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URBAN DESIGN ISSUES 1P32076

GROUP 1 LUCAS DOCHERTY

SIDDHARTHA THOMASROBERT CRESSWELL

ISABEL RAADSARJU PATEL

CONTENTS

1.0 Introduct ion

2.0 L i terature Reviews

3.0 Env ironmenta l Qual i t ies

4 .0 Case Studies

5.0 Des ign Pr inc ip les

6 .0 Data and Space Requirements

7.0 S i te Context

8.0 Conceptua l Model

9 .0 Appl icat ion to S i te

10.0 The F ina l Model

11.0 Ref lect ive Summary

12.0 B ib l iography

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1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overv iew

1.2 Methodology

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overv iew

Today the world is home to approximate ly 7 .5 b i l l ion people . I t i s est imated that by 2050 70% of the world populat ion wi l l l ive in urban areas (Bresc ia and Marsha l l , 2016) . This wi l l put stra in on in frastructure , ser v ices , consumables and space . In order to combat th is many redevelopment schemes wi l l have to f ind innovat ive ways of accommodat ing the growing number of people seeking res idence in urban areas .

Many prominent f igures with in Architecture and Urban Design have commented on the r ise of h igh dens i ty developments and pra ised the process of combing increased leve ls of res ident ia l with other essent ia l and le isure fac i l i t ies . This process i s a id ing in accommodat ing the increase in populat ion and migrat ion of the publ ic back to urban based l iv ing .

“ I t i s impor tant to remember that the answer is not found in s imple , f ixed pr inc ip les about greater development dens i ty and gett ing more people in the bui ld ings , but in working carefu l ly on many fronts with c i ty l i fe as a process…” (Gehl , 2010) .

Issues 1 fac i l i tates the p lat form to invest igate h igh dens i ty schemes and a l lows a cr i t ica l understanding of the many cha l lenges and problems to be establ i shed. The br ie f g ives one the oppor tunity to re late to contemporar y phys ica l and socia l i ssues that have no obvious resolve . Through interrogat ions and appl icat ions of case studies , a l ternat ive methods and means to achieve a des ired object ive can be formed in the response to the quest ion. . .

“How do we sa feguard and del iver h igh leve ls of env ironmenta l qua l i ty in the context of increas ing intens i f icat ion of land use?”

At present the pol i t ica l /re l ig ious conf l ict in Syr ia has led to the r ise in the Syr ian populat ion seeking refuge in fore ign countr ies . This i s ever present in the neighbouring countr y of Lebanon where f igures suggest the current number of Syr ian refugees in the countr y to be around 1 .5 mi l l ion (1 mi l l ion of which are reg istered) (UNHCR), 2016) . The Capita l of Lebanon, Beirut has seen 280,170 reg istered refugees take shelter with in the c i ty and is putt ing stress on in frastructure , resources and land (UNHCR), 2016) . Contemporar y pol i t ica l uncer ta inty i s growing . Today many countr ies are witness ing the breakdown of wel l -estab l i shed internat iona l re lat ions . This i s

present when looking at the pol i t ica l d iv ide with in Europe and the USA with heightened nat iona l secur i ty and the r ise of r ight wing pol i t ics . The sh i f t in pol i t ica l agendas has seen the breakdown of suppor t g iven to war torn countr ies through caps on numbers of refugees and even fu l l bans .

Group 1 a im to provide a solut ion to the mass in f lux of refugees into Beirut by provid ing a compact Urban Design scheme which wi l l accommodate , rehabi l i tate and fac i l i tate the ser v ices needed for the people to not just sur v ive the conf l ict but to establ i sh a new v ibrant , prosperous and d iverse community.

The object ive is about establ i sh ing a hybr id model that accommodates best pract ices from both the Western and the Arab world . This exerc ise wi l l he lp us in test ing how “universa l” are urban des ign qua l i t ies ; are they context spec i f ic or do they transcend phys ica l and even cultura l boundar ies .

“The task is to promote the c i ty l i fe l i fe of c i ty people , housed, let us hope , in concentrat ions both dense enough and d iverse enough to of fer them a decent chance at developing c i ty l i fe” ( Jacobs , 1961) .

f igure .01 View of dense area in Bourj Hammoud, Beirut , Lebanon. (RAAD)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.2 Methodology

The methodology fo l lowed to del iver the key environmenta l qua l i t ies in dense urban areas i s as fo l low.

The br ie f was f i rst expanded to answer an impor tant urban issue of the 21st centur y : how to house an increas ing number of refugees in c i t ies through h ig dens i ty development .

The environmenta l qua l i t ies were chosen in regard to the speci f ic i ty of the case of Syr ian refugees in Lebanon. Once these qua l i t ies were def ined, l i terature rev iew helped in provid ing a theoret ica l framework to better assess them. For each environmenta l qua l i ty, main concepts were running through the d i f ferent texts of l i terature; the concepts with most occurence where then used to assess the chosen case studies and measure how success fu l they were in implement ing the environmenta l qua l i t ies .

The case studies were chosen for the preva lence of our environmenta l qua l i t ies and had to success fu ly answer at least one of the speci f ied qua l i t ies .

From the ana lys is of both the l i terature rev iew and the case studies der ived des ign pr inc ip les that were later appl ied to the conceptua l model . The conceptua l model was a lso in formed by the ana lys is of Arab c i ty des ign seen necessar y working in the context of the Middle East .

The conceptua l model was then appl ied to s i te a f ter hav ing understood i ts context and the p lanning requirements . The f ina l masterplan implemented the speci f ied des ign qua l i t ies and was ref lect upon.

The f ina l outcome is a research in fromed des ign .

f igure .02 Methodology char t

2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITIES

2.1 Issue of Syr ian Refugees in Lebanon2.2 Environmenta l Qual i t ies

Syr ian S i tuat ion in Lebanon

The 21st centur y saw the emergence of conf l icts in the Middle East , which marked the r ise of refugees ’ migrat ion a l l over the world . One of the most d isrupt ive of these conf l icts i s the Syr ian Cris is that forced around 4 .8 mi l l ion Syr ians to seek refuge in neighboring countr ies . Lebanon was h i t hard by the Syr ian Cris is host ing more than 1 mi l l ion reg istered Syr ian refugees who crossed the borders seeking sa fety and shelter. Lebanon is a lready host to other refugee communit ies (500,000 Pa lest in ian refugees and 6 ,000 Iraq i re fugees) ; Lebanon, with a nat iona l populat ion of 4 .4 mi l l ion, has today the largest concentrat ion of refugees per capita worldwide , with one person out of f ive being a refugee .

Lebanon is a h igh ly urbanized countr y with 87.8% of the populat ion l iv ing in c i t ies according to the World Bank. The pressure on the countr y ’s weak in frastructure and economy was aggravated by the in f lux of refugees . Only 1 in 10 Syr ian refugees l ive in camps because of the Lebanese government ’s recent “no camp” pol icy. Syr ian refugees are scattered across the countr y and are strugg l ing to sett le in unfami l iar urban communit ies where they l ive in col lect ive shelters , o ld or abandoned apar tments , garages , unf in ished construct ions and warehouses . The typica l image of a refugee camp with tents set up in rura l s i tes i s thus d istant from Lebanon’s context . The major i ty of re fugees res ide in c i t ies where they generate new forms of product ion and mobi l i ty.

S ince the outbreak of the Syr ian cr is is in 2011, many of the Syr ian refugees sett led in Beirut in the search of better oppor tunit ies . The c i ty i s a lready dense and suf focat ing to a l low for new developments to host the Syr ian refugees who f ind themselves occupying exist ing Pa lest in ian camps. These camps are a lready overcrowded with low l iv ing condit ions and are not ab le to absorb the f lux of Syr ian refugees . However, the latter cannot a f ford other p laces with in the c i ty knowing that they are only a l lowed to work in agr icu l ture and c leaning . They a lso occupy smal l in formal bus inesses (garbage col lect ion, food se l l ing , ha irdresser…) to make some money.

The compet i t ion for land, jobs and resources has created tens ion between the Lebanese communit ies and the refugees ’ communit ies . Co-existence becomes a necess i ty knowing that these refugees might never go back to their home countr ies and i f they do what happens to their sett lements .

2 .0 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITIES

2.1 Issue of Syr ian Refugees in Lebanon

Figure .04 Condit ion of Pa lest in ian Camps in Lebanon where Syr ians are sett l ing in the c i ty

F igure .05 (Below) Syr ian Fami ly Occupying War Torn Bui ld ings

Findings Design Impl icat ions

Syr ian refugees stressed that the lack of a “proper” shelter was hold ing them back from looking for jobs .

Provide suf f ic ient hous ing to suppor t syr ian demand and del iver better l iv ing condit ions and environmenta l qua l i t ies .

48% of the chi ldren between the ages of 6 and 14 years o ld are out of school and 84% of the chi ldren between the age of 15 and 17 years o ld are out school . The reasons for such h igh numbers are the cost of educat ion, ch i ldren labor, the transpor tat ion cost and the absence of nearby schools .

Provide schools with in walkable d istances from res ident ia l areas and develop an a f fordable publ ic transpor t .

36% of refugee households suf fered from severe food insecur i ty. The coping strateg ies were to cut on expenses of hea l th and educat ion, send chi ldren to work and accept any job even with bad working condit ions .

Develop an urban agr icu l ture scheme to produce loca l food. This wi l l a lso create working oppor tunit ies for Syr ians knowing that pract ic ing agr icu l ture is permitted for Syr ians by the Lebanese Gov.

The main concern of refugees l iv ing in Lebanon are sa fety/secur i ty and job secur i ty. Sa fety concerns were expressed by both the Syr ian refugees and the Lebanese communit ies . Sa fety was found to be l inked to the type of hous ing with lower sa fety among Syr ian refugees l iv ing in camps than apar tments .

Create sa fer env ironments with more act ive edges and pass ive sur vei l lance (eye on the street)

L imited access to ser v ices i s another h igh l ighted point by Syr ian refugees with 28% say ing they never had access to any k ind of ser v ices . Health and Educat ion are the hardest ser v ices to access .

Provide more ser v ices in proximity to res ident ia l areas that can be eas i ly access ib le by foot s ince most of the Syr ians do not own a car.

The re lat ion of Syr ian refugees with the Lebanese people is somet imes inexistent with low levels of soc ia l interact ion. The lack of inter face between both communit ies i s one source of the tens ion between both groups with 30% of Lebanese repor t ing fee l ing fear toward Syr ians and 31% hav ing even hatred fee l ings .

Create more publ ic spaces to promote socia l interact ions between both communit ies . Le isure and recreat iona l fac i l i t ies are a lso good p laces for inter face .Also promote a common ident i ty, the Arab ident i ty, so both community fee l connected and belonging to the p lace .

Many repor ts were produced over the last years by severa l humanitar ian bodies on the s i tuat ion and l iv ing condit ions of Syr ian refugees in Lebanon. The ins ight g iven by these repor ts address i ssues of hous ing , food insecur i ty, employment concerns and economic vulnerabi l i ty. A repor t jo int ly prepared by UNHCR, UNICEF and WFP in 2016 h igh l ighted the fo l lowing points that our group cons idered in format ive for the masterplan des ign (see appendix for char ts) .

Table summariz ing repor ts ’ f ind ings and their impl icat ion on des ign



The environmenta l qua l i t ies chosen a f ter the ana lys is of the Syr ian refugees s i tuat ion in Lebanon are the fo l lwing :

• Cl imate : creat ing c l imate respons ive des ign to ensure hunan comfor t without the need of excess ive cost ly technolog ies .

• Permeabi l i ty /Access ib i l i ty : provid ing accesss to ser v ices with in walk ing d istances is cruc ia l as refugees do not usua l ly own a car and have thus a l imited mobi l i ty.

• Land use : access ing the same ser v ices with in mixed use development wi l l encourage interact ion between di f ferent soc ia l groups .

• Open Space: in addit ion to the many benef i ts to the provis ion of open spaces with in c i t ies , they can suppor t urban agr icu l ture which wi l l f i ght aga inst food insecur i ty faced by many refugees

• Ident i ty / Integrat ion: i ssues of ident i ty and integrat ion are cr i t ica l when dea l ing with refugeesas they need to fee l integrated with in their new communit ies for them to prosper.

• Sa fety : promoting sa fe env ironments i s cruc ia l when dea l ing with refugees as there are usua l ly tens ions between host and refugee communit ies . A sa fe env ironment should be created to encourage hea l thy interact ion between both groups .

• Adaptabi l i ty : proposing an adaptable scheme is cruc ia l when dea l ing with a trans ient populat ion such as refugees . How can the des ign adapt in case of populat ion growth and how can i t funct ion as an integra l par t of the c i ty in case the refugees le f t back to their home countr ies .


2.2 Environmenta l Qual i t ies

Strateg ic urban p lanning wi l l a l low for the c l imate to be control led and exploited to best benef i t the users . B lock wi l l be la id out in a way that provides opt imum solar ga in and solar shading where necessar y. This wi l l he lp to promote a better energy ef f ic ient l i festy le , whi le at the same t ime provid ing a ‘hea l th ier l i festy le ’ .

A wel l connected and ef f ic ient street pattern provides the user with a permeable network of streets and routes . This he lps to reduce travel t imes , promote the use of susta inable modes of transpor t , reduces pol lut ion and helps to encourage a hea l th ier l i festy le .

By provid ing a var ied and interest ing land use mix , a v ibrant and prof i tab le urban fabr ic i s formed. A mixed land-use is a lso benef ic ia l to creat ing l ive ly communit ies and neighbourhoods where d ivers i ty can be ce lebrated and expressed openly.

Adequate open space a l locat ion is par t icu lar ly impor tant in dense urban areas . B lue and green networks are cruc ia l to promoting a h igh qua l i ty urban environment ; they help to promote susta inabi l i ty, suppor t b iodivers i ty, contr ibute to a pos i t ive micro-c l imate and have a pos i t ive impact on ‘urban dwel lers ’ menta l and phys ica l hea l th .

A strong sense of p lace and ident i ty provides the user with a h igh leve l of community engagement and a sense of ownership. By creat ing h igh qua l i ty p laces for people to l ive , a strong sense of ident i ty wi l l not only help to reta in a p laces populat ion but wi l l a lso help to promote tour ism and u l t imate ly i ts loca l economy.

Safety i s re lated to the comfor t leve l of people with in their communit ies . Creat ing sa fe env ironments i s cruc ia l when des ig ing for people from di f ferent backgrounds .Sa fe p laces are a lso more success fu l and dynamic as people fee l re laxed to wander the streets and pract ice d i f ferent act iv i t ies .

A f lex ib le and respons ive environment a l lows for the users to eas i ly adapt their p laces to su i t the ir needs for both l iv ing and working environments . Adapt ive p laces are a lso key when looking at refugee and cr is is s i tuat ions that require shelter and other necess i t ies to be quick ly and ef f ic ient ly set up.

CLIMATE PERMEABILITY/ MO-BILITY

LAND USE OPEN SPACE IDENTITY/ INTEGRATION

SAFETY ADAPTABILITY

2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITIES


3.0 L ITERATURE REVIEWS

3.1 Selected Quotes

3.2 Environmenta l Qual i t ies Assessment

Climate“The countr y ’s hot (35oc average) and humid c l imate , with p lenty of ra in fa l l , has a lso contr ibuted to the product ion of a unique cultura l landscape . Par t icu lar ly impor tant for the process of p lace- ident i ty construct ion is a r ich supply of t imber ; which has tradit iona l ly been used in the bui ld ing of houses , mosques , shophouses and other bui ld ing types .”

“Zone where through tra f f ic i s exc luded and the qua l i ty of the loca l env ironment takes precedence . Rout ine ly achieved in new development through carefu l p lanning of road h ierarchy’s .”

Permeabi l i ty /Mobi l i ty

“In terms of how l inkage spaces are used in ever yday l i fe , there is an urgent need to foster the ava i lab i l i ty and appeal of publ ic transpor t ; both to increase choice for those people without guaranteed access to pr ivate cars , and a lso to reduce carbon emiss ions in the cause of co-dwel l ing with nature .”

Land Use

“It i s genera l ly recognised that mixed uses wi l l : Reinforce he v iab i l i ty of centres with over lapping uses , provid ing mult ip le reasons for people to go and stay in the centre , Al low people to make shor t walk ing tr ips between fac i l i t ies rather than re ly ing on longer car-based tr ips , Create v i ta l i ty and character in a p lace , Provide the oppor tunity for indiv idua ls to l ive and work in c lose proximity.”

Open Space

“A second impor tant lesson is ev ident in the use of exist ing cu l tura l landscapes in construct ing a rooted sense of imagined community. This i s ev ident at var ious sca les . At the large sca le , i t i s fe l t through the overa l l morpholog ica l structure; as seen in Mexico City, where d i f ferent morpholog ica l layers produce a double-coded set of meanings , both Aztec and Spanish . This double-coded cultura l landscape was then used by 20th centur y des igners to construct new cultura l landscapes ; most obvious in the des ign of the publ ic open space network, where the expans ion of the exist ing gr id pattern provided a success fu l tool for integrat ing d i f ferent communit ies , enabl ing d i f ferent groups of users to encounter each other.”

Ident i ty & Integrat ion

“I should a lready be obvious , from case studies themselves that des ign from the p lace- ident i ty perspect ive is shot through with no interna l complexit ies and contradict ions : there is no s ing le ‘r ight answer’ , though there may be many inappropr iate ones . The lessons we can learn, therefore , are merely usefu l a ids for making better in formed des ign dec is ions , and for eva luat ing the pros and cons of a l ternat ive des ign ideas .”

“Cultura l Va lue : for example , bui ld ings of spec ia l architectura l or h istor ic interest ( ‘ l i s ted’ or anc ient monuments in the UK). These may be of nat iona l or loca l impor tance . More mundanely exist ing names (of streets , areas , f ie lds , farms) may have loca l resonance and associat ions .”

“Environmenta l images are the result of a two-way process between the obser ver and h is env ironment . The environment suggests d ist inct ions and re lat ions , and the obser ver-with great adaptabi l i ty and in l ight of h is own purposes-se lects , organizes , and endows with meaning what he sees .”

Safety

Adaptabi l i ty “The image should preferably be open-ended, adaptable to change , a l lowing the indiv idua l to cont inue to invest igate and organize rea l i ty : there should be b lank spaces where he can extend the drawing for h imsel f .”

3 .0 L ITERATURE REVIEWS

3.1 Se lected Quotes

Lync

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Climate“Col lect iv izat ion is the best means we have to conser ve natura l resources and s low g lobal warming , so a v i ta l ro le of ecolog ica l urbanism is to encourage people to l ive and help them thr ive in c i t ies . “

“Cl imate change wi l l exacerbate exist ing vu lnerabi l i t ies and inequit ies because the impacts of c l imate change fa l l d ispropor t ionate ly on the poorest and most vu lnerable members of soc iety.”


“In societ ies asp ir ing toward modern forms of democracy, increas ing mobi l i ty – in both geographic and socioeconomic terms – has become as cr i t ica l to human emancipat ion as the more tradit iona l l ibera l touchstones of c iv i l l iber ty and equal representat ion.”

“The des ign of urban streets has often been dominated by solut ions that meet the needs of motor ized tra f f ic and the perspect ive of the h ighway/tra f f ic eng ineer, with l i t t le cons iderat ion of other street act iv i t ies or the contr ibut ions of other profess iona ls such as urban des igners .”

Land Use

“The quintessent ia l human act of intent iona l manipulat ion the des ign of space and p lace is nothing i f not int imate ly connected with other spec ies and the context in which we dwel l .”

“Bui ld ing form is an impor tant factor in generat ing and understanding dens i ty.”

Open Space“In societ ies asp ir ing toward modern forms of democracy, increas ing mobi l i ty – in both geographic and socioeconomic terms – has become as cr i t ica l to human emancipat ion as the more tradit iona l l ibera l touchstones of c iv i l l iber ty and equal representat ion.”


“The urban landscape that we humans share with ecolog ica l systems and p lant and animal habitat forms our ident i ty as indiv idua ls and becomes the image of the c i ty.”

Safety

Adaptabi l i ty “Adapt ive des ign is a term to refer to an integrated, whole-system, learning based approach to the management of human ecolog ica l interact ions with expl ic i t impl icat ions for p lanning inter vent ions and result ing des ign forms.”

“Meet ing the needs of the present without compromis ing the abi l i ty of future generat ions to meet their own needs .”

“Adaptat ions need to be understood as a pol i t ica l process , one that const i tutes and shapes the tra jectory of soc ia l and pol i t ica l reproduct ion.”



Rub

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. an

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.K.

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Climate“What people seek are sun-traps . And the absence of wind and drafts are as cr i t ica l for these as sun. In th is respect , smal l parks , spec ia l ly those enclosed on three s ides , funct ion wel l . Phys ica l ly and psycholog ica l ly, they fee l comfor table .”

“Good weather is one of the most s ign i f icant cr i ter ia for assur ing the ease of people ’s movement in c i t ies . Severa l c l imate factor in f luence the fee l ing of comfor t : a ir temperature , humidity, wind chi l l and solarheat .”


The centra l va lue of urban va lue is that of publ icness , of people from di f ferent groups meet ing each other and of people act ing in concer t , a lbe i t with debate . The most impor tant publ ic p laces must be for pedestr ians , for no publ ic l i fe can take p lace between people and automobi les….publ ic c ircu lat ion systems should be seen as s ign i f icant cu l tura l sett ings where the c i ty ’s f inest products and ar tefacts can be d isp layed, as in the p iazzas of medieva l and rena issance c i t ies .

“ In l ive ly, sa fe , susta inable and hea l thy c i t ies , the prerequis i te for c i ty l i fe i s good walk ing oppor tunit ies . Walk ing is the beg inning . Man was created to walk , and a l l l i fe events large and smal l develop when we walk among other people .”

“We were born to move – not merely to be transpor ted but to use our bodies to propel us across the landscape . Our genet ic forebears have been walk ing for four mi l l ion years .”

Land Use

“There must be an integrat ion of act iv i t ies- l iv ing , working , shopping , as wel l as publ ic , sp ir i tua l ,and recreat iona l act iv i t ies-reasonably near each other. The best urban p laces have a mixture of uses . The mixture respond to the va lue of publ icness and d ivers i ty that encourage loca lcommunity ident i ty. What br ing l i fe to an area is the l i fe of people going about a fu l l range of normal act iv i t ies without hav ing to get into an automobi le .”

‘With ever y urban d istr ict there should be a wide range of uses . Divers i ty of use helps achieve the bas ic goa l of increas ing loca l autonomy. Mixed used loca l and d istr ict centers rather than separate zones .”

“ I t i s not at a l l cer ta in that a rush back to urban dens i ty wi l l produce better l ives than d id suburban d ispersa l .”

Open Space“In an urban environment , bui ld ings (and other objects that people p lace in the environment) should be arranged in such a way as to def ine and even enclose publ ic space , rather than s i t in space .”

‘The green in frastructure or greenspace system is the essent ia l backc loth to urban l i fe , he lp ing to mainta in the neighbourhood ecosystem in equi l ibr ium. The va lue of greenspace is enhanced i f l inked.’


“People should fee l that some of the environment belong to them, indiv idua l ly and col lect ive ly, some par t for which they care and are ever respons ib le , whether they own i t or not . Urban environment should be an environment that encourages people to express themselves , to become involved.”

“Local d ist inct iveness i s achieved through the people (past /present) and the types and patterns of act iv i t ies .”

“The r ight to the c i ty cannot be conceived of as a s imple v is i t ing r ight or as a return to tradit iona l c i t ies . I t can only be formulated as a trans formed and renewed r ight to urban l i fe .”

Safety

“Feel ing sa fe i s cruc ia l i f we hope to have people embrace c i ty space . In genera l , l i fe and people themselves make the c i ty more inv i t ing and sa fe in terms of both exper ienced and perceived secur i ty.”

Adaptabi l i ty “The good c i ty i s one in which the cont inuity of th is complex ecology is mainta ined whi le progress ive change is permitted. By ecology mean e lements are connected through an immense and intr icate network, which can be understood only as a ser ies of over lapping loca l systems, never r ig id ly instantaneous ly l inked and yet par t of a fabr ic without edges .”

“The c i ty should have a wel l -propor t ioned and inv i t ing c i ty spaces that insp ires a l l types of act iv i t ies – f lex ib le and f leet ing .”

“There is a rash of studies under way des igned to uncover the bad consequences of overcrowding . This i s a l l ver y wel l as far as i t goes but i t only goes in one d irect ion. What about undercrowding?”



Mo

ntgo

mer

y, C

. (20

13)

Hap

py c

ity:

Tra

nsfo

rmin

g o

ur l

ives

thr

oug

h ur

ban

des

ign.

New

Yo

rk, N

Y, U

nite

d S

tate

s:

Farr

ar, S

trau

s an

d G

iro

ux.

Geh

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(201

0) C

itie

s fo

r pe

opl

e. W

ashi

ngto

n, D

C: I

slan

d P

ress

Lari

ce, M

. and

Mac

Do

nald

, E. (

eds.

) (2

012)

The

urb

an d

esig

n re

ader

. 2nd

ed

n. N

ew Y

ork

: Ro

utle

dge

Climate“CPULwi l l be environmenta l ly product ive dea l ing not onlywith loca l food, but a lso with issues such as greenhouse gas (CO2) reduct ion, improving a ir qua l i tyand a ir humidity, noise f i l ter ing and b iodivers i ty”

“A cooler c i ty i s one where l ight sur faces and vegetat ion are combined to create shade , re f lect sunl ight and provide cool ing through evaporat ion. Urban vegetat ion combined with l ight and ref lect ive sur faces , can reduce surface temperatures by 10-20degrees .”

“A c i ty can be def ined as becoming more susta inable i f i t i s reducing i ts resources inputs ( land, energy, water, and mater ia ls ) and waste outputs (a ir, l iqu id and sol id waste) whi le s imultaneous ly improving i ts l ivab i l i ty (hea l th , employment , income , hous ing , le isure act iv i t ies) .”


“CPULs wi l l be des igned pr imar i ly for pedestr ians ,b icyc les , eng ine- less and emergency vehic les , soas to a l low healthy vegetat ion and var ied occupat ion.The result ing near absence of noise , a ir andground pol lut ion, and of the dangers from tra f f ic ,i .e . acc idents , would make CPULs not only mostappropr iate for agr icu l tura l product ion, but a lso aperfect le isure dest inat ion for the loca l populat ion”

“Encourag ing res idents to or cyc le not only reduces carbon emiss ions , i t br ings streets to l i fe , bu i lds sa fer neighbourhoods and improves hea l th of c i ty inhabitants .”

“The future susta inable c i ty i s env is ioned as a mult icentered c i ty k inked by good-qual i ty trans i t on radia l and orbita l l ines , with in the centers , walk ing-or iented character ist ics would be favoured, and such new nodes would be located to provide work, shops and loca l ser v ices with inbicyc l ing d istance or a shot , demand-respons ive loca l trans i t tr ip of a l l preset suburban areas .”

Land Use

“CPULs wi l l be product ive in var ious ways , of fer ingspace for le isure and recreat iona l act iv i t ies , accessroutes , urban green lungs , etc . But most uniquely,they wi l l be product ive by provid ing open space forurban agr icu l ture”

Open Space

“Networks of open space wi l l be essent ia l i f c i t ies are to remain des irab le and environmenta l ly susta inable . Landscape , l ike bui ld ings , wi l l become mult i funct iona l , thereby enabl ing benef ic ia l exchanges between the constructed and natura l env ironments”

“Green space is par t icu lar ly impor tant in dense urban areas . I t should be an essent ia l par t of c i ty and s i te p lanning . Protect ion of open space is a lso impor tant : an spacelost dur ing redevelopment needs to be rea l located e lsewhere on the s i te or in the v ic in i ty.”

“ I ca l l th is re-natura l ized, re-enchanted c i ty, zoopl is . The re integrat ion of people with an imals and nature in zoopl is can provide urban dwel lers with the loca l , s i tuated ever yday knowledge of an imal l i fe required to grasp an imal standpoints or ways of be ing in the world , interact with them according ly in par t icu lar contexts , and mot ivate pol i t ica l act ion necessar y to protect their autonomy as subjects and their l i fe space . Such knowledge would st imulate a reth ink ing of a wide range of urban da i ly l i fe pract ices that impact an imals and nature in i ts d iverse forms.”


“CPUL wi l l a l low high d ivers i ty, as i t wi l l benef i t from di f ference and a new ident i ty to enr ich the occupat ion and appearance of i ts var ious product ive and connect ive landscape e lements by recyc l ing wasted spaces of a c i ty.”

“ Ident i ty i s int imate ly t ied to memory: both our personal memories (where we have come from) and the col lect ive or socia l memories interconnected with the h istor y of our fami l ies ,ne ighbours , and ethnic communit ies . I t i s poss ib le to enhance socia l meaning in publ ic spaceswith projects that are sens i t ive to a l l c i t izens and their d iverse her i tage , and developed with publ ic processes that recognize both the cultura l and the pol i t ica l impor tance of p lace .”

Safety

“The r ight to the c i ty has become increas ing ly impor tant to the consc ience of urban p lanning , which act ive ly negot iates the boundar ies between socia l re lat ions and spat ia l structures on behal f of the state .”

Adaptabi l i ty

“Urban agr icu l ture , the proposed product ive e lementof CPULs, could take on any shape and occupy v ir tua l ly any space in the c i ty. They could happen anywherewith in the urban context , leading to many c i t iesboost ing the mult ip le use of the ir bui ld space andkeeping va luable inner-c i ty space c lear of construct ionat the same t ime .”

“The bas ic d imens ion in urban change is the conf l ict ive debate between socia l c lasses and h istor ica l actors over the meaning of urban, the s ign i f icance of spat ia l forms in the socia l structure , and the content , h ierarchy, and dest iny of c i t ies in re lat ion to the ent ire socia l structure .” In shor t the c i ty changes according to the change of the interests and va lue of i ts actors .”



Cut

hber

t, A

.R.

(ed

.) (

2003

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cit

ies:

Cri

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2nd

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S. (

2015

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boo

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IBA

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2014

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cond

nat

ure

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esig

ning

pro

duc

tive

cit

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Lo

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n, U

nite

d K

ingd

om

: Ro

utle

dge

Climate“For any p lanning d iscuss ions , urban c l imate results have to be trans lated to genera l p lanning a ims in terms of the wel l -be ing of people . to what extent do dense bui ld ing s i tes a f fect the heat i s land and thermal condit ions of open spaces , and what potent ia l does the concept have to improve thermal condit ions and a ir mass exchange—for exam ple a long roads and parks?”

“Levels of sunl ight , shade , temperature , humidity, ra in , snow, wind and noise have an impact upon our exper ience and use of urban environments .”


“I f pedestr ian proximity i s a true measure of empowerment , then i t would seen appropr iate to tr y and achieve as great a var iety of uses and act iv i t ies with in reasonable walk ing d istance of where most people l ive .”

Land Use

“Density needs to work in conjunct ion with other condit ions and approaches such as mixed use , bui ld ing form and des ign , and publ ic space layout .”

“Combining urbanism and nature is an enormous cha l lenge but fundamenta l to true susta inabi l i ty. So, f ine gra ined mixed use is sought in urban expans ion in order for those environments to be l ive ly, sa fe , sensor i ly r ich , choice laden, economica l ly and spat ia l ly e f f ic ient and ecolog ica l ly d iverse; susta inable in as far as the bui l t env ironment per se , can bel ievably be .”

“ In response to the ster i l i ty produced by the funct iona l zoning pol ic ies and pract ices of much post war p lanning and urban development , the mix ing of uses has become a widely accepted urban des ign object ive . Areas may have mixed uses in e i ther or both of two ways : by hav ing a mix of s ing le-use bui ld ings or by hav ing bui ld ings which each conta in a mix of uses (e .g . l iv ing over the shop) . The latter i s genera l ly preferable .”

Open Space“Publ ic space des ign has become patterned around our expectat ions of standard f igures in the environment , i t i s a determinist ic response that takes l i t t le advantage of our increas ing knowledge of ind iv idua l and group needs .”

“Publ ic spaces should a lso be ‘respons ive ’ - that i s , des igned and managed to ser ve the needs of the ir users . They ident i fy f ive pr imary needs that people seek to sat is fy in publ ic space: ‘comfor t ’ ; ‘ re laxat ion’ ; ‘pass ive engagement with the environment ’ ; ‘act ive engagement with the environment ’ ; and ‘d iscovery ’ .”


“The smal l sca le addit ions help to reorganize the publ ic space and reformat i t into a more f ine gra ined h ierarchy suggest ing c learer gradat ion from publ ic , semi-publ ic and semi-pr ivate to pr ivate space .”

“Concepts of ‘p lace ’ often emphas ise the impor tance of a sense of ‘be longing ’ , o f emotional attachment to p lace .”

Safety

“A sense of secur i ty and sa fety i s , therefore , an essent ia l prerequis i te of success fu l urban des ign . Increased secur i ty has , however, often been atta ined by pr ivat izat ion, and retreat from the publ ic rea lm. In urban des ign terms, pr ivat izat ion usua l ly enta i l s the control of cer ta in terr i tor ies or spaces by means of segregat ion (such as phys ica l d istance , wal ls , gates and less v is ib le barr iers to exclude the outs ide world and i ts perceived threats and cha l lenges) and a lso by means of pol ic ing strateg ies and the use of sur vei l lance cameras .”

Adaptabi l i ty



Car

mo

na,

M.,

Oc,

T.,

Hea

th, T

. an

d T

iesd

ell,

S. (

2003

) P

ubli

c pl

aces

- u

rban

spa

ces:

The

dim

ensi

ons

of

urba

n d

esig

n. B

ost

on,

MA

: Arc

hite

ctur

al P

ress

.

McG

lynn

, S.

and

Hay

war

d,

R.

(ed

s.)

(199

3) M

akin

g be

tter

pla

ces:

Urb

an d

esig

n no

w.

Oxf

ord

: B

utte

rwo

rth-

Arc

hite

ctur

e.

Ng,

E.

(e

d.)

(2

010)

D

esig

ning

hi

gh-d

ensi

ty

citi

es:

For

soci

al

and

en

viro

nmen

tal

sust

aina

bili

ty.

Lond

on:

Ea

rths

can

Pub

lica

tio

ns

Shading

Human Comfor t

Use of Vegetat ion

Solar Gain

Natura l Vent i lat ion

Orientat ion

Pedestr ian Fr iendly

Cycl ing

Walk ing Distances

Leg ib i l i ty

Connect iv i ty

Block Structure

Mix of Uses

Var iety of Users

Act ive Spaces

Dens i ty

Interest

Vita l i ty

Publ ic Space

Urban Agr icu l ture

Biodivers i ty

Community Engagement

Wel l -be ing

Linked Network

Legib i l i ty

Belonging

Sense of P lace

Community Engagement

Townscape

Culture

Act ive Edges

Pass ive Sur vei l lance

Mixed Use

Publ ic v Pr ivate

Pedestr ian Fr iendly Streets

Act iv i ty

Robust Spaces

Res i l ience

Growth

Susta inabi l i ty

Divers i ty

Future Proof



3.0 L ITERATURE REVIEWS


CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT

It is one of the most important environmenta l qua l i t ies which are to be cons idered. The c l imate and environment help to determine wel lbe ing and qual i ty of l i fe . Levels of sunl ight , shade , temperature , humidity, ra in , snow, wind and noise have an impact upon our exper ience and use of urban environments . (Carmona et a l . 2003)A c i ty can be def ined as becoming more susta inable i f i t reduces i ts resources inputs ( land, energy, water, and mater ia ls ) and waste outputs (a ir, l iqu id and sol id waste) whi le s imultaneous ly improving i ts leg ib i l i ty (hea l th , employment , income , hous ing , le isure act iv i t ies , access ib i l i ty, publ ic spaces , and community) . (Cuthber t , 2003)

Severa l c l imate factor in f luence the fee l ing of comfor t : a ir temperature , humidity, wind chi l l and solar heat . (Gehl 2010) . I f c i t ies are to inv i te people to walk and b icyc le more as wel l as to develop l ive ly and attract ive c i ty areas , the c l imate between bui ld ings i s one of the most impor tant target areas . (Gehl 2010) . Dense bui ld ing s i tes a f fect the heat i s land and thermal condit ions of spaces .Env ironmenta l impact at the g loba l , urban, micro-urban and bui ld ing sca les . Specia l attent ion is pa id to thermal impacts ( interna l and externa l temperature) and var iab les that a f fect human comfor t . Factors , which determine the thermal e f fects of users : changes in a ir movement ,

PERMEABILITY/MOBILITY

Wel l connected, wel l l inked p lace p lays an essent ia l ro le in creat ing good and permeable urban des ign of a c i ty. Mobi l i ty can be cons idered as a l ink and a p lace and has to be increased in both geographic and socio economic terms. Ever yth ing should be with in reasonable walk ing d istance -var iety of uses and act iv i ty. When ever yth ing is with in walk ing d istance people of d i f ferent community, d i f ferent age group, d i f ferent occupat ion, and d i f ferent cu l ture tend to interact more

“ In terms of how l inkage spaces are used in ever yday l i fe , there is an urgent need to foster the ava i lab i l i ty and appeal of publ ic transpor t ; both to increase choice for those people without guaranteed access to pr ivate cars , and a lso to reduce carbon emiss ions in the cause of co-dwel l ing with nature .” (Watson et a l . 2007)

Encourag ing res idents to cyc le not only reduces carbon emiss ion, i t br ings street to l i fe bui lds sa fer neighbourhoods and improves hea l th of c i ty inhabitants (Pelsmakers , 2015)

OPEN SPACE

Open space can be a green space , p laygrounds publ ic seat ing areas , publ ic p laza . Green space impor tant in dense urban areas .Publ ic spaces and green spaces are patterned around open space

Open space provides recreat iona l areas for res idents and helps to enhance the beauty and environmenta l qua l i ty of ne ighbourhoods. I t forms a p lace for group meet ing of users and re integrat ion of people with nature , d i f ferent communit ies , and d i f ferent cu l ture and meets needs of the ir users .

In an urban environment , bui ld ings (and other objects that people p lace in the environment) should be arranged in such a way as to def ine and even enclose publ ic space , rather than s i t in space . (Lar ice and MacDonald , 2012)

LAND USE

After study and ana lys is of the work of famous urban des igners i t was found that mixed use urban des ign form’s image of a good c i ty des ign and produce l i fe for people stay ing there .The mix and wel l connected neighbourhood in which a l l act iv i t ies such as l iv ing , working , shopping as wel l as sp ir i tua l and recreat iona l act iv i t ies are integrated with each other leads to good urban des ign .

There should be shor t walk ing tr ips between fac i l i t ies rather than re ly ing on longer car based tr ips so l ive and work is in c lose proximity. Divers i ty of users helps achieve the bas ic goa l of increas ing loca l autonomy a lso encourage loca l community ident i ty. Funct iona l and zoning pol icy a lso p lays an impor tant role .

F ine gra ined mixed use is sought in urban expans ion in order for those environments to be l ive ly, sa fe , sensor i ly r ich , choice laden, economica l ly and spat ia l ly e f f ic ient and ecolog ica l ly d iverse; susta inable in as far as the bui l t env ironment per se , can bel ievably be . (McGlynn and Hayward, 1993) .

IDENTITY AND INTEGRATION

It often means a fee l ing of be longing ; loca l d ist inct iveness . i t i s based on an obser ver and h is env ironment which leads to reorganiz ing the publ ic spaces ; re formatt ing i t into more f ine gra ined h ierarchy. Var iety of bui ld ing forms, architectura l des ign and age of bui ld ings , mixed hous ing types , s izes and tenures , and a mix of intens i ty of uses , combined to susta in a wide range of act iv i t ies in c lose proximity to each other, impar t ing to each p lace i ts own unique character, ident i ty and i ts sense of p lace .

Concepts of p lace often emphas ise the impor tance of a sense of be longing of emotional attachment to p lace . (Carmona et a l . , 2003)

Ident i ty i s int imate ly t ied to memory: both our personal memories (where we have come from) and the col lect ive or socia l memories interconnected with the h istor y of our fami l ies , ne ighbours , and ethnic communit ies . I t i s poss ib le to enhance socia l meaning in publ ic spaces with projects that are sens i t ive to a l l c i t izens and their d iverse her i tage , and developed with publ ic processes that recognize both the cultura l and the pol i t ica l impor tance of p lace . (Cuthber t , 2003)

SAFETY

Feel ing sa fe i s cruc ia l in terms of both exper ienced and perceived secur i ty which can be achieved by pr ivat izat ion, segregat ion. Sur vei l lance is necessar y in terms of provid ing sa fety. Socia l re lat ion and spat ia l structure-boundar ies a lso helps to provide sa fety.

The des ign of streets and p laces can help to min imize cr ime and ant i -soc ia l behav iours , making p laces and spaces fee l sa fer, which in turn can bui ld up and strengthen the phys ica l , menta l and socia l wel l -be ing of community members . Natura l sur vei l lance can expand with a presence of pedestr ians , the thought fu l des ign of hous ing , other bui ld ings and publ ic spaces . This he lps improve sa fety and provide a fee l ing of sa fety.

Wel l -des igned and mainta ined p laces can make i t eas ier for community members to meet and socia l ize in publ ic p laces ; i t a lso enhances socia l cap i ta l and increase the probabi l i ty of people fee l ing sa fe and secure .

ADAPTABILITY

Adaptabi l i ty i s concerned with the capac i ty to be adjusted to su i t new s i tuat ions . Urban areas accommodate complex patterns of d ivers i ty, mixture and economic gra in .These areas are f lex ib le , movable , and ref i t ab le Adaptabi l i ty requires redef in ing of t ime through sh i f t ing mind sets and reshaping of va lues .

City changes according to the change of interests and va lue of i ts actors (Cuthber t , 2003) Meet ing needs of present without compromis ing the abi l i ty of future generat ions to meet their own need. (Carmona, 2014)The c i ty should have a wel l -propor t ioned and inv i t ing c i ty spaces that insp ires a l l types of act iv i t ies – f lex ib le and f leet ing (Lynch, 1960)



4.0 CASE STUDIES

4.1 Introduct ion

4.2 Khan Younis

4 .3 Le Medi

4 .4 Madla-Revheim Masterplan

4.5 Toa Payoh

4.6 Masdar Development

4.7 Hong Kong IFC

4.8 Case Study Rat ing

SINGAPORE

GAZA

HONG KONG

STAVANGER

STAVANGER

ROTTERDAM

ABU DHABI

4.0 CASE STUDIES

4.1 Introduct ion

Figure .06 World map shows case study locat ion

CASE STUDY

INDICATOR

RATING

Criter ia Assessment

Cl imate

Local Cl imate Respons ive

Human Comfor t

• Which morpholog ica l layers respond to loca l c l imate?• Implement energy ef f ic iency strateg ies?

• Ensure the des ign of agreeable spaces to be in?


Street Structure

Modes of Commute

• Are the streets wel l connected and permeable?

• Does the des ign favour pedestr ian over vehicu lar?• Integrate publ ic transpor t systems?

Land Use

Mix Use Blocks

Vita l i ty

• What uses are mixed with in the development?

• Is the area act ive dur ing day and n ight t ime?

Open Space

Open Space vs . Bui l t Form

Green Open Space Typolog ies

• What is the percentage of green open spaces to bui l t form?

• L inked and d iverse types of green open spaces?


Local vs . Global Ident i ty

Leg ib i l i ty

• How much does the des ign respond to loca l cu l ture?

• Use of d ist inct ive urban form and architecture?

Safety

Publ ic vs . Pr ivate

Survei l lance

• Is there a c lear d ist inct ion between pr ivate and publ ic spaces?

• Are a l l publ ic spaces over looked and fronted by act ive edges?

Adaptabi l i ty

Robust Spaces

Future Out look

• Allow for temporary programs and spontaneous activities to take place? • Implement flexible layouts and typology of spaces?

• Account for future city growth and change?

1

2

3

4.0 CASE STUDIES

4.1 Introduct ion

4.2 KHAN YOUNIS CAMP

4.2 .1 Introduct ion/Overv iew

“The refugee camps in Pa lest ine are l iv ing monuments of non-fu l f i l led human r ights .” (UNRWA, 2007)

The r ise of refugees in Gaza is the result of two wars in the area , the Arab Israe l War in 1948 and The S ix Day War in 1967. S ince the mass in f lux of Pa lest in ian refugees to Gaza the r ise in populat ion has created one of the h ighest dens i t ies in the world . Today the number of reg istered refugees in Gaza has h i t 969,588 which accounts for 60% of the populat ion and g ives a dens i ty of 3 ,945 inhabitants per km2 (UNRWA, 2007) .

To provide hous ing for the refugees , in i t ia l tented accommodat ion was establ i shed. Over t ime th is lead to more permanent structures made from br ick and concrete to be formed, a l though permanent in their appearance the structures are st i l l c lass i f ied as i l lega l sett lements . Throughout the developing camps many se l f -suf f ic ient industr ies have begun to f lour ish , th is coupled with the UNRWAs investment in educat ion and hea l th fac i l i t ies has seen the community grow and expand.

From 1987 to 2005 Gaza saw two int i fadas (popular upr is ings) which saw the Israe l i Defence Leagues systemat ic demol ish par ts of the camps. This lead to internat iona l a id e f for t from the UNRWA to propose a new framework for des ign to fac i l i tate hous ing the people le f t homeless by the conf l ict .

This case study h igh l ights and ana lyses how the project a ims to rehouse refugees that have been le f t homeless and star t a process of creat ing permanent res idents for the remain ing refugees in the i l lega l sett lement . The project a ims to provide c lean water, e lectr ic i ty, hea l th care and educat ion fac i l i t ies to i ts res idents whi le a lso a l lowing for the

13/02/2017 Khan Yunis - Google Maps

https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Khan+Yunis/@31.349976,34.299684,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1s-DsstwsiFX4Y%2FVumeWJh7JBI%2FAAAAAA... 1/1

Image capture: Mar 2016 Images may be subject to copyright.

محمود أبو غرقود

Photo - Mar 2016

Khan Yunis

Khan Younis

Refugee Camp

Rehousing Scheme

Architect : United Nat ions Rel ie f and

Work Agency

Cl ient : Pa lest in ian Authority

Locat ion: Khan Younis , Gaza

Date: 2005 - Present

S ize : 43ha - F igure to r ise

Dens i ty : 700pph

Figure .08 Cement b lock houses replace tented refugee camp.

F igure .09 APalest in ian searches through rubble of h is destroyed home hit by Israe l i s tr ikes in Gaza Str ip, on August 5 ,2014

Figure .10 khan Younis new camp

F igure .07 Map shows locat ion of Refugee camp in Gaza

Criter ia Assessment Comments Score

Cl imate


Human Comfor t



• Bui ld ing typolog ies a l low the choice of spaces for a fami ly to res ide in .

• Bui ld ing typolog ies provide ample open space to a l low cool ing , th is i s common in middle eastern countr ies .


Street Structure

Modes of Commute



• Wel l connected street patterns that a l low easy trans i t ion between the neighbourhoods.

• Al l s treets provide access for personal vehic les , l imited number of of f ic ia l publ ic transpor t systems as i s typ ica l in Pa lest ine .

Land Use

Mix Use Blocks

Vita l i ty



• Abi l i ty to a l low the expans ion of loca l bus inesses to mimic the ones with in the exist ing camps.

• Poor d iurna l cyc le

Open Space





• Neighbourhoods have communal green space .

• Considered “community spaces” that are for the res idents that surround i t .



Leg ib i l i ty



• Separate fami ly bui ld ing typolog ies a l lows a cont inuat ion of the tradit ion of the refugees .

•Low cost vers ion of tradit iona l architecture

Safety


Survei l lance



•Clear def in i t ion between publ ic and pr ivate spaces

• Community space are surrounded by res ident ia l un i ts

Adaptabi l i ty

Robust Spaces

Future Out look



•Bui l t to provide permanent res idence for refugees but with the abi l i ty to fac i l i tate the change of the occupants over t ime .

•Phas ing of the scheme a l lows future growth

4 .2 KHAN YOUNIS CAMP

4.2 .2 Environmenta l Qual i t ies

4.2 KHAN YOUNIS CAMP

4.2 .3 Analys is

F igure 11. Land Use Figure 12.Green Networks Figure 13. Growth

Figure 14. Routes

4.3 LE MEDI


INSERT QUOTE HERE

Le Medi i s a wal led b lock located to the West of Rotterdam’s c i ty centre . The scheme takes des ign in f luence from cultures and urban des ign frameworks far from i ts actua l locat ion. The scheme is the work of Dutch architects Geurst + Schulze who have drawn from their trave ls in North Afr ica to create a res ident ia l b lock that takes i ts composit ion from Afr ican roots but has a modern Dutch twist . The scheme accommodates 93 dwel l ings that share cour tyards and roof terraces .

The wal led per imeter of the b lock is open to the publ ic throughout the day, but becomes pr ivate to i ts res idents at n ight . The scheme is set up in a systemat ic approach that d irect ly re lates to how Afr ican communit ies l ive . As the user walks deeper into the architecture , the rooms and spaces become more pr ivate and sec luded. A ser ies of smal ler streets lead to a centra l square that i s l ined by two rows of trees and a tranqui l founta in . Direct ly of f th is square are smal ler cour tyards that provide more pr ivate spaces for res idents to gather for more int imate da i ly r i tua ls such as pray ing and eat ing .

The br ight ly coloured facades provide a pos i t ive sensory exper ience to the user, whi le at the same t ime enabl ing for a var ied and interest ing streetscape . The narrow street widths that are typ ica l of Afr ican architecture to provide solar shading , have a lso proven to be a success in the cooler c l imate of Hol land as they have helped to create a l ive ly ne ighbourhood sett ing for res idents to engage with one another.

Architect : Geurst & Schulze

Cl ient : Comwonen Rotterdam; Woonbron;

ERA Contour

Locat ion: Rotterdam, The Nether lands

Date: 2008

Size : 1 .2 ha

Dens i ty : 230pph (approx.)

Figure .16 Street character Le Medi F igure .17 Le Medi project F igure .18 Architecture language of Le Medi

F igure .15 Master p lan Le Medi

4.3 LE MEDI

4.3 .2 Environmenta l Qual i t ies


Cl imate


Human Comfor t



• The scheme is or ientated with long East-West fac ing b locks to ensure opt imum solar ga in• The use of a wal led b lock helps with solar shading in the Summer months• Spaces of var y ing leve ls of ‘pr ivacy ’ enables control of comfor t


Street Structure

Modes of Commute


• Does the des ign favour pedestr ian over vehicu lar?

• Integrate publ ic transpor t systems?

• Streets are wel l connected to exist ing urban b locks

• Block is only open to res ident ia l access at ground leve l

• ‘Undercroft ’ park ing is ava i lab le for res idents to park their cars

Land Use

Mix Use Blocks

Vita l i ty



• This i s a purely res ident ia l scheme with 93 dwel l ings in tota l .

• Yes , dur ing the day the gates to the wal led b lock are open. However at n ight they ’re locked to provide pr ivacy

Open Space





• 80% Urban Form + 20% Open Space

• Open spaces var y from publ ic rea lm spaces , pr ivate gardens and roof terraces



Leg ib i l i ty



• The scheme is rooted in Afr ican architectura l des ign , but has a modern dutch twist to help connect i ts form with Hol land.

• Unique architecture for i ts locat ion

Safety


Survei l lance



• The publ ic square in the centre of the development is open to the publ ic , which connects to more pr ivate spaces• Yes the publ ic square is over looked by the front of res ident ia l b locks

Adaptabi l i ty

Robust Spaces

Future Out look



• The narrow interna l streets encourage interact ion between res idents • F lex ib le spaces provid ing var y ing degrees of pr ivacy and uses

• This i s a one of f development so may not accommodate future growth, but can be used as a precedent

4.3 LE MEDI

4.3 .3 Analys is

F igure 19. Cl imate Figure 20. Green Networks Figure 21. Publ ic v Pr ivate

F igure 22. Routes

4.4 MADLA-REVHEIM MASTERPLAN

4.4.1 Introduct ion/Overv iew

INSERT QUOTE HERE

Back in 2013 MVRDV + Space Group were asked to submit a masterplan proposa l for the Norwegian town of Madla-Revheim, a smal l development area outs ide of Stavanger. The a im of the br ie f was to create a scheme that was se l f -suf f ic ient and possessed h igh environmenta l qua l i t ies , whi le at the same t ime being capable of provid ing over 4000 homes.

The demand for new homes was as a result of the growth and success of the of fshore oi l industr y in the reg ion. This meant that ‘urban dens i f icat ion’ was necessar y in area that prev ious ly had l i t t le development , but due to i ts proximity to Stavanger soon become a pr ime development s i te .

The development s i te i s spread across 400 hectares , with two c lear zones def in ing the concept behind the Masterplan . The ‘Urban Zone’ accommodates the 4000+ new dwel l ings in a str ip around the per imeter of the s i te , whi le a ‘Green Zone’ i s located in the hear t of the development . The ‘Green Zone’ known as Madla ’s Green accommodates large open green space , spor ts fac i l i t ies , agr icu l tura l programmes and other community engag ing act iv i t ies .

By def in ing two c lear zones , the architect has created a unique scheme that focuses around a ‘green hear t ’ that i s eas i ly access ib le for a l l res idents who l ive a long the development str ip around the per imeter of the s i te . This provides an inc lus ive and engag ing atmosphere for a l l o f i ts users , whi le at the same t ime encourag ing a se l f -suf f ic ient approach to a hea l thy l i festy le .

Architect : MVRDV / Space Group

Cl ient : Stavanger Kommune

Locat ion: Stavanger, Norway

Date: 2013

Size : 400ha

Density : 880pph

Figure .23 Master p lan of Madla

F igure .24 Green open area in Madle F igure .24 Street v iew F igure .24 Urban agr icu l ture


4.4.2 Environmenta l Qual i t ies


Cl imate


Human Comfor t



• Dens i f icat ion of bui ld ing b locks to nor th of scheme , a l lows for opt imum solar ga in to the south• Large ‘Green Zone’ he lps to create b iodivers i ty and reduces CO2 emmis ions• Focus on green open spaces create a v ibrant and hea l thy l i festy le


Street Structure

Modes of Commute



• Streets are wel l connected, with a c lear h ierarchy of pr imary + secondary routes• Des ign favours pedestr ian movement• The proposa l does not spec i fy the leve l of publ ic transpor t in p lace

Land Use

Mix Use Blocks

Vita l i ty



• Prodominant ly res identua l b locks , with educat iona l b locks in the ‘green zone’ .• Yes the proposa l ment ions var y ing leve l of community engagement throughout the day.

Open Space





• 50% Urban Form + 50% Open Space• Open spaces var y from publ ic rea lm, spor ts p i tches , a l lotments , wi ld l i fe wet lands and SUDS



Leg ib i l i ty



• The development a l lows for a unique character that combines the proposed urban qual i t ies with the exist ing rura l qua l i t ies .• Unique urban + green zones concept

Safety


Survei l lance



• I t i s unc lear from the proposa l how publ ic and pr ivate spaces are def ined.• Al l publ ic spaces are over looked by bui l t form

Adaptabi l i ty

Robust Spaces

Future Out look



• Community engag ing urban agr icu l ture programmes are set up• Var y ing typolog ies of open space provide f lex ib le poss ib i l i t ies for var y ing leve ls of engagement .• The surrounding context i s ver y green and undeveloped.


4.4.3 Analys is

F igure .25 Blue and Green Networks Figure .26 Growth Figure .27 Publ ic v Pr ivate

F igure .28 Routes F igure .29 Uses

4.5 TOA PAYOH


“A high ly dense c i ty usua l ly does not have much choice but to make ef f ic ient use of ever y square inch of i ts scarce land. Yet c i ty p lanners need to do th is in a way that does not make the c i ty fee l cramped and un- l iveable” (Lessons from Singapore , 2013) .

S ingapore , with a populat ion of over 5 mi l l ion people in 710 square k i lometres of land str ives to achieve th is . The c i ty has gone to great lengths to manage the demand and supply of land for present and future needs . A combinat ion of long-term planning , respons ive land pol ic ies , development control , and good des ign has enabled the c i ty to have dense developments that are both funct iona l and aesthet ica l ly p leas ing and at the same t ime are not overcrowded. S ingapore star ted out as an immigrant c i ty and is now home to var ious ethnic i t ies . Even though i t i s a g loba l c i ty there is st i l l a c lear sense of cu l tura l ident i ty in the form of Chinese culture that can be seen in h istor ic bui ld ings and hawker sta l l s preser ved across the c i ty.

The case study dea ls with Toa Payoh, an establ i shed town with attract ive hous ing and v ibrant commercia l nodes that have access to a d iverse range of amenit ies . Toa Payoh town’s urban form fo l lows a “checkerboard p lan” in connect ing the d i f ferent res ident ia l areas with educat iona l fac i l i t ies , publ ic spaces , c iv ic centres , commercia l areas and transpor tat ion hubs . “This var iety in bui ld ing mass , he ight , typolog ies and open space d istr ibut ion breaks the monotonous and dense urban form.” (Lessons from Singapore , 2013)

The Toa Payoh Town Park is at the south end of the town, provides a centra l green publ ic open

Architect : Housing and Development

Board

Cl ient : Government of S ingapore

Locat ion: Toa Payoh, S ingapore

Date: 1964

Size : 140ha

Density : 833 pph

space a longs ide the commercia l hub and res ident ia l estates . S ingapore in genera l i s ver y hot and humid and th is creates a b io log ica l d iverse space that he lps in cool ing the sur face temperature around i t whi le at the same t ime making the c i ty v isua l ly appeal ing .

The concept of defens ib le space is employed in the res ident ia l areas to a l low for the community to be act ive ly involved in keeping the neighbourhood sa fe .

F igure .30Master p lan of Toa payoh

Figure .31 Open spcaes F igure .32 landscap of Toa payoh

4.5 TOA PAYOH



Cl imate


Human Comfor t



• Cl imate of S ingapore is hot and humid and therefore implementat ion of subterranean leve ls i s common throughout the c i ty. • Use of water in publ ic scu lptures is common. • Cooler sur face temperatures and reduced heat- is land ef fect .


Street Structure

Modes of Commute



• A fu l ly integrated network of pedestr ian l inks and commercia l ent i t ies at trans i t centres help people move about more comfor tably, encourage socia l interact ion, as wel l as promote the use of publ ic transpor t .• Publ ic Transpor t i s favoured due to the c l imate and is wel l integrated.

Land Use

Mix Use Blocks

Vita l i ty



• Through S ingapore’s checkerboardplanning , low-r ise b locks andspaces are juxtaposed with h igh-r ise res ident ia l b locks in a checkerboard pattern to g ive the i l lus ion of space and make the h igh-r ise env ironment less harsh. • Act ive most ly dur ing the day.

Open Space





• 46.5% Green cover, 53.5% Bui l t Form.

• Bio log ica l ly Diverse Spaces . Make nature par t of ever yday l i fe through the introduct ion of “per vas ive greenery” .



Leg ib i l i ty



• Care has be taken to mainta in h istor ic par ts of the developent and implement ch inese culture and at the same t ime intergrat ing fore ign cultures .

Safety


Survei l lance



• Not ver y c lear d ist inct ion of what belongs to the publ ic and what i s pr ivate proper ty.

• Carefu l ly thought out des ign of space can help people l iv ing in h igh-dens i ty communit ies be less vu lnerable to cr ime .

Adaptabi l i ty

Robust Spaces

Future Out look



• The c i ty promotes outdoor/ temporar y act iv i t ies to take p lace in parks and publ ic spaces . Spaces are adaptable .

• Urban P lanners take into account the future growth of the c i ty, manag ing the supply and demand of land.

4.5 TOA PAYOH

4.5.3 Analys is

F igure 33. Land Use Figure 34. Green Networks Figure 35. Sa fety

F igure 36. Routes F igure 37. Ident i ty

4.6 MASDAR DEVELOPMENT


“We studied the way animals adapt to and exploit the ir env ironment . Just as penguins huddle together for warmth in the Arct ic , so camels huddles to create shade in the deser t . In Masdar City, ta l l bu i ld ings wi l l crowd together to provide shade in narrow walkways , openings into cour tyards with founta ins .” (Foster, 2011) .

Masdar City i s located 27 k i lometers south-east to the c i ty of Aby Dhabi , one of the most impor tant emirates in the United Arab Emirates . In response to recent press ing c l imat ic concerns , susta inable urbanism is no longer a choice but a necess i ty. Gul f countr ies are large ly dependent on foss i l fue ls for energy supply. However, they have a favorable geographic condit ions to use renewable solar energy. The Gul f reg ion has now star ted the process of ‘ ‘ trans i t ion from a 20th Century, carbon-based economy into a 21st Centur y susta inable economy” (Masdar City, 2010) .

Masdar c i ty was conceived as a se l f -suf f ic ient c i ty us ing c l imate respons ive des ign strateg ies , renewable energy sources and modern technolog ies . I t a lso incorporates e lements of tradit iona l Arab c i ty des ign that have been re interpreted in a modern way such as the wind tower. The v is ion was “To make Abu Dhabi the preeminent source of renewable energy knowledge , development , implementat ion and the world ’s benchmark for susta inable development” (LAU, n .d . ) . The result was a c i ty that should reduce carbon emiss ion by 50% when compared to other c i t ies in Abu Dhabi .

The project a im to accommodate 40,000 res idents

Architect : Fosters and Par tners

Cl ient : Masdar-Abu Dhabi Future Energy

Company

Locat ion: Abu Dhabi , UAE

Date: 2007 (appointment)

S ize : 700 hectares

Density : 200 pph

and 50,000 commuters . The des ign is pedestr ian fr iendly with large green areas running through the s i te ; the c i ty actua l ly operates without foss i l -fue l led cars and is dependent on a strong publ ic transpor t system with l inks each 200m.

Figure .38 Master p lan of Masdar c i ty

F igure .39 Shaded open spaces and narrow streets F igure .40 Green f ingers in master p lan perspect ive




Cl imate


Human Comfor t



• The street layout fo l lows a southeast- nor thwest ax is to fac i l i tate the f low of wind and ara narrow to provide shading at street leve l . Bui ld ings use GRC to prevent soa lr ga in .• Photovolta ic panels provide most of the e lectr iv i ty generated with in the c i ty a long with geothermal energy.• The des ign ensure the creat ion of an attract ive environment sheltered from c l iamte .


Street Structure

Modes of Commute



• The street network is ver y permeable with an intersect ion a lmost ever y 100m.

• The c i ty i s des igned as a car free space .• The c i ty i s eas i ly reached by an underground publ ic transpor t system (e lectr ic buses , PRT, ra i l , metro,)

Land Use

Mix Use Blocks

Vita l i ty



• The project has a mix landuse with 62% res ident ia l , 10% commercia l , 10% community fac i l i t ies , 7% of f ices and 4% l ight industr y, 7% researcch. • The uses are segregated across the s i te and mixed not ver t ica l ly. However, a large propot ion is res ident ia l .

Open Space





• 50% open spaces to 50% bui l t form.

• Three green f ingers run through the c i ty to channel preva i l ing wind. They are connected to smal ler squares . Other typolog ies could have been invest igated.



Leg ib i l i ty



• I t i s insp ired by tradit iona l arab c i ty p lanning in terms of compactness and mix of uses . I t a lso respond to cultura l norms of pr ivacy with the res ident ia l bu i ld ings hav ing wavy facades to prevent d irect v iew into the l iv ing space .• The open spaces are des igned to the image of tradit iona l arab cour tyards . Some key landmarks a lso exist (ex.wind tower) .

Safety


Survei l lance



• Their i s a cont inous transt ion from publ ic to interna l pr ivate spaces with in coutyards ,

• Publ ic Spaces are over looked and fronted by commercia l edges even in res ident ia l areas .

Adaptabi l i ty

Robust Spaces

Future Out look




4.6.3 Analys is

F igure .41 Cl imate Figure .42 Green Networks Figure .43 Landmarks

Figure .44 Land Use Figure .45 Routes

4.7 IFC , HONG KONG


“The result i s a combinat ion of top-down planning and bottom up solut ions and market needs , a unique col laborat ion between pragmat ic th ink ing and comprehens ive masterplanning , p layed out in three-dimens ional space” (Solomon 2012)

Hong Kong has a strateg ic locat ion on the trade route between the East and the West which has large ly contr ibuted to i ts rap id economic and populat ion growth. Hong Kong quick ly attracted many immigrants from in land china hoping for better oppor tunit ies . 80% of Hong Kong area is composed of mounta ins and wet lands whi le only 20% is le f t of construct ion to host around 7 ,184,000 inhabitants . Therefore , in order to meet the increas ing hous ing demand and to develop i ts economic prosper i ty despite the scarc i ty of land, the idea of “mult i -stor ies bui ld ing” was introduced to Hong Kong.

The c i ty i s character ized by a three-dimens ional pedestr ian network composed of severa l ramps, esca lators , walkways , suspended passageways “ l ink ing d iverse populat ion and act iv i t ies through trans i t” (E l -Khoury & Robbins , 2013; p.111) . I t i s poss ib le to walk a l l day without ever stepping a foot on the actua l ground. This phenomenon began in the 1960’s when a main developer of the reg ion (Hong kong Land Company) bui l t an e levated br idge connect ing the second f loor of a hote l to a nearby mal l which led to increased rent va lues s ince severa l leve ls acted as “new ground leve ls” . Soon, the government saw the e levated walkway as a good strategy to separat ing pedestr ian f low from vehicu lar tra f f ic . (Frampton et . a l , 2012) .

“The result i s a combinat ion of top-down planning and bottom up solut ions and market needs , a

Architect : n/a

Cl ient : n/a

Locat ion: Hong Kong

Date: Ongoing

S ize : 700 Ha

Density : 680 pph

unique col laborat ion between pragmat ic th ink ing and comprehens ive masterplanning , p layed out in three-dimens ional space” as h igh l ighted by Solomon (2012) . Hong Kong became a “c i ty with no grounds” which rendered i t more excit ing with the in formal and unpredictable appropr iat ion of the network by the inhabitants .

F igure .46(A) Master p lan of IFC

F igure .46(B) Act ive streets in IFC Figure .47 Publ ic space appropr iated by users

4.7 IFC HONG KONG



Cl imate


Human Comfor t



• Des ign does not respond to loca l c l imate .•No energy ef f ic iency strateg ies however the compactness of the des ign render i t somehow ef f ic ient . • Discomfor t fee l ing from high humidity leve l , noise and pol lut ion of vehic les , urban heat i s land ef fect and low wind vent i lat ion.


Street Structure

Modes of Commute



• A three-dimens ional e levated pedestr ian network l ink the d iverse act iv i t ies and is separated from congested c i ty streets .• Walk ing represent 45% of transpor t modes • The publ ic transpor t system (buses , street cars , ferr ies , vans , tra ins) covers 48% of c i ty ’s da i ly tr ips .

Land Use

Mix Use Blocks

Vita l i ty



• The uses found are re lated to commerce , indystr y, tour ism, hous ing , of f ices , le isure and transpor tat ion. • The d i f ferent uses and users make the c i ty act ive around the c lock. Also because of smal l l iv ing spaces , people meet outdoors .

Open Space





• Because of populat ion growth and h igh demand of land, open space with in the bui l t area is ver y smal l (only 2sqm/person) .• Some pocket parks exist a long the waterfront but are not l inked to the c i ty ’s natura l env ironment .



Leg ib i l i ty



• The bui l t from with i ts ta l l bu i ld ings ressemble the image of other g loba l c i t ies such as New York. The Chinese ident i ty i s a b i t v is ib le at ground f loor with space appropr iat ion by dwel lers .• The c i ty demonstrate a formal urbanism which re ject tradit iona l not ion of leg ib i l i ty.

Safety


Survei l lance



• There is no c lear d ist inct ion s ince space boudar ies are b lurred between top-down planning and bottom-up se l f -organiz ing systems. • Most spaces are fronted by act ive edges .

Adaptabi l i ty

Robust Spaces

Future Out look



• Public space is very robust (sidewalks become workshops, malls become exhibition spaces, streets become restaurants...).• New forms of public space emerges because of “the absence of ground” and traditional notions of street and square. • Land is very scarce, growth is happening vertically with the shrinking of spaces.

4.7 IFC HONG KONG


Figure .48 Adaptabi l i ty F igure .49 Green Networks Figure .49 Routes

F igure .50 Land use Figure .51 Landmarks

KAHN YOUNIS LE MEDI MADLA-REVHEIM

TOA PAYOH MASDAR HONG KONG IFC

4.0 CASE STUDIES

4.8 Case Studies Rat ing

Figure .52 Rat ing of case studys

5.0 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

5.1 Cl imate

5.2 Mobi l i ty /Permeabi l i ty

5 .3 Land Use

5.4 Open Space

5.5 Ident i ty / Integrat ion

5.6 Sa fety

5.7 Adaptabi l i ty

When bui ld ing in warmer c l imates , cruc ia l steps are needed to ensure the pr inc ip les of Urban Design are trans lated. As average temperatures in Lebanon exceed Br i ta in key changes need to be made to ensure human comfor t and a hea l thy exploitat ion of the loca l c l imate is cons idered with in des ign . Jan Gehl expresses th is by say ing : “Good weather is one of the most s ign i f icant cr i ter ia for assur ing the ease of people ’s movement in c i t ies . Severa l c l imate factors in f luence the fee l ing of comfor t : a ir temperature , humidity, wind chi l l and solar heat .” (2010) .

By success fu l ly combing these e lements you can success fu l ly reduce and fac i l i tate a good standard of human comfor t , as expressed by Sof ie Pelsmakers as “A cooler c i ty i s one where l ight sur faces and vegetat ion are combined to create shade , re f lect sunl ight and provide cool ing through evaporat ion.

SHADING

Human comfor t becomes centra l to our des ign pr inc ip les as without i t the scheme fa i l s to del iver on var ious other aspects of our scheme . The Masdar Development proposes a l ternat ives to solar shading for pedestr ians by a l lowing narrow streets and overhanging bui ld ings to provide shade for the pedestr ians below. This could a lso be achieved by provid ing subterranean streetscapes that can be seen with in the Tao Payoh case study. Provid ing a lower leve l of street , you decrease the suns penetrat ion to the pedestr ians and therefore reduce the surface temperate of the street .

COOLING/HEAT ISLAND

To fur ther increase leve ls of human comfor t with in a development , systems of vent i lat ion and a ir cool ing can be appl ied . In Tao Payoh water is used with in publ ic gardens to lower the surface a ir temperate and encourage a natura l convect ion current to draw in cooler and more dense a ir. This can a lso be seen with in Masdar, with the use of two r ivers strateg ica l ly p laced para l le l to preva i l ing winds to draw in a constant stream of a ir that i s cooled by the water and then d istr ibuted throughout the c i ty. Masdar a lso incorporates tradit iona l Pers ian wind catchers that a l low a cool downward a ir f low due to d irect wind entr y and upward warm wind f low due to temperature gradient . This provides cool ing to street leve l by methods of natura l vent i lat ion.

Urban vegetat ion combined with l ight and ref lect ive sur faces , can reduce surface temperatures by 10-20degrees” (2015) .

Beirut has an average day l ight t ime of 8 .2 hours and th is can be used to reduce i ts impact on the environment . By provid ing renewable energy a l ternat ives in the form of integrated solar panels a large quant i ty i f not a l l the energy requirements for the res idents can be achieved. “Col lect iv izat ion is the best means we have to conserve natura l resources and s low g lobal warming , so a v i ta l ro le of ecolog ica l urbanism is to encourage people to l ive and help them thr ive in c i t ies” (Mosta fav i , 2010) . The Masdar City Development provides i ts res idents with c lean and free e lectr ic i ty due to i ts integrat ion of a solar farm on the outsk ir ts of the development . Due to i ts sca le , loca l and community sca le a l ternat ives

5 .0 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

5.1 Cl imate

Figure .53(A) Masder c i ty sooq Figure .53(B) Urban vegetat ion

F igure .54 sun and shade study

F igure .55 Natura l vent i lat ion in cour tyard

Having a permeable development helps in many ways , i t a l lows a wel l -connected street pattern to a id in a d iverse number of routes to be ava i lab le for pedestr ians and vehic les to take which inev i tab ly increases foot fa l l which can promote bus iness use and promote sa fety and v ibrancy.

Provid ing walkable b locks with in the development is a lso key to the permeabi l i ty of the scheme as i t encourages users to walk and cyc le opposed to us ing motor vehic les . This intern wi l l reduce the number of vehic les on the s i te and enable greater sa fety and a l low a v ibrant street community to f lour ish . This concept i s descr ibed by Gehl as : “ In l ive ly, sa fe , susta inable and hea l thy c i t ies , the prerequis i te for c i ty l i fe i s good walk ing oppor tunit ies . Walk ing is the beg inning . Man, was created to walk , and a l l l i fe events large and smal l develop when we walk among other people .” (2010) . Walkable b locks a lso

WELL CONNECTED STREETS

A development with wel l -connected streets a l lows a greater and more susta inable foot fa l l to use the area . This i s prominent when looking at the IFC in Hong Kong. A project that once star ted as creat ing a s ing le l ink from a hote l to a shopping centre to increase foot fa l l and move the pedestr ian access away from the busy and unsafe streets of the c i ty. S ince then many streets in the sky have been added to a l low an easy trans i t ion from bui ld ing to bui ld ing . During weekends these routes transform to accommodate many groups of people meet ing and even sett ing up camp for the day due to the shor tage of open publ ic space .

promote core va lues of people and recognises our connect ion to a p lace through the act of walk ing , Montgomery i l lustrates th is as : “We were born to move – not merely to be transpor ted but to use our bodies to propel us across the landscape . Our genet ic forebears have been walk ing for four mi l l ion years .” (2014)

CLEAR HIERARCHY OF STREETS

A clear h ierarchy of streets a l lows for a development to be nav igable for the publ ic and less used roads can establ i sh a sense of pr ivacy. I t i s wor th not ing that a h ierarchy of streets does not indicate s ize of roads that are dominated by cars but of streets such as h igh streets and res ident ia l . Carmona touches on th is when say ing : “The des ign of urban streets has often been dominated by solut ions that meet the needs of motor ized tra f f ic and the perspect ive of the h ighway/tra f f ic eng ineer, with l i t t le cons iderat ion of other street act iv i t ies or the contr ibut ions of other profess iona ls such as urban des igners .” (2013)


5.2 Permeabi l i ty / Mobi l i ty

Figure .56 Hong Kong Permeabi l i ty

F igure .57 Diagram shows street connect ion

F igure .58 d iagram shows how c lear i s streets

Creat ing a v ibrant , sa fe and ident i ty dr iven community with in a new development requires severa l integrated processes . Ng obser ves th is by comment ing : “Dens i ty needs to work in conjunct ion with other condit ions and approaches such as mixed use , bui ld ing form and des ign , and publ ic space layout .” (2010) . A prominent deign dr iver in achiev ing such, i s the ab i l i ty to create a p lace with a d iverse land use . This i s success fu l in a l lowing an area to fac i l i tate act ive edges which provides a leve l of sa fety, i t a l lows a prominent streetscape to be establ i shed due to the leve l of mixed community integrat ion and i t a lso promotes a reduct ion in the re l iance of pubic and pr ivate transpor tat ion methods as reduced d istances between severa l ser v ices are needed.

A v ibrant streets cu l ture is essent ia l to not only to the exist ing cu l ture of Arab c i t ies but a lso for the communit ies of Syr ian or ig ins , which is heav i ly centred around streets being an area of community through markets , restaurants and re l ig ious interact ion. Bar ton makes note of th is process by say ing : “ I t i s genera l ly recognised that mixed uses wi l l : Reinforce the v iab i l i ty of centres with over lapping uses , provid ing mult ip le reasons for people to go and stay in the centre , a l low people to make shor t walk ing tr ips between fac i l i t ies rather

REDUCING RELIANCE ON PUBLIC/PRIVATE METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION

A healthy leve l of mixed use in a redevelopment wi l l a lso reduce the need for publ ic or pr ivate transpor tat ion. Masdar Development whi le provid ing subterranean transpor t fac i l i t ies , act ive ly promotes walkabi l i ty with in the streets as a v ibrant , comfor table street scene is created.

than re ly ing on longer car-based tr ips , create v i ta l i ty and character in a p lace , Provide the oppor tunity for indiv idua ls to l ive and work in c lose proximity.” (2003) . This i s a lso the re in forced by Mcglynn as : “…fine gra ined mixed use is sought in urban expans ion in order for those environments to be l ive ly, sa fe , sensory r ich , choice laden, economica l ly and spat ia l ly e f f ic ient and ecolog ica l ly d iverse; susta inable in as far as the bui l t env ironment per se , can bel ievably be .” (1993) .

An example of a project that integrates a leve l of se l f su f f ic ient loca l bus inesses , open space and res ident ia l accommodat ion is Khan Younis . This new development looks past the need s imply for hous ing refugees but a l lows spaces to be expanded into to integrate markets , shops and open space as these were character ist ics that were deemed essent ia l to community and ident i ty development .

This i s present with in the Madla-Revheim scheme as i t of fers a leve l of mixed use with in the res ident ia l quar ters ensur ing the streets have a var iety of use that have a strong d iurna l cyc le . Alongs ide the integrat ion of mixed use and res ident ia l i t a lso promotes the connect iv i ty of schools and open spaces to provide a leve l of comfor t and re laxat ion around educat iona l fac i l i t ies , inev i tab ly he lp ing to

800m

400m

400m

Mixed Use

“There must be an integrat ion of act iv i t ies- l iv ing , working , shopping , as wel l as publ ic , sp ir i tua l , and recreat iona l act iv i t ies-reasonably near each other. The best urban p laces have a mixture of uses . The mixture respond to the va lue of publ icness and d ivers i ty that encourage loca l community ident i ty. What br ings l i fe to an area is the l i fe of people going about a fu l l range of normal act iv i t ies without hav ing to get into an automobi le .” (Lar ice et a l . 2012)

SAFETY

Mixed use developments are a lso ver y success fu l in provid ing sa fety through i ts use of act ive edges to ensure that the street i s over looked and a leve l of secur i ty i s mainta ined. Camona expla ins how th is can be poss ib le in a development by g iv ing two examples as : “Areas may have mixed uses in e i ther or both of two ways : by hav ing a mix of s ing le-use bui ld ings or by hav ing bui ld ings which each conta in a mix of uses (e .g . l iv ing over the shop) . The latter i s genera l ly preferable .” (2003) . With in our redevelopment scheme I be l ieve th is to be one of the most impor tant aspect of our des ign qua l i t ies , as the sa fety of the new occupants i s essent ia l in a l lowing an organic ident i ty and community to be created.


5.3 Landuse

Figure .59 NoMa storey park , Washington DC

Figure .60 Walk ing d istance with in 400m

Figure .61 Mixed uses in severa l leve ls

Jen Gehl descr ibes open space as a ‘green in frastructure’ and how i t i s ‘ the essent ia l backc loth to urban l i fe ’ . This h igh l ights Gehl ’s and many other urban des igners ’ be l ie f in the impor tance of creat ing and preser v ing open space with in the urban fabr ic . As c i t ies cont inue to grow we as des igners must pr ior i t i se the impact th is urban dens i f icat ion wi l l have on i ts res ident ’s menta l and phys ica l hea l th . Achiev ing an 80/20 sp l i t for Urban and Green zones wi l l be benef ic ia l to both the economic v iab i l i ty of our scheme and a lso the environmenta l impact on i ts res idents . Urban Green spaces are impor tant to suppor t ing the b iodivers i ty of a p lace and encourag ing a hea l thy l i festy le for i ts users . The methodolog ies used for green spaces ev ident in our Masdar and Stavanger case studies have helped our green zoning concepts ev ident in our Masterplan . However, we did not th ink i t was pract ica l to achieve the 50/50 urban to green sp l i t that Masdar could potent ia l ly achieve .Whi le the c l imate of our s i te may not match these case studies we wi l l look to p lant s imi lar green zones throughout our scheme . From these examples we wi l l look to incorporate features such as pocket parks , urban agr icu l ture p lots and publ ic rea lm spaces that can be used for a var iety of d i f ferent act iv i t ies and community programmes.

OPEN SPACE V BUILT FORM

Case studies and l i terature rev iews have been ut i l i sed to establ i sh the rat io of bui l t form to open space . Due to the h igh dens i ty of our s i te i t i s cruc ia l that we remember the impor tance of green and b lue spaces with in the urban fabr ic . The Environmenta l Des ign Pocket Book ta lks about how in an idea l world a l l urban des ign projects should ‘a l locate 30%-50%’ of a s i te to open space (S .Pe lsmakers , 2015) . With th is in mind we were in i t ia l ly keen to accommodate 35% of our s i te to open space . However, from ana lys ing s imi lar ly dense case studies such as Toa Payoh, S ingapore we bel ieve the percentage of green space may have to decrease to around 20%. This i s st i l l in keeping with the min imum of 15% stated in the The Environmenta l Des ign Pocket Book.

Trees and other forms of vegetat ion are cruc ia l to create a pos i t ive eco-system and help to ba lance out the emiss ions created from the dense urban environment . Gehl ta lks about how trees ‘c lean the a ir, def ine the c i ty space and help accentuate impor tant s i tes ’ . We bel ieve th is i s an impor tant concept that we wanted to implement into our des ign scheme . Trees are not only used as markers to l ine streets but they should a lso be used to create a pos i t ive micro-c l imate . Just as the Lebanese f lag shows a green Cedar tree , we too would l ike to ce lebrate the use of vegetat ion in our scheme . Trees in Lebanon have to be fa ir ly se l f -suf f ic ient and robust to sur v ive in the humid and dr y c l imate . Popular trees in the c i ty of Beirut often inc lude F icus and P ine trees . These large trees often provide a source of shade in urban c i ty b locks , which provide pockets of cool a ir in the otherwise hot Lebanese c l imate .

80%

20%

“There must be an integrat ion of act iv i t ies- l iv ing , working , shopping , as wel l as publ ic , sp ir i tua l , and recreat iona l act iv i t ies-reasonably near each other. The best urban p laces have a mixture of uses . The mixture respond to the va lue of publ icness and d ivers i ty that encourage loca l community ident i ty. What br ings l i fe to an area is the l i fe of people going about a fu l l range of normal act iv i t ies without hav ing to get into an automobi le .” (Lar ice et a l . 2012)

URBAN AGRICULTURE

The growing of food with in an urban community encourages i ts users to engage with one another whi le at the same t ime creat ing a hea l th ier and more se l f suf f ic ient l i festy le . Bar ton ta lks about how urban agr icu l ture a lso helps to ‘suppor t loca l v i ta l i ty ’ of a p lace , with a par t icu lar focus on growers and loca l shops that se l l the produce (Bar ton, 2003) . This shows that urban agr icu l ture not only has a pos i t ive e f fect phys ica l ly on i ts users but a lso on the loca l economy. Loca l food growing a lso helps to improve access to food and reduces the unnecessar y transpor t of food, hence fur ther reducing tra f f ic .

Ind iv idua l

Neighbourhood

Distr ic


5.4 Open Space

Figure .62 Open space is only streets network

F igure .63 The rat io between open space and bui l t form

Figure .64 Provide green spaces on d i f ferent leve ls

Ident i ty i s int imate ly t ied to memory: both our personal memories (where we have come from) and the col lect ive or socia l memories interconnected with the h istor y of our fami l ies , ne ighbors , and ethnic communit ies . I t i s poss ib le to enhance socia l meaning in publ ic spaces with projects that are sens i t ive to a l l c i t izens and their d iverse her i tage , and developed with publ ic processes that recognize both the cultura l and the pol i t ica l impor tance of p lace . P.72 Design ing Cit ies – Alexander Cuthber t

Cuthber t ta lks about how ‘ ident i ty i s int imate ly t ied to memory’ but what urban des ign features make a p lace memorable (2003)? The ident i ty of a par t icu lar p lace provides i ts users with a sense of be longing and just as Jacobs ta lks about ident i ty ‘encourag ing people to express themselves ’ i t a lso helps to create a v ibrant urban sett ing ( Jacobs , 2012) . The ident i ty of a p lace is re lat ive at both a loca l and nat iona l sca le . Architectura l features such as landmark bui ld ings or h istor ic connect ions provide ident i ty at a nat iona l sca le and can somet imes act as a magnet that draws people to an area . However loca l ident i ty i s a lso ev ident loca l ly with e lements such as names of ‘ s treets , areas , f ie lds and farms’ which just as Bar ton ta lks about provide ‘ loca l resonance and associat ions ’ (Bar ton, 2003) . I t i s th is loca l sca le that g ives i ts users a

LOCAL V INTERNATIONAL IDENTITY

Ident i ty at a loca l sca le i s one that i s impor tant to i ts res idents and ever yday users as i t provides a sense of be longing and ownership toward a cer ta in p lace . A strong loca l ident i ty he lps to create a v ibrant and d iverse community in which ident i ty and culture are ce lebrated in features such as publ ic events , common bui ld ing mater ia l i ty and the provis ion of f lex ib le spaces .Global ident i ty i s impor tant to a p laces economy, tour ism and the fee l ing of be longing that the user can re late too. Urban des ign qua l i t ies such as landmark bui ld ings help to create a g loba l ident i ty that i s both connected to the p laces loca l ident i ty and a lso provides a recognisable l ink to people around the world .

sense ownership and pr ide with in the community that they l ive .

The Khan Younis case study h igh l ights how a unique mix of ident i t ies can be merged together when in cr is is such as war or natura l d isasters . The scheme uses a Pa lest in ian urban morphology but i ts users are from Israe l f lee ing the war torn Gaza Str ip. We have looked at th is case study as our project looks to dea l with refugees coming into the a lready over populated Lebanon, with a par t icu lar focus on how an ident i ty i s formed away from i ts or ig ina l locat ion.

LEGIBILITY

Legib i l i ty i s the environmenta l qua l i ty that makes a p lace understandable and easy to nav igate for i ts users . Leg ib i l i ty must respond to two di f ferent perspect ives of v iew; the f i rst i s the phys ica l form of an urban des ign footpr int and the second is the ab i l i ty to grasp the urban form without much regard for the phys ica l form. Tradit iona l ly urban leg ib i l i ty was much s impler achieve , meaning that the most impor tant publ ic bui ld ings were often accommodated in the large open publ ic spaces . We have looked at an example of th is in our Le Medi case study where the scheme is centred around a large publ ic open space . This he lps to make leg ib le routes through the scheme with a l l s treet connect ing in the centre with then more pr ivate routes and bui ld ing uses l ink ing of f the publ ic square .


5.5 Idenity/ Integrat ion

Figure .66 Le Medi facades colour ing F igure .67 tunnel work are a frame from the other space

Figure .68 loca l ident i ty vs g loba l ident i ty

F igure .69 Understanding p lace make i t nav igable

I t i s impor tant for a l l users of our scheme to fee l sa fe with in the environment in which they l ive . Just as Carmona ment ions how safety i s ‘an essent ia l prerequis i te of success fu l urban des ign ’ we too wi l l look to provide sa fe p laces for people to l ive (Carmona, 2003) . The dr iv ing concept behind our proposa l looks to dea l with the large numbers of refugees in Lebanon as a result of the war in Syr ia . The refugees are caus ing much of the countr ies Capita l Beirut to become overcrowded, meaning many are l iv ing in cramped and unsuitab le accommodat ion. Whi le th is overcrowding is hav ing a negat ive e f fect on the refugees , i t i s a lso caus ing tens ion between the Lebanese loca ls . The Younis Khan case study in the war torn Gaza Str ip i s an example we have looked at how best to resolve tens ions and provide sa fety between two groups of people . As a result , we wi l l look to provide a sa fe and inc lus ive community des ign that dea ls with some of these tens ions between the two di f ferent cu l tures and groups of people .

PUBLIC V PRIVATE

Within a dense urban environment , we as des igners have the power to control how publ ic and pr ivate space is implemented and perceived. Bui ld ings and other e lements of the bui l t env ironment can be manipulated in manner that ‘def ines and even encloses publ ic space’ (Al lan , 2013) . A good ba lance between pr ivate and publ ic space is one that answers to the users need for pr ivacy with in the immediate v ic in i ty of homes but a lso of fers oppor tunit ies for interact ion and enjoyment with other people . Our case study in Stavanger h igh l ights how publ ic open space is ava i lab le in the hear t of the development that i s eas i ly access ib le to a l l users and of fers a wide mix of open space typolog ies . However more pr ivate space is of fered c loser to the res ident ia l dwel l ings a long the urban per imeter str ip of the development .

PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

By provid ing act ive edges a long a var ied bui ld ing use streetscape we wi l l look to achieve opt imum pass ive sur vei l lance throughout the day and n ight . As a result , we wi l l look to create a l ive ly community that i s inc lus ive and engag ing with one another, as opposed to a neighbourhood that i s s imi lar to a cu l -de-sac des ign and has h igh leve ls of cr ime . For example , the Le Medi scheme in Rotterdam ut i l i ses an Arab street des ign of narrow streets which in some environments might be deemed unsafe . However, by des ign ing act ive front facades with doors and windows over looking the street below, th is creates opt imum pass ive sur vei l lance whi le at the same t ime creat ing an engag ing neighbourhood for people to l ive .


5.6 Safety

Figure .70 Act ive edges in masder c i ty

F igure .71 The re lat ion between publ ic and pr ivate

F igure .72 Pass ive sur vei l lance

Adaptabi l i ty i s ab le to change , accommodate and adjust in complex patterns of d ivers i ty, mixture and economic gra in .These areas are f lex ib le , movable , and ref i t ab le . The idea of adaptable becomes known to a l l in response to pressures of c l imate change , populat ion movement , economic volat i l i ty and war. These changes have a wider impact on urban sett lements from the more abstract ideas of the percept ion and exper ience of p lace to p lanning more concrete urban in frastructure from bui ld ings , ser v ices and movement systems. In case of Lebanon, the Syr ians refugees come and res ide there . They come from di f ferent cu l tura l background and d ivers i ty tr y to adjust in the new c i ty. Jan Gehl obser ves that “The c i ty should have a wel l -propor t ioned and inv i t ing c i ty spaces that insp ires a l l types of act iv i t ies – f lex ib le and f leet ing” (2010) . Kevin Lynch notes that “The image should preferably be open-ended, adaptable to change , a l lowing the indiv idua l to cont inue to invest igate and organize rea l i ty : there should be b lank spaces where he can extend the drawing for h imsel f .” (1960) .

ROBUST SPACES

Robust Spaces should a l low for temporar y programs and spontaneous act iv i t ies to take p lace and implement f lex ib le layouts and typology of spaces . This can be seen in the case study of Gaza where the refugees are provided permanent res idence but with the abi l i ty to fac i l i tate the change of the occupants over t ime . F lex ib le spaces provid ing var y ing degrees of pr ivacy and uses can be obser ved in the case study of le Medi at Rotterdam, The Nether lands . Publ ic space can be ver y robust (s idewalks become workshops , mal ls become exhib i t ion spaces , and streets become restaurants) as v isua l ized in case study of I fc Hongkong at Dubai .

FUTURE OUTLOOK

We need to a lso look whether the c i ty adopts the future growth and change which wi l l take p lace over years . This can be done by leav ing surrounding context ver y green and undeveloped as seen in case study of Madla-Revheim, Norway. For Tao Payoh, S ingapore , urban p lanners take into account the future growth of the c i ty, manag ing the supply and demand of land. In Khan Younis , Gaza , p lanning of the scheme is done in phases which account for future c i ty growth


5.7 Adaptabi l i ty

Figure .73 Publ ic space used as shelters

F igure .74 Robust space

Figure .75 Future out look

6.0 ARAB CITY MODEL ANALYSIS

6.1 Tradit iona l Arab Cit ies

6 .2 Phys ica l Relat ionships

6 .3 Cl imate Respons ive Design

6.4 Dubai Susta inable Model Study

Aeria l V iew of tradit iona l Arab City in Morocco, Fez

Is lamic c i t ies were not bui l t according to a prec ise p lan but rather developed in an organic and in formal way; the d i f ferent indiv idua l bui ld ings combined natura l ly to form a larger structure because of s imi lar under ly ing structur ing pr inc ip les . L ike any other c i ty, Arab c i ty ’s morphology is a f fected by both geographica l determinants (c l imate and topography) and cultura l determinants (customs and re l ig ious bel ie fs) . Tradit iona l ly, there is a c lose re lat ionship between what i s bui l t and what i s be l ieved, between the phys ica l patterns of the c i ty and the socia l and re l ig ious pract ices of the inhabitants .

The model of “ Is lamic c i ty” goes back to 622 CE, when c i t ies in Saudi Arabia star ted to fo l low Is lamic des ign gu idel ines by interpret ing re l ig ious texts and extract ing concepts such as pr ivacy, respect of ne ighbor, modesty and love for nature (Bianca , 2000) . I s lam did not prescr ibe prec ise des ign pr inc ip les but provided a matr ix of behav ioura l archetypes that were trans lated to phys ica l patterns .

Arabs are known for their long tradit ion of c l imate respons ive urbanism with compact bui ld ings , narrow winding streets , shaded paths , cour tyard bui ld ings and the use of vegetat ion and water to create cool micro-c l imates (Sa lat , 2010) . The fo l lowing pages wi l l expand on these qua l i t ies .

6 .0 ARAB CITY MODEL ANALYSIS

6.1 Tradit iona l Arab Cit ies

Commercial

Residential

Primary Routes

Secondary Routes

Mosque

Tertiary Fingers

Gates

Communal Gathering

Neighbourhood Gathering

Family Gathering

In Is lamic c i t ies , there is a c lear d ist inct ion between publ ic and pr ivate rea lms. The mosque (“ Jami”) i s the key publ ic core , embraced by markets (“Souqs”) that usua l ly expands in a l inear way a long major routes . The street networks are kept to the min imum needed to connect the c i ty ’s main access points ( tradit iona l ly the c i ty ’s gates) to the markets and to provide accesses to the res ident ia l quar ters . The access from the publ ic spaces to the pr ivate res ident ia l areas i s twisted and “broken into success ive h ierarchica l sect ions” to f i l ter c ircu lat ion gradual ly and to ensure pr ivacy (Bianca , 2000) . The pr ivate res ident ia l areas are sh ie lded of f f rom publ ic spaces and protected aga inst v isua l intrus ion from the streets .

With in res ident ia l quar ters , pr ivacy was a lso ensured by hav ing smal l e levated windows fac ing the street and by hav ing the l iv ing spaces fac ing the inner cour tyard. Never theless , the streets fe l t sa fe because there was a genera l understanding between res idents of the ownership of each space . Also, res ident were organized in harmonious communit ies where mutua l respect was key.

Today th is i s no longer the case with c i t ies accommodat ing more and more d iverse people from di f ferent backgrounds and cultures . Having act ive streets and pass ive sur vei l lance is impor tant to create sa fe neighborhoods. Pr ivacy can st i l l be ensured by f i l ter ing people gradual ly into res ident ia l areas and sh ie ld ing windows with trees for example .


6.2 Phys ica l Relash ionships

Figure .77 Phys ica l Relash ionships in Tradit iona l Arab Cit ies

F igure .78 Street Hierarchy

Figure .79 Open Space Hierarchy Figure .80 Levels of Interact ion

Streets

In tradit iona l Arabic c i t ies , the street patterns are h ierarchica l with a h igh contrast between main thoroughfares and house accesses .

Streets are usua l ly or iented in the d irect ion of wind to vent i late the streets natura l ly ; the streets are des igned to “breath ’ . Streets are a lso narrow with streets d imens ions of 3 .5m for the publ ic busy streets and of 1 .4m for the pr ivate a l leys (E l Kor tb i , 2000) . The W:H rat io is usua l ly 1 :5 in Arabic c i t ies to ensure shading .

Bui ld ings

The cour tyard bui ld ing is the favoured typology in Arab c i t ies because of i ts introver ted character that answer pr ivacy concerns . Also, cour tyard bui ld ings are environmenta l ly respons ive in hot areas as they act as col lector of cool a ir at n ight and source shade in dayt ime provid ing thus human comfor t (Tabesh, 2015) .

Open Space / Vegetat ion

In Arab c i t ies , open spaces need to provide a comfor table env ironment for dwel lers by creat ing cooler micro-c l imates . Vegetat ion is commonly employed to ensure shading , f i l ter ing and cool ing of a ir. Vegetat ion is pract iced in layers so that p lants sur v ive the hot c l imate : ta l l pa lm trees shade lower fru i t trees which in turn shade shrubs and f lowerbeds (Bianca , 2000) . Gardens take an impor tant aspect in Is lamic c i ty des ign and are associated with the Qur’an ic image of paradise por tray ing abundant water, fru i t trees and shaded spaces where bel ievers can re lax and enjoy the beauty of nature . There was an economic , aesthet ic but a lso a re l ig ious incent ive to p lant : by cu l t ivat ing the land, one is “v iv i fy ing a dead land” which is a good act (B ianca , 2000) .


6.3 Cl imate Respons ive Design

Figure .81 Environmenta l Qual i ty of Cour tyard Bui ld ings

F igure .82 Shading in Narrow Streets F igure .83 Shading in Wider Streets F igure .84 P lant ing Technique - Layer ing

Dubai urbanizat ion process was dr iven by economic goals and hous ing necess i t ies which compromised not only the environment but a lso the ident i ty of the countr y with a sky l ine not ver y d i f ferent from any other g loba l c i ty. This i s l inked to the p lanning dec is ion-making system fol lowing a “neo-patr imonia l i sm” model in which decis ions are based on the c lose ly l inked interests of the state and the pr ivate sector result ing in a c i ty that i s a pure “spat ia l express ion of economic strategy” (Pac ione , 2005; p.264) .

Many scholars have d iscussed the pr inc ip les of susta inable urban forms. For Wheeler, these principles are “compactness , cont igu i ty, connect iv i ty, d ivers i ty and economic integrat ion” whi le for others such as Jabareen susta inabi l i ty can only be achieved through h igh-dens i ty development centred around divers i ty, mix of landuse and mult ip le transpor t modes . When reading susta inable urbanism l i terature , i t becomes c lear how the a im is to propose pr inc ip les that work universa l ly and which could be appl ied theoret ica l ly to a l l c i t ies (Al awadi , 2016; p.257) . However, the implementat ion of any of these pr inc ip les should be context dependent s ince urban form must respond to geographica l , cu l tura l and socio-economic spec i f ic i t ies . Most of the l i terature or ig inates from Western ideolog ies which convey a ver y d i f ferent context and set of be l ie fs to Arab c i t ies .

A study done by Alawadi in 2016 a imed at reth ink ing Dubai ’s urbanism to understand which “ form-based urban des ign strateg ies can most e f fect ive ly del iver greater env ironmenta l , soc ia l , and economic coherence for an integrated susta inable neighborhood” as the author c la imed. The method used to generate the conceptua l model was the Delphi , a structured communicat ion technique which re l ies on a panel of exper ts who have to answer mult ip le rounds of quest ioning . The exper ts were se lected from the reg ional context of the Middle-East for the reason stressed above . The result was e ight pr inc ip les to achieve a susta inable neighborhood: “compactness , connect iv i ty, d ivers i ty, cu l tura l ly re levant urbanism and c l imate-sens i t ive urbanism, green space , c ircu lar metabol ism with eco-ba lanced des ign appl icat ions and adaptabi l i ty” (Alawadi , 2016; p.358) . However, one should be aware , that to implement these strateg ies , they should be suppor ted by p lanning gu idel ines .

Conclus ion

By studying the case of Dubai severa l conclus ions can be drawn. The des ign strateg ies recommended by “Arab exper ts” conf irm the va l id i ty of concepts found in western l i terature to a great degree . However, i t i s c lear how recommended des ign gu idel ines cannot be s imply appl ied as i s anywhere; they are a lways context dependent and should be adapted and “ta i lored” to respond to pol i t ica l , economic and cultura l va lues of each p lace .



Compactness :

Exper ts suggested that a susta inable Dubai i s a compact c i ty that promotes dens i f icat ion, proximity and d ivers i ty of uses and access ib i l i ty. A compact form would have many benef i ts such as reducing heat ga in , fac i l i tat ing pass ive cool ing strateg ies , increas ing oppor tunit ies for socia l interact ions and community bui ld ing , suppor t ing d i f ferent type of modes of transpor t . However, some cha l lenges may ar ise from cultura l norms that favour large spaces knowing that usua l ly men l ive in the same proper ty as the fami ly when they get marr ied by bui ld ing an extens ion to the fami ly ’s house; so b ig fami l ies need large lands to l ive together. Also, Dubai ’s development has favored the “monumenta l” and the spectacular, going back to the compact

Connect iv i ty :

Street and b lock typology : Dubai ’s current road network cons ist of mult i - lane h ighway with ver y few intersect ions per square k i lometre . Exper ts recommended that urban b locks ’ s ize should be between 85 and 121m to enhance permeabi l i ty.

Integrat ion of d iverse transpor t system: The current in frastructura l system in Dubai only connects shopping areas and tour ist ic p laces to the publ ic transpor t system; i t exc ludes res ident ia l areas . Exper ts recommended that ne ighborhood centres and mixed use corr idors should a lso be l inked to the publ ic transpor t system. Pedestr ian and cyc l ing l ines should a lso connect to the publ ic transpor t system.

Promotion of cyc l ing and walk ing : Dubai i s extremely a car-or iented c i ty. Promoting walk ing and cyc l ing would suppor t a less-intens ive car or iented l i festy le . Current ly there is no in frastructure in Dubai to suppor t cyc l ing or walk ing with the latter act iv i ty only tak ing p lace in tour ist ic p laces such as at mal ls or at Jumeirah beach Res idence (The Walk) . Des igners could re interpret these models to f i t at ne ighborhood leve l . However, ha l f o f the exper ts noted that there might be c l imat ic and cultura l barr iers to the promotion of

Divers i ty :

Dubai ’s spat ia l express ion is character ized by fragmentat ion which resulted from hous ing pol ic ies and economic strateg ies ; Dubai does not mix the hous ing of expatr iates (dr iven by the pr ivate sector in the so-ca l led “ free zone” areas) and the loca l populat ion (housed in low dens i ty suburban neighborhoods) in the name of preser v ing the ident i ty and “wholeness of the nat ive community” . To avoid th is “sp l inter ing urbanism” as coined by Graham and Marv in (2001) , exper ts h igh l ighted the impor tance of d ivers i ty of dens i ty, of hous ing and of uses to a l low people from di f ferent background to l ive together and access the same fac i l i t ies .

However, they mix ing expatr iates that are usua l ly male bachelor labors stay ing temporar i ly with establ i shed fami l ies could be problemat ic soc ia l ly and economica l ly whi le a lso ra is ing i ssues of be longing . To be able to atta in d ivers i ty, i t should be suppor ted by a pol icy framework that would fac i l i tate and a l low immigrant workers to

Cultura l ly re levant urbanism:

The urban development of Dubai i l lustrates wel l i ts wish for g loba l branding that has somehow compromised the loca l cu l ture . Respect ing loca l i ty i s impor tant to boost c iv ic ident i ty, so exper ts recommended that Dubai should honor and rev ive i ts tradit iona l urban forms to restore the sp ir i t of the p lace (“genius loc i”) ; a cu l tura l ly sens i t ive urban form would not only v isua l ly mimic tradit iona l forms but rather incorporate the fundamenta l spat ia l and formal pr inc ip les (ex: cour tyard urbanism) and respect the socia l va lues (ex. impor tance of pr ivacy) .

The adopt ion of these pr inc ip les and va lues should complement modernity (evolut ion of cu l tura l va lues , new technolog ies , etc . ) . To do so, loca l educators and p lanners should be more involved in the des ign and p lanning of the c i ty instead of re ly ing on fore ign consultancy a l ien to the context of Dubai .

Cl imate-sens i t ive urbanism:

Cl imate-respons ive urbanism is a lmost inexistent in the new developments of Dubai with h igh-r ise stand-a lone bui ld ings that re l ies on mechanica l operat ions to provide heat ing and cool ing . Improving the environmenta l performance of the bui l t env ironments and provid ing human comfor t can be achieved by learning from the Arab tradit iona l c i ty morphology. Exper ts recommended the fo l lowing des ign gu idel ines : or ientat ion of street systems that respond to solar and a ir d irect ions , compact bui l t form where bui ld ings provide shading , , “t ight-gra in” with smal l streets , moderate dens i ty be ing more capable of incorporat ing env ironmenta l pass ive strateg ies and l imited g laze facades to

Alawadi ’s Study into understanding which “ form-based urban des ign strateg ies can most e f fect ive ly del iver greater env ironmenta l , soc ia l , and economic coherence for an integrated susta inable neighborhood” in Dubai produced f ive main pr inc ip les and they are as fo l lows:



7.0 CONCEPTUAL MODEL

7.1 Western Conceptua l Model

7 .2 Arab Conceptua l Model Reinterpreted

7 .3 Hybr id Conceptua l Model

7 .4 3Dimensional Visua l izat ion

Education Religious Mixed Use Leisure Residential Main RoutesOpen Space

ITERATION I

The f i rst i terat ion was about establ i sh ing street network layout . A centra l open space was created from which vehicu lar roads were of fset to create sa fer pedestr ian areas and encourage walkabi l i ty. The case studies and l i terature rev iew high l ighted the impor tance of walkabi l i ty in promoting v ibrancy and sa fety.

The street network is formed by main routes connect ing the edges to the centra l area to a l low maximum access ib i l i ty. The main open space is conceived in the image of the “Green Hear t” of the case study of Stavanger that i s robust to accommodate severa l act iv i t ies such as spor ts , le isure act iv i t ies , and agr icu l ture growth. The centra l core with intens ive pedestr ian act iv i t ies present the oppor tunity to create a transpor t hub with nodes being located at 300m inter va ls on the d iagonal ax is as recommended in Shaping Neighborhood.

Education

Religious

Mixed Use

Leisure

Residential

Main Routes

Open Space

ITERATION I I

The second i terat ion was about establ i sh ing phys ica l re lat ionships between the d i f ferent landuses . Bar ton’s theory of land use d istr ibut ion was fo l lowed which suggests the creat ion of a core of intens ive pedestr ian act iv i t ies , bordered by ‘ land hungr y act iv i t ies” such as mix use developments with commercia l act iv i t ies and the outsk ir ts reser ved for res ident ia l smal l sca le developments (2010) .

Some le isure and re l ig ious fac i l i t ies were a lso pos i t ioned a long the main routes and on the edges to encourage act iv i ty through the s i te and to attract people and lead them into the main core .

Secondary RoutesCommercial

ITERATION I I I

The th ird i terat ion was about ref in ing the d istr ibut ion of land use and creat ing a h ierarchy of roads . As suppor ted by the l i terature such in Manuel for Streets , hav ing a c lear h ierarchy of roads increase the leg ib i l i ty of an area and g ive c lear gu idance . Also, a h ierarchy of open spaces is estab l i shed with smal ler green pockets a l located for each quar ter of the development .

Fol lowing the case study of Tao Payoh, the land use d istr ibut ion fo l lows a “checkerboard p lan” with d i f ferent uses spread across the development and connected together to prevent the creat ion of a monotonous urban form.

7 .0 CONCEPTUAL MODEL

7.1 Western Conceptua l Model

Education Religious Mixed Use Leisure Residential Main RoutesOpen Space Secondary RoutesCommercial

ITERATION IV

The understandig of the tradit iona l Arab c i ty ’s spat ia l organizat ion, summarized in the prev ious sect ion, was abstracted to f i t the gr id format of the conceptua l model . The susta inable neighborhood model developed by the Arab exper ts in the study under took by Al Awadi was a lso adapted to our gr id .

These two models were combined with the model of I terat ion I I I (based on western l i terature and the chosen case studies) to reach I terat ion IV that i s a hybr id model between Western and Arab models .

The model cons ist of two major roads to which connect secondary routes that run d iagonal ly through the development . The open spaces are l inked by green pedestr ian/cyc l ing routes and bordered by publ ic funct ions . Mix use fac i l i t ies are located a long main routes and sh ie ld pr ivate res ident ia l quar ters ; the latter are c lustered around open spaces and suppor ted by communal ser v ices .

Abstract ion of Arab City Model

Dubai Susta inable Neighborhood Model Adapted

7.0 CONCEPTUAL MODEL

7.2 Reinterpreted Arab Conceptua l Model

Street Network of Fez , a tradit iona l Arab City

Adaptat ion of Rig id Transpor t Grid to Organic Forms of Arab Cit ies

Education Religious Mixed Use Leisure Residential Main RoutesOpen Space Secondary RoutesCommercial

ITERATION V

In ref lect ing back to the ana lys is of Arab c i t ies , the gr id of Fez c i ty was se lected in an attempt to break the r ig id i ty of model IV. Arab c i t ies are known for their organic forms and twist ing roads to ensure pr ivacy as expla ined ear l ier. Also, Cul len ’s townscape theory suppor t such organic layout of streets knowing that they create def lect ion, myster y and ant ic ipat ion, encourag ing people to exper ience the p lace . The gr id developed in I terat ion IV was over layed on the irregular street pattern of Fez . The gr id was morphed and the result was an organic core around which are located publ ic funct ions whi le the res ident ia l areas remained somehow regular. The pr ivate buf fered from the publ ic funct ions by green f ingers .


7.2 Reinterpreted Arab Conceptua l Model

ITERATION VI

The f ina l conceptua l model was about establ i sh ing a h ierarchy of open spaces found in Arab c i t ies . The d i f ferent open spaces are l inked by green f ingers as i t was h igh l ighted in the l i terature rev iew that hav ing a connected network of open spaces is essent ia l for their v i ta l i ty, Three main green f ingers run through the s i te as in Masdar c i ty to act as the breath ing lungs of the development . These spaces are envis ioned to be robust spaces that are f lex ib le enough to accommodate d i f ferent use and even evolve over t ime; they can be appropr iated by people as i l lustrated in the case of Hong Kong.Major roads run through the center of the s i te to d issect i t into four quar ters . The core is pedestr ian act iv i t ies , bordered by le isure and commercia l fac i l i t ies on one s ide and by inst i tut iona l and educat iona l fac i l i t ies on the other s ide , next to a major transpor t node (b lack dot) . Mix use spread a long main routes and sh ie ld of f res ident ia l funct ions c lustered around pr ivate cour tyards . A h ierarchy of b locks was created with f iner gra in res ident ia l areas on the outsk ir ts and larger gra in areas around the core to suppor t severa l funct ions .


7.3 Hybr id Conceptua l Model

3d Visua l izat ion of Arab Model (Susta inable Model of Dubai )

3d Visua l izat ion of Western Model ( ITERAION I I I )

3d Visua l izat ion of Hybr id Model ( ITERATION V)

3-Dimensional ITERATIONS

The conceptua l model was a lso thought of three-dimens ional ly to cons ider bui ld ing heights and re lat ion to open space d imens ions . In the western model ( i terat ion I I I ) , the h ighest dens i ty was to be located around the core to become the foca l point of the development . In the Arab model of the susta inable Dubai , the h ighest dens i ty were not only located at the core but a lso a long main roads to g ive more guidance . The model fe l t however too dense with lack of open spaces bes ides smal l pockets spread acroos the s i te .In the Hybr id model ( I terat ion V) , the h ighest dens i ty was a lso a l located around the core next to the major transpor t node as the area is though to house inst i tut iona l and commercia l funct ions . The bui ld ings border ing the main centra l open space have lower dens i t ies to promote a pedestr ian fr iendly env ironment . Nonetheless , the model seemed to be fragmented with bui ld ings d ispersed around green areas ; the H:W rat ion needed to be rethought to create more conf ined and integrated spaces .


7.4 3Dimensional Visua l izat ion

8.0 S ITE CONTEXT

8.1 S i te Locat ion

8.2 S i te Condit ions

8.3 SWOT Analys is

8.0 S ITE CONTEXT

8.1 S i te Locat ion

BEIRUT

LEBANON

BEIRUT

SITE

LEBANON

Maps Showing Lebanon in the World Maps Showing Beirut in Lebanon Maps Showing Chosen S i te in Proximity to Beirut

The chosen s i te belongs to the d istr ict of Bour j Hammoud, located nor th-east of the capita l Beirut a long the Mediterranean coast l ine . Bour j Hammoud is a compact and h igh ly dense neighborhood.

Histor y overv iew:

Orig ina l ly the area was an agr icu l tura l land and i t i s only a f ter 1928 that sett lements appeared when Armenians refugees star ted sett l ing in the area f lee ing Ottoman persecut ion. The d istr ict witnessed s ince a drast ic populat ion growth with in f lux of rura l migrants seeking better oppor tunit ies around the capita l and in f lux of d isp laced populat ion from Lebanese and reg ional conf l icts (Pa lest ine and Syr ia) (Harmandayan, 2009) . The d istr ict i s best known for hav ing evolved from a sett lement of makeshi f t shelters to a dense and act ive commercia l hub.

S i tuat ion and Role :

Bour j Hammoud distr ict has a strateg ic locat ion, be ing only 3km away from the c i ty center of Beirut . I t i s ver y wel l connected to the in frastructure system with main ar ter ies from the North of Lebanon that reach Beirut through i t . In fact , the d istr ict was d iv ided in two dist inct ive zones by a major h ighway connect ing Beirut to the North of Lebanon (the Dora h ighway) : nor th of the h ighway is a c lass i f ied industr ia l area (the coasta l zone) whi le south of the h ighway is a res ident ia l /commercia l area (the interna l zone) .

The chosen s i te i s located in the coasta l zone , so in the industr ia l area . The coasta l zone is in i tse l f a lso d iv ided into two sect ions by the coasta l route : - The sect ion between the Dora h ighway and the cadastra l l imits of Bour j Hammoud distr ict i s an industr ia l zone cover ing 58 ha . The exist ing uses are industr ia l enterpr ises , smal l workshops , and warehouses in addit ion to some of f ice development a long the h ighway. This sect ion is character ized by large parcels with areas var y ing between 1000sqm and 30,000sqm and bui ld ing heights between f ive and s ix f loors . - The sect ion between the cadastra l l imits of the d istr ict and the shorel ine is a coasta l stretch cover ing around 52 ha . The exist ing uses are f i sh ing harbor, a sol id waste treatment factory and a waste dump hi l l . Histor ica l ly, th is shorel ine was the last sandy beach of Beirut before becoming a landf i l l waste in the 1960’s hence d isconnect ing the neighborhood’s inhabitants from their waterfront (Asmar, 2008) .

The chosen s i te i s now a deser ted waterfront ; the image of the s i te i s that of a segregated area , forgotten and occupied by abandoned and d i lap idated industr ia l bu i ld ings . Looking at the condit ions of the s i te today, i t i s quite surpr is ing to know that th is area used to be a major recreat iona l spot for loca l res idents being one of the rare open publ ic spaces with in the dense Beirut . Today, Bour j Hammoud distr ict lacks complete ly any open space bes ides a munic ipa l i ty footba l l f ie ld .

The degradat ion of the image of the area , the environmenta l ly dangerous condit ions (waste dump, gas tanks farm, etc . ) , the run-down industr ia l zone and the d isp lacement of fami l ies , urged the Munic ipa l i ty to request the establ i shment of a comprehens ive development masterplan for the waterfront . A change in the zoning was a lso requested because the maximum a l lowable bui l t up area is 1 .75% of the land area being c lass i f ied as an industr ia l zone as shown in Appendix 1 .

S ince the 1990’s , severa l masterplans were proposed to rev i ta l ize the Bourj Hammoud waterfront . A masterplan was f ina l ly approved by the government in 1995; the major a im was to transform the garbage dump into a munic ipa l Park , upgrade the l iv ing env ironment of the area to attract investments and bui ld a sewage treatment p lant . To rea l ize th is development , a pr ivate rea l -estate company (LINORD) was created. The masterplan was never rea l ized for severa l factors inc luding a lack of funding and conf l icts between the d i f ferent involved stakeholders . The only act ion was the ass ignment of the waste dump hi l l into an urban park .

Map Showing Exist ing Roads and LandusesMap Showing S i te Locat ion Map Showing Proposed Masterplan LINORD

Ababandoned Factory on S i te

Marit ime Act iv i t ies on the Beach in 1960’s

8 .0 S ITE CONTEXT

8.2 S i te Condit ions

FACTS & FIGURES

Area: 240 hectaresPopulat ion: 170,000Density : 700 pph

CLIMATE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILEMORPHOLOGY FUTURE OFTHE AREA

Lebanon has a Mediterranean c l imate character ized by a hot summer and a cold ra iny winter. The average temperature is 21°C; i t can reach a maximum of 38°C in Ju ly and August and a min imum of 8°C in Januar y and Februar y. Lebanon is known to be a sunny countr y with an average of 300 sunhours per month. The average annual ra in fa l l i s 825mm and the average speed wind is 7 .5 mph.

Many exper ts t ie the area ’s strong socia l and economic l ive l ihood to i ts bui l t form of narrow a l leys , compact way of bui ld ing . One of the most d ist inct ive character ist ics of the area is i ts personal ized streetscapes made by a var iety of storefronts and goods d isp layed on the streets .

Many exper ts t ie the area ’s strong socia l and economic l ive l ihood to i ts bui l t form of narrow a l leys , compact way of bui ld ing . One of the most d ist inct ive character ist ics of the area is i ts personal ized streetscapes made by a var iety of storefronts and goods d isp layed on the streets .

Boruj Hammoud distr ict has been in a constant trans format ion because of the cont inuous populat ion movements that took p lace without any proper p lanning for a ba lanced development which marg ina l ized the area into becoming “a d istr ict for the poor” . However, the area of fers great potent ia ls because of i ts proximity to the c i ty center, i ts p ivota l locat ion near major transpor t roads , i ts ad jacency to an act ive neighborhood and i ts v isua l /economic va lue being a waterfront .

HarborWaterfront Abandoned

Industrial Zone

Bourj HammoudNeighborhood

InfrastructuralBreak

View of S i te in Context

5 MINUTE WALKING RADIUS


Strengths Weaknesses



Proximity to Mediterranean Sea Waste dump and abandoned bui ld ings

Operat iona l Industr ia l bu i ld ings

Presence of f i sh ing Harbor

Proximity to Res ident ia l area and employment

Act ive mixed use area

Proximity to handicra f t product ion pole

Major Nodes

Main ax is route running through the coast of the countr y

Secondary routes connect ing the s i te to the rest of the c i ty

Main road connect ing the Capita l to the North par t of the

Gas tank and environmenta l hazards

Deter iorat ing res ident ia l areas a f fect ing the image of the neighborhood

Pol lut ion caused by industr ia l area

Infrastructura l break

Pol luted r iver



8.0 S ITE CONTEXT

8.3 SWOT Analys is

Opportunit ies Threats

Waste dumpConver t ing the waste dump into a Green Park

Development of le isure spaces a long waterfront

Harbor area can be developed fur ther for recreat iona l act iv i ty

Mixed use development can enhance the l ive l iness of the c i ty and promote more interact ion between di f ferent communit ies

Provis ion of res ident ia l un i ts c lose to the capita l to suppor t employment market

Increased access ib i l i ty and connect iv i ty to waterfront

Waterfront promenade

Unique character of handicra f ts hubs with or ienta l souks

Gaz tank

Degradat ion of the res ident ia l area

Congest ion and tra f f ic5 MINUTE WALKING RADIUS




8.0 S ITE CONTEXT

8.3 SWOT Analys is

9.0 PLANNING AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS

9.1 P lanning in Lebanon

9.2 Neighborhood Planning in Saudi Arabia

9 .3 P lanning Regulat ions

9.4 Data and Space Required

9.5 Data Tested in the Context of Lebanon

9.6 Required Land Use by Category

INT ORG CDR GDUP

MASTER PLANSNPMPTLSTRATEGIC PLANS

UOM

MINISTRYOF INTERIOR

MINISTRYOF ENVIRONMENT

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORK

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

HCUPSUB COMMITTEE

M MMM

HCUP: HIGHER COUNCIL OF URBAN PLANNINGCDR: COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT OR RECONSTRUCTIONGDUP: GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF URBAN PLANNINGNPMTL: NATIONAL PHYSICAL MASTER PLAN FOR THE LEBANESE TERRITORYUOM: UNION OF MUNCIPALITIESM: MUNCIPALITIES

Lebanon is a h igh ly urbanized countr y but i ts urban growth was not regulated by state p lans or pol ic ies ; the result was “suf focated urban areas” that lacks to provide the bas ic ser v ices to their inhabitants with many environmenta l and transpor t problems to say the least .

State pol ic ies are ver y min imal ist ic in urban p lanning despite the severa l actors concerned.

Inst i tut iona l ly, a publ ic ent i ty respons ib le for p lanning matters does not exist s ince i ts e l iminat ion in the 1960s . Today, p lanning issues are handled by many ministr ies (such as min istr y of publ ic transpor t) and severa l governmenta l agencies .

The main governmenta l agency, the Directorate Genera l of Urbanism (DGU), i s respons ib le for developing and rev is ing masterplans a l l over Lebanon that provide only genera l gu idel ines and recommendat ions without being suppor ted by any regulator y framework or pol ic ies . The p lanning system of Lebanon is outdated with p lanning tools going back to the French mandate in the 1940’s . S ince then, the p lanning sector witnessed minimal change despite the growth of populat ion and the expans ion of urban areas . Only in 1997, few years a f ter the end of the Lebanese c iv i l war, that the Counci l for Development and Reconstruct ion (CDR) was created with the a im to regulate the post-war reconstruct ion and urban growth; the outcome was a document ent i t led The Nat iona l Phys ica l Master P lan for the Lebanese Terr i tor y adopted in 2009; i t i s a comprehens ive land-use p lan proposing a genera l nat iona l gu id ing framework for Lebanon ar t icu lated around main e ight gu idel ines .

On the reg ional leve l , there exist master p lans and strateg ic p lans that are a lso main ly concerned with land-use and zoning issues such as del imitat ion of industr ia l areas , of h istor ic areas , of spaces a l located for in frastructure and tra f f ic and the ba lance between urban and agr icu l tura l lands . On

the reg ional leve l , p lanning competencies are g iven to the munic ipa l i t ies that have to rev iew the master p lans and adv ise as f i t . The result i s a patchwork of fragmented act ions and p lans .

To sum up, there is a lack of a p lanning body and of a regulator y p lanning framework, outdated pol ic ies , many actors working independent ly in addit ion to pol i t ica l and administrat ive d iv is ions that can cha l lenge a comprehens ive urban p lanning at the reg ional leve l .

8 Guidel ines

• Structure terr i tor y around main urban centers

• Respect the speci f ic i ty of each reg ion when developing i t

• Provide publ ic fac i l i t ies in an e f f ic ient manner

• Develop an ef f ic ient publ ic transpor t system

• Inc lude a l l areas in the nat iona l economic development

• Preser ve natura l domain of the countr y

• Susta inable management of water resources

• Solve the issue of wastes

9 .0 DATA AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS

9.1 P lanning in Lebanon

As discussed prev ious ly in the repor t , the Lebanese p lanning regulat ions are lack ing/outdated and the zoning gu idel ines for the chosen s i te for Issues 1 are obsolete . Therefore , the group decided to work with the p lanning system of Saudi Arabia and the Emirates , be ing c loser to the Lebanese context than western pol ic ies . Also, we found that the p lanning system for the res ident ia l ne ighborhoods in Saudi and in the Emirates are quite s imi lar to the tradit iona l Arab c i ty morphology; they are organized around a main centra l hub host ing publ ic funct ions from which smal ler c lusters of more communal and pr ivate areas expand.

City p lanning in Saudi Arabia and the Emirates i s based on breaking i t down into smal ler p lanning units to ease the d istr ibut ion of ser v ices . The “neighborhood unit” was created around the concepts of walkabi l i ty and community bui ld ing . The a im is to provide necessar y ser v ices (educat iona l , hea l th , re l ig ious…) with in a walkable d istance of 500m; and by access ing the same ser v ices , inhabitants bui ld stronger socia l bonds and sa fer p laces .

Structure of Res ident ia l Units

The res ident ia l un i t i s in fact broken into severa l c lusters of people and ser v ices grouped gradual ly together in a centra l manner to form a whole . The structure of the res ident ia l un i t i s as fo l low:

The smal lest ent i ty i s the res ident ia l b lock which is a grouping of res ident ia l bu i ld ings . The res ident ia l ne ighborhood is composed of severa l res ident ia l b locks (3 to 5 b locks) with a populat ion number var y ing between 10,000 and 20,000 inhabitants . Severa l res ident ia l ne ighborhood (3 to 5 neighborhoods) make up a res ident ia l d istr ict with a populat ion number between 30,000 and 50,000 inhabitants .

These d i f ferent sca les of res ident ia l c lusters are each ser v iced by a common ser v ice hub which must be wel l connected to the street network and with in a walk ing d istance of maximum 500m. The ser v ice hub can have severa l spat ia l organizat ions as i l lustrated in the fo l lowing page . Structure of Res ident ia l Neighborhoods

Serv ices of Distr ict

Ser v ices of Res ident ia l Neighborhood

Serv ices of Group of Res ident ia l B locks

Res ident ia l B lock



The proposed guidel ine model suggests a centra l ser v ice hub from which commercia l fac i l i t ies spread in a l inear way a long pedestr ian/vehicu lar routes . Some ser v ices are a lso p laced across the s i te , on the edges , to ser ve other neighborhoods and encourage investment across a l l the development .

Centra l Spat ia l Organizat ion

The publ ic and communal funct ions are grouped in the center of the res ident ia l c lusters . The benef i ts of such a centra l mix of uses is the access ib i l i ty for a l l surrounding res idents , reducing cost and land requirements and creat ing a soc ia l hub for a l l users . Also, th is type of organizat ion a l lows the d i f ferent actors involved to group their e f for ts in terms of programming, f inanc ing and execut ion to achieve a more ef f ic ient scheme . Never theless , one should be aware of the increased tra f f ic

Non-Centra l Spat ia l Organizat ion

The publ ic and communal funct ions are spread across the res ident ia l c lusters . The benef i ts of such a model i s a reduced annoyance for res idents and a chance to encourage investments across a l l o f the development . However, such a spread of ser v ices i s not e f f ic ient in terms of access ib i l i ty, proximity and required land s ize .

L inear Spat ia l Organizat ion

The publ ic and communal funct ions are evenly d istr ibuted a long the main pedestr ian routes . The benef i ts of such a model i s a ba lanced d istr ibut ion of ser v ices that promote walk ing in the image of the tradit iona l l inear market of Arab c i t ies (“souqs”) . This model a lso ra ises i ssues of catchment area and land s ize requirements with the funct ions being spread out .

Proposed Guidel ine Model



Rel ig ious Fac i l i t ies

Mosques should be located in an unpol luted zone away from bad smel ls and noises . Mosques should be eas i ly reachable by pedestr ians and wel l connected to other suppor t ing ser v ices . I t i s adv ised that mosque bui ld ings have a rectangular shape with the largest s ide d irected to the Qibla (Mecca d irect ion) . I t i s a lso recommended that re l ig ious bui ld ings should have an inner cour tyard and be recessed from the streets to ease c ircu lat ion and a l low for addit iona l space in case of an increased number of worshipers . Extra care should be g iven to the des ign of mosques and their surrounding in terms of green spaces , v iews and so on. The height and s ize of the surrounding bui ld ings should not exceed those of Mosques as they should be treated as landmarks ; i t i s preferred that mosques are surrounded or adjacent to open spaces .

There are two types of mosques : the loca l mosque suppor ts a populat ion of 1500 people and the main mosque suppor ts 7500 people . Loca l mosques are located with in res ident ia l areas whereas the main mosque is located near the act iv i ty center of the res ident ia l d istr ict .

Educat iona l Fac i l i t ies

Nurser ies :

Nurser ies accommodate chi ldren between the ages of 3 and 6 years o ld . Nurser ies should be located with in res ident ia l areas to ease access ib i l i ty and to promote sa fe walk ing .

Schools :

Schools should be wel l connected to pedestr ian routes to promote walk ing . They should a lso be connected to the c i ty ’s in frastructure roads to ease access ib i l i ty. Schools should be located in ca lm areas away from noises and pol lut ion. I t i s adv ised to have publ ic gardens next to schools . Adjacent bui ld ings to schools should be set back or not be h igh r ise for pr ivacy purposes and to ensure adequate l ight ing and vent i lat ion. I t i s adv ised that educat iona l bui ld ings ’ he ight not to exceed three f loors to a l low natura l vent i lat ion and l ight ing . Schools p laygrounds (outdoor and indoor) should be wel l shaded us ing shading dev ices or trees . I t i s adv ised i f schools are bui l t next to spor t fac i l i t ies .

Health Fac i l i t ies

Health fac i l i t ies should be adjacent to res ident ia l areas . They should be located in ca lm areas , therefore should be located away from educat iona l and commercia l fac i l i t ies . The chosen locat ion should be away from noise , pol lut ion, dust and smoke . Health fac i l i t ies should be eas i ly access ib le and thus located on a main road intersect ion. The bui ld ing ’s des ign should a l low for natura l vent i lat ion and l ight ing to ensure human comfor t . Health fac i l i t ies should be p lanned next to green open spaces for the wel l -be ing of pat ients where they could walk , p lay and rest . Open spaces a lso a l low for future expans ions .

Cultura l Fac i l i t ies

Cultura l fac i l i t ies such as l ibrar ies should be located at the center of ne ighborhoods, in ca lm areas . They should be wel l connected to pedestr ian routes and to publ ic transpor t . Adjacent bui ld ings should be stepped back for pr ivacy purposes .

Secur i ty Fac i l i t ies

Secur i ty fac i l i t ies inc lude pol ice stat ions and emergency ser v ices in case of f i re . P lanning should ensure that a suf f ic ient number of these fac i l i t ies i s provided and evenly d istr ibuted to ensure a secure environment for inhabitants . The locat ion of these fac i l i t ies should ensure min imum t ime is required to reach the inc ident ’s locat ion (around 5min) ; they should thus be located a long major roads .

Open Space and Recreat iona l Fac i l i t ies

Di f ferent sca les and types of open spaces should be provided to answer d i f ferent needs . These types inc lude , but are not l imited to, pocket gardens , publ ic gardens , d istr ict parks , p laygrounds , ne ighborhood squares and p lay areas . The d i f ferent open spaces should be connected by pedestr ian l inks and green routes to encourage b iodivers i ty. I t i s adv ised to incorporate spor ts and recreat iona l uses with in open spaces to render them more attract ive and v iab le .

Rel ig ious Fac i l i ty P lanning Educat iona l Fac i l i ty P lanning


9.3 P lanning Requirements

LEVEL OF SERVICES LANDUSE POPULATION NUMBER MINIMUM REQUIRED AREA (sqm) MINIMUM REQUIRED AREA PER PERSON (sqm) CATCHMENT (m) BUILT PERCENTAGE NUMBER OF FACILITY REQUIRED (800pph) TOTAL SQM NEEDED

ADJACENT SERVICES TO RESIDENTIAL BLOCK

Mosque 6000 1200 0.3 500 65% 9 15360Commercial Store 6000 550 0.14 300 - 9 7040Post Office 6000 35 - - - 9 448Community Public Square 6000 1000 0.25 300 - 9 12800Children Playground 6000 1000 0.25 300 - 9 12800Community Garden 6000 3000 0.75 300 - 9 38400

SERVICES OF GROUP OF RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS

Mosque 12000 2800 0.23 1000 65% 4 12040Commercial Store 12000 5400 0.45 500 65% 4 23200Nursery 12000 700 0.06 500 40% 4 3010Infant School 12000 3000 0.25 500 40% 4 12900Primary School 12000 7800 0.65 - 40% 4 33540General Clininc 12000 500 0.04 - 65% 4 2150Specialized Clinic 12000 500 0.04 - 65% 4 2150Private Health Centre 12000 500 0.04 - 65% 4 2150Public Square 12000 2500 0.2 500 - 4 10750Garden 12000 8500 0.7 600 - 4 36550

SERVICES OF RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBERHOODS

Secondary School 20000 8500 0.42 - 40% 3 21760College 30000 10000 0.4 - 40% 2 17000Post Office 30000 1800 0.06 1000 65% 2 3060Public Health Centre 30000 6500 0.22 2000 65% 2 11050Neighberhood Garden 30000 12000 0.4 1500 - 2 20400

Total 103 298558

SERVICES OF DISTRICT

Emergency Services 100000 3500 0.035 2000 65% 1 1750Library 120000 4000 0.035 3000 65% 1 1680Police Station 100000 4000 0.035 3500 65% 1 2000Municapilty Offices 100000 1000 0.01 2500 65% 1 200Municipality Hall 250000 4000 0.015 - 65% 1 2000Private Hospital 35000 1800 0.05 - 65% 2 2700Public Hospital 100000 5000 0.05 - 65% 1 2500District Garden 120000 150000 1.25 3000 - 1 63000

Total 374388Total Population 51200

Mix of PopulationSyrian 70% 35840Lebanese 30% 15360

People p/D Number of Houses Req.Syrian 5.8 6179Lebanese 4.1 3746

Residential Spatial Req. House Type Dwelling SizeSyrian Affordable 80% 100 sqm

Standard 20% 150 sqmLebanese Standard 80% 180 sqm

Luxury 20% 210 sqm

Total Residential Spacial Req. 1,361,402 sqm

Land Use Space Requirements in Saudi P lanning

Space Requirements for a populat ion of 51,200

The above tab le summarizes the space requirements for the d i f ferent ser v ices that suppor t res ident ia l areas . I t spec i f ies the number of populat ion suppor ted by the d i f ferent fac i l i t ies and the area required for each. The number of people to house for Issues 1 is 51,200; th is number was used to ca lcu late how many fac i l i t ies i s needed on s i te . The project wi l l not accommodate for the “Distr ict ser v ices” because they are needed for a larger populat ion of at least 100,000 people .

For the hous ing requirements , the group assumed that the project wi l l house 70% Syr ians and 30% Lebanese . Knowing the average household number of both groups (5 .8 for the Syr ians and 4 .1 for the Lebanese) , the project needs to accommodate 6179 houses for Syr ians and 3746 houses for Lebanese .

When Syr ians re locate to Lebanon, they usua l ly come as s ing le men and somet imes a long with their fami l ies . The s ing le men typica l ly form groups together to a f ford rent ing an apar tment in Beirut according to a repor t by UNHCR. Therefore , a household average of 5 i s appl icab le in both scenar ios .

In Lebanon, the common typology of hous ing is apar tments . To know the average s ize of apar tments in Lebanon, a repor t prepared by RAMCO, a Lebanese rea l -estate adv isor, in Februar y was 2016 was used (see appendix 2) . The average apar tment s ize was dec ided on 180 sqm tak ing the average of apar tments located in middle-c lass areas . For the Syr ians , the average s ize of apar tments was dec ided on 100 sqm to make them more a f fordable .


9.4 Date and Space Required

18

28

7

12

37 8

13

1714

0 1

11

00

5

10

15

20

25

30

Bourj Hammoud Ser v ices

Saudi Arabia Ser v ices

To test the accuracy and the appl icab i l i ty of the Saudi p lanning space requirements to the context of Lebanon, a compar ison was done with the adjacent neighborhood of Bour j Hammoud. This compar ison was seen f i t s ince the chosen neighborhood accommodates a dens i ty of 750 pph.

The compar ison a imed to examine i f the number of fac i l i t ies requested by the Saudi p lanning is su i tab le for the context of Lebanon. The char t be low compares the provis ion of main ser v ices in both the Saudi and Lebanese contexts . The number of fac i l i t ies needed were somehow s imi lar in both cases with the except ion of Health and Educat iona l ser v ices . The d i f ference in numbers are just i f iab le when in formed about the context of Lebanon.

Usual ly in Lebanon, because of the sectar ian d ivers i ty and the tradit ion of confess iona l schools , each community provides i ts own educat iona l fac i l i t ies . However, provid ing a centra l educat iona l system wi l l he lp in transcending sectar ian d iv is ions and in promoting socia l cohes ion.

Community centers are impor tant fac i l i t ies in Lebanon that provide educat iona l , hea l th and socia l ser v ices to suppor t the community. Therefore , a reduced number of governmenta l fac i l i t ies i s required such as for the case of hea l th ser v ices s ince the demand is par t ly answered by community centers .

For Leisure , the Saudi p lanning author i ty does not spec i fy any requirements . The case of Bour j Hammoud was thus used as a base l ine to know the number of such fac i l i t ies required to suppor t the populat ion of our s i te .

Also, provid ing 13 re l ig ious fac i l i t ies as required by the p lanning was found to be unnecessar y ; the numbers adv ised are ca lcu lated not only based on populat ion numbers but a lso on catchment d istances . Both the Saudi p lanning and the Bourj Hammoud on larger areas than our s i te area . The number of re l ig ious fac i l i t ies was thus reduced but their s izes increased to accommodate the need of a dens i ty of 800 pph.

Never theless , the compar ison shows that the p lanning requirements dev ised by the Saudi author i ty can be appl ied to the Lebanese context with some level of f lex ib i l i ty. Le isure and community ser v ices were thus inc luded in the landuse provis ion for the s i te and the number of some fac i l i t ies (such as re l ig ious fac i l i t ies) reduced whi le increas ing their s izes .

Number of Fac i l i t ies provided in the Neighborhood of Bour j HammoudNumber of Fac i l i t ies provided in Bourj Hammoud and Required by Saudi P lanning


9.5 Data Tested in the Context of Lebanon

Resident ia l

Ser v ices

Open Space

Representat ion of the Spat ia l Requirements Devised by the Saudi P lanning

This d iagram i l lustrates the space needed i f we were to accommodate res ident ia l uses , ser v ices and open space requirements on the s i te on one leve l .The coloured squares represent 1 ha each and the b lack out l ine shows the l imit of 64 ha . To f i t a l l o f the space requirements dev ised by the Saudi P lanning Authority on a s i te of 64 ha , they need to be stacked in at least four leve ls .


9.6 Required Landuse by Category

10.0 APPLICATION TO SITE

10.1 Strateg ic P lan

10.2 Design Development

10.3 F ina l Masterplan

The group decided not to mainta in any of the exist ing industr ia l bu i ld ings on s i te knowing that they are abandoned and in a d i lap idated state . The dew operat iona l bui ld ings can be re located e lsewhere s ince the s i te of fers great potent ia l for development as shown in the SWOT analys is . Also in terms of leg ib i l i ty, the bui ld ings do not carr y any sent imenta l va lues for current res idents as h igh l ighted by a study prepared for the munic ipa l i ty of Bour j Hammoud in 2009 by Diran Harmandayan.

The s i te i s looked down upon by the res idents as i t has separated them from access ing the waterfront and compromised the f i sh ing harbor. These two character ist ics of the s i te are the impor tant landmarks that the project wi l l enhance . The conceptua l model was appl ied to s i te and adjusted according to s i te context and l imitat ions .

Three major Green f ingers run through the s i te to connect exist ing accesses from Bourj Hammoud neighborhood to i ts waterfront . A major road run through the s i te that wi l l inc lude publ ic transpor t such as buses to increase access ib i l i ty to s i te . A secondary route run in per iphery of the s i te and connect to the exist ing in frastructure of the c i ty. Di f ferent typolog ies of open spaces (park , pocket gardens , cour tyards) are connected by pedestr ian/cyc l ing routes and l ink to the c i ty ’s ex ist ing green spaces .

Main Connect ions and Network of Open Spaces Landuse Distr ibut ion on S i te

Inst i tut iona l (such as educat ion and hea l th) and commercia l funct ions are located a long major roads and next to main transpor t nodes to benef i t from increased access ib i l i ty. Mix use are d istr ibuted a long main green routes to act ivate them and increase foot fa l l . Le isure fac i l i t ies are main ly located on the waterfront and next to the exist ing harbor and is env is ioned to become a new hub for the c i ty. The res ident ia l funct ion is d istr ibuted across the s i te in the mix use b locks and are a lso c lustered near the ca lmer area of the waterfront where they wi l l benef i t from sea v iews.

10 .0 APPLICATION TO SITE

10.1 Strateg ic P lan

Educat ionHealth Community Ser v ices

Res ident ia l Commercia l

Mix UseLeisure

Rel ig ious

S e c o n d a r y Roads

P r ima r y Roads

Educat ionHealth Community Ser v ices

Res ident ia l Commercia l

Mix UseLeisure

Rel ig ious

S e c o n d a r y Roads

P r ima r y Roads

B lock Conf igurat ion on S i te Density on S i te Bui ld ing Typolog ies and Road Hierarchy

The street pattern was conf igured to enhance permeabi l i ty and access ib i l i ty. The b lock s izes are with in the recommended standards of 80-100m to enhance walkabi l i ty. Larger gra in i s found a long main roads to accommodate for a var iety of funct ions whi le smal ler gra in i s found near the waterfront where res ident ia l funct ions are p laced.

Bui ld ings a long the h ighway are h igher to channel in wind cool ing the streets and to provide shading . Next to open spaces , the heights are reduced to 10-15m to create pedestr ian fr iendly env ironments . At the end of the s i te , h igher dens i t ies are cons idered next to the waterfront for the economic va lue presented by such a strateg ic locat ion.

Highway

A c lear street h ierarchy is impor tant as h igh l ighted in prev ious sect ions . The main roads are 30m wide whi le smal ler res ident ia l streets are 7m for env ironmenta l and cultura l concerns as expla ined ear l ier.

The main bui ld ing typology is the cour tyard bui ld ing that answers both c l imat ic and socia l needs of the s i te . Some bui ld ings were not conf igured as per imeter bui ld ings so they can be more robust and accommodate perhaps changing funct ions over t ime .

10 .0 APPLICATION TO SITE

10.2 Design Development

Masterplan 1 :2500

50m 100m

10.0 APPLICATION TO SITE

10.3 F ina l Masterplan 1 :2500

11.0 DESIGN PRINCIPLES APPLIED

11.1 Cl imate

11.2 Permeabi l i ty /Mobi l i ty

11.3 Land Use

11.4 Open Space

11.5 Ident i ty / Integrat ion

11.6 Sa fety

11.7 Adaptabi l i ty

Climate was cons idered as an impor tant env ironmenta l qua l i ty when des ign ing c i t ies in order to create spaces that are comfor table for people to l ive in without the need to re ly on cost ly technolog ies that Syr ians might not a f ford. The Lebanese c l imate is hot and therefore care was g iven to produce an energy ef f ic ient des ign . Cl imate was cons idered at d i f ferent morpholog ica l layers .

The overa l l s trategy cons isted of or ient ing the master p lan ’s gr id a long the southwest ax is , which is the d irect ion of the preva i l ing winds . Three “green f ingers” run through the s i te , insp ired from the case study of Masdar City, and act as the breath ing lungs of the project by br ing ing in the preva i l ing winds through the c i ty.

The streets widths , bui ld ing heights and or ientat ion were a lso cons idered to provide maximum shading and promote human comfor t at the ground leve l . Cl imate was a lso cons idered at the bui ld ing sca le by us ing the cour tyard typology that was proved to be ef f ic ient in tradit iona l Arab c i ty des ign .

11 .0 DESIGN PRINCIPLES APPLIED

11.1 Cl imate

Shading

By or ient ing the masterplan gr id south-west , the south fac ing facades are no longer perpendicular ly h i t by the sun reducing thus heat ga in . The streets are narrow with an average s ize of 7m which ensure maximum shading . A sun study ana lys is showed that the streets are wel l shaded in summer and sunny in winter, creat ing comfor table spaces around the year.

Use of Vegetat ion

The use of vegetat ion, and in par t icu lar trees , i s ver y e f f ic ient to regulate c l imate by provid ing shading in large open spaces .Also, i t he lps in cool ing and f i l ter ing the a ir and can be used a long water features for increased results .

Natura l Vent i lat ion

Natura l vent i lat ion is one of the most e f f ic ient ways to prevent over heat ing in hot areas . I t was ensured by a l ign ing the main routes a long the d irect ion of preva i l ing winds as expla ined ear l ier. Natura l vent i lat ion was a lso ensured in smal ler open spaces such as in cour tyards that act as col lectors of cool a ir at n ight .


11.1 Cl imate

Making the development permeable and easy to nav igate through is ver y impor tant for leg ib i l i ty. Having a wel l -connected street pattern g ives commuters a greater choice of poss ib le routes and increase foot fa l l . This promotes sa fety and v ibrancy and have pos i t ive impacts on the scheme economica l ly.

A c lear street h ierarchy is a lso an impor tant factor that was taken in cons iderat ion whi le des ign ing the scheme as i t enhance the leg ib i l i ty of the area . I t a lso helps in def in ing the trans i t ion from publ ic to pr ivate spaces , which is essent ia l in Arab c i ty des ign .

The main focus of the scheme was to connect the s i te to the rest of the c i ty, a l lowing the res idents to access the waterfront that i s a main landmark. The proposed green f ingers on s i te fo l low th is log ic by connect ing to exist ing routes . Clear networks of transpor t were a lso devised. The main vehicu lar routes run through and around the per iphery of the s i te only. . This encourages walk ing and cyc l ing a long the green pedestr ian routes . Severa l modes of transpor t were cons idered to render the scheme more access ib le and feas ib le .



Pedestr ian Fr iendly Streets

Streets were des igned to encourage walk ing and cyc l ing . Pavements are large (4-5m) to suppor t pedestr ian act iv i t ies . Vegetat ion is a lso used as a buf fer to create more p leas ing spaces . Traf f ic-s lowing techniques sha l l be incorporated as wel l .

Street Hierarchy - Space Syntax

The centra l area with the main re l ig ious landmark has the h ighest access ib i l i ty.Mixed use development are found around that space and are thus wel l access ib le roads are located on the per iphery of the development .The bus iest areas are those were the main publ ic funct ions are provided at the south of the s i te . Routes become more pr ivate as you approach res ident ia l areas .

Modes of Transpor t

The project suppor t d i f ferent modes of transpor t (bus , car, cyc l ing , walk ing) to make the s i te more access ib le . Vehic les are restr icted to two main roads whi le other routes promote cyc l ing and walk ing .

Walkabi l i ty

Walkabi l i ty was ensured by hav ing b lock s izes var y ing between 80 and 100m. The var iat ion in s izes suppor t a st imulat ing walk ing exper ience phys ica l ly and v isua l ly.

10min walk

5min walk

120m

120m

100m

100m

80m





The landuse scheme was dev ised to increase interact ion between di f ferent communit ies . Diverse land use helps in creat ing v ibrant spaces . Act ive spaces are known to be sa fe spaces and wi l l increase foot fa l l with in the s i te . Mix ing uses a lso a l lows the interact ion of d i f ferent communit ies by access ing the same ser v ices . Mixed use development a lso suppor ts publ ic transpor t and has economica l va lue by reducing for example costs endured on bui ld ings i f they were to funct ion with a s ing le use .

The master p lan ’s d istr ibut ion of uses was in some aspects insp ired by Arab c i ty des ign .The main open space is located next to main mosque . The area is bordered by mixed use fac i l i t ies that spread a long major routes .The south of the s i te accommodates more publ ic funct ions such as heath fac i l i t ies , commercia l and inst i tut iona l bui ld ings that could a lso suppor t the adjacent neighborhood. Around the harbor and a long the waterfront var ious bui ld ings with le isure fac i l i t ies are provided to increase the number of people and act ivate the area . Rel ig ious bui ld ings can be seen through the s i te promoting interact ion between di f ferent cu l tures . Educat iona l bui ld ings are c lustered in two main locat ion with in the s i te next to open spaces to provide a better env ironemnt for learning . The res ident ia l bu i ld ings are p laced in the ca lmer areas next to the waterfront .

Mixed Use

Rel ig ious

Leisure

Health

Commercia l

Educat iona lRes ident ia l


11.3 Landuse

The object ive was to create an interconnected green network that inc lude d i f ferent typolog ies of open spaces and can susta in d i f ferent act ivt ies .

The three green f ingers on s i te help to connect the res idents with the waterfront whi le a lso cool ing the environment as they are a l igned with the d irect ion of the preva i l ing winds . We have tr ied to incorporate urban agr icu l ture with in our scheme for i ts mult ip le env ironmenta l economica l and socia l benef i ts . Green spaces are act ivated by surrounding funct ions and act as an outdoor extens ion of these .

Vegetat ion is essent ia l in creat ing a pos i t ive eco-system. Trees in Lebanon have to be fa ir ly se l f -susta in ing and robust to sur v ive in the hot c l imate . Popular trees in the c i ty of Beirut often inc lude F icus and Cedar trees . Trees are a source of shade but are a lso ef fect ive in cool ing the environment around.

The case studies of Masdar and Stavanger helped to form a benchmark for the concepts used in our Master p lan . Whi le the c l imate of our s i te may not match these case studies we wi l l look to p lant s imi lar green zones throughout our scheme . From these examples we wi l l look to incorporate features such as pocket parks , urban agr icu l ture p lots and publ ic rea lm spaces that can be used for a var iety of d i f ferent


11.4 Open Space

Centra l Park

The largest open space is located near the main mosque and is act ivated by the border ing mixed use . I t can a lso incorporate urban agr icu l ture and suppor t d iverse act iv i t ies because of i ts f lex ib i l i ty.

Pocket Gardens

Pocket gardens are located with in res ident ia l areas to of fer better v isua l qua l i t ies with in res ident ia l areas and can be used by chi ldren as a p layground.

Spor ts Fac i l i ty

The le isure fac i l i ty can accommodate spor ts fac i l i t ies and p laygrounds for the chi ldren of the neighborhood. Br ing ing ch i ldren together help in br ing ing parents from di f ferent backgrounds together.

Pr ivate Cour tyards

Pr ivacy is impor tant in middle eastern culture , provid ing pr ivate cour tyards for more int imate encountes and interact ions between neighbors is par t of the da i ly l i fe of Arabs .

Cascading Rooftops

An e levated layer of open spaces was created by the introduct ion of cascading rooftops that can promote v isua l interact ion whi le l imit ing phys ica l access .


11.4 Open Space


11.4 Open Space

The ident i ty of a p lace is re lat ive at both a loca l and nat iona l sca le . Architectura l features such as landmark bui ld ings provide ident i ty not only at a loca l leve l but a lso at nat iona l sca le by act ing as a magnet that draws people to an area .

The case of Khan Younis h igh l ights how a unique mix of ident i t ies can be merged together when in cr is is such as war or natura l d isasters . The case study is impor tant as we are tr y ing to introduce Syr ian refugees into the scheme , focus ing on how to create an ident i ty that i s re latab le to both cultures .

We have re lated our master p lan to the Arab morphology. Emphas is was g iven to the h ierarchy of spaces and the need for a centra l publ ic space from which mixed use streets spread to then break of f into smal ler ter t iar y routes to g ive access to the res ident ia l c lusters . Key landmark bui ld ings on s i te were ident i f ied and p laced in accordance with the log ic of Arab morpholog ica l model .

A townscape ana lys is was a lso conducted to see whether we were success fu l in creat ing interest ing streetscapes and ensure pr ivacy, a cruc ia l cu l tura l need in Arab context .


11.5 Ident i ty

NARROW

ANTICIPATION

HERE

OPEN SPACE

PUNCTUATION

FLUCTUATION

THERE

DEFLECTION

ANTICIPATION

HERE

THERE

RECESS ANDPROJECTION

LANDMARK

DEFLECTIONCLOSED VISTA

FLUCTUATION

VARIETY

THERE

HERE

RECESS ANDPROJECTION

LANDMARK

OPEN SPACE

CLOSEDVISTA

DEFLECTION

ANTICIPATION

VARIETY

ANTICIPATION

PUNCTUATION

Architectura l Language

Severa l landmark bui ld ings were d istr ibuted through the s i te to enhance leg ib i l i ty and are located in strateg ic areas to suppor t publ ic funct ions . The proposa l a lso a ims a inc luding re interpreted tradit iona l Arab bui ld ings .

Townscape Qual i t ies

Streets were des igned according to Cul len ’s townscape qual i t ies to create exci t ing spaces . They a lso demonstrated that h igh leve l of pr ivacy is ensured with most of the streets hav ing a c losed v ista which can a lso create an e lement of ant ic ipat ion and excitement .

Street Culture

Street pavements was des igned to be wide (4-5m) to be able to accommodate var ious act iv i t ies . An impor tant act iv i ty i s the sett ing up of shops a long the street to attract more people which is h igh ly rooted in Arab culture as i l lustrated in the p icture above .

Landmark Bui ld ingsReinterpreted tradit iona l Arab architecture


11.5 Ident i ty


11.5 Ident i ty

I t i s impor tant for a l l users of our scheme to fee l sa fe with in the environment in which they l ive . The scheme looks to introduce refugees into the s i te as a result of the war in Syr ia . The introduct ion of these refugees to the s i te might create tens ions with the exist ing Lebanese community. Therefore our master p lan attempts to provide a sa fe env ironment for both of these communit ies to cohabitate tak ing their cu l tura l d i f ferences into cons iderat ion. The Khan Younis case study in the war torn Gaza Str ip i s an example that showcases how best to resolve tens ions and provide sa fety between two groups of people .

In terms of our master p lan , the Arab morphology ’s use of street h ierarchy was used to create a sense of pr ivacy throughout the scheme . Act ive edges p lay an integra l role in assur ing that the streets are sa fe . Bui ld ings are stepped with terraces to a l low for pass ive sur vei l lance . A mix of uses surrounds the centra l open space . This he lps in keeping the streets act ive and sa fe throughout the day. The bui ld ings were des igned to ensure that both Syr ians and Lebanese could interact with each other in a sa fe env ironment .


11.6 Sa fety

Hierarchy of Streets

A c lear street h ierarchy is impor tant to create a d ist inct ion between pr ivate and publ ic spaces and thus promote sa fer neighborhoods.

Mixed Use Scheme

Mixed use development suppor t a var iety of funct ions that render the area more act ive . Act ive spaces area sa fer p laces with people present around the c lock.

Act ive Edges

Act ive edges create sa fer streets because of the act iv i t ies tak ing p lace and presence of people in constant f lux .

Pass ive Sur vei l lance

Pass ive sur vei l lance is the most e f f ic ient way to ensure sa fety by hav ing l iv ing areas over looking publ ic spaces .


11.6 Sa fety

Having a robust scheme is essent ia l to dea l with c i ty change and growth. The open spaces with in our masterplan were concierge to be robust spaces , main ly the l inear park at the south of the s i te that was transformed from a “dead” space under the br idge to an act ive and f lex ib le space . Severa l funct ions can take p lace such as in formal markets , exhib i t ions , performances , community act iv i t ies ; i t i s a mult i - funct iona l space that can be adapted and appropr iated by the res idents .The main open spaces were conceived in that manner with min imal regulat ions to a l low higer degree of f lex ib i l i ty and freedom.

Also, the project inc lude fu l l b locks to be able to suppor t change of funct ion or users over t ime .

The project dea ls with the issue of Syr ian refugees in Lebanon, th ink ing of phas ing was thus impor tant to understand how the project wi l l be implemented to answer the quickest the needs of refugees . The proposa l a lso h igh l ights areas for future intens i f icat ion; these area can become dense being located next to major roads .

Future Poss ib le Increase in Heights



10.7 ADAPTABILITY

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

Phas ing

The most press ing issue when i t comes to dea l ing with refugees is shelter ing . The f i rst phase of the project intends to quick ly construct res ident ia l un i ts to the south of the s i te a long the exist ing road for them to be able to access the ser v ices in the adjacent neighborhood. The str ip wi l l thus f i rst accommodate res ident ia l fac i l i t ies that can then be transformed into commercia l or inst i tut iona l fac i l i t ies once more dwel l ings are created with in the s i te . The idea is to a lways provide a c luster of res ident ia l with i ts bas ic needs as h igh l ighted in the p lanning sect ion (some educat iona l . re l ig ious and hea l th ser v ices) so i t can be se l f -suf f ic ient . When severa l c lusters of res ident ia l un i ts are created, publ ic funct ions can be added to suppor t them and so on.



12.0 CONCLUSION

12.1 Ref lect ions

12.1 Appl icat ion Rat ing

Ref lect ion on Methodology Ref lect ion on Design Concepts Areas for Future Research

Issues I a l lowed us to develop a methodology for the des ign of a h igh dens i ty development with good environmenta l qua l i t ies . The br ie f g iven to us was expanded to answer a press ing issue , that of accommodat ing for an increas ing number of refugees sett l ing in a lready dense and “suf focat ing” c i t ies . The case of Syr ian refugees in Lebanon was taken as an example .

To understand what good environmenta l qua l i t ies represent , l i terature rev iew helped us in better understanding the theory and strateg ies behind good urban des ign scheme . The qual i t ies were then fur ther explored by invest igat ing re levant case studies that he lped root ing theory in pract ice . Also, a study of Arab c i ty des ign was a lso done to better in form our des ign dec is ions . These explorat ion helped in in forming the conceptua l model that was then appl ied to the chosen s i te . The result ing masterplan was an in formed and researched model that answer s i te spec i f ic condit ions but a lso “universa l” concerns of good urban des ign pract ice . The under ly ing process can be transferred and appl ied e lsewhere .

Desirable env ironmenta l qua l i t ies were trans lated into des ign qua l i t ies . A conceptua l model was created from these des ign qua l i t ies . The incorporat ion of these des ign qua l i t ies was somet imes cha l leng ing because a hybr id model was created merg ing best pract ices from both Western and Arab models .

The most success fu l des ign qua l i t ies that were eas i ly implemented eas i ly were c l imate strateg ies , permeabi l i ty and network of open space typolog ies .Some concerns and d iscuss ions were held around the not ion of ident i ty and how to create a hybr id one . The mix use scheme was a lso a point of debate knowing that tradit iona l Arab c i t ies s imi lar funct ions were c lustered together a l though western models encourage mix of use for the many benef i ts i t presents as h igh l ighted ear l ier. The proposed hybr id model tr ied to accommodate for both approaches by locat ing mixed uses next to major roads and apply ing the s ing le use scheme to pr ivate res ident ia l areas .

Severa l i ssues could have been invest igated fur ther but was not poss ib le due to the l imited t ime- frame of Issues :

- Streets were des igned to accommodate cars only i f needed with streets being conceived as shared spaces . Res ident ia l streets with a width of 7m are not ab le to accommodate a large percentage of car ownership. However, in Lebanon, owning a car i s par t of the “prest ige” ; not being ab le to own a car might be somehow problemat ic . Poss ib le incent ives should be invest igated to d iscourage use of cars and encourage other modes of transpor t .

- The b lock structure achieved in the f ina l masterplan has more of a “western” fee l ing with large b locks of 100*100m. The group judged the outcome feas ib le knowing that Lebanon is not a typ ica l Arab c i ty but rather a hybr id c i ty between European and Arab models . However, fur ther ana lys is of the b lock structure could have been done in an attempt to achieve a gra in c loser to that of Arab c i t ies .

- Mixed use was cons idered to be an impor tant aspect of the project . Addit iona l understanding of such a mix and of potent ia l conf l icts between di f ferent was required.

- The re lat ion between Urban Design and P lanning needed a lso fur ther research; the des ign strateg ies need to be suppor ted by pol ic ies , spec ia l ly in the context of refugees . For example , to have a more feas ib le scheme of hous ing Syr ians and Lebanese next to each other, pol ic ies should a l low Syr ians to br ing their fami l ies a long s ince s ing le men are somet imes feared.

- A more deta i led ana lys is of both the Lebanese and Syr ian culture and way of l iv ing could a lso have been done to better in form ident i ty and integrat ion issues .

12 .0 CONCLUSION

12.1 Ref lect ion

Climate

Having a c l imate respons ive des ign was one of the most impor tant object ives to create a susta inable scheme . This was ensured by cons ider ing issues of or ientat ion, natura l vent i lat ion and se l f shading des ign . Cl imate was cons idered at the d i f ferent morpholog ica l layers (streets , bui ld ings , open spaces) to ensure the creat ion of a comfor table env ironment .

Ident i ty

The project provided severa l shared acces ib le publ ic spaces where Syr ians and Lebanese can come together and interact . The des ign a lso incorporated tradit iona l Arab qua l i t ies that he lped in the creat ion of strong communit ies (house terraces , ne ighborhood cour tyards , market spaces , etc . ) The publ ic spaces being f lex ib le a l low the community to adapt them becoming p laces of express ion.

Sa fety

Safety was ensured by provid ing mix use funct ions around open spaces to have people around the c lock. The des ign ensured maximum act ive edges s ince act ive spaces are usua l ly regarded as being sa fer. Sa fety i s a lso enhanced by pass ive sur vei l lance with res ident ia l un i ts over looking into publ ic spaces .

Land Use

Mix of uses was regarded to be impor tant to create more act ive and sa fer p laces . Also, mix use developments are more ef f ic ient a long with a l lowing people from di f ferent backgrounds to access the same ser v ices and thus encourage interact ion. Some issues concerning pr ivacy may have been ra ised and they type of mix uses could have been studied fur ther.

Open Space

Di f ferent typolog ies of open spaces were provided (parks , terraces , cour tyards , gardens) and were interconnected by pedestr ian routes . The open spaces are not only aesthet ic and for le isure purposes but are a lso product ive by incorporat ing urban agr icu l ture . The des ign a lso enhanced the access ib i l i ty to the waterfront , a major open space for the c i ty as a whole .

Adaptabi l i ty

The project was conceived in phases to answer quick ly the press ing s i tuat ion of Syr ian in Lebanon by provid ing f i rst the bas ic shelter ing needs . The des ign a lso accommodate for future growth by indicat ing potent ia l areas to be fur ther dens i f ied . I t a lso presents robust spaces with f lex ib le open spaces that can accommodate d i f ferent uses and needs .


The project i s h igh ly permeable with walkable b lock s izes (around 100m). To encourage walkabi l i ty, human comfor t was ensured by provid ing cool shaded pedestr ian fr iendly streets . The project a lso enhanced the connect ion of the area to the rest of the c i ty by connect ing i t to exist ing in frastructure . The proposa l incorporates severa l mode of transpor t to increase access ib i l i ty.

12 .0 CONCLUSION

12.2 Appl icat ion Rat ing

13.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES

Lynch, K. (1960) . The image of the c i ty. 1st ed. Cambridge , Mass . : MIT Press .

Bar ton, H. , Grant , M. and Guise , R. (2003) . Shaping neighbourhoods. 1st ed. London: Spon.

Watson, G. and Bent ley, I . (2007) . Ident i ty by des ign . 1st ed. Amsterdam: E lsev ier.

Bresc ia , R . and Marsha l l , J . (2016) . How c i t ies wi l l save the world . 1st ed. Oxford: Rout ledge .

Gehl , J . (2010) . Cit ies for people . 1st ed. Washington, DC: Is land Press .Jacobs , J . (1961) . The death and l i fe of great American c i t ies . 1st ed. New York: Random House .

Mosta fav i , M. Doher ty G. (2010) . ecolog ica l urbanism

Carmona, M. (2013) . Explorat ions in Urban Design

Shrestha , K. (2014) . Inc lus ive Urbanizat ion

Tiesdel l , S . (2006) . The urban des ign reader

Montgomery, C . (2015) . Happy c i t ies Vi l joen, A, Bohn, K. (2014) . Second Nature Urban Agr icu l ture

Pelsmakers , S (2012) . The Environmenta l Des ign Pocketbook

Cuthber t , A. (2003) . Des ign ing c i t ies

Carmona, M (2010) . Publ ic P lace urban spaces

Hayward R (1993) . Making better p laces : urban des ign now Ng, E (2009) . Des ign ing h igh dens i ty c i t ies

Chami , M. (2016) . In depth rev iew of the Lebanese rea l estate sector in 2015

UN high commiss ioner for refugees , (2015) . vu lnerabi l i ty assessment of Syr ian refugees in Lebanon 2015.

Sa lat , S . (2010) . Susta inable Arabic urban des ign at ne ighborhood sca le

Khala f , R . (2012) . Tradit iona l vs modern Arabian morpholog ies

lund univers i ty (2000) . Urban micro c l imate in the c i ty of Fez , Morocco

FIGURE LIST

Figure .03 Syr ian Refugees (2016) ava i lab le at http : / /syr ianrefugees .eu/asy lum/ (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .04 ALAN TAYLOR (AUG 7,2014) ava i lab le at https : / /www.theat lant ic .com/photo/2014/08/gaza-a f ter-the-bombardment/100789/ (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .08 PHILIP WEISS ( JAN 23,2015) ava i lab le at http : / /mondoweiss .net/2015/01/exhib i t -photos- journey/ (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .09 ALAN TAYLOR (AUG 7,2014) ava i lab le at https : / /www.t h e a t l a n t i c . c o m / p h o t o / 2 0 1 4 / 0 8 / g a z a - a f t e r- t h e - b o m b a rd m e n t / 1 0 0 7 8 9 / (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .15,16,17,18 AFRITECTURE (OCTOBER 7,2009) ava i lab le at http : / /www.afr i tecture .org/architecture/ le-medi (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .23,24 KARISSA ROSENFIELD (MAY 7,2013) ava i lab le at http : / /www.archda i l y. com/369852 /mad l a - revhe im-mas terp l an -proposa l -mvrdv - space -group (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .30,31,32 MAILER DIABLO ( JUL 9 ,2016_ ava i lab le AT https : / /commons.wik imedia .org/wik i /F i le :Toapayoh-stadium. JPG (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .38,39,40 VYONYX ( JAN, 2003) ava i lab le at http : / /www.skyscraperc i ty.com/showthread.php?t=1023149 (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .46,47 E IAO ( JUL, 2001) ava i lab le at http : / /www.epd.gov.hk/e ia /reg ister/repor t/e iarepor t/e ia_0552001/repor t/vol1/vo_1.htm (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .53 (A+B) VYONYX ( JAN, 2003) http : / /www.skyscraperc i ty.com/showthread.php?t=1023149 (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .59 URBAN LAND ISNSTITUTE (2017) ava i lab le at http : / /ba l t imore .u l i .org/event/save-date-u l i -ba l t imore-tours-washington-dc/ (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .65,56,67 ERA CONTOUR (2009) ava i lab le at https : / /www.waterpas .n l /project /woonri jp-maken- le-medi- in-rotterdam/ (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .70 VYONYX ( JAN, 2003) ava i lab le at http : / /www.skyscraperc i ty.com/showthread.php?t=1023149(accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .73 PAUL HILTON (NOV 10,2010) ava i lab le at https : / /www.theguardian .com/g lobal -development/pover ty matters/2010/nov/10/migrants-send-money-home-a id (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .74 CRAWFORD (2002) ava i lab le at http : / /www.car free .com/fes/ fes_maps.html (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .86 THOMAS KURMEIER (N.D) ava i lab le at http : / /www.getty images .co.uk/deta i l /photo/dubai -sky l ine-roya l ty- free- image/462017375 (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .104 JUSTIN AMES (AUG 12, 2011) ava i lab le at https : / / thevelvetrocket .com/2011/08/12/an-abandoned- industr ia l -s i te- in-georg ia / (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .e l 7a jeeh BEN ALLEN (SEP, 2007) ava i lab le at http : / /www.hotel ibana is .com/ar t ic le/bour j -hammoud-beirut / (accessed at 2\3\2017)

FIGURE LIST

Figure .03 Syr ian Refugees (2016) ava i lab le at http : / /syr ianrefugees .eu/asy lum/ (accessed at 2\3\2017) F igure .04 ALAN TAYLOR (AUG 7,2014) ava i lab le at https : / /www.theat lant ic .com/photo/2014/08/gaza-a f ter-the-bombardment/100789/ (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .08 PHILIP WEISS ( JAN 23,2015) ava i lab le at http : / /mondoweiss .net/2015/01/exhib i t -photos- journey/ (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .09 ALAN TAYLOR (AUG 7,2014) ava i lab le at https : / /www.t h e a t l a n t i c . c o m / p h o t o / 2 0 1 4 / 0 8 / g a z a - a f t e r- t h e - b o m b a rd m e n t / 1 0 0 7 8 9 / (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .15,16,17,18 AFRITECTURE (OCTOBER 7,2009) ava i lab le at http : / /www.afr i tecture .org/architecture/ le-medi (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .23,24 KARISSA ROSENFIELD (MAY 7,2013) ava i lab le at http : / /www.archda i l y. com/369852 /mad l a - revhe im-mas terp l an -proposa l -mvrdv - space -group (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .30,31,32 MAILER DIABLO ( JUL 9 ,2016_ ava i lab le AT https : / /commons.wik imedia .org/wik i /F i le :Toapayoh-stadium. JPG (accessed at 2\3\2017)

F igure .38,39,40 VYONYX ( JAN, 2003) ava i lab le at http : / /www.skyscraperc i ty.com/showthread.php?t=1023149 (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .46,47 E IAO ( JUL, 2001) ava i lab le at http : / /www.epd.gov.hk/e ia /reg ister/repor t/e iarepor t/e ia_0552001/repor t/vol1/vo_1.htm (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .53 (A+B) VYONYX ( JAN, 2003) http : / /www.skyscraperc i ty.com/showthread.php?t=1023149 (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .59 URBAN LAND ISNSTITUTE (2017) ava i lab le at http : / /ba l t imore .u l i .org/event/save-date-u l i -ba l t imore-tours-washington-dc/ (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .65,56,67 ERA CONTOUR (2009) ava i lab le at https : / /www.waterpas .n l /project /woonri jp-maken- le-medi- in-rotterdam/ (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .70 VYONYX ( JAN, 2003) ava i lab le at http : / /www.skyscraperc i ty.com/showthread.php?t=1023149(accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .73 PAUL HILTON (NOV 10,2010) ava i lab le at https : / /www.theguardian .com/g lobal -development/pover ty matters/2010/nov/10/migrants-send-money-home-a id (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .73 CRAWFORD (2002) ava i lab le at http : / /www.car free .com/fes/ fes_maps.html (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .86 THOMAS KURMEIER (N.D) ava i lab le at http : / /www.getty images .co.uk/deta i l /photo/dubai -sky l ine-roya l ty- free- image/462017375 (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .104 JUSTIN AMES (AUG 12, 2011) ava i lab le at https : / / thevelvetrocket .com/2011/08/12/an-abandoned- industr ia l -s i te- in-georg ia / (accessed at 2\3\2017)F igure .e l 7a jeeh BEN ALLEN (SEP, 2007) ava i lab le at http : / /www.hotel ibana is .com/ar t ic le/bour j -hammoud-beirut / (accessed at 2\3\2017)

14.0 APPENDICES

Stat ist ics Concerning L iv ing Condit ions of Syr ians in Lebanon Average Apar tment S izes and Pr ices in Severa l Areas of Beirut

10.7 ADAPTABILITY

Site Located in Zone C

Zoning Regulat ions

Source: Bour j Hammoud Munic ipa l i ty

10 .7 ADAPTABILITY

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