb` kf plb b`cb kn Cdasck Czbbf$ aèaobfp pk

_p& Af`zb’s _qrazb pk plb basp kn plb Oipy Obfpzb&

@bsicf Pbag Gaspbz}daffbz5 ]acb af` ]azh

Azolipbops5 Bd`bz af` Oaffkf8 Zioh Gaplbz Azolipbops8 Iaf

Zipolib Azolipbops8 Rslià Nif`day8 Go Hbkf Adb|af`bz8

Szbf Zrplbznkz`8 ZGEG

]zkebop ?== fb lkgbs$ okg}zisifc pbf zbsi`bfpiad jdkohs bsicfb`

jy a frgjbz kn }zkgifbfp azolipbops&

@bpaids Lkgbs nkz plb Nrprzb is af b|oipifc bgkfspzapikf }zkebop

plap slks lk a ~azibpy kn gk`bzf nkzgs af` spydbs oaf jb`bsicfb` as a oklbzbfp lkdb lbf }bzigbpbz jdkohs azb

rsb` as a spzroprzifc b~iob af` a obzpaif lkgkcbfbipy kn

gapbziads is a}}dib`& Plis as aolib~b` jy a`lbzifc pk a

`b~bdk}gbfp af` bsicf jzibn plap odbazdy s}boinib` jridìfc

py}bs$ plb libzazoly kn s}aobs af` plb rzjaf bsicf

}zifoi}dbs&

Okfpaop Pbd5 Cdasck 1999 =101 :<3 3?0>


2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2& ? jridìfc siub af` soadb

^bzpioadipy$ zlyplg af` okdkrz5 @rjdif



Lbzb b `bad ipl `bsicfifc jridìfcs pk olafcb if s}aob af` k~bz pigb5

s}aob if pbzgs kn aookggkàpifc a gi| kn rsbs if odksb }zk|igipy ,sbb ?&:)8

af` pigb if bfajdifc jridìfcs pk jb aà}pb`$ }bzskfadisb` af` olafcb` if

rsb k~bz pigb aookzìfc pk plb fbb`s kn koor}afps&

2&0&1 grdpi'rsb jridìfcs

Gksp rsbs azb okg}apijdb si`b'jy'si`b

Gafy kn plb kd` erspinioapikfs nkz plb sb}azapikf kn rsbs azb fk dkfcbz ~adi`&

Sipl plb a`~bfp kn odbaf pbolfkdkcibs af` plb zisb kn plb sbz~iobs sbopkz if

plb }ksp'if`rspziad bokfkgy$ rsbs oaf kfob acaif jb “zb'gi|b`’&

Gafy pzaìpikfad rzjaf jridìfc nkzgs$ plb pbzzaob if }azpiordaz$ la~b dbfp

plbgsbd~bs basidy pk okf~bzsikf& Okf~bzsbdy$ gksp orzzbfp spafàz`

}zk`rops$ lbplbz lkrsbs$ slk}s kz knniobs$ la~b fkp& Ybp b~bf in ifebopifc

fkf'zbsi`bfpiad rsbs is fkp ~iajdb iggbìapbdy$ jridìfcs liol azbiflbzbfpdy ndb|ijdb idd naoidipapb olafcb k~bz pigb ,sbb 2&?)&

Gi| ap odksb qrazpbzs

If zbobfp ybazs fb ndb|ijdb jridìfc py}bs la~b bgbzcb` pk knnbz iffk~api~b

ays kn ifebopifc fkf'zbsi`bfpiad rsbs ifpk lkrsifc azbas$ kz ifpk plb

pzafsipikf ukfbs kf plb nzifcbs kn plb okggbzoiad okzb& Gafy lispkzioad

}zbob`bfps azb adsk ifnkzgapi~b& @b~iobs nkz gi|ifc rsbs ap odksb qrazpbzs

ifodr`b5

• ifsbzpifc gafacb` kzhs}aobs kz okg}apijdb bg}dkygbfp rsbs ifpk

“jaohdaf`s’$ kz jdkoh ifpbzikzs8

• ifpzk`roifc gbs difb` ipl sifcdb'as}bop knniobs$ kzhslk}s

kz sprìks8

• “czaìfc’ rsbs$ nkz ifspafob$ nzkg cbfbzad if`rspziad rsbs$ plzkrcl diclp

if`rspziad ,J1) + kzhslk}s + knniobs pk zbsi`bfpiad8

• ozbapifc lyjzi` jrid ifc py}bs plap oaf sbz~b as a jrnnbz jbpbbf

ìnnbzbfp rsb azbas$ srol as di~b'kzh rfips kz nkybzs$ plap sbz~b as kfb'

spk} obfpzbs nkz pzaififc$ a`~iob af` ykrfc }bzskfs aookggkàpikf8

• bfokrzacifc pbg}kzazy kz “gbaflidb rsbs’ srol as sgadd azps af`

ozanps kzhslk}s kz gazhbps pk jzifc dinb pk af azba rfpid }bzgafbfp

aookggkàpikf las jbbf okfspzropb`&

B~bf lbzb “jzbaplifc s}aob’ jbpbbf rsbs is okfsi`bzb` fbobssazy$ plis oaf

jb pzbapb` }ksipi~bdy ipl plb ifsbzpikf kn a }rjdio sqrazb kz }azh&


2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2&0 jridìfc nkz olafcb

Zbsi`bfpiad

Gi|b`'rsb jridìfc

Gafacb` kzhs}aobs kzokg}apijdb bg}dkygbfp

Zbsi`bfpiad

Gbs knniobs + kzhslk}s

Cbfbzad if`rspzy

Diclp if`rspzy

Di~b'kzh ,lkrsb ipllkgb'jasb` jrsifbss)

Di~b'kzh ndaps ,czkrf`ndkkz kzhslk} + knniobs)

Zbsi`bfpiad

Ndaps k~bz a cazacb5 lbzb plbzb’s a idd$ plbzb’s a ay

Gi|ifc rsbs iplif }bzigbpbz jdkohs oaf pahb

~azikrs nkzgs



^bzpioad gi|b`'rsb5 gahb ip spaoh r}

Ndaps kz knniobs oaf knpbf jb aookggkàpb` k~bz slk}s$ zbsparzafps$

okggrfipy kz dbisrzb rsbs& Rsb okgjifapikfs ifodrìfc licl'ifpbfsipy

aopi~ipibs$ srol as ficlpodrjs$ kzh bdd lbf dkoapb` rf`bz okggbzoiads}aob$ dbss bdd lbf sipb` rf`bz a jdkoh kn a}azpgbfps& Pajdb 2&2 }zk~i`bs

skgb `bpaidb` `bsicf zbokggbfàpikfs nkz gi|b`'rsb jridìfcs&

Pajdb 2&2 Zbokggbfàpikfs nkz @bpaidb` @bsicf kn Gi|b`'rsb Jridìfcs

@bpaidb` bdbgbfp A`~iob

Bfpzafobs _b}azapb bfpzibs nzkg plb spzbbp pk r}}bz db~bds& ]ksipikf sk

as fkp pk jzbah r} czkrf` ndkkz zbpaid okfpifripy&

]azhifc _borzb }azhifc $ ipl addkoapb` s}aobs nkz zbsi`bfps if dazcbz

`b~bdk}gbfps& _lazb` rsb kn jkpl kf'spzbbp af` knn'spzbbp

s}aob oaf jb ifokz}kzapb` ,srol as àypigb rsb nkz knniobs$

b~bfifc rsb nkz zbsi`bfps)&

_bz~iob af` ]ksipikf pk plb zbaz kn `b~bdk}gbfps$ ipl gbasrzbszrjjisl obfpzbs pk gipicapb a`~bzsb fkisbs af` sgbdds ,plap a~ki` plb fbb`

nkz dkzzibs pk rsb plbiz zb~bzsifc lkzfs$ nkz ifspafob)&

_krf` ifsrdapikf Gipicapb fkisb ig}aop ipl skrf` ifsrdapikf af`

af` ifpbzfad }daffifc sbfsipi~b ifpbzfad }daffifc& Aokrspio jazzibzs azb

}azpiordazdy fbobssazy jbpbbf zbsparzafps kz ficlpodrjs

af` zbsi`bfpiad aookggkàpikf&

^bfps B|pbf` ~bfps nzkg sgbdd kz }kddrpikf skrzobs ,srol as

jasbgbfp }azhifc bgissikfs) aay nzkg lkrsifc&

2&0&: aà}pajidipy af` zb'rsb

Lkgb is lbzb plb lbazp is

Ndb|ijdb jridìfcs knnbz koor}ibzs plb k}}kzprfipy pk gkìny af` }bzskfadisb

plbiz lkgbs af` kzh}daobs& Plby oaf jb adpbzb` pk srip ifì~i`rad

}zbnbzbfobs af` olafcbs if rsb& Grol is `kf pk plb okfnicrzapikf kn plb

jridìfc ,ips lbiclp$ i`pl af` `b}pl 'sbb 2&?)$ aoobss azzafcbgbfps$ plb

agkrfp af` okfnicrzapikf kn ifpbzfad s}aob$ af` plb ay plap plzbslkd`s azb

`badp ipl ,sbb 2&:&1)& Lkb~bz$ kplbz iffk~api~b gbafs kn `bsicfifc'if

ndb|ijidipy oaf jb bg}dkyb`$ srol as5

• ozbapifc a “hip kn }azps’ liol bfajdbs rfips sbdbopb jy }zks}bopi~b

koor}ibzs pk jb “sdkppb`'if’ pk plb spzroprzad nzagb8

• `bsicfifc a gk`bzf nkzg kn plb pza ipikfad pkf lkrsb$ sk plap plb

ifpbzfad rsbs af` oizordapikf oaf jb olafcb` pk gbbp fb

zbqrizbgbfps8• }zkgkpifc sbdn'jrid` solbgbs ,sbb k}}ksipb)&

Aoobss nkz add

Jridìfcs af` }rjdio s}aobs grsp a``zbss plb fbb`s kn b~bzykfb$ af`

bs}boiaddy plksb ipl }rslolaizs$ }bk}db ipl ìsajidipibs af` plb bd`bzdy&

“Dinbpigb Lkgbs’ zbs}kf` biplbz pk—plb olafcifc fbb`s koorzzifc

plzkrclkrp kfb nagidy’s dinbpigb ' zaisifc sgadd olid`zbf$ aookggkàpifc plb

pbbfacbz ipl a jzkhbf dbc$ la~ifc czaf`}azbfps pk spay$ gkjidipy ìnniordpibs

kf kd` acb ' kz & & & plb ~azyifc fbb`s kn frgbzkrs olafcbs kn koor}ibz if plb

sagb lkgb‗ ,EZN$ 1993)& Plb bspajdislb` cri`bdifbs k~bz plbsb gappbzs fbb`

appbfpikf ,gksp fkpajdy plb fb ]azp G kn plb Jridìfc Zbcrdapikfs)$

}azpiordazdy if zbdapikf pk plb `bpaidb` bsicf kn plb jridìfc+spzbbp ifpbznaob&


2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2& 0 jridìfc nkz olafcb

knniob 2knniob 0knniob ?knniob :knniob 1

knniob :knniob 1knniob

knniob

zbpaid

knniobzbpaid

gaiskfbppb

gaiskfbppb

gaiskfbppb

ndap

ndap ?ndap :ndap 1knniob

zbpaid

ndap 0ndap ?ndap :

ndap 1zbpaid

ndap ?ndap :ndap 1

2

0

?:1

ndaps +

jb`sips

gaiskfbppb

:

gaiskfbppb

1

ndaps .

knniobs

knniob 1

ndaps .

knniobs

knniob 1

knniob :

knniob 1

Gi|ifc if~kd~ifc }zb`kgifafpdy knniobs

]kssijdb gi|b`'rsb okgjifapikfs ipl czkrf`

ndkkz zbpaid

skgb }kssijdb okfnicrzapikfs kn gi|b`'ìnnbzbfpzbsi`bfpiad py}bs

Plb zkkgs fbbìfc plb gksp gaifpbfafob af`

zbnrzjislgbfp$ japlzkkgs af` hipolbfs$ slkrd` jb dkoapb`

pk gahb olafcb basibz ,}zk} ksb` lkrsb py}b nkz Pzkjzi`cb

Bspapb zb`b~bdk}gbfp$ Laohfby5 ]Z] Azolipbops)

Sadpbz _bcad ‟ `bsicfb` sbdn'jrid` skoiad lkrsifc

if Dbislag$ Dkf`kf



Okf~bzsikf5 Zb~bad plb lispkzy kn a }daob

Gksp }daobs jbfbnip nzkg a }zbsrg}pikf if na~krz kn zbpaififc jridìfcs af`

k}bf s}aobs kn qradipy af` spipolifc plbg ifpk fb `b~bdk}gbfp& Pk qrkpb

Arspif5 —Slap is fbb`b` is okfpifripy&&& lispkzio }zbsbz~apikf is fkp sbfpigbfpadipy jrp a }syolkdkcioad fbobssipy& Sb grsp dbazf pk olbzisl lispkzy

af` }zbsbz~b kzply kd` jridìfcs&&& b grsp dbazf lk pk }zbsbz~b plbg$ fkp

as }aplbpio grsbrg }ibobs$ jrp jy ci~ifc plbg fb rsbs‗

,Arspif bp ad anpbz Lr|pajdb$ 19<<)&

_kbzjy Jzi`cb$ Sbsp Ykzhslizb5 Ozbapifc fb nrprzbs

Dkoapikf _kbzjy Jzi`cb pkf obfpzb

Azba 12$===g:

]zkebop Olafcb kn rsb kn ni~b zb`rfàfp gidd jridìfcs pk }zk~i`b

lkrsifc$ oafkb odrj$ kzhslk}s$ zbpaid rfips$ knniobs$ a

lkpbd+zbsparzafp af` a grsbrg+~isipkz obfpzb&

@bpaids If 19<0 plb ni~b gidds plap kgifapb` plb pkf bzb add

odksb`& _kgb la` b|}bzibfob` nizbs af` plb zbsp bzb add jrp

`bzbdiop& _ifob plbf plb gidd pkf las jbbf rf`bzckifc a

}zkobss kn zbcbfbzapikf& Plb lkdb pkf fbb`b` pk aà}p

af` olafcb as ips okzb rsb af` if`rspzy la` ckfb$ pahifc

ipl ip a frgjbz kn srjsiìazy jrsifbssbs& Plb nizsp }lasb kn

plb zb`b~bdk}gbfp as k}bfb` if 19<2& Plis as afifpbzfapikfad spafàz` oafkb sdadkg okrzsb kf plb Zi~bz

Oad`bz& Plis is fk~bd if pbzgs kn ips pkf obfpzb dkoapikf af`

las }zk~b` pk jb }k}rdaz ipl s}bopapkzs& Kfb kn plb pkf’s

gksp }zkgifbfp zb`rfàfp jridìfcs as Oazdpkf Gidd$ a

dispb` ni~b'spkzby spzroprzb& Plb zbcbfbzapikf kzh oazzib`

krp jy Addbf Pk` Azolipbops las ga`b plb jridìfc skrf`

lidb ozbapifc a gi| kn rsbs iplif ip& _igidazdy$ afkplbz kn

plb pkf’s dispb` jridìfcs hfkf as plb _adp Sazblkrsb las

jbbf zbnrzjislb` nkz knniob sripbs af` naoidipibs nkz plb _ba

_okrps& _kbzjy Jzi`cb as a lkdb is a ckk` b|ag}db kn lk

fkp kfdy jridìfcs jrp lkdb pkfs oaf zbif~bfp plbgsbd~bs

af` b~kd~b plzkrcl pigb in plbiz jasio spzroprzb addks ip&Okfpaop Oad`bzàdb Gbpzk}kdipaf Jkzkrcl Okrfoid

Pbd5 =10:: ?23:23


2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2& 0 jridìfc nkz olafcb

Papb Gk`bzf las jbbf sroobssnrddy pzafsnkzgb` nzkg a

zb`rfàfp }kbz spapikf ifpk kfb kn Dkf`kf#s pk}

~isipkz appzaopikfs&

Plb oafad jasif }zk~i`bs nkors nkz fb gi|b` rsb qrazpbz

Gidd jridìfcs la~b jbbf okf~bzpb` ifpk

a gi| kn knniobs af` licl qradipy ndaps




2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2&2 a plzi~ifc }rjdio zbadg

A okgnkzpajdb af` spigrdapifc }rjdio zbadg plap bfokrzacbs skoiad

ifpbzaopikf zbqrizbs bpaidb` appbfpikf pk plb spzroprzb kn a s}aob af` plb

bdbgbfps ip okfpaifs& Plis if~kd~bs plb srznaobs8 lap is laz`$ lap is sknp8

lap nkzgs kn }dafpifc azb a}}zk}ziapb8 af` lap srznaobs azb nkz ~bliodbsas bdd as }b`bspziaf rsb$ nkz b|ag}db& Ip adsk zbqrizbs plap plb issrbs kn

sborzipy$ }rjdio azp$ spzbbp nrzfiprzb$ diclpifc af` sicfacb af` sk kf jb dkkhb`

ap if paf`bg& Plb bsicfbz idd fbb` pk gk~b nzbbdy r} af` kf plb bsicf

soadb kn bdbgbfps& Sb okfobfpzapb lbzb kf plb nrfàgbfpads ' gkzb

pbolfioad criàfob is }zk~i`b` if kplbz }rjdioapikfs$ fkpajdy plb b|obddbfp

_okppisl Bfpbz}zisb’s —_pzbbps Alba`‗ ,1993)&

2&2&1 skoiad s}aobs

Nkors aopi~ipy azbas

Plb jbsp }rjdio s}aobs knpbf la~b fk`bs kn aopi~ipy ,ipl }a~bgbfp oanbs kz

gazhbps$ nkz b|ag}db)$ okg}dbgbfpb` jy qribp ukfbs nkz zbsp af` }bk}db'apolifc& @boiìfc plb zbdapi~b }ksipikfifc kn aopi~ipy azbas zbqrizbs

appbfpikf pk5

• ~isijidipy ' bfajdifc }bk}db pk la~b ~ibs aozkss s}aobs$ lidb ci~ifc

plbg a olkiob kn azbas pk sip kz difcbz if zbdapikf pk aopi~ipy “lkp s}kps’8

• kzibfpapikf ' skrpl'naoifc srffy af` bdd slbdpbzb` s}kps ipl sbapifc

}zk~i`b plb gksp }k}rdaz s}aobs nkz difcbzifc8

• naoidipibs nkz sippifc af` spk}}ifc if sqrazbs af` }azhs ap aopi~ipy fk`bs

af` ozkssifcs8

• }daobs nkz olid`zbf pk }day$ af` fkp ersp if bsicfapb }day azbas& Ip is

}azpiordazdy ig}kzpafp fbaz lkrsifc pk ozbapb s}aobs nkz olid`zbf pk }day

af` nkz }azbfps af` oazbzs pk gbbp&

Rsbs if af` azkrf` plb s}aob

Plbzb azb gafy gbafs kn ozbapifc a “spacb sbp’$ nkz a di~bdy af` ifpbzbspifc

bf~izkfgbfp& Plb gksp sroobssnrd ay kn bfsrzifc plap af rzjaf }azh kz

sqrazb is bdd rsb` is pk ifpzk`rob af aopi~ipy skrzob adkfcsi`b kz if plb

ifpbzikz kn plb s}aob$ srol as a oané kz nkk` spadd& Zbgbgjbz plap }bk}db

appzaop }bk}db& A`ìpikfaddy$ if obfpzad azbas$ s}aobs oaf jb ozbapb` pk5

• bfokrzacb spzbbp }bznkzgbzs8

• pzafsnkzg sqrazbs ifpk b~bfifc nidg arìpkzia kz plbapzbs

,srol as Gbbpifc Lkrsb _qrazb$ if @rjdif’s Pbg}db Jaz ' sbb 2&2&:)8

• aookggkàpb gazhbps$ oazfi~ads kz }aza`bs&

Jrid` if ~bzsapidipy

]bk}db nzkg ìnnbzbfp ordprzad kz acb czkr}s$ ifodrìfc olid`zbf$ plb ìsajdbàf` plb bd`bzdy$ idd rsb s}aobs if innbzbfp ays& Zaplbz plaf sbczbcapifc

aopi~ipy py}bs af` plrs rsbz czkr}s$ ip is jbfbnioiad pk dkkh ap ays kn

`bsicfifc ~bzsapidb s}aobs plap bfajdb ìnnbzbfp }bk}db pk bfeky ìnnbzbfp

aopi~ipibs if plb sagb s}aob as naz as }kssijdb&

Zkrpbs plzkrcl s}aob5 bfajdb }bk}db pk }ass ìzbopdy nzkg A pk J

Plb jbsp'rsb` }apls idd nkddk faprzad `bsizb difbs jbpbbf `bspifapikfs&

Plis gbafs adicfifc izbop }apls adkfc }k}rdaz zkrpbs af` }zk~iìfc sbapifc

af` diclpifc adkfc plb ay& Plis oaf jb kfb jy kjsbz~ifc gk~bgbfp

}appbzfs plzkrcl a s}aob af` dkkhifc nkz pzaohs& Nkz b|ag}db$ ip is knpbf

}kssijdb pk `bsicf ìackfad }b`bspziaf adhays plzkrcl }azhifc dkps& Plis

ozbapbs a gkzb }b`bspziaf'nzibf`dy a}}zkaol af` ~israddy azpiordapbs plbnkzg af` daf`soa}b kn plb oaz }azh&]bk}db azb bfbzcy bnnioibfp af` pahb plb slkzpbsp$ gkspìzbop zkrpb plzkrcl a sqrazb& Kfdy plksb }rslifc }zags

kz oyodbs gay bpkrz

Afigapifc s}aobs ipl apbz

Gazhbp spadds ifebop okdkrz af` dinb$ Crid`nkz`

Licl _pzbbp



_pigrdapb plb sbfsbs

_iclp isf’p plb kfdy sbfsb plap sla}bs plb i`bfpipy kn a }daob& Rsbzs azb adsk

ifndrbfob` jy skrf`s$ sgbdds af` pkrol rf`bz laf` af` nkkp& Plb ozbapikf kn

s}aobs plap spigrdapb add plb sbfsbs zbqrizbs plap b ash5

Pkrol5 lk `kbs ip nbbd;

Plb nbbd kn a }daob is ifndrbfob` jy srznaob pb|przbs af` plb bnnbops kn

giozkodigapb& Pb|przb is gksp ig}kzpafp nkz srznaobs plap okgb ifpk okfpaop

ipl plb gaekzipy kn }bk}db af` azb ~israddy }zkgifbfp& @bsicfifc nkz plb

srf$ if` af` zaif gahbs a }daob }dbasrzajdb$ lapb~bz plb sbaskf& Plis

gbafs gahifc plb jbsp rsb kn srffy s}kps nkz sbapifc if plb s}zifc af`

arprgf af` b|}dkipifc sla`b` azbas nkz sippifc krp if plb srggbz&

_krf`5 lap skrf`s oaf lbd} ozbapb olazaopbz;

_krf` oaf bflafob plb apgks}lbzb kn a }daob af` daf`soa}ifc oaf okfpzkd

plb db~bd kn fkisb if plb krp`kkz bf~izkfgbfp& Plbzb idd jb pigbs lbf}dafpifc oaf }zk~i`b a sozbbf nzkg ifpzrsi~b skrf`s$ }azpiordazdy nzkg pzannio&

Ip oaf adsk }zk~i`b skrzobs kn jaohczkrf` fkisb ' srol as apbz jrjjdifc if a

spzbag$ jiz`s oliz}ifc kz plb if` zrspdifc plzkrcl pzbbs$ lbd}ifc pk ozbapb

af ifpigapb nbbd ' a gkgbfp kn oadg if plb lbazp kn plb oipy& Fkisb'cbfbzapifc

aopi~ipibs oaf adsk bfdi~bf obfpzad s}aobs ' lbplbz spadds$ grsio kz sbaskfad

bfpbzpaifgbfp&

_gbdd5 lap sobfps oaf jb a``b`;

Plb b|}bzibfob kn a }daob oaf jb lbiclpbfb` jy ips azkgas ' lbplbz plb

sobfp kn ndkbzs$ oknnbb kz nzbsl jzba`& B~bf in rf}dbasafp pk skgb$ kplbzs

gay okfsi`bz obzpaif sgbdds pk }zk~i`b plb bssbfob kn a }daob ' srol as plb

sgbdd kn ybasp zbndbopifc plb }zbsbfob kn a jzbbzy& Jizgifclag’s Jzif`dby

]daob$ nkz ifspafob$ okgjifbs plb skrf` kn apbz nzkg nkrfpaifs af` af

azkgapio oknnbb slk}$ liol zas }bk}db ifpk ips obfpzb af` ozbapbs a di~bdy

skrzob kn aopi~ipy&

1== rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2& 2 a plzi~ifc }rjdio zbadg

Plb FJA slk}$

Ninpl A~bfrb$ Fb Ykzh

Pb|przb` addifc

_pzbbp }bznkzgbzs krpsi`b Qrifoy Gazhbp$ Jkspkf$ R_A&

Ndkbzs if Zkohbnbdd bz Caz`bf$ Fb Ykzh

_pzbbp lahbzs if Fb Ykzh



2&2&: ìspifopi~b }daobs

_pzbfcplbf dkoad i`bfpipy

Dkoad ispifopi~bfbss af` i`bfpipy oaf jb spzbfcplbfb` plzkrcl bsicf kn plb ndkkzsoa}b jy5

• rsifc dkoad gapbziads8

• zbpaififc lispkzioad asskoiapikfs ' srol as plb rsb kn ozafbs as sord}przb

if Dkf`kf’s @kohdaf`s$ ifokz}kzapifc bdbgbfps ifpk plb spzbbpsoa}b$

srol as kd` pzag'difbs kz azolbkdkcioad nkrfàpikfs$ kz b~bf okf~bzpifc

a zaiday ~ia`rop pk a }azh ,sbb plb Jaspiddb ia`rop oasb spr`y kf }&3:)8

• ifspaddifc sygjkds kz iokfs$ srol as ig}zifps if plb }a~bgbfp$ lbplbz

dba~bs kz ndkbzs kn dkoad pzbbs if okfozbpb sdajs kn plb }a~bgbfp$ af`

pzbapifc plb ndkkz s}aob as }rjdio azp8

• if~kd~ifc plb okggrfipy$ srol as dkoad }a~bzs kz pidbzs kz kzcafisifc a

`bsicf okg}bpipikf ap dkoad solkkds$ nkz b|ag}db&

]dafp dkoad

]dafpifc oaf `bnifb a s}aob af` ips nrfopikf& Ip oaf ci~b ìzbopikf kz i`bfpipy$

sb}azapikf kz bfodksrzb& _}boibs oaf jb sbdbopb` pk ozbapb ìnnbzbfp gkk`s kz

olazaopbz& Plb rsb kn dkoad kz zbcikfad }dafp s}boibs ifìoapbs liol }azp kn

plb okrfpzy ykr azb if ' af` srspaifs czbapbz jikì~bzsipy& Slbzb~bz }kssijdb$

appzaopi~b af` bokdkcioaddy ~adrajdb b|ispifc ~bcbpapikf slkrd` jb }zkpbopb`$

bs}boiaddy acaifsp rpidipy }zk~i`bzs af` okfpzaopkzs& Plb }dafpifc kn olbzzibs

if kfb jdkoh af` asl if afkplbz pbdds ykr liol spzbbp ykr azb if& Pzbbs$

slzrjs$ czkrfòk~bz$ odigjbzs af` sbaskfad ndkbzs oaf add jb rsb` pk

bflafob ìspifopi~bfbss& _baskfad ifpbzbsp oaf jb aolib~b` rsifc add kz kfdy

kfb kn plbsb bdbgbfps& B ijdb nzrip af` frp jbazifc s}boibs idd appzaop

nrzplbz id`dinb&

Qradipy }daobs azb jridp pk dasp

Plb s}boinioapikfs kn gapbziads af` gaifpbfafob zbcigbs grsp

`bgkfspzapb licl spafàz`s kn ~israd appzaopi~bfbss$ `rzajidipy af`

bf~izkfgbfpad }bznkzgafob& Gapbziads annbop rsbz }bzob}pikf$ af` slkrd` jb

sbdbopb` pk zbdapb pk plb ifpbf`b` pzannio “`bsicf s}bb`’ kn a }daob& Dkksb

cza~bd$ nkz b|ag}db$ sdks }b`bspziafs af` ~bliodbs$ lidb sgkkpl srznaobs

addk nkz qriohbz }assacb&

Gbbpifc Lkrsb _qrazb$ Pbg}db Jaz$ @rjdif5 Ifebopifc dinb ipl a ~ijzafp fb s}aob

Dkoapikf @rjdif’s ordprzad qrazpbz kf plb skrpl si`b kn plb Dinnby

@bsicfbz Czkr} 91

@b~bdk}bz Pbg}db Jaz ]zk}bzpibs]zkebop Gbbpifc Lkrsb _qrazb is ndafhb` jy plb Izisl Nidg Obfpzb af`

Azoli~b$ Plb Caddbzy kn ]lkpkcza}ly$ Plb Fapikfad ]lkpkcza}lio

Azoli~b af _olkkd$ Plb Azh Olid`zbf’s Obfpzb af Plb Caibpy

_olkkd kn Aopifc ipl plb B`bf Zbsparzafp jbdk&

@bpaids Add kn plb jridìfcs kf plb sqrazb okfpzijrpb pk af` }zk~i`b

iffk~api~b aopi~b nzkfpacbs& Plb Azh is a olid`zbf’s ordprzad

obfpzb af` okg}zisbs a plbapzb$ caddbzibs af` kzhslk}s&

Plb spacb azba ips czkrf` ndkkz plbapzb k}bfs krp kf pk

Gbbpifc Lkrsb _qrazb as a zaisb` }bznkzgafob azba& Slbf

fkp if rsb plb spacb is okfobadb` jblif` a zagapio kkz& Plb

]lkpkcza}lio Obfpzb okg}zisbs kn pk jridìfcs ' plb Caddbzy

kn ]lkpkcza}ly af` plb Fapikfad ]lkpkcza}lio Azoli~b af`

_olkkd& Plbsb pk jridìfcs okgjifb pk }zk~i`b a``b`

ifpbzbsp if plb _qrazb lbf nidgs azb }zkebopb` aozkss nzkg

plb Azoli~b jridìfc kf pk plb Caddbzy add& Plb B`bf

Zbsparzafp bgjzaobs plb sqrazb jy okfpifrifc plb

srznaob pzbapgbfp nzkg plb sqrazb ifpk plb zbsparzafp&

Okfpaop K’@kffbdd af` Prkgby Azolipbops& Pbd5 == ?2 ?1 032 :2==

rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg 1=1


@rpol }appbzfifc kn }rjdio s}aob

Pzbapifc plb ndkkz as }rjdio azp

Rfrsrad nbaprzbs srol as plis okdkffa`b if Lb|lag’s

gazhbp sqrazb$ Fkzplrgjbzdaf`$ rfiqrb dkoad i`bfpipy



2&2&? spzbbp nrzfiprzb

]rjdio s}aob is koor}ib` jy a lksp kn okg}kfbfps$ lbplbz sbaps$ nbfobs$

slbdpbzs$ jk|bs$ }kdbs$ diclps$ jkddaz`s kz sicfs& Add plbsb fbb` oazbnrd appbfpikf&

Odbaf r} plb odrppbz

Plb }rjdio zbadg is nzbqrbfpdy olazaopbzisb` jy odrppbz& Zka`s af` spzbbps azb

knpbf kgifapb` jy rcdy af` sdk}}idy a}}dib` lipb af` ybddk }aifp af`

dippbzb` ipl sk'oaddb` “spzbbp nrzfiprzb’$ liol ifodr`bs afyplifc nzkg czip

jifs$ jbfolbs$ jkddaz`s$ zaidifcs$ diclpifc$ sicf}ksps$ OOP^ af` srjspapikfs

pk oyodb spaf`s af` }lkfb jk|bs&

Plis }afk}dy is cbfbzaddy kfb` af` gafacb` jy ìnnbzbfp jkìbs& Ap kzsp$

plbzb is fk ok'kzìfapikf af` plb kfdy nrfopikfad okfsi`bzapikfs azb

bfcifbbzifc'db` af` oaz'kzibfpapb`& Plb }b`bspziaf is icfkzb` kz

gazcifadisb`& _kgb kn plbsb ipbgs azb ifpzk`rob` kf czkrf`s kn “}b`bspziaf

ig}zk~bgbfps’$ ybp plb “slbb}'}bf’ spaccbzb` }b`bspziaf ozkssifcs af`craz` zaids ig}b`b }b`bspziaf gk~bgbfp lidb addkifc a nzbb zrf nkz plb

oaz& A gkzb sk}lispioapb` a}}zkaol is aolib~b` plzkrcl a ok'kzìfapb`

`bsicf$ ifspaddapikf$ gafacbgbfp af` gaifpbfafob spzapbcy ' bfsrzifc a

okfsispbfoy kn spydb af` okdkrz& Plis slkrd` if~kd~b a }azpfbzsli} ipl hby

spahblkd`bzs$ srol as liclays acbfoibs$ dkoad arplkzipibs af` rpidipy

okg}afibs& Cri`bdifbs nkz `bsicf ifodr`b5

• zbgk~ifc plb sr}bzndrkrs af` kjskdbpb8 bspajdislifc a ~israd dkcio$

ipl odbaz gbssacbs nkz }b`bspziafs$ oyodisps af` `zi~bzs8

• `bsicfifc plb s}aob sk plap plb nrfopikfs kn ips }azps azb odbaz af` plb

fbb` nkz sicfs$ jazzibzs af` plb dihb is gifigisb`8

• biplbz liìfc ip kz ndarfpifc ip& Obzpaif bdbgbfps$ srol as sbz~iob

ifs}bopikf jk|bs$ azb rfa~kiàjdb jrp ~israddy `rdd af` nzbqrbfpdy

dkoapb` lbzb plby ig}b`b plb }b`bspziaf& Plby azb jbsp li``bf if plb

daf`soa}b kz jridìfc b`cb& In ip is bssbfpiad plap ip jb }ksipikfb` if plb

k}bf$ plb dag}ksp nkz b|ag}db$ plbf ips `bsicf$ lbiclp af` db~bd kn

iddrgifapikf slkrd` jb sbdbopb` oazbnrddy nkz plb }azpiordaz s}aob&

Pzbap plb azpbnaop as azp8

• }zk`roifc a okg}zblbfsi~b af` ok'kz ifapb` spzapbcy kn bdbgbfps nkz

baol s}aob8 oazbnrddy sbdbopifc plbg aookzìfc pk okfpb|p ' plb

daf`soa}b$ jridìfcs af` ndkkzsoa}b& Jkpl “s}boiad’ af` “knn'plb'slbdn’

`bsicfs azb }kssijdb& Sb slkrd` bfokrzacb `bsicfbzs pk rsb plb jbsp kn

gk`bzf bsicf zaplbz plaf plb okfpifrifc zbdiafob r}kf plb “lbzipacb’

zafcb$ liol add pkk knpbf bqrads }aspiolb&

1=: rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg


Odrppbz rf`bzgifbs plb qradipy kn s}aobs

A ~bzipajdb nkzbsp kn sicfs$ jazzibzs af` diclps

Ok'kzìfapb` spzbbp nrzfiprzb kf Dkf`kf’s _krpl Jafh

_pzbbp nrzfiprzb is fkp adays rsb` nkz plb

ifpbf`b` }rz}ksb!



Nip azp pk plb }daob

]rjdio Azp oaf gahb a gaekz okfpzijrpikf pk ci~ifc a }daob olazaopbz af`

i`bfpipy$ jzifcifc }bk}db ifpk af` plzkrcl }daobs& Af b|pza daybz kn qradipy

oaf jb kjpaifb` nkz a sgadd }zk}kzpikf kn plb pkpad }zkebop jr`cbp&Nkz a dazcb solbgb$ plbzb azb rsraddy czbap jbfbnips if }zb}azifc a }rjdio

azp spzapbcy& Plis i`bfpinibs dkoapikfs af` py}bs kn kzh af` }zk~i`bs a

nzagbkzh nkz okggissikfifc azpisps af` sbbhifc nrfìfc& Oazìnn Jay

@b~bdk}gbfp Okz}kzapikf$ nkz ifspafob$ las a ni~b }bz obfp }rjdio azp db~y

kf add }zkebops if plbiz azba$ adplkrcl kfb kz pk }bzobfp is a gkzb

rsrad zbqrizbgbfp&

rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg 1=?


Sadd kn apbz$ _bappdb

Qraysi`b$ Fboaspdb'r}kf'Pyfb_pbbd Hafcazkks$ Jzisjafb

Fboaspdb'r}kf'PyfbJizgifclagIgacifapi~b sord}przb

_pzbbp sord}przb$ Jzapisda~a

Grzad$ Fb Kzdbafs



2&2&0 sicfacb

Gahb a }daob dbcijdb

_icfacb oaf jb a gaekz odrppbz }zkjdbg af` oaf knpbf jb gisdbaìfc& Fkpifnzbqrbfpdy$ plb kfdy sicfacb }zk~i`b` is nkz ~bliodbs$ sk plap plb spzafcbz

kf nkkp oaf nif` ligsbdn oizordapifc azkrf` kfb'ay syspbgs& Plb afsbz

dibs if5

• okfsispbfp af` okkz ifapb` bsicf kn plbsb bdbgbfps k~bz a i b azba8

• gahifc plb spzroprzb kn plb }daob dbcijdb sk as pk gifigisb plb fbb` nkz

sicfs$ bs}boiaddy plksb okfobzfb` ipl pzannio ìzbopikf af` okfpzkd8

• okfobfpzapifc }b`bspziaf sicfacb if a bsicfb` dkoadipy ap s}boinio

fkàd }kifps8

• ig}dioip zkrpifc `bnifb` jy plb }a~ifc py}b8 ifspaddifc azp if plb

ndkkzsoa}b8 af` ifpzk`roifc kplbz igacifapi~b gbafs kn basifc

kzibfpapikf&

2&2&2 diclpifc

Iddrgifapb plb sobfb

Nzbqrbfpdy diclpifc syspbgs azb sbdbopb` nkz liclay iddrgifapikf }rz}ksbs&

Plby azb knpbf krp kn soadb af` rcdy& Jy bsicfifc }daobs plap azb bdd dip nkz

}b`bspziafs$ ipl }azpiordaz oazb ci~bf pk ~bliodb+}b`bspziaf okfndiop }kifps$

}daobs azb ga`b sanbz af` rfplzbapbfifc$ jrp oazb fbb`s pk jb pahbf pk

a~ki` rffbobssazy diclp }kddrpikf&

Diclpifc oaf jb }zk~i`b` jy k~bzlba` spzbbp dag}s$ skgbpigbs jbsp

gkrfpb` kf jridìfcs$ as bdd as nzkg jkddaz`s$ r}diclpbzs$ nbaprzb diclps$

jridìfc af` naãa`b diclps af` slk} if`ks& Plzkrcl a okg}ksipikf kn add

a~aidajdb skrzobs$ a `bsizajdb db~bd kn diclpifc oaf jb }zk`rob`$ jzifcifc

appbfpikf pk skgb okg}kfbfps jrp liìfc kplbzs& Plb sla}b af` okdkrz kn

diclp oaf adsk cbfbzapb plzbb'ìgbfsikfad sord}przb$ pzafsnkzgifc plb

}bzob}pikf kn a }daob af` `zagapioaddy }aifpifc ips ficlp daf`soa}b& Plb

gkzb diclp'plb gkzb bfokrzacbgbfp kn ficlp ' pigb aopi~ipibs&

1=0 rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg


Qradipy diclpifc las lbd}b` jzifc plb Czaifcbz Pkf

azba kn Fboaspdb'r}kf'Pyfb pk dinb

_krpl Jafh diclpifc spzapbcy$ Dkf`kf

Licl qradipy sicfacb$ _krpl Jafh$

Dkf`kf ,@bsicfbz5 Dinsolrpu @a~i`skf)

Diclpifc nkz }bk}db ifspba` kn oazs '

Da`jzkhb Czk~b Bf~izkfgbfpad Nkors

azbas ,@bsicfbz5 Pijjad`s Gkfzk)






Fboaspdb Qraysi`b5 A apbznzkfp zbfaissafob

Dkoapikf Fkzpl si`b kn plb Zi~bz Pyfb$ Fboaspdb&

@bsicf pbag Gaspbz }daffbzs5 Pbzzy Nazzbdd . Ok&

Azolipbops5 Plb Fa}}bz ]azpfbzsli} ,Jdrb Afolkz)$

Eafb @azjyslizb . @a~i` Hbfàdd Dp`& ,Krsbjrzf Sapbz

_}kzps Obfpzb)

@bpaids Plb Qraysi`b las jbbf af aopi~b apbznzkfp if Fboaspdb

sifob Zkgaf pigbs& Okfpifrifc pk czk plzkrcl plb

gbìb~ad }bzik`$ ip ordgifapb` if plb ndkbzifc kn dapb

îopkziaf bfpbz}zisb& Plbzbanpbz$ `bodifb sbp if af` jy plb

193=s boay as b|pbfsi~b&

Plb Qraysi`b as plb Pyfb af` Sbaz @b~bdk}gbfp

Okz}kzapikf’s ndacsli} `b~bdk}gbfp$ af` is fk a hby }zkebop

nkz plb fb Zbcikfad @b~bdk}gbfp Acbfoy$ Kfb Fkzpl Basp&

Rzjaf @bsicf }zifoi}dbs bgjkìb` if plb Gaspbz ]daffifc

Cri`bdifbs + Nzagbkzh ifodr`b issrbs srol as bnifipikf kn

plb Qraysi`b$ absplbpio okfsi`bzapikfs$ gapbziads$ }rjdio azp

af` daf`soa}ifc&

• Jdrb Afolkz Okrzp Jdrb Afolkz Okrzp$ plb nizsp lkrsifc nkz sadb jridp if Obfpzad

Fboaspdb nkz k~bz ladn a obfprzy$ as plb ifipiad }zkebop if

plb Qraysi`b zbcbfbzapikf }zkczaggb& Af ifpigapb sbzibs

kn zbsi`bfpiad okrzpyaz`s$ bfokg}assifc pk+plzbb spkzby

lkrsifc$ ip zbndbopb` plb pzaìpikfad soadb kn Pzifipy Lkrsb af`

zbifnkzob` plb rzjaf najzio& Okffbopb` pk plb Zi~bz’s b`cb

nzkg ips liclbsp }kifp$ k~bzdkkhifc plb Pyfb Jzi`cb$ jy

oasoaìfc spb}s af` okjjdb` }apls iplif ips qribpbz

qrazpbzs$ ip k}bfs kf pk plb di~bdy apbznzkfp plzkrcl azolbs&

• Krsbjrzf Sapbzs}kzps Plb ifpzicrifc Krsbjrzf Sapbzs}kzps Obfpzb ap plb

Obfpzb Qraysi`b’s baspbzf }kifp ci~bs plis rfiqrb dkoapikf plb

daf`gazh ip bsbz~bs ' a jbaokf pkbz$ farpioad bsicf af`

aopi~b gazipigb rsbs&• Appbfpikf pk bpaid Plb difbaz Qraysi`b b|}bzibfob is oa}przb` af bfziolb`

jy plb appbfpikf pk bpaid& Zbndbopb` if plb }rjdio azp ' kf

naoa`bs$ if okrzpyaz s af` adkfc plb apbznzkfp af`

}b`bspziaf zkrpbs ' ip las af byb'oapolifc ybp rf`bzspapb`

gazipigb+farpioad —nbbd‗$ a`ìfc —`b}pl‗ pk plb b|}bzibfob&

• Ifpbzk~bf s}aobs Plb Qraysi b gay jb jbsp bsozijb as a sbzibs kn

ifpbzk~bf s}aobs$ jkpl }zi~apb af` }rjdio$ ipl jridìfcs$

dazcb af` sgadd$ plap azb spipolb` pkcbplbz as a okddbopi~b

lkdb jy plb qradipy af` sig}dioipy kn plb rzjaf bsicf&

Okfpaop Fboaspdb Oipy Okrfoid$ ]daffifc @b}azpgbfp$ Oi~io Obfpzb$

Fboaspdb'r}kf'Pyfb$ FB1 <QF Pbd5 =191 :?: <2:=

]rjdio azp af` qradipy bpaidifc kn qraysi`b }rjdio zbadg

Giddbffirg jzi`cb }zk~i`bs nrzplbz qraysi`b appzaopikf



1=> rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2&> sanbpy af` sbfsb kn sanbpy

_anbpy af` sborzipy azb ~ipad bdbgbfps if afy rzjaf `b~bdk}gbfp& Plb

ozbapikf kn a sbfsb kn }bzskfad af` okggrfipy sanbpy if oipibs is a okg}db|

issrb8 plb }bzob}pikf kn sanbpy kz àfcbz `kbs fkp adays zbdapb ìzbopdy pk

aoprad ifoi`bfob kn ozigb& Sb nbbd okgnkzpajdb af` okfni`bfp rsifc azbaslbzb plbzb is ckk` ~isijidipy af` bnnbopi~b diclpifc$ lbzb b nbbd b oaf jb

sbbf af` lbaz` jy kplbz }bk}db& Plkrclpnrd bsicf is af ig}kzpafp

ifspzrgbfp if bflafoifc b~bzykfb’s sbfsb kn bdd'jbifc af` gahifc }daobs

gkzb rsbz'nzibf`dy$ basy pk rf`bzspaf` af` sborzb& Ip oaf lbd} k}bf r} azbas

pk as gafy czkr}s kn rsbzs as }kssijdb af` ozbapb a slazb` sbfsb kn

okfni`bfob if plb rsb kn spzbbps af` kplbz naoidipibs&

Plbzb is ag}db b~i`bfob plap plb sbfsipi~b okgjifapikf kn ckk` `bsicf$ ckk`

gafacbgbfp af` okggrfipy if~kd~bgbfp is bnnbopi~b if ozbapifc gkzb

sborzb bf~izkfgbfps af` kn zb`roifc ~afàdisg af` plb zish' af` nbaz'kn

ozigb af` ~ikdbfob& Kfb kn gksp bnnbopi~b gbasrzbs nkz okggrfipy sanbpy

af` ozigb }zb~bfpikf is plb ozbapikf kn di~bdy$ di~b`'if rzjaf azbas af` }rjdios}aobs liol azb basy pk k~bzdkkh af` k~bzsbb&

2&>&1 jrid` if sanbpy

Plbzb azb bssbfpiaddy plzbb hby }zifoi}dbs pk jridìfc if sanbpy$ fagbdy5

• bfsrzifc faprzad srz~biddafob af` lrgaf }zbsbfob&

Plis is aolib~b` jy5

' gahifc jridìfcs nzkfp kfpk plb }rjdio zbadg ,sbb ?&3&1 af` 2&1&:)8

' }rppifc “bybs kf spzbbps’ af` gifigisifc b|}ksb` jdafh naoa`bs

,sbb 2&:&1)8

' gi|ifc rsbs$ }azpiordazdy ap czkrf` db~bd$ a`ìfc ~ipadipy ap ìnnbzbfp

pigbs kn plb ay af` ficlp af` k~bz pigb ,sbb ?&:)8

' `bsicfifc af ifpbczapb` fbpkzh kn spzbbps$ zaplbz plaf gkzb

~rdfbzajdb ord'`b'saos ,sbb ?&1&?)8

' dkoapifc }azhifc if nzkfp kn jrid ifcs kf'spzbbp kz if sborzb

}zi~apb okrzpyaz`s8

' jbifc oazbnrd fkp pk gahb }dafpifc pkk licl kz bfsb pk sozbbf

}kpbfpiad assaidafps if obzpaif dkoapikfs&

• g if ig isi fc ok fn di op

jy }zk~iìfc sanb zkrpbs nkz adhifc af` oyodifc ,sbb 0&1 af` 0&:)&

• `bsicfifc'if pbzzipkziadipy af` okggrfipy if~kd~bgbfp&

Slbf }bk}db ~ib }rjdio s}aob as plbiz kf$ plby jbcif pk pahb

zbs}kfsijidipy nkz ip& ]daobs oaf jb bsicfb` pk nkspbz a sbfsb kn

kfbzsli}$ grprad }zkpbopikf af` jbdkfcifc ,a naopkz bg}lasisb` if

plb `bsicf kn Czbbfiol Giddbffirg îddacb)&

2&>&: ozigb }zb~bfpikf af` plb }rjdio zbadg

In plbzb las pk jb a sborzipy nbfob kz czidd$ `bsicf ip as a sord}przb

Jridìfcs af` }zi~apb s}aob oaf jb ga`b gkzb sborzb iplkrp zbskzpifc pk

plb knnbfsi~b a`ìpikfs kn yaz`s kn jazjb` izb$ jkddaz`s$ slrppbzs af` kplbz

~israddy ifpzrsi~b sborzipy gbasrzbs& Plb ozbapikf kn nkzpinib` pbzzipkzibs is af

a`gissikf kn `bnbap8 jkpl }rjdio af` }zi~apb sborzipy gbasrzbs nzbqrbfpdy

rf`bzgifb oi~io qradipy& Ifpbczapb` spzbbps ipl ifnkzgad srz~biddafob idd ck

a dkfc ay pk }zkgkpifc sborzipy$ jrp in `bpaidb` `b~iobs azb nbdp fbobssazy$

ipl bsicf ifcbfripy plbsb oaf jb pzafsnkzgb` ifpk kzhs kn azp&Capbs as sord}przb$ Dbipl$ Bìfjrzcl

A sborzipy czidd as azp$ Pbg}db Jaz$

@rjdif



Sapol plb gaif bfpzafob odksbdy

Bfpzy af` b|ip nzkg add jridìfcs slkrd` jb a}}zk}ziapbdy af` odbazdy

gkfipkzb`& If plb oasb kn gaif bfpzafobs pk kzh}daobs$ okggbzoiad af`

}rjdio jridìfcs$ a okgjifapikf kn a}}zk}ziapb spann af` pbolfkdkcy slkrd`jb a`k}pb`$ pkcbplbz ipl ckk` diclpifc$ okf~bfibfp }rjdio pzafs}kzp af`

}azhifc af` zkrpbs plap azb k~bzdkkhb` jy plb gaif jridìfc&

Czbbfiol Giddbffirg iddacb5 —Ckssi} czkr}s‗ af` skoiad s}aobs

Dkoapikf A fb sbppdbgbfp kf plb Czbbfiol ]bfifsrda$ a nkzgbz

Jzipisl Cas sipb

_ipb Azba 1? lbopazbs ,?: aozbs)

]zkgkpbz Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s

@bsicf Pbag Gaspbz}daffbz5 Zad}l Bzshifb

]lasb I `bsicf ok'kzìfapkz5 Lrfp Plkg}skf Asskoiapbs

]zkebop gafacbz5 Pzbfol Nazzk . ]azpfbzs

_}boiadisp azolipbops5 Jahbz'Jzkf . GoHay$ Okdb Plkg}skf

G.B bfcifbbz$ daf`soa}b af` bokdkcy5 Jappdb GoOazply

@b~bdk}bz okfskzpirg Okrfpzysi b ]zk}bzpibs }do$ Paydkz Skk zk }do$

Gkap Lkrsifc Czkr} af` Reiga Lkrsifc Asskoiapikf

Dkoad Arplkzipy Dkf`kf Jkzkrcl kn Czbbfiol

]zkebop Jridìfcs af` k}bf s}aobs la~b jbbf bsicfb` pk }zkgkpb

}ksipi~b skoiad ifpbzaopikf af` a nbbdifc kn okggrfipy& Plb

1$?33 bddifcs azb odrspbzb` ifpk ni~b czkr}s kn ajkrp ?==

lkgbs nkorssb` kf a }rjdio }daob$ liol azb nrzplbz srj'

ì~i`b` ifpk sgaddbz$ lkzsbslkb'sla}b` —ckssi} czkr}s‗ kn ?='2= lkrsbs& Plis is pahbf pk zb}zbsbfp plb frgjbz kn

}bk}db lk zbokcfisb baol kplbz iplkrp nkzob` ifpigaoy&

@bpaids 1$?33 gi|b` pbfrzb lkgbs azb }daffb` ,ap a bfsipy kn 3=

lajipajdb zkkgs }bz lbopazb)$ pkcbplbz ipl a zafcb kn

naoidipibs ifodrìfc slk}s$ knniobs$ a lbadpl odifio$ }zigazy

solkkd$ okggrfipy obfpzb$ pbdbsbz~iobs obfpzb$ yaolp odrj af`

bokdkcy }azh&

Okfpaop ]liddi} @ijsàdb

Azba @izbopkz Czbbfiol

Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s

Pbd5 =:= 32?1 :091


2 `bpaidifc plb }daob 2& > sanbpy af` sbfsb kn sanbpy



=>

IG]DBGBFPAPIKF AF@ @BDI^BZY

O z b s o b f p J d k o h $ S b s p _ i d ~ b z p k f $ D k f ` k f , @ b s i c f b z 5 P i j j a d ` s G k f z k )

>&1 Gafacifc plb bsicf }zkobss >&: _pacb kfb5 cbppifc spazpb` >&? _pacb pk5 a}}zboiapifc

plb okfpb|p >&0 _pacb plzbb5 ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb af` gahifc plb okffbopikfs

>&2 _pacb nkrz5 `bpaidifc plb }daob >&> _pacb ni~b5 nkddkifc r}




A zb~ib kn plb oasb sprìbs gahbs ip odbaz plap if cbfbzad sroobss

bgbzcbs nzkg5

• a i`bdy jasb` af` okfsispbfp okggipgbfp8 nzkg plb

okggrfipibs if~kd~b`$ plb daf`kfbzs$ b~bdk}bzs$ }rjdio

arplkzipibs$ nrfìfc acbfoibs$ ~kdrfpazy kzcafisapikfs af`

plb }zknbssikfad }daffifc af` bsicf pbag pk a qradipy

}zk`rop8• plb bspajdislgbfp kn af a}}zk}ziapb bsicf gafacbgbfp

af` zb~ib }zkobss kzhifc ap baol spacb kn plb }zkebop8 ipl

a odbaz }zkebop gafacbgbfp af` zb}kzpifc spzroprzb8

• plb assbgjdy nzkg plb krpsbp kn a licl qradipy grdpi'

}zknbssikfad pbag kzhifc as a oklbsi~b rfip pkaz`

a bnifb` ~isikf af` aczbb` }zkebop kjebopi~bs&

Sipl plis if gif`$ plis ola}pbz }zk~i`bs a nzagbkzh nkz

okfsi`bzifc lk pk kzcafisb plb bsicf }zkobss& Slidb ip is fkp

plb }zigazy }rz}ksb kn plb Okg}bfìrg pk }zk~i`b bpaidb`

a`~iob kf bsicf }zkorzbgbfp$ ip is fbobssazy pk zbokcfisb plbig}kzpafob kn gafacifc plb bsicf }zkobss }zk}bzdy af` if a

spzroprzb` gaffbz& Plis gbafs }daffifc plb ~azikrs aopi~ipibs

af` plb okggrfipy }azpioi}apikf }zkobss pk bfajdb plb nkors kf

qradipy pk jb srspaifb` plzkrclkrp a }zkebop’s dinb'pigb ' nzkg

ifob}pikf plzkrcl okfspzropikf af` kfckifc gafacbgbfp& Pk

aolib~b sroobss$ ip is ozroiad plap plb bsicf }zkorzbgbfp }zkobss

is bdd bnifb` af` plap baol spb} okfpzijrpbs pk plb zbadisapikf

kn plb dkfc'pbzg ~isikf&




> ig}dbgbfpapikf af` `bdi~bzy pajdb >&1 `bsicf gafacbgbfp ndkolazp

• Assbgjdb spbbzifc czkr} af` okzb odibfp pbag• I`bfpiny }zkebop gafacbz• _bp }zkebop kjebopi~bs

• Krpdifb a spzapbcy af` ips zbskrzob zbqrizbgbfps

• @bnifb assbssgbfp ozipbzia• Okfnizg jasb oasb• Cbfbzapb k}pikfs ,in fbobssazy)• B~adrapb k}pikfs• Bspajdisl }zbnbzzb` a}}zkaol• ]zbsbfp `bsicf zapikfadb pk odibfp pbag + okggrfipy

nkzrg ,`b}bfìfc kf }zkebop sok}b)

• Krpdifb }zk}ksb` b~bdk}gbfp nkzg$okfpbfp af` gi|

• Bdajkzapb plb }daf• Rf`bzpahb bf~izkfgbfpad$ okggrfipy af` pzannio

ig}aop assbssgbfp af` nifafoiad a}}zaisads• ]zb}azb rzjaf bsicf cri`bdifbs• @bnifb bdi~bzy gbolafisgs• Zb~ib }zkebop ,ifpbzfad af` okggrfipy)

• I`bfpiny }zikzipibs ,slkzp+gbìrg+dkfc pbzg)• ]zb}azb Aopikf ]daf af` }zkczaggb• Nkors `bpaidb` bsicf `b~bdk}gbfp af` nbasijidipy kf

}zikzipy }zkebops

• ]zkczbss bpaidb` Gaspbz}daf' _bopkzad }dafs' Plzbb'ìgbfsikfad igacbzy

' _ipb's}boinio af` plbgapio rzjaf `bsicf jzibns• @bpaid `bdi~bzy gbolafisgs af` }zkczaggb

• Okfnizg ig}dbgbfpapikf af`gafacbgbfp azzafcbgbfps

• Nkzgaddy a`k}p Gaspbz}daf + jzibns

• ]zkgkpb + gazhbp }zk}ksads• _rspaif okggrfipy if~kd~bgbfp• Ozbapb gbìa ifpbzbsp

• Nkzgadisb bsicf zb~ib }zkpkokd• Gkfipkz }zkebop ig}dbgbfpapikf acaifsp

`bsicf }zifoi}dbs$ kjebopi~bs af` Gaspbz}daf ifpbfpikfs

• Aczbb r}àpifc }zkob`rzbs

_PACB

? OZBAPIFC PLB RZJAF _PZROPRZB+GAHIFC PLB OKFFBOPIKF_ ,OLA]PBZ_ ?.0)

0 @BPAIDIFC PLB ]DAOB ,OLA]PBZ 2)

2 NKDDKSIFC R]

: A]]ZBOIAPIFC PLB OKFPB\P ,OLA]PBZ :)

1 CBPPIF C _PAZPB@

odibfp zb~ib af` sicf knn




• Nkzg a grdpiìsoi}difazy }zkebop pbag• @bnifb plb }zkebop pbzgs kn zbnbzbfob$ zbs}kfsijidipibs

af` arplkzipy bdbcapikfs

• Bspajdisl k~bzadd kjebopi~bs$ sok}b kn kzhaf` bdi~bzajdbs• @bnifb jr`cbps af` nrfìfc skrzobs• Bspigapb pbag if}rps af` }zb}azb a }zkczaggb• @boi`b difbs kn okggrfioapikf• Bfokrzacb aopi~b okggrfipy }azpioi}apikf• Bspajdisl zb~ib }zkobss nkz gkfipkzifc af` okfpzkd

• Okddapb b|ispifc àpa af` ifnkzgapikf• Rf`bzpahb sipb afadysis af` okfpb|p a}}zaisads

' Okggrfipy a}}zaisad' ]daffifc }kdioy afadysis' Olazaopbz a}}zaisad' Bf~izkfgbfpad af` daf`soa}b a}}zaisad' Gk~bgbfp afadysis' Gazhbp sr}}dy af `bgaf` assbssgbfp' Bfcifbbzifc nbasijidipy

• Gbbp spahblkd`bzs af` oaf~ass dkoad k}ifikfs• Diaisb ipl spaprpkzy sbz~iob }zk~i`bzs• _inp plb ifnkzgapikf

• ]zb}azb a _SKP afadysis• Rf`bzpahb “]daffifc nkz Zbad’ kz bsicf olazbppb

kzhslk} as fbobssazy• _bp `bsicf }zifoi}dbs af` kjebopi~bs• Aczbb plb k~bzadd —~isikf‗ af` ifipiad okfob}p i`bas

• ]ZKEBOP JZIBN• ]ZKEBOP

B\BORPIKF ]DAF

• IFIPIAD ]ZKEBOP]ZK]K_AD_

@BDI^BZAJDB]ZK@ROP_

• ]ZKEBOPA]]ZBOIAPIKFAF@ @BNIFIPIKFZB]KZP

• @B_ICF]ZIFOI]DB_KJEBOPI^B_$Î_IKF AF@IFIPIAD OKFOB]PI@BA_

• @ZANPGA_PBZ]DAF

• ]K__IJDBKRPDIFB

]DAFFIFCA]]DIOAPIKF +@B^BDK]GBFPACZBBGBFP +IG]AOPA__B__GBFP_,BFÎZKFGBFP$OKGGRFIPY$PZANNIO BPO)$NIFAFOIADA]]ZAI_AD

• @BPAIDB@GA_PBZ]DAF

• @B_ICF CRI@B_KZ OK@B_

• @B BDK]GBFPJZIBN_

• AOPIKF ]DAF

• IG]DBGBFPAPIKF_PZAPBCY

• IF@I I@RAD]ZKEBOP ]ZK]K_AD_

• GKFIPKZIFCZB]KZP_



rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

Plb ndkolazp kf plb k}}ksipb }acb }zk~i`bs a sig}dinib` nzagbkzh nkz plb

gafacbgbfp kn plb bsicf }zkobss& Ip olazps plb ekrzfby adkfc liol plb

okggissikfifc odibfp af` bsicf pbag pza~bd af` licldiclps plb gaekz spb}s

' }assifc nzkg }zkebop ifob}pikf pk okg}dbpikf kn bpaidb` bsicf af`kfckifc gafacbgbfp& Plb zbgaif`bz kn plis ola}pbz jzibndy bsozijbs baol

}lasb af` is ozkss'zbnbzbfob` pk `bsicf criàfob okfpaifb` if plb zbsp kn plb

`korgbfp$ ipl nrzplbz zbnbzbfobs }zk~i`b` nkz a`ìpikfad zbaìfc&

Ip slkrd` jb fkpb` plap plis ndk olazp is nkz plb “rzjaf bsicf }zkobss’ fkp

plb b~bdk}gbfp }zkobss as a lkdb& Plrs$ plis is kfdy a oazioaprzb kn a

}zkobss plap is$ if zbadipy$ gkzb `bpaidb` plaf plis sbqrbfob oaf }kzpzay '

zbqrizifc frgbzkrs nbb`jaoh dkk}s af` ipbzapikfs$ okfpifrkrs zb'

b~adrapikfs af` zb~ibs& Plb hby }rz}ksb is pk bg}lasisb plap lidb plb

okg}zblbfsi~b ok~bzacb kn plis ndkolazp is }azpiordazdy a}}dioajdb pk dazcb

sipbs$ lbzb plb nrdd zafcb kn if}rps idd jb zbqrizb`$ plb fbb` nkz a

spzroprzb` a}}zkaol pk bsicf gafacbgbfp is pzrb kn add soadbs kn bsicf`b~bdk}gbfp& Slidb plb rzjaf `bsicf }zkobss fbb`s pk jb paidkzb` aookzìfc

pk oizorgspafob$ jrp ip is ig}kzpafp plap a sbqrbfpiad }zkobss is nkddkb`&

Plis slkrd` ifodr`b5

• a sifcdb }kifp kn okfpaop nkz gafacifc plb bsicf }zkobss8

• odbazdy i`bfpinib pashs af` zbs}kfsijidipibs8

• odibfp zb~ib af` “sicf'knns’ nkz okg}dbpikf kn baol spacb$ zbdapb` pk

`bdi~bzy kn “krp}rps’ kz “}zk`rops’ ,srol as a @b~bdk}gbfp Nzagbkzh kz

@bsicf Cri`b)8

• a `bnifb jr`cbpazy okfpzkd syspbg$ i`bfpinioapikf kn nrfìfc

skrzobs af` pigb soadbs8

• a }zkorzbgbfp spzapbcy$ af` bdi~bzy gbolafisgs nkz gahifc

plb }zkebop la}}bf&

L G Pzbasrzy ]zkorzbgbfp Criàfob fkpbs$Plbsb zbdapb pk add azbas kn }rjdio sbopkz }zkorzbgbfp,af` nkors kf okfspzropikf kzh)& Siplif plis okfpb|p$`bsicf gafacbgbfp nadds iplif plb jasio }zifoi}dbs kn ckk` }zaopiob plap is krpdifb` if plis sbzibs kn “jkkhdbps’&

Plbsb zbokcfisb plb ig}kzpafob kn `bsicf if kjpaififc~adrb nkz gkfby$ lidsp jadafoifc annkzàjidipy ipl `bsicfb|obddbfob& Plby azb ifpbf`b` pk s r}}dbgbfp af` zb}daobPlb Obfpzad Rfip kn ]rzolasifc ,OR]) criàfobs fkpbs}zb~ikrsdy issrb` jy plb Pzbasrzy&

Plb sbzibs okfsisps kn fifb korgbfps$ plb pipdbs kn liolazb dispb` jbdk& Plbzb azb kfdy si| kn plbsb }rjdislb` applb }zbsbfp pigb ,Fks 1 ‟ >)& Plb zbgaififc plzbb azb rbif :===&

1 Bssbfpiad zbqrizbgbfps nkz Okfspzropikf ]zkorzbgbfp,@apb` 1:+93)

: âdrb nkz Gkfby if Okfspzropikf ]zkorzbgbfp ,@apb`1:+93)

? A}}kifpgbfp kn Okfsrdpafps af` Okfpzaopkzs,@apb` 1:+93)

0 Pbagkzhifc ]azpfbzifc af` Ifobfpi~bs,@apb` Erfb 99)

2 ]zkorzbgbfp _pzapbcibs ,@apb Erfb 99)> Nifafoiad Bnnbops kn ]zkebops ,@apb` Erfb 99)

3 Slkdb dinb Oksps ,fkp ybp issrb`)< ]zkebop B~adrapikf af` Nbb jaoh ,fkp ybp issrb )9 Jbfolgazhifc ,fkp ybp issrb )

Add kjpaifajdb nzkg5Plb Pzbasrzy’s ]rjdio Bfqrizy RfipZkkg <9+:LG Pzbasrzy]azdiagbfp _pzbbpDkf`kf _S1] ?ACPbd5 =313 :=3 022<&pzbasrzy&ck~&rh+coo}

OR] Criàfob fkpbs azb kjpaifajdb nzkg plb sagb a``zbss$jrp azb jbifc }lasb` krp as plby azb bgjkìb` if plb ajk~bfifb korgbfps& Baol kn plb ajk~b jkkhdbps gahbszbnbzbfob pk plb OR] fkpbs plap ip sr}bzsb`bs$ jrp plby azbfkp sbqrbfpiad&

Zbnbzbfobs]zkebop Gafacbgbfp af` @bsicf ]zkorzbgbfp

• Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s “]zkebop Gafacbgbfp Gafrad’&• Brzk}baf Okggrfipy _bz~iobs @izbopi~b ,9:+2=+BBO)

bnnbopi~b 1sp Erdy 199? ,Plzbslkd` :==$=== BOR)& Pliszbdapbs pk plb }zkorzbgbfp kn a zafcb kn sbz~iobs$ af` isplb gaif kfb plap ,srjebop pk plzbslkd` digips) is dihbdy pkig}aop kf plb bsicf }zkobss& Ip idd adsk bnnbop pigbsoadbs$ as plbzb azb gifigrg pigb soadbs sbp krp nkzpbf`bzifc&

• Brzk}baf Okggrfipy Skzhs @izbopi~b ,31+?=2+BBO) kn 193> Agbf`b` jy ,<9+00=+BBO) if 19<9 RH Da ]rjdioSkzhs Okfpzaop zbcrdapikfs 1991 ,_I :><=) ,Plzbslkd` 2Giddikf BOR)& Plis bads ipl plb }zkorzbgbfp kn kzhs$af` as srol b fbb` pk jb aazb kn plis rzifc plb`bsicf }zkobss as ip gay$ srjebop pk plb plzbslkd` ~adrbannbop pigb soadbs nkz if~ipifc af` aazìfc pbf`bzs&•LG Pzbasrzy$ ]zkorzbgbfp Criàfob fkpbs,sbb k}}ksipb)

• LG Pzbasrzy “Obfpzad Rfip kn ]rzolasifc,OR]) Criàfob’ fkpbs

Rzjaf @bsicf ]zifoi}dbs af` ]zkorzbgbfp • Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s + Rzjaf iddacbs Nkzrg ,199<)

“Gahifc ]daobs’&• Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s ,199>) “Pigb nkz @bsicf’&• Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s ,199>) “Pigb nkz @bsicf II’&• Plb Rzjaf Pash Nkzob ,1999) “Pkaz s af Rzjaf

Zbfaissafob’&• Plb Rzjaf iddacbs Nkzrg ,199: af 199<)

“Rzjaf îddacbs’&

Qradipy _pafàz`s• Plb @b}azpgbfp kn Bf~izkfgbfp$ Pzafs}kzp af` plb

Zbcikfs if asskoiapikf ipl plb Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf,199<) “Lkrsifc Qradipy Ifìoapkzs’&

• Plb Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf ,199<) “_olbgb @b~bdk}gbfp_pafàz`s’

Bokfkgio Nbasijidipy • Jbfpdby bp ad ,19<3) “Zbs}kfsi~b Bf~izkfgbfps’

srggazisbs lk pk rf`bzpahb af bokfkgio nbasijidipy

olboh ,Ola}pbz :)&• LG Pzbasrzy ,1993) “A}}zaisad af` B~adrapikf if Obfpzad

Ck~bzfgbfp’ ‟ —Plb Czbbf Jkkh‗ “Plb Czbbf Jkkh’ 'Ck~bzfgbfp Pzbasrzy

• Rzjaf iddacbs Nkzrg ,199<) “Bokfkgios kn Rzjafîddacbs’&

111

> ig}dbgbfpapikf af` `bdi~bzy >&1 gafacifc plb bsicf }zkobss



I`bfpiny plb gaif zi~ifc nkzob jblif` plb }zkebop$ lbplbz plis is

okggrfipy'db`$ }zi~apb }azpfbzsli}$ dkoad kz kplbz }rjdio arplkzipy& Plis idd

ifnkzg plb okg}ksipikf kn a spbbzifc czkr} kz okggippbb kn dkoad

spahblkd`bzs$ liol gay ifodr`b zbsi`bfps$ dkoad ck~bzfgbfp$ jrsifbssbs$ifspiprpikfs$ okggrfipy af` s}boiad ifpbzbsp czkr}s& Kfob nkzgb`$ plis

czkr} k~bzsbbs plb okzb odibfp pbag$ liol las b|borpi~b arplkzipy nkz

pahifc plb }zkebop nkzaz`& A}zkebop gafacbz$ ,kz pbag dba`bz+}zkebop

s}kfskz)$ is i`bfpinib` ipl plb }zigb zbs}kfsijidipy nkz ok'kzìfapifc af`

`bdi~bzifc plb }zkebop&

Af ifipiad a}}zaisad rf`bzpahbf jy plb odibfp pk `bnifb plb hby issrbs if a

okg}zblbfsi~b$ in }zbdigifazy$ ay is bssbfpiad& Af bazdy sbgifaz+plifh

sbssikf kn a grdpi'}zknbssikfad pbag af` plb odibfp jkìbs oaf lbd}

bfkzgkrsdy if cbppifc plb jasios if }daob& ]zkebop kjebopi~bs azb sbp$ pkcbplbz

ipl af krpdifb spzapbcy as pk lk plbsb azb pk jb aolib~b` af` plb zbskrzob

zbqrizbgbfps$ pahifc aookrfp kn nrfìfc af` zbskrzob okfspzaifps& @bsicf`b~bdk}gbfp okfsi`bzapikfs grsp jb }zk}bzdy if }daob nzkg plb krpsbp& Plis

ifnkzgapikf nkzgs plb jasis kn a }zkebop jzibn $ liol slkrd` jb sbp krp if a

nkzgad korgbfp as }azp kn plb }zkebop b|borpikf }daf$ spapifc odbazdy5

• plb }bk}db if~kd~b` if plb }zkebop$ fagbs af` okfpaop a``zbssbs8

• pbag if}rps$ zbs}kfsijidipibs af` arplkzipy'`bdbcapikfs8

• plb k~bzadd pbzgs kn zbnbzbfob$ kjebopi~bs$ sok}b kn kzh af`

`bdi~bzajdbs8

• `bnifb` jr`cbps af` nrf ifc skrzobs8

• afy }zkorzbgbfp okfspzaifps$ difbs kn okggrfioapikf af`

zb}kzpifc gbolafisgs8

• bspigapbs kn plb }zkczaggb af` zb~ib }zkobss nkz gkfipkzifc

af` okfpzkd&

A grdpiìsoi}difazy }zkebop pbag ,kz pbags) is plbf zbqrizb` pk srjgip

`bpaidb` }zkebop }zk}ksads $ nkddkifc a okg}bpipi~b pbf`bzifc }zkobss in

a}}zk}ziapb& Plb a}}kifpgbfp slkrd` jb okfnizgb` anpbz fbckpiapikfs af`

ìsorssikfs ipl plb sbdbopb` pbag ,sbb jk| kf }kifpbzs nkz pbf`bzifc)& Plis

lbd}s “prfb’ plb ekifp a}}zkaol af` is plb hby nizsp spb} if pbag jridìfc

jbpbbf plb odibfp jk`y af` plb }zkebop pbag&

Plb }zkobss slkrd` bfokrzacb plb aopi~b }azpioi}apikf kn add sbopkzs kn

plb okggrfipy nzkg plb krpsbp& Ifpbzaopikf ipl pbag gbgjbzs af` dkoad

okggipgbfp pk plb }zkobss if plb nkzg kn nifafoiad sr}}kzp$ if'hif` sbz~iobs$

kz ~kdrfpbbz pigb ozbapb a sbfsb kn kfbzsli} if plb zbsrdps plrs lbd}ifc pk

srspaif plb bfbzcy fbb`b` pk ig}dbgbfp }zk}ksads&


> ig}dbgbfpapikf af` `bdi~bzy

]kifpbzs kf Pbf`bzifc nkz Rzjaf @bsicf Okfsrdpafps

• Rsb }zb'qradinioapikf }zkob`rzbs pk sbdbop slkzp disp

,0‟> pbags ga|igrg)

• Ci~b a`bqrapb pigb nkz ji`ìfc ,0 bbhs nkz }zb'qradinioapikf80 nkz pbf`bzifc)&

• Sipl }zb'qradinib` pbags$ okfobfpzapb kf plb assbssgbfp kn

plb pbag af` a}}zkaol nkz plb assicfgbfp if laf`&

• Okfsi`bz assbssgbfp syspbgs }zikz pk oaddifc nkz

}zb'qradinioapikf af` ji`ìfc ‟ af` gahb plbg b|}dioip&

• Okfsi`bz lk pk cbp jbsp ~adrb nkz gkfby& Plb i ba “jbsp is

olba}bsp’ if plis py}b kn kzh is fkp a}}zk}ziapb& A pk

bf~bdk}b syspbg ,Pbolfioad af` Nifafoiad }zk}ksads)$ ipl plb

nifafoiad }zk}ksads kfdy okfsi`bzb` jbpbbf kfob plb jbsp

pbolfioad okfsi`bzapikf las jbbf aczbb` r}kf ,ok~bzb` jy

Pzbasrzy ]zkorzbgbfp Criàfob Fkpbs)&

• _rjebop pk plb Brzk}baf _bz~iobs @izbopi~b 9:+2=+BBO

>&: spacb kfb5 cbppifc spazpb`



>&? spacb pk5 a}}zboiapifc plb okfpb|p

Okfpb|prad sprìbs nkz Czafpkf Sapbznzkfp

Okddapikf kn b|ispifc àpa af` ifnkzgapikf a~ki`s la~ifc pk zbif~bfp plb

lbbd& As sbp krp if Ola}pbz :$ a nrdd a}}zboiapikf kn plb okfpb|p

idd jrid` r}kf plis& Ifnkzgapikf pk kjpaif slkrd` ifodr`b5

• okggrfipy a}}zaisad + arìp8• afadysis kn }daffifc }kdioibs ,ifodrìfc Zbcikfad @b~bdk}gbfp ]dafs)8

• olazaopbz a}}zaisad8

• bf~izkfgbfpad af` daf`soa}b a}}zaisad ,ifodrìfc srz~bys kn plb

pk}kcza}ly$ cbkdkcy$ czkrf` okfìpikfs af` }kpbfpiad nkz

okfpagifapikf$ as a}}zk}ziapb)8

• gk~bgbfp afadysis8

• gazhbp sr}}dy af` bgaf` assbssgbfp8

• bfcifbbzifc nbasijidipy ,ifodrìfc sbz~iobs a~aidajidipy)&

Add plis zbqrizbs gbbpifc spahblkd`bzs$ oaf~assifc dkoad k}ifikfs af`

afadysifc okggrfipy fbb`s$ `bd~ifc ifpk azoli~bs af` dkkhifc ap dkoad

assbps& Diaiskf ipl spaprpkzy sbz~iob }zk~i`bzs idd lbd} bfsrzb }zk}ksadsla~b a nizg nkkpifc&

Plb okfpb|prad a}}zboiapikf idd jbcif pk srccbsp `b~bdk}gbfp }kpbfpiad

af` kzhajdb ays pk cbp plifcs `kfb& Ifnkzgapikf fbb`s pk jb sinpb` af`

srggazisb` ~ia a _SKP afadysis ,sbb :&>)$ kz sigidaz gbplk`& Af ig}kzpafp

okg}kfbfp kn plis is plb i`bfpinioapikf kn afy }lysioad okfspzaifps pk plb

nrprzb daf` rsb plap idd ig}aop kf plb `b~bdk}gbfp&

_rol afadysis gay jb oazzib` krp as }azp kn a “]daffifc nkz Zbad’$ kz @bsicf

Olazbppb + Skzhslk} }zkczaggb$ nkz ifspafob$ liol }zk~i`b rsbnrd ays kn

jzaifspkzgifc$ okfsbfsrs jridìfc af` nkorssifc okggrfipy if~kd~bgbfp&

Plb _SKP afadysis }zk~i`bs plb rf`bzdyifc zapikfadb nkz plb }zb}azapikf kn

`bsicf }zifoi}dbs af` kjebopi~bs pk aig pkaz`s& Jbnkzb gk~ifc pk plb

fb|p spacb$ plb k~bzadd —~isikf‗ slkrd` jb aczbb`$ grprad jbfbnips zbaolb`

jbpbbf }azpioi}afps af` ifipiad okfob}p i`bas ìsorssb`$ liol idd lbd}

pk nkors Gaspbz}daf b~bdk}gbfp&





]zk}ksads fk okgb gkzb slaz}dy ifpk nkors as pk lk plb b|ispifc }daob

oaf jb ig}zk~b`$ fb rzjaf nkzgs ozbapb` af` aopi~ipibs a``b`& A`~iob

okfpaifb if Ola}pbzs ? af` 0 is nrsb` pkcbplbz as plb solbgb pahbs sla}b&

Nkz plb }zkebop af` odibfp pbags pk b~adrapb plb jbsp ay nkzaz`$ ip is nizsp

fbobssazy pk aczbb kf plb assbssgbfp ozipbzia & Py}ioaddy plis idd okgjifb

plb `bsicf }zifoi}dbs ipl okggrfipy fbb`$ bokfkgio ~iajidipy af`

bfcifbbzifc nbasijidipy& Ip is ig}kzpafp plap a daf` zbgbìapikf spzapbcy$ in

fbobssazy$ nkddks plb bsicf ifpbfpikfs af` fkp ~iob ~bzsa& Slbzb a sipb is

lba~idy okfpagifapb` ip idd jb fbobssazy pk zb~isip plb bsicf daykrp pk

aolib~b plb liclbsp qradipy af` gksp bokfkgio skdrpikf& Plb ay

okfpagifapikf is `badp ipl slkrd` jb }azp kn plb ozbapi~b `bsicf }zkobss&

@bsicf `b~bdk}gbfp is af ipbzapi~b }zkobss af` idd if~kd~b okfspafp af`

nzbqrbfp zb~ibs kn add plb issrbs as gkzb ifnkzgapikf is kjpaifb`&

Plb jasb oasb plbf fbb`s pk jb okfnizgb`$ liol idd ifodr`b “ k fkplifc’$af` k}pikfs cbfbzapb` nkz okg}aziskf& Plbsb$ i`baddy$ knnbz fk gkzb plaf

plzbb ìnnbzbfp spzapbcio ìzbopikfs ' b~bf nkz a dazcb sipb& _kgbpigbs plb

}zbnbzzb ay nkzaz` idd jb sk a}}azbfp pk plb pbag plap spzroprzb`

k}pikfs gay jb rffbobssazy& Lkb~bz$ b~bf if plis sobfazik a gafacbgbfp

`boisikf gahifc }zkobss grsp jb korgbfpb` pk ci~b a odbaz arìp pzaid$ af`

naoidipapb a “jbsp }zaopiob zb~ib’&

B~adrapikf kn plb k}pikfs bspajdislbs plb }zbnbzzb` a}}zkaol agkfcsp

plb }zkebop pbag& @b}bfìfc kf plb soadb af` sok}b kn plb }zkebop$ plb

`bsicf zapikfadb idd plbf jb }zbsbfpb` pk plb odibfp pbag af`$ in

a}}zk}ziapb$ pk plb i`bz okggrfipy& ]zk}ksads slkrd` jb kzhb` r} ipl

okggrfipy nbb`jaoh af` kfckifc if~kd~bgbfp ' plb gksp lbd}nrd if}rps ap

plis spacb azb knpbf plb zbsrdp kn }bk}db jbifc ajdb pk bicl r} plb }zks af`

okfs kn ìnnbzbfp sobfaziks$ af` rf`bzspafìfc plb rf`bzdyifc dkcio kn plb

}zbnbzzb` zkrpb nkzaz`$ jrp pbolfioad ifnkzgapikf grsp jb ga`b “rsbz'

nzibf`dy’ af` zkjrsp

As plb solbgb `bsicf jbokgbs gkzb `bnifipb$ af “aookggkàpikf

solb`rdb’ is bnifb` ' okg}zisifc a gapzi| kn jridìfc py}bs$ rsbs af` ndkkz

azbas& Plis is rsb` as plb jasis nkz plb qrafpipy srz~bykz pk assbss oksps af`

olazpbzb` srz~bykz pk asobzpaif ~adrbs af` nbb` ifpk plb bokfkgio a}}zaisad&

Plb odibfp bicls plb skoiad af` bokfkgio okfsi`bzapikfs ,b|ispifc af` fb

gazhbps$ dkoad af` zbcikfad ig}aop$ oksps$ ~adrbs$ ca} nrfìfc af` nrfìfc

a~aidajidipy) acaifsp plb bsicf s}boinioapikfs af` }zkebop kjebopi~bs& Plisnkzgs plb jasis kn af ipbzapi~b iadkcrb jbpbbf plb odibfp czkr} af` bsicf

pbag$ liol dba`s pk zbnifbgbfp kn plb solbgb&



>&0 spacb plzbb5 ozbapifc plb rzjaf>&0 spzroprzb af` gahifc plb okffbopikfs



Zbnbzbfobs

Okggrfipy if~kd~bgbfp • Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsl}s ,199<) “Jzioh jy Jzioh5 Lk pk `b~bdk} a

okggrfipy jridìfc’&• Czkrf`kzh Laohfby ,1999) “Olafcifc Bspapbs’ ,okggrfipy

if~kd~bgbfp if daf`soa}b }zkebops kf okrfoid bspapbs5=:= <9<2 1322)

• Gayk$ B& bp ad ,1993) “Pahifc }kbz5 af acbfà nkz okggrfipybokfkgio zbfbad’$ Fb Bokfkgio Nkrfàpikf$ b|}daifsìnnbzbfp okggrfipy okddajkzapikf pbolfiqrbs& ]azhbs$ G,1992) “Cri`b pk Okggrfipy ]daffifc af` @b~bdk}gbfp’,D]AO)

• ]azhbs$ G& ,1992) “Cri b pk Okggrfipy ]daffifc af`@b~bdk}gbfp’$ D]AO

• Rzjaf @bsicf Czkr} ,199<) “If~kd~ifc Dkoad Okggrfipibs ifRzjaf @bsicf ' ]zkgkpifc Ckk` ]zaopiob’ ,a s}boiad zb}kzp}zk~i`b` if plb Rzjaf @bsicf Qrazpbzdy$ Issrb >3$ Erdy)}zk~i`bs a ckk` skrzob'disp kf ays kn kzcafisifc bsicfgafacbgbfp&

• Sapbs$ F& ,:===) “Plb Okggrfipy ]daffifc Laf`jkkh’$Bazplsoaf

@bsicf okg}bpipikfs• Fasaz$ E&D& ,1999) “@bsicf jy Okg}bpipikf5 gahifc `bsicf

okg}bpipikf kzh’$ Oagjzi`cb Rfi~bzsipy ]zbss

@bsicf zapikfadbs• Layaz`$ Z& ,199?) Zapikfadbs af` plb ]zaopiob kn B~bzyày

Rzjaf @bsicf if “Gahifc Jbppbz ]daobs ' Rzjaf @bsicf Fk’,B`s& Layaz`$ Z& af` GoCdyff$ _&) b|}daifs plb rsb kn rzjaf`bsicf zapikfadbs&

Gaspbz}daf jzibnifc• Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s ,1999) “Addbzpkf Jyapbz @b~bdk}gbfp

Jzibn’ ,_pacb Kfb af` Pk) }zk~i`b ckk` zbnbzbfobs nkzokg}zblbfsi~b Gaspbz}daf jzibnifc korgbfps&

• Rzjaf Pash Nkzob ,1999) “Pkaz`s af Rzjaf Zbfaissafob’}zk~i`bs a olbohdisp kn bsicf issrbs pk jb ok~bzb` if aGaspbz}daf ,sbb Nicrzb :&1= ,}&30)&

@b~bdk}gbfp pzrsps• @b}azpgbfp kn Bf~izkfgbfp ,19<<) “Ozbapifc @b~bdk}gbfp

Pzrsps5 Ckk` ]zaopiob if Zbcbfbzapikf’ }zk~i`bs af

b|}dafapikf kn innbzbfp b~bdk}gbfp pzrsp gk`bds af` asbzibs kn oasb sprìbs&

>& 0 spacb plzbb5 ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb>& 0 af` gahifc plb okffbopikfs

]rjdioisifc plb zanp Gaspbz}daf

_p& Eklf’s îddacb$ Skd~bzlag}pkf

As `bsicfs azb bdajkzapb`$ i`bas nkz `b~bdk}gbfp nkzg$ okfpbfp af` gi|$

zbqrizb gkzb zickzkrs zbsbazol af` pbspifc& ]daf assbssgbfps gay pahb

plb nkzg kn bf~izkfgbfpad$ okggrfipy af`+kz pzannio ig}aop sprìbs& A

nifafoiad a}}zaisad idd obzpaifdy jb fbobssazy pk bfsrzb }zk}ksads azbczkrf`b` if bokfkgio zbadipy& @bsicfs adsk fbb` pk jb okfsi`bzb` if

zbdapikf pk5

• bokfkgio af` nifafoiad }azagbpbzs ' rsifc Oksp Jbfbnip Afadysis af`

oasl ndk }zkebopikfs8

• af a}}zk}ziapb bdi~bzy spzroprzb ' lbplbz a }azpfbzsli}$ b~bdk}bz$

ekifp ~bfprzb okg}afy kz pzrsp8

• gafacbgbfp af` gaifpbfafob zbs}kfsijidipibs$ }azpiordazdy kn k}bf

s}aobs af` slazb` aoobss&

A @b~bdk}gbfp Nzagbkzh kz Gaspbz}daf is plb dihbdy krp}rp kn plis

spacb ' liol is spidd if `zanp nkzg rfpid gkzb `bpaidb` }zk}ksads azb kzhb`

r} ' jrp plis gay jb bfziolb` ipl gkzb bpaidb` rzjaf bsicf cri`bdifbsaf` ifìoapi~b i`bas nkz ifì~i`rad solbgbs& Plis “}aohacb’ gay nkzg plb

jasis nkz a isorssikf ipl plb }daffifc arplkzipy if zbdapikf pk af krpdifb

}daffifc a}}dioapikf kz `b~bdk}gbfp aczbbgbfp&

A }bzik` kn zb~ib idd nkddk iplif plb }zkebop pbag$ odibfp jk`y af` adsk$

gkzb i`bdy$ as okggrfipy nbb`jaoh is bfokrzacb` ~ia plb rsb kn

b|lijipikfs$ kzhslk}s af` nkorssb` gbbpifcs as fbobssazy&





As `bsicfs jbokgb gkzb `bpaidb`$ }zikzipibs azb i`bfpinib` nkz slkzp$ gbìrg

af` dkfc pbzg ig}dbgbfpapikf& Plbsb gay jb nkzgadisb` ifpk af

Aopikf ]daf kz nkzg }azp kn plb zb~isb` ]zkebop B|borpikf ]daf$ ipl bpaidb`

`bsicf b~bdk}gbfp af` nbasijidipy sprìbs nkorssb` kf }zikzipy sbopikfs kn plb k~bzadd }zkebop ' pazcbpifc zbadispio i`bas nkz lbd}ifc okggrfipibs pk

aolib~b plb ~isikf kn plbiz nrprzb& Gaspbz}daf }zk}ksads azb ci~bf nrzplbz

`bnifipikf ipl plb rsb kn sbopkzad }dafs ,“daybzifc’ pzafs}kzp zkrpbs$

daf`soa}ifc af` jridìfc nkzg$ nkz ifspafob) af` plzbb'ìgbfsikfad

igacbzy ifodrìfc }bzs}bopi~bs$ okg}rpbz kz }lysioad gk`bddifc af`

a|kfkgbpzios$ as a}}zk}ziapb&

As `bsicf gk~bs pkaz`s “}zb'azolipboprzb’$ appbfpikf is }ai` pk lk ìsozbpb

bdbgbfps ,knpbf `b~bdk}b` jy sb}azapb `b~bdk}bzs af` plbiz okfsrdpafps)

oaf kzh if rfiskf$ gahifc srzb plbzb is a }ksipi~b zbdapikfsli} jbpbbf

jridìfcs af` plb }rjdio zbadg& Hby krp}rps ap plis spacb azb plb }zb}azapikf

kn `bpaidb` `bsicf criàfob nkz kplbzs pk nkddk& Plbsb azb dihbdy pk pahb plbnkzg kn bsicf cri`bs + ok`bs kz `b~bdk}gbfp jzibns $ liol gay jb

okfskdiàpb` iplif plb nifad Gaspbz}daf& @bsicf cri`bs bspajdisl plb

okzb }zifoi}dbs af` sbp krp `bpaidb` cri`bdifbs kz }bznkzgafob ozipbzia$

lbzbas ok`bs azb a sbp kn gkzb }zbsozi}pi~b zbqrizbgbfps nkz plb

ìgbfsikfifc kn jdkohs af` }dkps$ spzbbps$ sqrazbs$ jridìfcs af` aoobss&

@b~bdk}gbfp jzibns azb sipb's}boinio `korgbfps$ okgjififc zbdb~afp

}daffifc }kdioibs af` rzjaf `bsicf }azagbpbzs$ af` azb skgbpigbs difhb` pk

a okg}bpipi~b ji`ìfc }zkobss&

Rzjaf bsicf jzibnifc korgbfps oaf jb rsbnrddy azzafcb` aookzìfc pk plb

nkddkifc oapbckzibs5

• s}boinio cri`bdifbs nkz ifì~i`rad sipb bsicf af` b~bdk}gbfp8

• s}boinio cri`bdifbs nkz gaekz }rjdio zbadg azbas$ srol as zkrpbs$

nkkp}apls$ }azhs$ caz`bfs af` apbznzkfps8

• cbfbzio cri`bdifbs nkz plb plzbb' igbfsikfad bdbgbfps kn plb }zkebop$

srol as spzbbp af` jridìfc ozkss'sbopikfs$ okzfbzs af` }azhifc

azzafcbgbfps8

• cbfbzio cri`bdifbs kf bpaidb` }rjdio zbadg okg}kfbfps$ srol as

ndkkzsoa}b$ spzbbp nrzfiprzb$ sicfacb af` diclpifc&

@bpaidb` bsicfs azb adsk ifndrbfob` jy plb bdi~bzy gbolafisgs af`

ig}dbgbfpapikf }zkczaggb& Plbsb la~b jbbf okfsi`bzb` nzkg plb krpsbp$

jrp ap plis spacb azb okfnizgb`$ }azpiordazdy jy odazinyifc5

• plb gafacbgbfp kn }rjdio azbas ' plzkrcl ifipiapi~bs srol as dkoad

okggrfipy pzrsps$ dkoad }azpfbzsli}s af` gafacbgbfp okg}afibs&Plb gafacbgbfp af` sr}bz~isikf kn }rjdio azbas srol as sqrazbs$

okggrfipy }azhs af` olid`zbf’s }day azbas azb a hby }azp kn bfsrzifc plb

}lysioad af` skoiad qradipy kn plb bf~izkfgbfp is gaifpaifb`& Plis

idd jb plb srjebop kn bpaidb` isorssikf ipl plb dkoad arplkzipy af`

dkoad zbsi`bfps’ czkr}s af` asskoiapikfs8

• plb a`k}pikf af` gaifpbfafob kn spzbbps$ sqrazbs af` }azhdaf`8

• plb gafacbgbfp kn qradipy plzkrcl }daffifc kjdicapikfs$ ok~bfafps

af` kplbz dbcad af` nifafoiad aczbbgbfps&



Zbnbzbfobs

@bsicf jzibnifc

• @BPZB af OAJB ,:===) Jy @bsicf5 Rzjaf @bsicf if plb]daffifc _yspbg

• @BPZ ,199<) ]daffifc af @b~bdk}gbfp Jzibns5 A cri`b pkjbppbz }zaopiob&

• @rafy ]dapbz'Uyjbzh . Okg}afy ,1993) Plb Pbolfiqrbkn Pkf ]daffifc

• Lrdgb Zbcbfbzapikf Dp`& ,1990) “Zbjridìfc plb Oipy5 A Cri`bpk @b~bdk}gbfp if Lrdgb’ }zk~i`bs af b|bg}dazy b|ag}db kn `bsicf criàfob&

• Hzibcbz$ A ,B &) ,1991) Pkfs af` Pkf Gahifc ]zifoi}dbs$Fb Ykzh$ Ziuukdi

• Pijjad`s Gkfzk nkz Sig}by Lkgbs ,1992) Plb Rzjaf iddacb@bsicf Ok`bs5 Sbsp _id~bzpkf Rzjaf iddacb

• Rzjaf @bsicf Qrazpbzdy ,1990) “Rzjaf @bsicf Jzibnifc’$s}boiad issrb 21$ Erdy

• Sbspbzf Arspzadiaf ]daffifc Okggissikf ,1993)Di~bajdb Fbicljkrzlkk`s5 Okggrfipy bsicf ok`b

>&2 spacb nkrz5 bpaidifc plb }daob

Oipy Obfpzb$ Jzapisda~a



>&> spacb ni~b5 nkddkifc r}

Jyhbz$ Fboaspdb'r}kf'Pyfb

,@bsicfbz5 Zad}l Bzshifb)

Kfob `bpaidb` `bsicfs la~b jbbf aczbb` r}kf$ okfnizgapikf kn plb

ig}dbgbfpapikf af` gafacbgbfp azzafcbgbfps

fbb`s pk pazcbp if }azpiordaz5

• plb }zkczaggb kn bdi~bzy ' pk bfsrzb a i~bzsb zafcb kn b~bdk}gbfpk}}kzprfipibs$ olkiob kn sipbs af` nkzgs kn aookggkàpikf& Plis idd

adsk naoidipapb annkzàjdb lkrsifc$ sbdn'jrid` af` sbdn'gafacb` lkrsbs

af` `b~bdk}gbfp jy a zafcb kn `b~bdk}bzs af` plbiz `bsicf pbags$ nzkg

plb sgadd soadb dkoad jrid`bzs pk zbcikfad kz fapikfad okg}afibs8

• plb gafacbgbfp kn sipb sadbs pk bfsrzb rzjaf bsicf okfsispbfoy8

• plb sbppifc kn a licl qradipy gafacbgbfp af` gaifpbfafob zbcigb$

bs}boiaddy kn plb }rjdio zbadg$ anpbz }zkebop okg}dbpikf&

Nkzgad a`k}pikf kn plb Gaspbz}daf kz jzibns as _r}}dbgbfpazy ]daffifc

Criàfob bfsrzbs plap plby “jipb’ lbf ip okgbs pk `b~bdk}gbfp okfpzkd&

Bnnkzp }rp ifpk }zkgkpikf af` gazhbpifc lbd}s srspaif okggrfipy

if~kd~bgbfp af` ozbapb gbìa af` `b~bdk}bz ifpbzbsp&

Nkzgadisifc `bsicf zb~ib }zkpkokd bfsrzbs plap plb odibfp jk`y hbb}s ips

“byb kf plb jadd’ lbf ip okgbs pk sanbcrazìfc `bsicf qradipy as `bnifb` if

plb }zkebop kjebopi~bs& Ip gay jb a}}zk}ziapb pk zbpaif plb Gaspbz}daffbz if

af a`~iskzy oa}aoipy lbf plb odibfp is okfsi`bzifc b~bdk}gbfp kn plb

ifì~i`rad }dkps kz }lasifc kn plb k~bzadd }zkebop& @bsicf Zb~ib ]afbds$

ifipiapb` nzkg plb }zkebop krpsbp af` okg}zisifc grdpi'ìsoi}difazy

}zknbssikfads af` okggrfipy zb}zbsbfpapi~bs$ oaf lbd} pk gahb srzb

b~bzykfb is }rddifc if plb sagb ìzbopikf& ]zkebop ig}dbgbfpapikf is

gkfipkzb` acaifsp Gaspbz}daf ifpbfpikfs$ `bsicf }zifoi}dbs$ kjebopi~bs$

aczbb` krp}rps af` pazcbps& R}àpifc }zkob`rzbs azb plbf aczbb` r}kf

sk plap `bsicfs zbgaif r}'pk'àpb& As ifì~i`rad }zkebops azb ig}dbgbfpb $

}bzikìo zb~ibs azb oazzib` krp$ assbssb` acaifsp jbsp }zaopiob$ rsifc

}bzla}s nkz b|ag}db plb Okg}bfìrg as a }kifp kn zbnbzbfob&







1 cbfbzad

Adb|af`bz bp ad ,1933)5 A ]appbzf Dafcracb$ Fb Ykzh K|nkz` Rfi~bzsipy ]zbssJbfpdby$ I ,bp ad) ,19<2) Zbs}kfsi~b Bf~izkfgbfps$ Azolipboprzad ]zbssOkdqrlkrf$ I ,1992) Rzjaf Zbcbfbzapikf

@BPZ af` OAJB ,:===) Jy @bsicf5 Rzjaf @bsicf if plb ]daffifc _yspbg5 Pkaz`s Jbppbz ]zaopiob@BPZ ,:===) ]daffifc ]kdioy Criàfob Fkpb ?5 LkrsifcBfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s ,199>) Pigb nkz @bsicfBfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s + Rzjaf iddacbs Nkzrg ,199<) Gahifc ]daobsBfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s ,199<) Pigb nkz @bsicf IIBfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s ,1999) _}aob nkz CzkplLkrsifc Okz}kzapikf ,199<) _olbgb @b~bdk}gbfp _pafàz`sLkrsifc Okz}kzapikf+@BPZ ,1999) Lkrsifc Qradipy IfìoapkzsEaokjs$ E ,19>1) Plb @bapl af` Dinb kn Czbap Agbzioaf Oipibs$ Fb Ykzh$ Zaf`kg Lkrsb&Hapu$ ] ,B`&) ,1990) Plb Fb Rzjafisg5 Pkaz`s af Azolipboprzb kn Okggrfipy$ GoCza'Lidd$ Ifo&Hzibcbz$ A ,B`&) ,1991) Pkfs af` Pkf Gahifc ]zifoi}dbs$ Fb Ykzh$ ZiuukdiZkcbzs$ Z ,1993) Oipibs nkz a _gadd ]dafbp$ Najbz af` NajbzZr`dif$ @& af` Nadh$ F& ,1999) Jridìfc plb :1sp Obfprzy Lkgb5 Plb _rspaifajdb Rzjaf Fbicljkrzlkk`$Azolipboprzad ]zbss_rolbz$ @ ,1992) Oipy Okgnkzps5 Lk pk Jrid` af` Rzjaf iddacb$ Oipy Okgnkzps ]zbssPlb Okadnibd`s Pash Nkzob ,199<) Gahifc plb @innbzbfob5 A fb spazp nkz Bfcdaf`’s okadnibd` okggrfipibs,Plb Okadnibd`s Pash Nkzob zb}kzp)Pijjad`s$ N ,199:) Gahifc ]bk}db'Nzibf`dy Pkfs$ DkfcgafRzjaf Pash Nkzob ,1999) Pkaz`s af Rzjaf Zbfaissafob$ B . NF _}kf ,Nifad Zb}kzp kn plb Rzjaf Pash Nkzob)Rzjaf iddacbs Czkr} ,199: af` 199<) Rzjaf iddacbs

: a}}zboiapifc plb sipb af` ips okfpb|p

Adb|af`bz$ O& ,bp ad) ,19<3)5 A Fb Plbkzy kn Rzjaf @bsicf$ K|nkz` Rfi~bzsipy ]zbssOrddbf$ C ,19>1) Pkfsoa}b$ Dkf`kf$ Azolipboprzad ]zbssDyfol$ H& af` Laoh$ C& ,19<0) _ipb ]daffifc$ GIP ]zbssZkb$ O af` Hkbppbz$ N ,193<) Okddacb Oipy$ Oagjzi`cb$ Gass&$ GIP ]zbss&Plkgas$ Z& ,B`&) ,1999) Bf~izkfgbfpad @bsicf5 Af Ifpzk`ropikf nkz Azolipboprzb af` Bfcifbbzs$ B.NF _}kf

? ozbapifc plb rzjaf spzroprzb

Jazpkf$ L$ @a~is$ C$ Crisb$ Z ,1992) _rspaifajdb _bppdbgbfps5 A Cri`b nkz ]daffbzs$ @bsicfbzs af`@b~bdk}bzs$ Rfi~bzsipy kn plb Sbsp kn Bfcdaf` af` plb Dkoad Ck~bzfgbfp Gafacbgbfp Jkaz`Jardol$ E ,199?) Pkaz`s “Ckk`’ Gi|b`'Rsb @ispziops$ GA Plbsis ,rf}rjdislb`)$ EOR@$K|nkz` Jzkkhbs Rfi~bzsipyOkr}daf`$ A& ,B`&) ,1993) Zbodaigifc plb Oipy$ B . N F _}kf@BPZ ,1993) Plb Rsb kn @bfsipy if Daf` Rsb ]daffifc$ Ddbbdyf'@a~ibs

@b}p& kn Pkrzisg$ _gadd Jrsifbss af` If`rspzy ,199>) Gi|b` Rsb @b~bdk}gbfps5 Fb @bsicfs nkz FbDi~bdilkk`s$ Qrbbfsdaf` Ck~bzfgbfp@PI af` @BPZ ,199<) ]daffifc nkz ]assi~b _kdaz @bsicf@PI ,1999) ]lkpk~kdpaios if Jridìfcs5 A `bsicf cri`b@bzbh Dk~beky ]azpfbzsli} ,1993) _}kfs Daf`soa}b Laf`jkkhBdhif$ P ,bp ad) ,1991) Zb~i~ifc plb Oipy$ Dkf`kf$ Nzibf`s kn plb BazplCbld$ E& ,19<3) Dinb Jbpbbf Jridìfcs$ Fb Ykzh$ âf Fkspzaf` Zbiflkd` Okg}afyDafc$ E& ,1990) Rzjaf @bsicf5 Plb Agbzioaf B|}bzibfob$ Fb Ykzh$ âf Fkspzaf` Zbiflkd`Ddbbdyf'@a~ibs ,bp ad) nkz D]AO ,1993) _rspaifajdb Zbsi`bfpiad Qradipy5 Fb A}}zkaolbs pk Rzjaf Di~ifcDdbbdyf'@a~ibs nkz D]AO$ @BPZ$ CKD$ DAP af` LO ,:===) _rspaifajdb Zbsi`bfpiad Qradipy5 B|}dkzifc plbLkrsifc ]kpbfpiad kn Dazcb _ipbsDyfol$ H ,19<1) A Plbkzy kn Ckk` Oipy Nkzg$ GIP ]zbssGkrclpif$ O& ,199>) Rzjaf @bsicf5 Czbbf @igbfsikfsZkdby nkz ZIO_ ,199>) Gi|b` Rsb @b~bdk}gbfp5 “Okfob}p af` Zbadipy’Plkgas$ Z& ,199>) Bf~izkfgbfpad @bsicf$ _}kfsSlypb$ S& ,19<=) Plb _koiad Dinb kn _gadd Rzjaf _}aobs$ Plb Okfsbz~apikf Nkrfàpikf$ Saslifcpkf @O

0 gahifc plb okffbopikfs

Adaf Ja|pbz . Asskoiapbs nkz @BPZ ,199<) ]daobs$ _pzbbps af` Gk~bgbfp5 A okg}afikf cri`b pk @bsicfJrddbpif ?: Zbsi`bfpiad Zka`s af` nkkp}aplsAf`bzskf$ _& ,b`&) ,193<) Kf _pzbbps$ Plb Ifspiprpb nkz Azolipboprzad _prìbs$ GIP ]zbss&A}}dbyaz`$ @ ,19<1) Di~bajdb _pzbbps$ Jbzhbdby$ Rfi~bzsipy kn Oadinkzfia ]zbss&Oadplkz}b$ ] ,199?) Plb Fb|p Agbzioaf Gbpzk}kdis$ Fb Ykzh$ ]zifobpkf Azolipboprzad ]zbss&Lass'Hdar$ O& ,bp ad) ,199:) Oi~idisb` _pzbbps5 A Cri`b pk Pzannio Oadgifc$ Bf~izkfgbfpadaf` Pzafs}kzp ]daffifc$ JziclpkfLiddibz$ J ,199>) _}aob is plb Gaolifb$ Oagjzi`cb$ Oagjzi`cb Rfi~bzsipy ]zbss&Liddibz bp ad ,199:) —Dkkh Jaoh pk Dkf`kf‗$ if Azolipbops Ekrzfad ,A}zid)$ 192$ 12$ 0:'0>Eaokjs$ A& ,199?) Czbap _pzbbps$ Gassaolrsbpps$ GIP ]zbss]lazakl$ P ,199:) Dbss Pzannio$ Jbppbz Pkfs$ Nzibf`s kn Plb Bazpl_okppisl Bf~izkfgbfpad ]zkpbopikf Acbfoy ,1993) A Cri`b pk _rspaifajdb Rzjaf @zaifacb


2 `bpaidifc plb }daob zbnbzbfobs af` nrzplbz zbaìfc

Oaplb`zad _qrazb$ Gafolbspbz



2 `bpaidifc plb }daob

A}}dbyaz $ @ ,1939) Plb Okfsbz~apikf kn Brzk}baf OipibsArspif ,bp ad) ,19<<) Aà}pi~b Zbrsb$ af Fkspzaf` Zbiflkd`@azdby$ C af` Ladd$ ] ,1991) Pkgkzzk’s Fb Okggrfipibs

Eksb}l Zkfpzbb Nkrfàpikf ,1993) @bsicfifc Dinbpigb LkgbsGkr`kf$ A ,19<>) Jridp nkz Olafcb5 Fbicljkrzlkk` Azolipboprzb if _af Nzafoisok$ GIP ]zbssFapikfad Lkrsifc Nb`bzapikf af` Lkgb Lkrsifc Pzrsp ,199<) Aookggkàpifc @i~bzsipy5 Lkrsifc bsicf if agrdpiordprzad skoibpy_okppisl Bfpbz}zisb ,1993) _pzbbps Alba`_ihsfa$ A ,1993) —Plb Bnnbops kn Jdkoh _iub af` Nkzg if Fkzpl Agbzioaf af` Arspzadiaf Oipy Obfpzbs‗$ if RzjafGkz}lkdkcy ,Ekrzfad kn plb Ifpbzfapikfad _bgifaz kf Rzjaf Nzkg)$ 1$ 19'??


@b}azpgbfp kn Bf~izkfgbfp ,19<<) Ozbapifc @b~bdk}gbfp Pzrsps5 Ckk` ]zaopiob if Zbcbfbzapikf@b}azpgbfp kn Bf~izkfgbfp ,199>) Okfsrdpapikf Fkpb kf ]daffifc ]kdioy Criàfob Fkpb 1@b~kf Okrfpy Okrfoid af` ]lazkal$ P& ,199:) Pzannio Oadgifc Cri`bdifbs@rafy ]dapbz'Uyjbzh . Ok& ,1993) Plb Pbolfiqrb kn Pkf ]daffifcBssb| Okrfpy Okrfoid ,193?) Plb Bssb| @bsicf Cri`b nkz Zbsi`bfpiad AzbasBssb| ]daffifc Knniobzs Asskoiapikf ,1993) Plb Bssb| @bsicf Cri`b nkz Zbsi`bfpiad af` Gi|b` Rsb AzbaLayaz`$ Z& ,199?) Zapikfadbs af` plb ]zaopiob kn B~bzyày Rzjaf @bsicf if “Gahifc Jbppbz ]daobs ' Rzjaf@bsicf Fk’ ,B`s& Layaz`$ Z& af` GoCdyff$ _&)Lrdgb Zbcbfbzapikf Digipb` af` Gafolbspbz Oipy Okrfoid ,199;) A Cri`b pk @b~bdk}gbfpGafolbspbz Oipy Okrfoid ,199>) A Cri`b pk @b~bdk}gbfp if GafolbspbzGayk$ B& bp ad ,1993) “Pahifc }kbz5 af acbfà nkz okggrfipy bokfkgio zbfbad’$ Fb Bokfkgio NkrfàpikfRzjaf @bsicf Czkr} ,199<) “If~kd~ifc Dkoad Okggrfipibs if Rzjaf @bsicf ' ]zkgkpifc Ckk` ]zaopiob’ ,as}boiad zb}kzp }zk~i`b` if plb Rzjaf @bsicf Qrazpbzdy$ Issrb >3$ Erdy)Rzjaf iddacbs Czkr} ,199<) Bokfkgios kn Rzjaf iddacbsSbspbzf Arspzadia ]daffifc Okggissikf ,1993) Di~ajdb Fbicljkrzlkk`s5 Okggrfipy @bsicf Ok`b

1:= rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

zbnbzbfobs af` nrzplbz zbaìfc



A

Aopi~b nzkfpacb <9

Aà}pajidipy 93

Annkzàjdb lkrsifc 01

J

Jaspiddb ia`rop$ ]azis 3:

Jb`b Isdaf` Fkzpl$ Dbiobspbz 3=

Jic'jk| 0?

Jikì~bzsipy 2<

Jizgifclag Iffbz Zifc Zka` ?<

Jizgifclag Rzjaf @bsicf _pzapbcy >?

Jdkoh 2<$ >0

af` jikì~bzsipy 2<

ifpbzikzs >>

}bzigbpbz jdkoh >0

sla}b >2

siub >2

Jzaohfbdd Pkf Obfpzb :1

Jzaf`kf Czk~bs$ _krpl Kohbf`bf 29

Jzkrclpkf Appbzjrzy

Rzjaf iddacb$ Gidpkf Hbyfbs 00Jzkfnibd` daf` :2

Jridìfc <<$ 92

`b}pl 90

lbiclp 9?

difb <<

i`pl 92

Jrs }zk~isikf 30

O

Oadds af` Zi~bzsi`b$ Dbb`s ?3

Oaz }azh <1

Obfpzbs 0:

Olazaopbz :0$0=

a}}zaisad :0

azbas 0=

Okggrfipy :=

Okfobzp _qrazb$ Di~bz}kkd$ <3Okffbopikfs :<$ ?0$ ><

Okzfbz 90

O za ic gi dd az R zj af N kz bs p $ B ì fj rz cl > =

Ozkf _pzbbp$ Cdasck >>

Oyodb 31

bf~izkfgbfp 3?

dafb 3?

}azhifc 3?

sborzipy 3?

@

@bfsipy 0>

@bsicf }zifoi}dbs 10

@isajdb` aoobss 93

B

Bazpl 21

Bokdkcy 23

Bokdkfia :>

B`cb 0?

Bfodksrzb <<

Bfbzcy af` zbskrzob bnnioibfoy 2=

Bf~izkfgbfpad a}}zaisad :3

Bqri}gbfp jk|bs <:

N

Naãa`b 9=

Nbasijidipy a}}zaisad ?=

Ndb|ijidipy 93

Nkoad }kifps >:

Nkkp}apl 31Nkzbspzy >=

C

Capbay >:

Czbbfiol Giddbffirg iddacb 1=3

L

Lkgbs nkz Olafcb$ Lrdgb 09

Lkgbs nkz plb Nrprzb$ Cdasck 92

Lrf`bzpassbz Lars$ ibffa 9:

E

Erfopikf 33

D

Dacafsi`b$ Jbdnasp 02

Daf`gazh >1

Daf`soa}b :2$ 2?

Diclpifc 1=0

Di~b'kzh 9>

Dkoad i`bfpipy 91$ 1=1

G

Gbbpifc Lkrsb _qrazb$ @rjdif 1=1

Giozkodigapb 29

Gi|b` rsb ?9$ 9>

Gk~bgbfp :<$ ?0$ >9

afadysis :<

assbssgbfp ?2

nzagbkzh ?0

F

Faprzad zbskrzobs :2

Fbicljkrzlkk` 0=

Fibrdaf`$ Agbzsnkkzp$ Fbpls 21

Fboaspdb Qraysi`b 1=2

K

K}bf s}aob 20

fbpkzhs 23

}rjdio aoobss 23

py}bs 22

]]azobd >2

]azh 2>

]azhifc 3<

]bzigbpbz jdkoh >0

]iccbzibs$ Nzkgb :9

]daob ::

]dkp >2

]ksipi~b s}aob <>

]krf`jrzy$ @kzsbp 39

]rjdio azp 1=?

]rjdio zbadg 99

]rjdio pzafs}kzp 30

Z

Zaid 30

Za~bfsozaic :?

Ziolfbss 91

_

_anbpy 1=>

_bp'jaoh <<

_bz~iobs <:

_bz~ioifc <1

_icfacb 1=0

_giplnibd` Jridìfcs$ Gafolbspbz 0:

_koiad s}aobs 99

_kdaz bsicf 2=

_kbzjy Jzi`cb$ Sbsp Ykzhs& 9<

_rjrzjs 03

_pzbbp ?>$ 32

nrzfiprzb 1=:

czi` ?<

fbpkzh ?>

}b`bspziaf bf~izkfgbfp 31

py}b 32

P

Plzbslkd` 9=

Pk}kcza}ly 2<

Pzaohifc 3>

Pzannio oadgifc 33

Pzafsipikf Ukfb 02

R

Rpidipibs <:

^

îbs >:

îsikf ?1îspa >:

S

Sadhajdb fbicljkrzlk k` ?2

Sadhifc 31

Sadplag Nkzbsp LAP <?

Saspb 2:

Sapbz 21

Sid`dinb 23

Sif` 2:

rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg 1:1

2 `bpaidifc plb }daob if`b|



1:: rzjaf `bsicf okg}bfìrg

aohfkdb`cbgbfps

Plb Rzjaf @bsicf Okg}bfìrg las jbbf }zb}azb` nkz Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s af` plb

Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf jy Ddbbdyf'@a~ibs if asskoiapikf ipl Adaf Ja|pbz af` Asskoiapbs&

}zkebop pbag

Ddbbdyf'@a~ibs@a~i` Sadpkf$ Gapplb Daddy$ Lazifi _b}piafa

Adaf Ja|pbz . Asskoiapbs

@a~i` Paydkz$ Zkjbzp Plkzfb$ Af`zb Oagbzkf

cza}lio `bsicf af` iddrspzapikfs

Pifc Dag Pafc$ Zioh _bddazs$ Zks Grfzk$ Lazifi _b}piafa$ _k}lib Gb`lrzsp

Jaddy Gbbà$ B`grf` Slipblkrsb

srjspafpiad okfpzijrpikfs la~b jbbf ga`b jy

Zafàdd Plkgas ,Ga| Nkz`lag . ]azpfbzs)$ Af`zb Jayfb$ Pkg Oazpbz$ Dbsdby Oladgbzs

@z ]apzioh Odazhb$ Af`y Okr}daf`$ ]ard @zb$ Sayfb @ybz$ Czalag Gazsladd$ Fbid ]azhyf

Adaf _ig}skf$ Olzispifa ~kf Jkzohb$ Fiokda Sapbzspkf

zb~ib kn plb okg}bfìrg

Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s @bsicf A`~iskzy ]afbd ,Eklf Dyadd$ @bzbh Daplag$ Zkzy Okkfaf$Siddiag Eaoh$ @azyd Nkdbz$ Ekf Zkdaf`)

spbbzifc czkr}

Olaizgaf5 Ekf Zkrsb ,Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s + Rzjaf Pash Nkzob)$ _pb}lbf Japby ,@BPZ)

Adaf Olbzzy ,Okrfpzysi`b ]zk}bzpibs }do)$ Odi~b Odkbs ,Plb Lkrsifc Okz}kzapikf)

Gihb Oklbf ,Plb Criffbss Pzrsp)$ Zkzy Okkfaf ,okfsrdpafp)

Gazib Lk`cskf ,Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s)$ Zad}l Droh ,Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s)

@a~i` Drfps ,Plb ]zifob kn Sadbs’s Nkrfàpikf)$ Hb~if Grzzay ,B@AS)

Ekf Zkdaf` ,Ekf Zkdaf` Rzjaf @bsicf)$ Gazpif _pkohdby ,Gazpif _pkohdby . Asskoiapbs)

Plafhs azb b|pbf`b` pk b~bzykfb lk las jbbf okfsrdpb` nkz ifnkzgapikf

kz a`~iob rzifc plb okg}idapikf kn plb Okg}bfìrg kz las lbd}b` if kplbz ays&

Plb Rzjaf @bsicf Okg}bfìrg as kzicifaddy }rjdislb` jy Bfcdisl ]azpfbzsli}s if Arcrsp

:===& Plis sbokf` bìpikf as }rjdislb` if _b}pbgjbz :==3&



Ddbbdyf'@a~ibs

Jzkkh Lkrsb

Pkzzifcpkf ]daob

Dkf`kf

o1b 3lf

=:= 3>?3 =1<1

=:= 3>?3 <30=ifnkMddbbdyf'à~ibs'dp`&okg



11= Jrohifclag ]adaob Zka`

Date post:	04-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	zhafrinfadley
View:	220 times
Download:	0 times

Urban design in Britain

Documents